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{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0302020204030204}Calibri Light;}{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
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{\f342\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 Courier New Cyr;}{\f344\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 Courier New Greek;}{\f345\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 Courier New Tur;}{\f346\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset177\fprq1 Courier New (Hebrew);}
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{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
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{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri Light CE;}{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Light Cyr;}
{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Light Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Light Tur;}{\fhimajor\f31533\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Calibri Light (Hebrew);}
{\fhimajor\f31534\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Calibri Light (Arabic);}{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Light Baltic;}{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri Light (Vietnamese);}
{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}
{\fhiminor\f31573\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Calibri (Hebrew);}{\fhiminor\f31574\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Calibri (Arabic);}{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}
{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}}
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\ctextone\ctint255\cshade255\red0\green0\blue0;\red255\green35\blue0;}{\*\defchp \f31506\fs22 }{\*\defpap \ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 }\noqfpromote {\stylesheet{
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\sbasedon0 \snext4 \slink15 \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid13249347 heading 4;}{\s5\ql \li0\ri0\sb40\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel4\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
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\ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority1 Default Paragraph Font;}{\*\ts11\tsrowd\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3\tsvertalt\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv 
\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31506\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext11 \ssemihidden \sunhideused 
Normal Table;}{\*\cs15 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057 \sbasedon10 \slink4 \slocked \spriority9 \styrsid13249347 Heading 4 Char;}{\*\cs16 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\cf17\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\f31502\hich\af31502\dbch\af31501\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \sbasedon10 \slink5 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 \styrsid13249347 Heading 5 Char;}{\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext17 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid13249347 Number;}{
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\b\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext17 \spriority0 \styrsid13249347 Subheading;}{\s19\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4513\tqr\tx9026\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext19 \slink20 \sunhideused \styrsid13249347 header;}{\*\cs20 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \sbasedon10 \slink19 \slocked \styrsid13249347 Header Char;}{\s21\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4513\tqr\tx9026\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext21 \slink22 \sunhideused \styrsid13249347 footer;}{\*\cs22 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \sbasedon10 \slink21 \slocked \styrsid13249347 Footer Char;}{\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext23 \slink24 \sunhideused \sqformat \styrsid13249347 footnote text,Char;}{\*\cs24 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057 
\sbasedon10 \slink23 \slocked \styrsid13249347 Footnote Text Char,Char Char;}{\*\cs25 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super \sbasedon10 \sunhideused \styrsid13249347 footnote reference;}{\*\cs26 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf2 
\sbasedon10 \sunhideused \styrsid13249347 Hyperlink;}{\s27\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 
\snext27 \shidden \ssemihidden \styrsid13249347 Revision;}{\*\cs28 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16 \sbasedon10 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid13249347 annotation reference;}{
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annotation text;}{\*\cs30 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \sbasedon10 \slink29 \slocked \styrsid13249347 Comment Text Char;}{
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\sbasedon29 \snext29 \slink32 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid13249347 annotation subject;}{\*\cs32 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057 
\sbasedon30 \slink31 \slocked \ssemihidden \styrsid13249347 Comment Subject Char;}{\s33\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext33 \sunhideused \styrsid13249347 Normal (Web);}{\s34\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb120\sl-320\slmult0\widctlpar
\tx709\tx1134\tx1418\tx1701\tx1985\tx2268\tx2835\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 
\snext34 \slink35 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid13249347 Transcript;}{\*\cs35 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang5129\langfe0\langnp5129\langfenp0 \sbasedon10 \slink34 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid13249347 Transcript Char;}{
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\sbasedon0 \snext36 \spriority0 \styrsid13249347 legp1paratext;}{\*\cs37 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid13249347 legp1no;}{
\s38\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 
\sbasedon0 \snext38 \sqformat \spriority34 \styrsid13249347 List Paragraph;}{\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext39 \spriority0 \styrsid13249347 legp2paratext;}{\*\cs40 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid13249347 ss_pag_show;}{
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\sbasedon0 \snext41 \spriority0 \styrsid13249347 h1;}{\*\cs42 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid13249347 label;}{
\s43\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 
\sbasedon0 \snext43 \spriority0 \styrsid13249347 subprov;}{\*\cs44 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i \sbasedon10 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid13249347 HTML Definition;}{\*\cs45 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid13249347 ss_it;}{\*\cs46 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid13249347 ss_bf;}{\s47\qj \li709\ri686\sb240\widctlpar
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\snext47 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid13249347 JDS Quotations;}{\*\cs48 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat19 \sbasedon10 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid13249347 Unresolved Mention;}{
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\sbasedon0 \snext49 \spriority0 \styrsid13249347 ss_paranum;}{\*\ts50\tsrowd\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3\tsvertalt\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 \sbasedon11 \snext50 \spriority39 \styrsid13249347 
Table Grid;}}{\*\listtable{\list\listtemplateid1397632644{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat36\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li720
\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }
{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0
\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0
\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid20478090}{\list\listtemplateid-1690670178{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat31\levelspace0
\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers
\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li3600
\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }
{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0
\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0
\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid36783947}{\list\listtemplateid-749949320
{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat34\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0
\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers
\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li6480
\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid216938608}{\list\listtemplateid-1592605168{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li1440
\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }
{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0
\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0
\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid349113526}{\list\listtemplateid281072768{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat14
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers
\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li4320
\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }
{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0
\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid377902152}
{\list\listtemplateid-538652512\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698711\'02\'00);}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fi-360\li720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid134807577\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li1440\lin1440 }
{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid134807579\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-180\li2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0
\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid134807567\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid134807577\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid134807579\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-180\li4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0
\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid134807567\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\leveltemplateid134807577\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid134807579\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-180\li6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid404838131}{\list\listtemplateid1865810754{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat4
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers
\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li4320
\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }
{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0
\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid407970322}
{\list\listtemplateid-1669697468{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat36\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }
{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0
\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0
\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers
\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid570970279}{\list\listtemplateid-1103321806{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat29\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers
\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li2880
\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }
{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0
\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0
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{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
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\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
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;}\listid1672759590}{\list\listtemplateid1273759304{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03[\'00];}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\f0\fs24\fbias0 
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\b\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE PITCAIRN ISLANDS 
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\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 9 August 2023 (Pitcairn)/10 August 2023 (New Zealand)
\par 
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\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 Judgment:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
9 January 2024 (Pitcairn)/10 January 2024 (New Zealand)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid940251 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16456558 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
___________________________________________________________________________
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 JUDGMENT OF HEATH CJ
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16456558 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
___________________________________________________________________________
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \li0\ri0\sb600\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx851\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \page 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347 Contents
\par \ltrrow}\trowd \irow0\irowband0\ltrrow\ts50\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid15807072\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7007\clshdrawnil \cellx6899\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15807072\yts50 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 The appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\ltrrow
\ts50\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid15807072\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7007\clshdrawnil \cellx6899\row \ltrrow}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15807072\yts50 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 The grounds of appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 \trowd \irow1\irowband1\ltrrow
\ts50\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid15807072\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7007\clshdrawnil \cellx6899\row \ltrrow}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15807072\yts50 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 The hearing in the Magistrate\rquote s Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 \trowd \irow2\irowband2\ltrrow
\ts50\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid15807072\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7007\clshdrawnil \cellx6899\row \ltrrow}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15807072\yts50 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 Powers of the Supreme Court on appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 \trowd \irow3\irowband3\ltrrow
\ts50\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid15807072\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7007\clshdrawnil \cellx6899\row \ltrrow}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15807072\yts50 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 Conviction appeal\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1
\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 
\trowd \irow4\irowband4\ltrrow\ts50\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid15807072\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7007\clshdrawnil \cellx6899\row \ltrrow}\trowd \irow5\irowband5\ltrrow
\ts50\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid15807072\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth562\clshdrawnil \cellx454\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth6445\clshdrawnil \cellx6899\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15807072\yts50 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 \cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid992721\charrsid7806676 (a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid992721  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid992721\charrsid7806676 
Structure of judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 \trowd \irow5\irowband5\ltrrow
\ts50\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid15807072\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth562\clshdrawnil \cellx454\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth6445\clshdrawnil \cellx6899\row \ltrrow
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15807072\yts50 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 \cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid992721\charrsid7806676 (b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid992721  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid992721\charrsid7806676 Role and functions of the Island Magistrate and the Assessors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1
\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 
\trowd \irow6\irowband6\ltrrow\ts50\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid15807072\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth562\clshdrawnil \cellx454\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth6445\clshdrawnil 
\cellx6899\row \ltrrow}\trowd \irow7\irowband7\ltrrow\ts50\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid15807072\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0
\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth562\clshdrawnil \cellx454\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth567\clshdrawnil \cellx1021\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5878\clshdrawnil \cellx6899\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15807072\yts50 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 \cell \cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid992721 (i) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid992721\charrsid7806676 The Pitcairn statutory provisions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 \trowd \irow7\irowband7\ltrrow
\ts50\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid15807072\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth562\clshdrawnil \cellx454\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth567\clshdrawnil \cellx1021\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5878\clshdrawnil \cellx6899\row \ltrrow}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15807072\yts50 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 \cell \cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid992721 (ii) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid992721\charrsid7806676 The Privy Council decisions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 \trowd \irow8\irowband8\ltrrow
\ts50\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid15807072\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth562\clshdrawnil \cellx454\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth567\clshdrawnil \cellx1021\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5878\clshdrawnil \cellx6899\row \ltrrow}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15807072\yts50 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 \cell \cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid992721 (iii) The New Zealand appellate decisions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 \trowd \irow9\irowband9\ltrrow
\ts50\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid15807072\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth562\clshdrawnil \cellx454\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth567\clshdrawnil \cellx1021\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5878\clshdrawnil \cellx6899\row \ltrrow}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15807072\yts50 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 \cell \cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid992721 (iv) The Pitcairn decisions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 \trowd \irow10\irowband10\ltrrow
\ts50\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid15807072\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth562\clshdrawnil \cellx454\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth567\clshdrawnil \cellx1021\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5878\clshdrawnil \cellx6899\row \ltrrow}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15807072\yts50 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 \cell \cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid992721 (v) Summary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1
\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 
\trowd \irow11\irowband11\ltrrow\ts50\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid15807072\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth562\clshdrawnil \cellx454\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth567\clshdrawnil \cellx1021\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5878\clshdrawnil \cellx6899\row \ltrrow}\trowd \irow12\irowband12\ltrrow
\ts50\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid15807072\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth562\clshdrawnil \cellx454\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth6445\clshdrawnil \cellx6899\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15807072\yts50 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 \cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid992721\charrsid1728315 (c)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid992721  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid992721\charrsid1728315 
Was the Island Magistrate required to direct the Assessors?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid992721 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 \trowd \irow12\irowband12\ltrrow
\ts50\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid15807072\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth562\clshdrawnil \cellx454\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth6445\clshdrawnil \cellx6899\row \ltrrow
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15807072\yts50 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 \cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid992721\charrsid1728315 (d)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid992721  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid992721\charrsid1728315 Was the trial fair?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid992721 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 \trowd \irow13\irowband13\ltrrow
\ts50\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid15807072\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth562\clshdrawnil \cellx454\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth6445\clshdrawnil \cellx6899\row \ltrrow
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15807072\yts50 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 \cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid992721\charrsid1728315 (e)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid992721  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid992721\charrsid1728315 Independence and impartiality}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid992721 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 \trowd \irow14\irowband14\ltrrow
\ts50\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid15807072\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth562\clshdrawnil \cellx454\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth6445\clshdrawnil \cellx6899\row \ltrrow
}\trowd \irow15\irowband15\ltrrow\ts50\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid15807072\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7007\clshdrawnil \cellx6899\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15807072\yts50 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid992721\charrsid2165033 Is the offence of \'93indecent behaviour\'94 unconstitutional?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid992721 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid992721 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 \trowd \irow15\irowband15\ltrrow
\ts50\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid15807072\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7007\clshdrawnil \cellx6899\row \ltrrow}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15807072\yts50 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid992721\charrsid2165033 Were adequate reasons given?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid992721 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 \trowd \irow16\irowband16\ltrrow
\ts50\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid15807072\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7007\clshdrawnil \cellx6899\row \ltrrow}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15807072\yts50 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid992721\charrsid2165033 Were the verdicts justified on the evidence?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid992721 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 \trowd \irow17\irowband17\ltrrow
\ts50\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid15807072\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7007\clshdrawnil \cellx6899\row \ltrrow}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15807072\yts50 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid992721 Sentence appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid992721 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 \trowd \irow18\irowband18\ltrrow
\ts50\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid15807072\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7007\clshdrawnil \cellx6899\row \ltrrow}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15807072\yts50 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid992721\charrsid1728315 Result}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid992721 \cell 
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid992721\charrsid10166661 \trowd \irow19\irowband19\lastrow \ltrrow
\ts50\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid15807072\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7007\clshdrawnil \cellx6899\row }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 The appeal
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref142638296}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [1]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 On 29 January, 8 June and 9 June 2020, Mr Michael Warren walked naked }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 along a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 road on Pitcairn Island.  He was charged with three offences, one for each of those days, of behaving \'93
in an indecent manner\'94.  Each charge was brought under s\~5 of the Summary Offences Ordinance, which provides:{\*\bkmkend _Ref142638296}
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 
\par 5.\tab Any person who behaves in an indecent manner in any public place shall be guilty of an offence and liable to a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding forty days.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref151021056}{\*\bkmkstart _Ref143420499}{\*\bkmkstart _Ref142654084}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [2]\tab}
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 While there were some differences in the circumstances in which the alleged offending occurred,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab See paras }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  REF _Ref153181718 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003500330031003800310037003100380000000000d5}}}{\fldrslt {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [8]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \endash }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  REF _Ref153181724 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310035003300310038003100370032003400000000ec05}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [10]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 Mr Warren acknowledged that:
{\*\bkmkend _Ref151021056}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li1418\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1418\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 he was the individual observed by the witnesses; 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}his decision to walk naked along the roads was deliberate; and
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}the road represented a \'93public place}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \'94 for the purposes of s\~5.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab The term \'93
public place\'94 is defined by s\~2(1) of the Interpretation and General Clauses Ordinance of 2017 to include \'93every place to which the public are entitled or permitted to have access whether on payment or otherwise\'94
.  Section 5 of the Summary Offences Ordinance is set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  REF _Ref142638296 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100340032003600330038003200390036000000000002}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [1]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753   
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref151021062}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [3]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 As a result of those concessions, the only 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 remaining }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 issue was whether the behaviour was \'93indecent\'94.{\*\bkmkend _Ref151021062}  {\*\bkmkend _Ref143420499}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [4]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
Mr Warren was tried in the Magistrate\rquote s Court at Adamstown on 6 December 2021, before the Island Magistrate (Mr Simon Young) and two Assessors (Mr Steve Christian and Ms Carol Warren).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  \tab See ss 3(2) and 29 of the Justice Ordinance.  When referring to \'93assessors
\'94, I use upper case to denote those who sat in the Magistrate\rquote s Court and lower case when speaking more generally about their role.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753   {\*\bkmkend _Ref142654084}
At the conclusion of the hearing, the Island Magistrate, after seeking the Assessors\rquote  views,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  \tab Justice Ordinance, s 32(1)(a), set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  REF _Ref142905657 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310034003200390030003500360035003700000000ec77}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347 [32]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
 found Mr Warren guilty on all three charges.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  \tab Ibid, s 32(1)(b).  See paras }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 
 REF _Ref153181742 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350033003100380031003700340032000000001bdf}}
}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347 [12]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  and }
{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  REF _Ref153181749 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350033003100380031003700340039000000004bff}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347 [13]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
  The Assessors were then discharged, and the Island Magistrate proceeded to sentence Mr Warren.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  \tab Ibid, s 32(1)(c).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 The maximum penalty for each offence was a period of imprisonment not exceeding 40 days or a fine of not more than $NZ100.00.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab 
Summary Offences Ordinance, s 5, set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  REF _Ref142638296 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100340032003600330038003200390036000000007b00}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [1]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
After hearing submissions, the Island Magistrate convicted Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
Warren, and imposed a fine of $NZ50 for each offence; a total of $NZ150.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347 The grounds of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 appeal
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref153528303}{\*\bkmkstart _Ref142541137}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [5]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
Mr Warren appeals against both conviction and sentence.  Dr Ellis, on his behalf, has raised five grounds on which he submits the conviction appeal should be allowed.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 I summarise Dr Ellis\rquote 
 contentions under four headings:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 {\*\bkmkend _Ref153528303}
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref153181816}{\*\bkmkend _Ref142541137}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid8679229 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s17\qj \fi-709\li1418\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx1418\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid8679229 
The Island Magistrate and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid8679229 Assessors lacked the independence and impartiality required of judicial officers;}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 {\*\bkmkend _Ref153181816}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid8679229 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid8679229 
The Island Magistrate failed to direct the Assessors on relevant questions of law;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid8679229 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid8679229 
The Island Magistrate and/or the Assessors gave insufficient reasons for returning guilty verdicts; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref155681437}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid8679229 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (d)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid8679229 The charges were unconstitutional, in the sense that the term \lquote indecent\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid8679229 
 not defined by law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid8679229  as should be required in a free and democratic society.{\*\bkmkend _Ref155681437} 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [6]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
The sentence is challenged on the grounds that the Island Magistrate lacked independence and impartiality (on the same basis as for the conviction appeal)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab See para }
{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  REF _Ref153181816 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310035003300310038003100380031003600000024ab02}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [5](a)}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  and, alternatively, for offending the totality principle.  As to the latter, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 Dr Ellis }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 contends that the absence of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 a penalty tailored to fit each of the individual offences}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  rendered the sentence manifestly excessive}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid2578672 The hearing in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347 Magistrate\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid2578672  Court
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref153528322}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [7]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 The charges were heard in the Magistrate\rquote 
s Court on 6 December 2021.  The Island Magistrate and the Assessors heard oral evidence from two witnesses.  Evidence from a third, a police officer, was read due to the unavailability of the witness for health reasons.{\*\bkmkend _Ref153528322}  
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref153459660}{\*\bkmkstart _Ref153181718}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [8]\tab}
The first witness was Mr Nicholas Kennedy.  At the time, Mr Kennedy was the Administrator on Pitcairn Island.  He gave evidence by audio-visual link from the United Kingdom.  Mr Kennedy deposed that, just after 6am on 29 January 2020, he and his 
wife went for a walk.  At about 6.25am, they reached a point in the road close to Mr Warren\rquote s house.  Mr\~Kennedy saw Mr Warren (from the back) walking fully naked on the road ahead of him.  After seeing Mr\~
Warren, Mr Kennedy turned around, manoeuvring his wife so she did not see Mr Warren, and walked away.  {\*\bkmkend _Ref153459660}{\*\bkmkend _Ref153181718}This evidence formed the basis of the first charge.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [9]\tab}
Ms Nadine Faulkner was the second witness.  She gave evidence that at about 6.00am on 8 June 2020, she was on the deck of
 her home.  She looked out towards the road and saw Mr Warren naked.  She saw him from side on.  During the hearing, counsel for the Crown asked Ms Faulkner if she had anything personally against someone who makes a choice to be a nudist or a naturist.  S
he responded: \'93Not at all.  You can do that.  I just don\rquote t want to see it\'94.  Mr Faulkner\rquote s evidence supported the second charge.
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref153181724}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [10]\tab}
The third witness was Senior Constable Warrender.  His statement was read by the Deputy Registrar.  During 202
0, Senior Constable Warrender was the Community Police Officer based on Pitcairn Island.  In that capacity, he had interviewed Mr Warren about the incidents on 29 January and 8 June.  He went to Mr Warren\rquote 
s home, at about 5.50am on 9 June 2020, in an endeavour to \'93deter [him] from repeating the same behaviour\'94.  At about 6.05am, Senior Constable Warrender saw Mr\~
Warren walking naked, along the road, towards him from a westerly direction.  That behaviour gave rise to the third charge.{\*\bkmkend _Ref153181724} 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [11]\tab}Afte
r the prosecution evidence had been given, Dr Ellis made an application for dismissal of the charges.  The Island Magistrate dismissed that application.  Mr Warren elected not to give or call evidence on his own behalf.  Closing submissions were then made
 by Mr\~Raftery KC, for the Crown, and Dr Ellis, for Mr Warren.
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref153181742}{\*\bkmkstart _Ref153520809}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [12]\tab}
After hearing submissions, the Island Magistrate adjourned for two hours, following which he announced the outcome in public.  The Island Magistrate is recorded as saying:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 
{\*\bkmkend _Ref153181742}\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab I have added letters to highlight the issues that the Island Magistrate says that he and the Assessors \'93carefully considered\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347   Other emboldened portions of the text are as originally transcribed.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 {\*\bkmkend _Ref153520809}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li720\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 [Counsel] thank you very much indeed to both counsel for
\~their submissions today and we\rquote ve }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 [namely, the Island Magistrate and the Assessors] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 carefully considered all of the issues that\~
have been raised by counsel. The submissions have covered, but not limited to,\~the following. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 [a]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 
  Is there evidence that the behaviour occurred. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 [b]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682   Was it deliberate.\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 [c]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682   Was there an intention to offend. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 [d]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682   Is there evidence it took place in a public\~place. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 [e]  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 
Are the occurrences of walking naked on Pitcairn Island considered to be\~behaving in an indecent manner. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 [f]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 
  Is it reasonable to accept walking naked in\~public is a constitutional right provided for under the freedom of expression\~when there is an overlap of personal rights impeding on another\rquote s. The\~requirements that exist in a d
emocratic society are to balance one person\rquote s rights\~with another. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 [g]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682   Was there a sexual content to the events. 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 [h]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682   How far would the\~rights to shock, horrify or offend others be allowable without the act itself\~becoming illegal.\~
Having considered all these and other points raised, we move to a verdict.\~With regards to the verdict. In accordance with section 32(1) of the Justice\~Ordinance, at the conclusion of the evidence I require the assessors to state their\~opinions.\~

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s33\qj \li720\ri567\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 With regards to the first charge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 
 of behaving in an indecent manner in a public place contrary to section 5 of the Summary Offences Ordinance, in that on or about 29 January 2020 at Pitcairn Island on Pali Road walked naked on one or more public roads. Mr Christian, if you would please s
tate your opinion? }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s33\ql \fi720\li0\ri567\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 Mr Christian: }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 Guilty.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 
\par Magistrate Young:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682  Mrs Carol Warren, please state your opinion? 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s33\ql \li720\ri567\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 Mrs Warren: }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 Guilty.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 \~
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s33\qj \li720\ri567\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 Magistrate Young:}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682  Thank you very much indeed. Moving on to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 the second charge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 
 of behaving in an indecent manner in a public place contrary to section 5 of the Summary Offences Ordinance, in that on or about 8 June 2020 at Pitcairn Island on the main road through Adamstown, walked naked on one or more public roads. Again, Mr Christ
ian, please, your opinions? }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s33\ql \fi720\li0\ri567\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 Mr Christian: }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 I say guilty.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 
\par Magistrate Young:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682  Mrs Warren, your opinions please? 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 Mrs Warren: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 Guilty.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s33\qj \li720\ri567\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 Magistrate Young:}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682  Regarding the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 third charge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 
 of behaving in an indecent manner in a public place contrary to section 5 of the Summary Offences Ordinance, in that on or about 9 June 2020 at Pitcairn Island on the main road through Adamstown, walked naked on one or more public roads. Final time, Mr}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 Christian, please, your opinion. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s33\ql \fi720\li0\ri567\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 Mr Christian: }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 Guilty.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 
\par Magistrate Young: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 Mrs Warren, your opinion please? 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 Mrs Warren: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 Guilty.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682  
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref153181749}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [13]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s17\qj \li0\ri567\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin567\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 Having obtained the Assessors\rquote  opinions, the Island Magistrate continued:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 {\*\bkmkend _Ref153181749}\chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  \tab Section 32(1) of the 
Justice Ordinance, to which reference is made in this passage, is set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  REF _Ref151012514 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350031003000310032003500310034000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 [32]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s33\qj \li720\ri567\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 Mr Michael Warren, please stand up. I have just rea
d the charges so I will do an abridged form. With regard to the first charge of 29 January 2020, both assessors have found you guilty. I am in agreement with the assessors and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid14973768 
I find you guilty of the first charge. There seems to be no dispute with regards to both that the behaviour occurred deliberately and it was in a public place. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid14973768 
The assessors, representing our community, do consider walking naked around Pitcairn Island on our public roads to be a violation of section 5 of the Summary Offences Ordinance in that it is behaving in an indecent manner, and I agree with them both. 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 With regard to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid14512525 the second charge of 8 June 2020, both assessors have found you guilty. I am in agreement with the assessors}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682  and I find you guilty of the second charge. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid14973768 Again there 
seems to be no dispute with regard to both that the behaviour occurred deliberately and it was in a public place. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid14973768 
The assessors, again representing our community, do consider walking naked around Pitcairn Island on our public roads to be a violation of section 5 of the Summary\~
Offences Ordinance in that it is behaving in [an] indecent manner.  Again, I agree with them both.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li720\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 With regard to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid14512525 the third charge of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 
 9 June 2020, both assessors have found you\~guilty. Again }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid14973768 I am in agreement with the assessors and I find you guilty of the\~
third charge. Again there seems to be no dispute with regards to both that the\~behaviour occurred deliberately and it was in a public place. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid14973768 The assessors,\~
representing our community, do consider walking naked around Pitcairn Island\~on our public roads to be a violation of section 5 of the Summary Offences\~Ordinance, in that it is behaving in an indecent manner. And again, I agree with\~them both.\~
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 Mr Michael Warren, please sit down.\~\~
\par To my assessors, Mrs Carol Warren and Mr Steve Christian, I wish to thank\~them both for their service to both the Court and the Pitcairn Island community\~in this matter. If you would now kindly step down from the Bench and remain\~
in the body of the courtroom.\~
\par [Counsel], I am now ready to proceed with the sentencing. Does any counsel have anything they wish to discuss first?  [Mr Raftery indicated he was ready to proceed to sentencing.  Dr Ellis, as well as referring to the sentencing process, reserved an i
ssue (in relation to s\~32(1) of the Justice Ordinance) over the need for reasons to be given by the Island Magistrate and/or Assessors for their guilty verdicts, by reference to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 
Taxquet v Belgium }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 [2009] ECHR 2279 and [2010] ECHR 1806]. \'85\~
\par \'85
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 Magistrate Young:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 
 Thank you very much, Dr Ellis. I actually do share your opinions on that. [Section 32(1) is] peculiarly written. I\rquote 
ll grant you that. Which is why I literally quoted that passage. I made it very clear to the assessors before we came out that where they 
go with that opinion is entirely up to them. But I do take your point. We come back to Mr Raftery then, if you would please present your submissions with regard to the sentencing. 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 Mr Raftery:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682  I\rquote ll just say before I begin that my friend\rquote s musings now and where }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 [Taxquet] v Belgium}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682  might take him is obviously for another place, it\rquote s not for any concern of yours at this stage.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 
\par (Emphasis }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 in italics }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 added)
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 Powers of the Supreme Court on appeal
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref151024220}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [14]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 The Supreme Court\rquote 
s powers on hearing an appeal from the Magistrate\rquote s Court are set out in the Judicature (Appeals in Criminal Cases) Ordinance.  Section 11(1) of that Ordinance provides:{\*\bkmkend _Ref151024220}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li720\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 11.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \emdash (1) After hearing the appellant or his or her counsel, if appearing, 
and the Public Prosecutor, if appearing, the Supreme Court may, if it considers that there is not sufficient ground for interfering, dismiss the appeal, or may\emdash  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi720\li720\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 (a) \tab in an appeal from a conviction
\emdash  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-720\li2880\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin2880\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 (i) \tab 
reverse the finding and sentence and acquit or disc
harge the accused, or order the accused to be retried on the same charge by a Court of competent jurisdiction, or commit the accused for trial on any other charge which appears to be disclosed by the evidence; or 
\par (ii) \tab alter the finding, maintaining the sentence or, with or without altering the finding, reduce or increase the sentence to any sentence which could have been imposed by the Magistrate\rquote s Court; or 
\par (iii) \tab with or without such reduction or increase and with or without altering the finding, alter the nature of the sentence; 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-720\li2160\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin2160\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 (b) \tab 
in an appeal from any other order, alter or reverse such order and, in either case, make any amendment or any consequential or incidental order as to costs or otherwise that may appear just and proper.
\par \'85
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref153520430}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [15]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
If I were to allow the appeal, I would have jurisdiction to acquit or discharge Mr Warren, or order that he be re-tried on the same charge by a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 ourt of competent jurisdiction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid16323956 Judicature (Appeals in Criminal Cases) Ordinance, s 11(1)(a)(i).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753   No issue
 arises in relation to the possibility of committing Mr Warren for trial on any other charge that might be disclosed by the evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid16323956 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid16323956  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid16323956 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 Ibid,}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753   On sentence, I have a general power to reduce or increase the sentence or alter its nature.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid16323956 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid16323956  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid16323956 \tab Ibid, s 11(1)(a)(iii).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753   If }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 Mr Warren }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 were not to succeed, I would simply dismiss the appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid16323956 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid16323956  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid16323956 \tab 
Ibid, s 11(1).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 {\*\bkmkend _Ref153520430}
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref153368297}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [16]\tab}The structure of s\~
11(1) contemplates dismissal of the appeal if the Supreme Court does not consider that there 
is sufficient ground to interfere with a conviction or sentence but, conversely, to allow an appeal where satisfied it should do so.  That approach to appellate review is broad in nature.  No criteria are established; for example, on the face of s 11(1), 
there is no need to establish (for example) a \'93miscarriage of justice\'94
 as a prerequisite to a successful appeal.  Section 11 provides a different standard to that applied on a conviction appeal to the Court of Appeal from a judgment of the Supreme Court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 
{\*\bkmkend _Ref153368297}\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  \tab See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
 REF _Ref155679431 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310035003500360037003900340033003100000000ec01}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 [21]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 

\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref150852029}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [17]\tab}
During the hearing, Mr Raftery submitted that, even if I considered that some error had been made at first instance, the conviction appeal should be dismissed if I were not satisfied that a \'93substantial miscarriage of justice\'94
 had occurred.  That submission was based on s\~16 of the Judicature (Courts) Ordinance, which provides:{\*\bkmkend _Ref150852029}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li720\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 (1)\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid7087298 No information, charge, summons, conviction, sentence, order, bond, warrant or other document and no process or proceeding shall be quashed, set aside or held invalid by any Court or quasi-judicial authority }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid5774401 by reason only of any defect, irregularity, omission or want of form unless the Court or authority is satisfied that there has been a substantial miscarriage of justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7087298 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 (Emphasis added)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid7087298 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [18]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 I do not accept that s\~
16 applies.  Section 16 is directed at a situation where there is some defect of the type envisaged by s\~
16(1), with the consequence that it applies only to questions of form, not substance.  If Mr Warren were to succeed on a substantive ground (for example, a failure on the part of the Island Magistrate to direct the Assessors on the law), t
he conviction could not be saved by application of s\~16.  That interpretation is consistent with the approach taken in New Zealand under the present s\~379 of the Criminal Procedure Act 2011 and its predecessor, s\~
204 of the Summary Proceedings Act 1957.  Section 16 appears to have been modelled on the earlier of those provisions.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [19]\tab}
The New Zealand authorities (which I apply) support a two-stage approach to the applicability of a provision such as s\~16 of the Judicature (Courts) Ordinance.  They are:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 
\tab See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Mathieson v Allan }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 
[1979] 2 NZLR 200 (HC) at 203 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Dotcom v Attorney-General}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  [2015] 1 NZLR 745 (SC) at paras [129] and [130].  See also, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 R v Kestle}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  [1973] 2 NZLR 606 (CA) at 609.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li1418\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1418\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Is the \'93defect irregularity omission or want of form\'94 such that the
 proceedings are a nullity?  If not, 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}Has the \'93defect irregularity omission or want of form\'94
 caused a miscarriage of justice?  If not, then the defect or irregularity can be cured by the section.
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref150852035}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [20]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 In my view, none of the grounds of appeal are directed to the types of situations covered by s\~
16.  The grounds of appeal are substantive; not merely procedural.  The issues raised by Mr Warren go beyond a \'93defect, irregularity, or want of form\'94. Accordingly, s\~16 is not engaged.
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref155679431}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [21]\tab}Mr Raftery\rquote 
s submission reflects the way in which the Court of Appeal would determine an appeal from the Supreme Court, rather than one from the Magistrate\rquote s Court to the Supreme Court.  Sections 11}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 
\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  \tab The relevant parts of which are set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  REF _Ref151024220 \\
r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310035003100300032003400320032003000000000aaff}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 [14]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
 and 37(1) of the Judicature (Appeals in Criminal Cases) Ordinance demonstrate the different standards of appellate review to be taken by the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeal respectively.  While the proviso to s\~
37(1) (the proviso) empowers the Court of Appeal to dismiss an appeal if there has been no \'93substantial miscarriage of justice\'94, no such provision is found in s\~11.  Relevantly, the proviso to s 37(1) states:{\*\bkmkend _Ref150852035}
{\*\bkmkend _Ref155679431}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li720\ri567\sb360\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 37. (1)\tab \'85
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 \tab 
Provided that the Court may, notwithstanding that it is of the opinion that the point raised in the appeal might be decided in favour of the appellant, dismiss the appeal if it considers that no substantial miscarriage of justice has occurred.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 Conviction appeal
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 (a) \tab Structure of judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid1645099 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref153528407}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [22]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Initially, I deal fully with three aspects of Dr Ellis\rquote  submissions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  \tab See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
 REF _Ref153181816 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350033003100380031003800310036000000c4a900}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 [5](a)}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 , (b) and (d) above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347   The first involves the need or otherwise for directions to be given by the Island Magistrate.  The second concerns allegations of a lack of independence and im
partiality on the part of the Magistrate and the Assessors.  The third considers whether any constitutional issues arise out of the absence of a statutory definition of the term \'93indecent\'94.  Then, in summary form,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  \tab This approach to disposal of the remain
ing grounds of appeal is consistent with the observations of the Privy Council in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 Warren v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  [2018] PNPC 1 and [2018] UKPC 20 at para 14.}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  I address the remaining points on the conviction and sentence appeals.{\*\bkmkend _Ref153528407}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [23]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 I structure this judgment as follows:

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid14439471 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li1418\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1418\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid14439471 First, I discuss the role and functions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 of the Island Magistrate and assessors, as a matter of Pitcairn law.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid14439471 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
Second, I consider whether it was necessary for the Island Magistrate to direct the Assessors on the elements of the charges.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}
Third, I consider whether there is any substance to the claim that the Island Magistrate and the Assessors were not independent and impartial judicial officers.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (d)\tab}Fourth, I analyse Dr Ellis\rquote  submission that the offence of \'93indecent behaviour
\'94 is unconstitutional, having regard to the general way in which s\~5 of the Summary Offences Ordinance is expressed.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (e)\tab}
Fifth, I consider whether reasons were required or adequate reasons were given whether by the Island Magistrate and/or the Assessors for entering the convictions.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (f)\tab}
Sixth, I consider whether the verdicts were justified on the evidence adduced before the Magistrate\rquote s Court.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (g)\tab}Seventh, I determine the sentence appeal. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid5317822 (b)\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid5317822 Role }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 and functions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid5317822 of the Island Magistrate and }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid5317822 Assessors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 (i)\tab The Pitcairn statutory provisions}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid5317822 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref143420641}{\*\bkmkstart _Ref153528489}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [24]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \~11 of the Judicature (Courts) Ordinance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  requires }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 the Governor }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 appoint an \'93Island Magistrate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  \'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  from among the permanent residents of the Islands, who shall not be required to be professionally qualified\'94
.  The appointee must have been resident in the Islands for not less than five years, as at the time of his or her appointment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab 
Judicature (Courts) Ordinance, s 11(2).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753   The Island Magistrate may exercise the specific jurisdiction and powers conferred by Part II of the Justice Ordinance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab Ibid, s 11(3).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 {\*\bkmkend _Ref143420641}  To put th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 ose
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  requirement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  in context, Pitcairn\rquote 
s population, allowing for some fluctuations typical of the island\rquote s history, is in the vicinity of 50 people}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 , none of whom are legally qualified}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
Plainly, the legislative intent was for minor offences to be dealt with by someone with knowledge of the local community; similar to the way in which Justices of the Peace are used in England and Community Magistrates, in New Zealand.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 {\*\bkmkend _Ref153528489}
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref151018982}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [25]\tab}Magistrates, other than the Island Magistrate, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 must be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 qualified in law and have practised in a Commonwealth country for not less than five years prior to the date of }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 their }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 appointment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab Ibid, s
 11(4).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753   Every Magistrate is \'93subject at all times to the authority and directions of the Chief Justice or other judge of the Supreme Court\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab Ibid, s 11(5).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 {\*\bkmkend _Ref151018982}  
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref151017774}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [26]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Mr Young, t}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 he Island Magistrate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  who presided over Mr Warren\rquote s trial, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 is not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 legally }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 qualified}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 .  While}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  s\~5(2) of the Justice Ordinance provide}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  an ability for }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 the Island Magistrate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \'93to consult or to seek\'85advice\'94 from any \'93Senior Magistrate\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab There is no definition of the term \'93Senior Magistrate\'94 in Pitcairn legisl
ation.  I interpret s 5(2) of the Justice Ordinance to be referring to a legally qualified Magistrate, appointed under s\~11(4) of the Judicature (Courts) Ordinance: see para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  REF _Ref151018982 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003500310030003100380039003800320000000f0002}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [25]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  on any question of law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 , Mr\~Young did not do that in this case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 .{\*\bkmkend _Ref151017774}  

\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref152150500}{\*\bkmkstart _Ref151020984}{\*\bkmkstart _Ref146182543}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
\hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [27]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 Section 3(2) of the Justice Ordinance states that the Magistrate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 s Court \'93shall be constituted by a Magistrate sitting with two }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 ssessors to be appointed\'94}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 .  The selection process, together with the form of oath to be taken by an assessor, is set out in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 s\~29 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 that Ordinance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 :{\*\bkmkend _Ref152150500}
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li0\ri567\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13249347\charrsid2578672 Selection of assessors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13249347\charrsid2578672 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri567\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf1\lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13249347\charrsid2578672 {\*\bkmkstart Heading363}{\*\bkmkend Heading363}29}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13249347\charrsid2578672 .\emdash 
(1) In cases in which the Magistrate sits with assessors, the procedure set out in subsection (2) shall be followed.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri567\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13249347\charrsid2578672 (2)\tab (a)   The Registrar shall inform the defendant and the prosecutor that the assessors for that case are about to be selected, that they 
each have the right to object to any person serving as an assessor in the case without assigning any reason for such objection and that if either of them has any objection it must be raised as each person's name is called before being sworn.
\par (b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13249347 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13249347\charrsid2578672 The Regist
rar shall then call out in alphabetical order the names of the persons appearing on the list of assessors for that case.
\par (c)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13249347 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13249347\charrsid7765034 
As each name is called out, the defendant shall be asked by the Registrar if he or she has any objection to that person serving as an assessor in the case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13249347\charrsid2578672  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13249347\charrsid12608901 
The prosecutor shall then be asked if he or she has any objection to that person serving as an assessor in the case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13249347\charrsid2578672 
 If neither the defendant nor the prosecutor has any objection, the person called shall then be sworn in as an assessor for the case. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13249347\charrsid12608901 
If either the defendant or the prosecutor objects to the person whose name is called serving as an assessor in the case, the next name shall be called from the list of assessors and the same procedure followed until two assessors have been selected}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13249347\charrsid2578672 .
\par (d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13249347 )\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13249347\charrsid12608901 
If all the names on the list of assessors are called without two assessors being selected, the names of the persons objected to shall be again called in alphabetical order by the Registrar who shall ask first the defendant and then the pro
secutor if they have any objections to such person serving as an assessor in the case and their reasons for such objection. The same procedure shall be followed with each name on the list of assessors until two assessors are selected against whom neither 
the defendant nor the prosecutor has any reason for objection}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13249347\charrsid2578672 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13249347 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13249347\charrsid2578672 (e)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13249347 \tab I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13249347\charrsid2578672 
f all the names on the list of assessors are again called without two assessors being selected, the Magistrate shall direct that a supplementary list of assessors be forthwith prepared in t
he manner provided by subsection (1) of section 9 and the procedure set out in paragraphs (b), (c) and (d) hereof shall be followed until two assessors have been selected.
\par (f)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13249347 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13249347\charrsid7765034 
When two assessors have been selected, the Magistrate shall discharge the other 
persons whose names appear on the list of assessors and the Registrar shall read the charge brought against the defendant to the two persons selected as assessors for the case and then swear each of them in on the following oath}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13249347\charrsid2578672 :\emdash 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li2160\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin2160\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13249347\charrsid7765034 \'93
I swear that I will well and truly serve as an assessor in this case and a true verdict on the evidence give.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13249347 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13249347 
\par \tab (Emphasis added)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13249347\charrsid3160813 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref154041913}{\*\bkmkstart _Ref152150825}{\*\bkmkend _Ref151020984}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [28]\tab}
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 The way in which an assessor is chosen supports the view that persons living on the Island who may have ge
neral knowledge of the incident and character of an accused will not be prohibited from service.  While s 29(2)(c) does contemplate a round of pre-emptory challenges, once the list is called again the focus is on whether there is any \'93
reason for objection\'94
; in other words, a challenge for cause.  An objection for cause is likely to be upheld if a person had some involvement in the incident or was so closely connected to the accused as to compromise his or her independence and/or impartiality.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  \tab Judged by reference to the test for apparent bias set out at para }
{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  REF _Ref155691234 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350035003600390031003200330034000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 [160]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347   But an objection based on some common knowledge of an accused
\rquote s background wo
uld not (in the context of a jurisdiction of no more than 50 people) be enough.  In some ways, the assessor system harks back to the origins of the jury system.  In that regard, in a discussion paper on the topic of Juries in Criminal Trials, the New Zeal
and Law Commission said:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid13249347 Juries in Criminal Trials: Part One: a discussion paper}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  (NZLC pp 32) at para 2.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 {\*\bkmkend _Ref154041913}
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
The common starting point for the history of the jury is its introduction into England by the Normans. However, it appears to have exi
sted in various forms prior to that in other parts of Europe. At the time it was introduced to England the jury was a body of neighbours convened to answer some questions on oath. The custom soon developed where the jury delivered a verdict of guilty or i
n
nocent, although for many centuries the jury remained a body of men (of property) who gave their decision based upon their personal knowledge of the people, the case, or the locality. In this sense the jury resembled a body of witnesses. By the nineteenth
 century, however, the jury was expected to be entirely independent of the case it tried and to have no prior knowledge of it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid13249347 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [29]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
Section 32 explains the way in which the presiding Magistrate must seek the views of the Assessors before a final decision is made:{\*\bkmkend _Ref152150825}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13249347\charrsid13177665 32}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13249347\charrsid13177665 .\emdash (1) In cases in which the Magistrate sits with assessors\emdash 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li720\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13249347\charrsid13177665 
(a) the Magistrate shall at the conclusion of the evidence require the assessors to state their opinions and such opinions shall be recorded;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13249347 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13249347\charrsid13177665 
(b) the Magistrate shall then give the decision of the Court and in so doing shall not be bound to conform with the opinions of the assessors, provided that, if th
e decision of the Court is given against the opinions of the assessors, the Magistrate shall record his or her reasons for giving such decision and shall forthwith after the conclusion of the case send a copy of the record to the Chief Justice; and}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13249347 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13249347\charrsid13177665 (c) aft
er giving the decision of the Court, the Magistrate shall discharge the assessors and proceed to deal with the defendant by determining the penalty or process then to follow.
\par (2) In cases in which the Magistrate sits without assessors, he or she shall, at the conclusion of the evidence, give a decision and shall make such order as he or she shall think appropriate and just in accordance with that decision.
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref152152377}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [30]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 While s\~32(1)(a) refers to \'93opinions\'94 being sought from the assessors, the oath that
 an assessor takes refers to \'93verdicts\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  \tab Section 29(2)(f) of the Justice Ordinance, set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  REF _Ref152150500 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310035003200310035003000350030003000000000ec01}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347 [27]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347   I treat those terms, for inter
pretation purposes, as synonymous.{\*\bkmkend _Ref152152377}  No other interpretation is tenable.
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref151013107}{\*\bkmkend _Ref146182543}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [31]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 The procedure to be followed in the Supreme Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 empowers a judge to sum up to the assessors.  Assessors are also enabled to confer as betw
een themselves in private and not expressly forbidden from deliberating in the presence of the judge.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  \tab Authority for the proposition that the judge and assessors are entitled to \'93collaborate\'94 during deliberations is discussed at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  REF _Ref155691765 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350035003600390031003700360035000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 [40]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347   Section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \~9(3) and (4) of the Judicature (Courts) Ordinance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  states}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab Compare with s 32(1) of the Justice Ordinance (set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  REF _Ref151012514 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310035003100300031003200350031003400000000aa00}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [32]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 
 below) which sets out the procedure to be followed when a Magistrate sits with Assessors.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 {\*\bkmkend _Ref151013107}
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri567\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 9. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347   }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 Mode of trial
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \'85
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 (3) When in any trial held with the aid of assessors the case on both sides is closed, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid13249347\charrsid7765034 the judge may sum up the evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 
 and shall then require each of the assessors to state his or her opinion orally and the judge shall record each such opinion and shall then give judgment but in so doing shall not be bound to conform to the opinion of the assessors.
\par (4) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid13249347\charrsid619480 
Nothing in subsection (3) shall be construed as prohibiting the assessors or any of them from retiring to consider their opinion if they so wish, or, during such retirement or at any time during the trial, from consultation with one another}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid13249347 
\par 
\par (Emphasis added)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref151012514}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [32]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 n the Magistrate\rquote s Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 , unlike the position in the Supreme Court,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  there is no specific requirement for a Magistrate to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 sum up }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 ssessors.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 {\*\bkmkstart _Ref142905657}
Nor is there any specific power for the assessors to confer with each other or with the Magistrate.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
Section 32(1)(a) and (b) of the Justice Ordinance explain the role of a Magistrate when sitting with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 ssessors:}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 {\*\bkmkend _Ref151012514}{\*\bkmkend _Ref142905657}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri567\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi709\li0\ri567\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 32. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \endash  (1) In cases in which the Magistrate sits with assessors\endash 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-11\li720\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 (a) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 The Magistrate shall at the conclusion of the evidence require the assessors to state their opinions and such opinions shall be recorded;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
\par (b) T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid4662625 he Magistrate shall then give the dec
ision of the Court and in so doing shall not be bound to conform with the opinions of the assessors, provided that, if the decision of the Court is given against the opinions of the assessors, the Magistrate shall record his or her reasons for giving such
 decision and shall forthwith after the conclusion of the case send a copy of the record to the Chief Justice; and
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li709\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin709\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref151017779}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [33]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Although the legislation states that assessors are regarded }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 as part of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 \'93the Court\'94 in the Magistrate\rquote s Court,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  \tab Justice Ordinance, s 3(1).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
 different terminology is used when the Supreme Court sits with assessors.  Nevertheless, even though the terminology differs, it appears to create a distinction without a difference.  Because a Magistrate, sitting with assessors, is ent
itled to disregard the assessors\rquote  views in reaching the Court\rquote s decision,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  \tab Justice Ordinance, s 32(1)(b) set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  REF _Ref152150825 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310035003200310035003000380032003500000000a9ff}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347 [28]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  for all pra
ctical purposes the assessors act only as advisers in both courts.  {\*\bkmkend _Ref151017779}
Nevertheless, the difference in wording gives rise to some difficulty in determining whether a Magistrate presiding over a trial with assessors is required to sum-up to them.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi709\li0\ri567\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 
\par (ii)\tab The Privy Council decisions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid15890373 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref153528530}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [34]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Beginning in the 18}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid13249347\charrsid10846157 th}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  Century,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  \tab Neil Vidmar, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 Juries and Lay Assessors in the Commonwealth: A Contemporary Survey}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 (Criminal Law Forum 13:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 
 385-407, 2002 at 385 (Kluwer Academic Publications, Netherlands).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
 the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed laws to provide for the involvement of laypersons in the criminal justice systems of many of its colonies.  For various reasons, it was considered that the jury system was unworkable in some colonies.  Therefor
e, lay participation was maintained in the form of assessors who assisted the judge in determining relevant facts.{\*\bkmkend _Ref153528530}
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref151018706}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [35]\tab}
Under relevant legislation, criminal trials in those colonies in which assessors were used were broadly similar to that in Pitcairn.  In a series of decisions on appeal from Fiji under provisions akin to s\~
9 of the (Pitcairn) Judicature (Courts) Ordinance (applicable to trials in the Supreme Court),}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  \tab The relevant parts of s 9 are set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  REF _Ref151013107 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350031003000310033003100300037000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 [31]}}}
\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid10305686 the Privy Council supported the view, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 that, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid10305686 even though }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid10305686 ssessors are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 treated as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid10305686 members of }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid10305686  panel }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 hearing charges, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid10305686 they do no more than give an advisory opinion.  In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid10305686 Maharaj v The King}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid10305686 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Maharaj v The King}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  [1947] UKPC 87.}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid10305686  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid10305686 Joseph v The King}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid10846157 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Joseph v The King }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 [1947] UKPC 88.}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid10305686  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid10305686 Ram Bali v The Queen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid10846157 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Ram Bali v The Queen }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 [1962] UKPC 16.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid10305686  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid10305686 the Privy Council }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 held }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid10305686 that the ultimate decision on whether a person is guilty}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid10305686  not guilty }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 wa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid10305686 s for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 judge }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid10305686 alone.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
{\*\bkmkend _Ref151018706}  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid619480 Delivering the advice of the Board in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid619480 Maharaj}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid619480  Sir John Beaumont said:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Maharaj v The King}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  [1947] UKPC 87 at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 88}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid619480 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li720\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \'85 t
he judge is required to give judgment, and it is for him to convict or acquit, and in doing so, he is not bound by the opinion of the Assessors.  
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref153187323}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [36]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 At the time of the Privy Council decisions, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 relevant Fijian law }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 wa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  in material terms}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  similar to that applied in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Supreme Court of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 Pitcairn Islands.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  \tab Criminal Procedure Code, s 308 (Fiji).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 That is unsurprising as, from 1952 until 1970, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 Pitcairn was governed from Fiji.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 
\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 For background}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 , see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Christian v Lands Court (No. 2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  [2023] PNSC 2 at paras [81]\endash [86].}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref151020722}{\*\bkmkend _Ref153187323}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [37]\tab}In }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 Maharaj}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
, the Privy Council allowed the appeal because, contrary to the legislation, the Judge appeared to have treated the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
ssessors as if they were a jury and left the decision on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid9076383 all questions of fact to them.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid9076383 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 
\tab Ibid.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid9076383   In that case, both }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid9076383 ssessors had returned \'93
verdicts\'94 of \'93guilty\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid9076383  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid9076383 or the same reasons, the appeal was allowed in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid9076383 Joseph}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid9076383 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid9076383 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Joseph v The King }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 [1947] UKPC 88 at p 2.  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid9076383   A different conclusion was reached in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid9076383 Ram Bali}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid9076383  because the Privy Council held that the Judge had summed up correctly and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 ,}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid9076383  despite disagreeing with the not guilty opinions expressed by the three assessors, had made a decision open to him on the evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid9076383 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Ram Bali v The Queen }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 [1962] UKPC 16 at p 4.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 {\*\bkmkend _Ref151020722}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 (iii)\tab The New Zealand appellate decisions}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid15890373 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref151020764}{\*\bkmkstart _Ref151127987}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [38]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
Decisions of the Full Court of the Supreme Court of New Zealand (to which I refer as the \'93Full Court\'94), on appeal from other Pacific jurisdictions, discuss the role of as
sessors, the obligation for a judge to direct assessors on the law and the circumstances in which it is appropriate for judge and assessors to collaborate in the deliberation process.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Latoatama v Williams}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  [1954] NZLR 594, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Re Moke Ta\rquote ala }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 [1956] NZLR 474 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Tangi Puri v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  [1967] NZLR 328.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 {\*\bkmkend _Ref151020764}
  These appeals were from the High Court of the Cook Islands and the High Court of Samoa, to which a different procedural approach was mandated at first instance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab 
Cook Islands Act 1915 (NZ), s 119, set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  REF _Ref153187279 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350033003100380037003200370039000000000002}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [55]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 {\*\bkmkend _Ref151127987}
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref151018304}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [39]\tab}In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 
Tangi Puri v The Queen, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
the Full Court (on appeal from the High Court of the Cook Islands) considered an appeal against conviction and sentence on a charge of rape.  One of the grounds of appeal was that \'93
the record contains no direction by the Judge to the assessors concerning Puri\rquote s statement, and the weight to be attached thereto, and no direction was given as to the necessary corroboration of the evidence of the complainant\'94.  Further \'93
there [was] no record of any direction as to the onus of proof, and the record [was] silent whether the Judge retired with the assessors\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Tangi Puri v The Queen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  [1967] NZLR 328 at 329.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347   In the absence of a provision akin to s\~9 of the (Pitcairn) Judicature (Courts) Ordinance,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab Set out at para }
{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  REF _Ref151013107 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350031003000310033003100300037000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [31]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
 McGregor J, delivering the judgment of the Court, said:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Tangi Puri v The Queen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  [1967] NZLR 328 at 330.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 {\*\bkmkend _Ref151018304}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li720\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 By virtue of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13249347 
 s. 301 on a trial by assessors no person shall be convicted by the Judge of any offence unless the conviction is concurred in by not less than four of the assessors, and if the Judge is of the opinion that the accused should not be convicted, or if less 
t
han four of the assessors concur in the conviction, the accused shall be acquitted. It must be noted that the conviction is by the Judge alone, although prior thereto the conviction must be concurred in by not less than four of the assessors. Even if four
 
of the assessors concur in the conviction, the Judge, if he is of opinion that the accused should not be convicted, may enter an acquittal. The position of the assessors is therefore, although analogous, somewhat different from the position of common juro
rs in New Zealand. \'85
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref154041768}{\*\bkmkstart _Ref155691765}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [40]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid13249347\charrsid142107 Poimatagi v The King}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid142107 Poimatagi v The King}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  [1948] G.L.R. 419.}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  Finlay J pointed out that the Judge and the assessors should collaborate and by so doing the assessors have the benefit of what might be
 expected to be the greater legal knowledge and the wider experience in legal matters of the Judge, whilst the latter is afforded the advantage of information as to the psychology, habits and customs of the people of the Islands, a knowledge which might w
ell be advantageous to a Judge who himself has not that knowledge.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Tangi Puri v The Queen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  [1967] NZLR 328, at 330}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 {\*\bkmkend _Ref154041768}
  These views reflected the rationale for the \'93assessor\'94 system; knowledge of indigenous custom.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  \tab See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  REF _Ref153528530 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350033003500320038003500330030000000000001}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 [34]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 {\*\bkmkend _Ref155691765}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid10573181 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [41]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\insrsid13249347\charrsid10573181 Tangi Puri}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 went on to approve observations made by the Full Court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid13249347 Latoatama v Williams.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid13566795 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Latoatama, Folitolu and Tamaeli v Williams}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \~[1954] NZLR 594, 600.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347   }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 McGregor J said:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Tangi Puri v The Queen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  [1967] NZLR 328, at 330\endash 331.}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7284144 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li720\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13249347 
We agree with the views of this Court in the judgment of the Court delivered by Stanton J. in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\insrsid13249347\charrsid7284144 Latoatama}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\insrsid13249347 , Folitolu}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\insrsid13249347\charrsid7284144  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\insrsid13249347 and Tamaeli }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\insrsid13249347\charrsid7284144 v Williams}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid13249347  \'85, when it is said that the procedure under the\~Cook Islands statute differs vastly from a trial by a Judge and jury, and an appeal to this Court differs materially from an appeal against conviction by the verdict of a jury. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\insrsid13249347\charrsid7765034 By virtue of s. 119 the High Court is entitled to adopt such procedure as it considers \'93most consistent with natural justice and convenience\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid13249347 .
\par (Emphasis added)
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [42]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347 
In rejecting a submission that the Judge ought to have directed the assessors on evidential issues or the onus of proof, McGregor J continued:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab 
Ibid, at 335.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li720\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347\charrsid5471362 
The record is silent as to any direction in law by the Judge to the assessors as to the weight to be attached to the evidence, as to the necessity for corroboration, or as to the onus of proof. In the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347\charrsid5471362 Latoatama}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347\charrsid5471362  case }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347 \'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347\charrsid5471362 
 it was agreed by the Court that the Judge and assessors were not bound to conduct their deliberations in open Court, and that to insi
st upon a summing-up in open Court would be merely to require that part of their deliberations be conducted in open Court. In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347\charrsid5471362 In re Moke Ta}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347\charrsid5471362 ala}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347\charrsid5471362 \~\'85\~an appeal from the High Court of Samoa under the provisions of the Samoa Act 1921, which does not differ in any material respect from the Cook Islands Act 1915, the decision in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347\charrsid5471362 Latoatama}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347\charrsid5471362 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347\charrsid5471362  case }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347 \'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347\charrsid5471362  was approved, subject to this, that where the trial Judge thinks it expedient to sum up \emdash 
 and does in fact sum up \emdash  in open Court for the guidance of the assessors, then it was thought the summing up should conform with the rules which are followed and observed in British Courts of justice in summing up for the guidance of a jury.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347\charrsid7096039 (iv)\tab 
The Pitcairn decisions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid7096039 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref151019323}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [43]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Without referen
ce to the earlier decisions of the Privy Council or Full Court, this Court took the same approach in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 R v Warren}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 R v Warren}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  [2016] PNSC 1.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 Tompkins}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  who was dealing with a summary offence that had been transferred to the Supreme Court for hearing with more serious charges, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
sat (by agreement of counsel) with a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 ssessors.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab Ibid, at para [41].}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753   As in the present case, the only factual issue was whether two articles found in Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 Warren\rquote s possession were \'93indecent\'94.  Tompkins}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 J explained his approach as f
ollows:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab Ibid, at paras [47]\endash [48].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 {\*\bkmkend _Ref151019323}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li720\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 [47]\tab \'85
 At the conclusion of the evidence, I briefly summed up to the assessors, who then retired to the Island Secretary\rquote s office, under supervision of the Registrar of the Court, to consider their opinion.
\par [48]\tab Upon the assessors indicating that they had reached their opinions, and after they had returned to Court, I asked each of the two assessors individually whether, in relation to the two charges separately, they were sure that t
he article in question was indecent.  Each of the two assessors in relation to each of the two separate charges responded, and I recorded each assessor\rquote s opinion thus:
\par \tab \'93Yes, my opinion is that it is indecent\'94.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [44]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 It is apparent that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
Tompkins J }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 allowed the assessors to confer with each other but did not, himself, confer with them.  The Judge }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
then proceeded to reach his own conclusion, given that he was not bound by the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 ssessors\rquote  \'93opinions\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab Ibid, at para [49].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753   He agreed with the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  assessors
\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 opinions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
 and convicted Mr Warren on the relevant charges.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab 
Ibid, at paras [63] and [66].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753   
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [45]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
Mr Warren appealed to the Court of Appeal.  In support of the appeal, it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 was submitted that the hearing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 had }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 miscarried because the two }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 ssessors did not give
 reasons for their decisions.  Dr Ellis, who was also counsel for Mr Warren on that appeal, relied upon a decision of the European Court of Human Rights, in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 Taxquet v Belgium}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Taxquet v Belgium }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 [2009] ECHR 2279 and [2010] ECHR 1806.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  in submitting that reasons were required to ensure proper account was taken of Mr Warren\rquote s \'93freedom of expression\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Warren v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  [2016] PNCA 1 (Potter, Blanchard and Hansen JJA) at paras [35] and [36].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref151019433}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [46]\tab}
The Court of Appeal took the view that, on the facts of the case before it, there was no requirement for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
ssessors to give reasons.  By contrast with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 Taxquet}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
, the Court observed that there was a single issue (indecency) and that \'93the assessors were given careful instruction in writing about how they must approach that question\'94.  As a result, the Court said:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab Ibid, at para [38].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 {\*\bkmkend _Ref151019433}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li720\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 [38]\tab \'85
  The public, and Mr Warren, could have had no difficulty in understanding that the assessors had formed the opinion that the items were
 indecent because they met the test framed by the Judge, who then confirmed that he was of the same opinion and gave his written reasons.
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref151019439}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [47]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 The Court of Appeal added:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab Ibid, at para [39].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 {\*\bkmkend _Ref151019439}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li720\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 [39]\tab \'85 In the present case the reaso
ns for the decision are readily discernible from the procedural framework adopted by the Supreme Court.  The absence of reasons from the assessors did not render the trial unfair or breach Mr Warren\rquote s constitutional right of freedom of expression.

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [48]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 While Mr Warren appealed against the Court of Appeal\rquote s decision}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  on other grounds}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 , this point was not advanced before the Privy Council.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Warren v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  [2018] UKPC 20 (Lord Mance, Lord Sumption, Lord Hughes, Lord Lloyd-Jones and Lord Briggs).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753   
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s33\qj \fi720\li0\ri567\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid7096039 (v)\tab Summary
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref153528684}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [49]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 To summarise:{\*\bkmkend _Ref153528684}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li1418\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1418\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 When assessors sit with a Magistrate to determine a criminal charge in the Magistrate
\rquote s Court, they are part of \'93the Court\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab See paras }
{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  REF _Ref151017774 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350031003000310037003700370034000000020000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [26]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  and }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  REF _Ref151017779 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350031003000310037003700370039000000040000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [33]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347   Section 32(1)(a) of the Justice Ordinance mandates that the Magistrate, at the conclusion of the evidence, must \'93
require the assessors to state their opinions\'94 and to record them.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab Section 32}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 (1)(b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  of the Justice Ordinance is set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  REF _Ref151012514 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350031003000310032003500310034000000080000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [32]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
  In the legislative context, the term \'93opinions\'94 is to be equated with the term \'93verdicts\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  \tab See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  REF _Ref152152377 \\r \\
h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350032003100350032003300370037000000001b00}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347 [30]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}It is open for a judge (in the Supreme Court) or a magistrate (in the Magistrate\rquote 
s Court) to give a judgment which does not conform with the opinions of the assessors, provided that reasons for reaching that view are given and transmitted to the Chief Justice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 
\tab Judicature (Courts) Ordinance, s 9(3) and Justice Ordinance, s 32(1)(b).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347   
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid4084651 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid4084651 
The Privy Council decisions in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid4084651 Maharaj, Joseph }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid4084651 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid13249347\charrsid4084651 Ram Bali}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid4084651  each deal with a provision that is materially similar to s\~
9(3) of the Judicature (Courts) Ordinance, which applies to trials in the Supreme Court. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid4084651 he Full Court\rquote s decisions in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid4084651 Latoatama, Re Moke Ta\rquote ala }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid4084651 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid4084651 
Tangi Puri}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid4084651  are more }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 closel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid4084651 
y analogous to the procedure in the Magistrate\rquote s Court where there is no specific requirement for the magistrate to sum up to the assessors.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (d)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Adopting observations made by Finlay J in 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 Poimatagi v The King,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid16274017 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Poimatagi v The King }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 [1948] GLR 419}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  McGregor\~J, giving the judgment of the Full Court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 Tangi Puri,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  pointed out that, under a provision which did not require a summing up, \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3290551 the Judge and the }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3290551 ssessors should collaborate and by so doing the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3290551 ssessors h
ave the benefit of what might be expected to be the greater legal knowledge and the wider experience in legal matters of the Judge\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\lang2057\langfe2057\super\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3290551 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 
\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Tangi Puri v The Queen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 
 [1967] NZLR 328 at 330.  This passage is set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  REF _Ref151018304 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350031003000310038003300300034000000004b00}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [39]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 
  However, those observations were made in the context of a provision that gave a general discretion to the Court as to procedure,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\lang2057\langfe2057\super\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  \tab For example, see s 119 of the Cook Islands Act 1915 (NZ), set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
 REF _Ref153187279 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350033003100380037003200370039000000007b00}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 [55]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  and did not contemplate a \'93judge\'94 who was not legally qualified.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid3290551 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid4991460 (c)\tab Was the Island Mag
istrate required to direct the Assessors?
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref153528730}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [50]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
It is necessary to consider discretely whether the Island Magistrate had a legal duty to direct the assessors on relevant law.  While s\~9(3)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\delrsid4084651  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
of the Judicature (Courts) Ordinance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab Set out respectively at paras }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  REF _Ref151013107 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310035003100300031003300310030003700000000ab00}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [31]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  and }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  REF _Ref151012514 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310035003100300031003200350031003400000000dbff}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [32]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
 expressly contemplates the possibility of a summing up in Supreme Court cases, there is no similar provision for the Magistrate\rquote s Court.  Although s\~9(3), uses the phrase \'93the Judge may sum up the evidence\'94
, the Privy Council authorities create an expectation that the presiding Judge will direct assessors both on matters of law and evaluation of evidence.  There is no comparable provision in s\~
32(1) of the Judicature (Courts) Ordinance in respect of the Magistrate\rquote s Court.{\*\bkmkend _Ref153528730}  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [51]\tab}
There are two possible reasons for that difference, both of which are plausible.  The first is that the Supreme Court deals with more serious crime and, as a result, assessors who sit as advisers to the judge might be said to require more guidance on lega
l principle and evaluation of the facts.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab 
The comparative criminal jurisdiction exercised by the Magistrate\rquote s Court and the Supreme Court respectively are set out in Parts IV and VII of the Justice Ordinance.  A list of offences that are triable only on 
a summary basis is set out in the Schedule to the Justice Ordinance.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
  The second is the fact that the legislation expressly preferred to empower the Island Magistrate, sitting with assessors, to determine some summary offences  While acknowledging that th
e Island Magistrate is unlikely to be legally qualified and unsuited to provide a summing up, this rationale has the benefit of retaining full community involvement in part of the criminal justice system.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab See paras }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  REF _Ref143420641 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003400330034003200300036003400310000000069ff}}}{\fldrslt {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [24]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  and }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  REF _Ref151018982 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350031003000310038003900380032000000006300}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [25]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [52]\tab}
The first of those reasons, while seemingly justifiable, is at odds with the decisions of the Full Court to which I have referred.  Those cases involved appeals from the High Court of the Cook Islands and the High Court of Samoa respectively where serious
 criminal conduct was alleged.  {\*\bkmkstart _Ref153188610}As to the second, s\~5(1)(b)(i) of the Justice Ordinance limits the extent of the summary criminal jurisdiction of the Magistrate\rquote 
s Court that may be exercised by the Island Magistrate to those that attract a maximum penalty of $400 or imprisonment for a term of 100 days, or both, and authorises{\*\bkmkend _Ref153188610}
 the Island Magistrate to confer with legally qualified magistrates who may assist him or her to navigate trial procedure.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  \tab See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  REF _Ref151017774 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350031003000310037003700370034000000007d00}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 [26]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
  In my view, the second provides the legal rationale for the legislature\rquote s decision to adopt different procedures in the Magistrates\rquote  and Supreme Courts.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [53]\tab}In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 R v Warren,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid16596165 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 R v Warren }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 [2016] PNSC 1 at paras [47] and [48], set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 
 REF _Ref151019323 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350031003000310039003300320033000000007700}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [43]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
 Tompkins J summed up to the assessors on the summ
ary charges with which he was dealing, and provided written guidance on the issues on which their opinions were sought.  The Court of Appeal approved that approach, primarily because the reasons for the Court\rquote s decision were \'93
readily discernible from the procedural framework\'94 that the Judge adopted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 Warren v R }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [2016] PNCA 1, at paras [38] and [39], set out at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid274693 paras }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid274693  REF _Ref151019433 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid274693 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350031003000310039003400330033000000007100}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [46]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid274693  and }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid274693  REF _Ref151019439 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid274693 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350031003000310039003400330039000000001b00}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [47]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid274693  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [54]\tab}Acknowledging that the Full Court decisions were not drawn to the Court of Appeal\rquote 
s attention, its approach differed from that taken in the appeals from the Cook Islands and Samoa.  For example, in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 R v Moke Ta\rquote ala}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid16596165 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid274693 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid274693  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid274693 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid274693 R v Moke Ta\rquote ala }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid274693 [1956] NZLR 474 (SC).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  the Full Court (on appeal from the High Court of Sa
moa) expressly distinguished cases in which the presiding judicial officer had elected to sum up in circumstances where it considered there was no legal obligation to do so.  Delivering the judgment of the Court, McGregor J said:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab Ibid, at 478 and 479.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li720\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
Further argument in support of this appeal was founded on the proposition that one of the witnesses for the prosecution\emdash Sione Peterson\emdash 
was or might have been an accomplice, and that in his summing-up to the assessors the learned Chief Judge failed to give 
the warning that is appropriate and necessary in such a case. Upon this aspect of the appeal this Court has had the advantage of hearing an extremely able and well-presented argument by Mr Shires; but, for the reasons set out hereafter, we are of opinion 
that that argument ought not to prevail. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid9599967 
It should be mentioned in the first place that this was not a trial before a Judge and a jury, but a trial, in accordance with the law of Samoa, before a Court sitting with assessors. At such a trial a summing-up in open Court is not necessary:}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid6705680 Latoatama, Folitolu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid14113524 
and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid6705680 Tamaeli v Williams}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 \~[1954] NZLR 594\emdash 
a case in which the trial was governed by legislative provisions not materially different from those governing trials in Western Samoa for offences punishable by death or imprisonment for more than five years. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid13249347\charrsid6705680 But where, as in this case, the trial Judge thinks it expedient to sum up\emdash and does, in fact, sum up\emdash 
in open Court for the guidance of the assessors, then we think the summing-up should conform with the rules which are followed and observed in British Courts of Justice in summing-up for the guidance of a jury.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347  Those rules include the well-known and long-established rule\emdash now a rule of law, and no longer a mere rule of practice\emdash that, when a witness for the prosecution
 is or may be an accomplice, it is incumbent upon the trial Judge to direct the jury to decide whether in fact such witness is an accomplice, and to tell the jury that, if they find him to be an accomplice, they should pay heed to the warning which ought 
always to be given in such a case.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li720\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 (Emphasis added)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13249347 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref155680666}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [55]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 R v Moke Ta\rquote ala }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 was 
{\*\bkmkstart _Ref153187279}an appeal from the High Court of Samoa under the provisions of the Samoa Act 1921, which did not differ in any material respect from the Cook Islands Act 1915 under which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid13249347\charrsid1791989 Tangi Puri}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  was decided.  The Cook Islands Act 1915 was a statute of the New Zealand P
arliament which was substantially repealed when the Constitution of the Cook Islands was promulgated after passage of the Cook Islands Constitution Act 1964, also by the New Zealand Parliament.  The Cook Islands\rquote 
 legislation did not deal with the obligation (or otherwise) of a judge to direct assessors.  Instead, the more general provisions of s\~119 of the Cook Islands Act 1915 stated:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 
\tab Section 119 was repealed on 23 November 1982 by s 2 of the Cook Islands Amendment Act 1982 (NZ).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 {\*\bkmkend _Ref155680666}{\*\bkmkend _Ref153187279}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 119.\tab 
Subject to the provisions of this Act and of rules of Court, the practice and procedure of the High Court in the exercise of its civil and criminal jurisdiction shall be such as the Court thinks in each case to be most consistent with natural just
ice and convenience.
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref154035476}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [56]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 While not completely analogous, the broad discretion as to criminal procedure available under s\~
119 of the Cook Islands Act 1915 has parallels in the less prescriptive obligations cast on a magistrate presiding, in Pi
tcairn, over a summary trial with assessors.  However, applying modern principles of criminal procedure designed to safeguard the constitutional rights of accused persons and to ensure fair trials, I consider that the decisions of the Full Court should be
 reconsidered.  It is the constitutionally enshrined right to a fair trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab 
Article 8 of the Pitcairn Constitution, the relevant parts of which are set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  REF _Ref155680588 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003500350036003800300035003800380000004e4b00}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [58]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
 in all Pitcairn Courts that requires a fresh consideration of the obligation (or otherwise) of a Magistrate to sum-up to the appointed assessors.{\*\bkmkend _Ref154035476}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid529093 (d)\tab Was the trial fair?
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref151385695}{\*\bkmkstart _Ref151022674}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [57]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 As I read s\~11(1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  of the Judicature (Appeals in Criminal Cases) Ordinance, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 it is for this Court to decide whether it is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
satisfied that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 appeal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 should }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 be allowed, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 and with what consequences.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  \tab See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  REF _Ref153368297 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350033003300360038003200390037000000007b00}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 [16]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
In most instances, it is likely that an appeal will be allowed if the verdicts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 unsafe or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
the trial unfair.  Conventional \'93fair trial\'94 requirements will demand that the decision-makers are adequately informed about the legal principles they need to apply before finding a person guilty of a crime.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab Article 8(1) and (2) of the Constitution, are set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 
 REF _Ref153188799 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310035003300310038003800370039003900000001abff}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [59]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
  Until such a finding is made, the accused party is entitled to the presumption of innocence.  In my view, there is no principled basis on which this Court could dismiss an appeal against a conviction that had been entered after an unfair trial.
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref155680588}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [58]\tab}
Article 8 of the Pitcairn Constitution (the Constitution) deals with the right to a fair trial and, relevantly provides:{\*\bkmkend _Ref151385695}{\*\bkmkend _Ref151022674}{\*\bkmkend _Ref155680588}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri567\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid1733418 
Right to a fair trial
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li720\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 8.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \emdash (1)\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid274693 
In the determination of his or her civil rights and obligations or of any criminal charge against him or her, everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal established by law. \'85

\par (2) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid274693 Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 \'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid14578913 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref153188799}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [59]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Article 8(3) of the Constitution sets out the rights of accused persons:{\*\bkmkend _Ref153188799}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li720\ri567\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 (3) Everyone charged with a criminal offence
 has the following minimum rights\emdash  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-720\li2160\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin2160\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 (a) \tab 
to be informed promptly, in a language which he or she understands and in detail, of the nature and cause of the accusation against him or her; 
\par (b) \tab to have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of his or her defence; 
\par (c) \tab to defend himself or herself in person or through legal assistance of his or her own choosing or, if he or she has not sufficient means to pay for legal assistance, to be given it free when the interests of justice so require; 
\par (d) \tab to examine or have examined witnesses against him or her and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his or her behalf under the same Right to a fair trial conditions as witnesses against him or her; 
\par (e) \tab to have the free assistance of an interpreter if he or she cannot understand or speak the language used in court.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [60]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 The fair trial rights conferred by art\~
8(3) are much more prescriptive than those applied by the Full Court in the appeals from the Cook Islands and Samoa.  In those cases, a flexible touchstone was used: one that the Court considered \'93
in each case to be the most consistent with natural justice and convenience\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  \tab See s 119 of the Cook Islands Act 1915 (NZ), set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  REF _Ref155680666 \\r \\h  \\
* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310035003500360038003000360036003600000003db00}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 [55]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
  So, after enactment of the Constitution, is a full summing up required for a fair trial before a magistrate sitting with assessors?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  \tab Other bases on which Mr Warren contends that his trial was unfair are addressed later.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
  In my view, that is the only substantive unfair trial question that requires detailed discussion.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [61]\tab}
Article 8(1) of the Constitution is based on art 6 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Right
s and Fundamental Freedoms (the Convention), which formed part of English law by its inclusion in a schedule to the Human Rights Act 1998 (UK).  In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid11218194 R v Mushtaq}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid2578672 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 R v Mushtaq}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  [2005] 3 All ER 885 (HL).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347  the House of Lords considered whether the absence of 
a direction to a jury that they should disregard any evidence of a confession that they found to have been obtained by oppression or other improper means infringed art 6, created an unfair trial.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [62]\tab}The principal speech in the House was delivered by Lord
 Rodger of Earlsferry.  After setting out the relevant part of art 6 of the Convention (which is in materially the same terms as the first part of art 8 of the Constitution),}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab 
Article 8(1) and (2) of the Constitution is set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  REF _Ref151385695 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350031003300380035003600390035000000000002}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [57]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  Lord Rodger said that it was well established that the right against self-incrimination fell within its
 scope.  In concluding his analysis of the applicability of art 6(1) on the facts of the case, Lord Rodger (with whom Lord Steyn, Lord Phillips and Lord Carswell agreed on this point) held that the Judge contravened art 6(1) by directing the jury that the
y might rely on the confession without drawing to their attention that they must disregard it if (contrary to a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid14373347 voir dire}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
 ruling he had given) they concluded that it had been induced by oppression or other improper means.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 R v Mushtaq}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  [2005] 3 All ER 885 (HL) at para 53.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347   So, in that case, fair trial considerations demanded a summing up that covered that important evidential issue.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [63]\tab}
Although the proviso does not apply in this case, it is necessary to start an analysis of the fair trial issue by refere
nce to it.  That is because relevant appellate decisions discuss whether an appeal should be allowed on grounds of unfair trial by reference to the concept of a \'93substantial miscarriage of justice\'94 incorporated into the proviso.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  \tab See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
 REF _Ref155679431 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350035003600370039003400330031000000020000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 [21]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
  For reasons that follow, if a trial is unfair, a \'93substantial miscarriage of justice\'94 would have occurred.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref154036712}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [64]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
In the form in which it stood prior to repeal in 2011, s 385(1) of the Crimes Act 1961 (NZ) contained a proviso in similar terms to s\~
37(1) of the Judicature (Appeals in Criminal Cases) Ordinance.  As a result the appellate authorities that discuss the proviso to s\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 385}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
(1) inform interpretation of the Pitcairn legislation{\*\bkmkend _Ref154036712}.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [65]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 In }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 two decisions, the Supreme Court of New Zealand (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 R v Condon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 R v Condon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  [2007] 1 NZLR 300 (SC).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 R v Matenga}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid9508949 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3082\langfe2057\langnp3082\insrsid13249347\charrsid10166661  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang3082\langfe2057\langnp3082\insrsid13249347\charrsid10166661 R v Matenga }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3082\langfe2057\langnp3082\insrsid13249347\charrsid10166661 [2009] 3 NZLR 145 (SC).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 confirmed that the proviso did not apply to an unfair trial.  For the Supreme Court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid13249347 Matenga,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 Blanchard J }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 observed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058  that an assessment of the \'93fairness\'94 of a trial was to be made in relation to the way in which it had been conducted rather than by reference to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
substantive reasons for allowing an appeal on the basis of error by the trial judge.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  \tab Ibid, at paras [24]\endash [26].  See also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 R v Condon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
 [2007] 1 NZLR 300 (SC) at paras [77] and [79].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref151575232}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [66]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 It
 follows that a conviction entered after an unfair trial should not stand; whether in the Magistrate\rquote s Court or the Supreme Court.  The circumstances in which a trial might be unfair }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
was considered by the Privy Council, in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 R v Howse}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 R v Howse}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  [2006] 1 NZLR 433 (PC).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
The differing views of the majority and minority of the Board demonstrate the difficulty of determining whether a trial is unfair.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [67]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 Howse}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  was an appeal against guilty verdicts on charges of murder following a jury trial in New Zealand.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
Their Lordships started from the trite proposition that not every irregularity or error in the conduct of a trial makes the trial unfair.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 For a trial to be characterised as \'93unfair\'94, }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 it was necessary for the error to be of a fundamental kind.  That was so to ensure that the proviso }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 (then in force in New Zealand)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  \tab Set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347  REF _Ref154036712 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310035003400300033003600370031003200000004ca01}}
}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 [64]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 would not be \'93stultified\'94 by setting the bar too low in determining whether a trial should be characterised as \'93unfair\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 R v Howse }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [2006] 1 NZLR 433 (PC)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 , at para [37].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [68]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Although there }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 no substantive difference among the members of the Board who heard Mr Howse\rquote s appeal as to the princip
les to be applied in determining whether the trial had been \'93unfair\'94, their Lordships divided }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 as to whether the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 (acknowledged) }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 serious defects in the trial Judge\rquote s summing up and other aspects of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
 management of the trial meant that Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 Howse }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 did }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 not receive a \'93fair trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 \'94 as guaranteed by s\~25}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 (a)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058  of the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 .  I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 n material respects, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 s 25(a) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 is in the same form as art 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058  of the Constitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 Article 8(1) is s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid16402304 et out at para}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  REF _Ref153188799 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350033003100380038003700390039000000050000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [59]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  above}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid16402304 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [69]\tab}The majority}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
 (Lord Hutton, Lord Carswell and Sir Swinton Thomas)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058  took the view that the trial had not been rendered unfair by the trial Judge\rquote s conduct and that the misca
rriage of justice that was accepted to have occurred could be cured by application of the proviso to s\~385(1) of the Crimes Act.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 For the majority, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 Lord Carswell s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 aid}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 
\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 R v Howse}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 
 [2006] 1 NZLR 433 (PC) at para [33].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s33\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faroman\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s33\qj \li720\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faroman\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 [33]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 The submission advanced on beha
lf of the appellant was that the defects in the trial were so many and so serious that it cannot be said that he had a fair trial. In considering this submission it is necessary to examine closely what is meant by a fair trial in this context and the rela
t
ionship between the right to a fair trial and the operation of the proviso. The authorities make it clear that not every irregularity or error in the conduct of a trial, even if it might constitute a miscarriage of justice for the purposes of an appeal un
der s 385(1) of the Crimes Act, will in this context suffice to make the trial unfair. Barwick CJ in\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs45\i\cf1\chbrdr\brdrnone\brdrframe1 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 Driscoll v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chbrdr\brdrnone\brdrframe1 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 (1977) 137 CLR 517}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 \~at p 527 warned that:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s33\ql \li0\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faroman\adjustright\rin567\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s33\qj \li1440\ri1134\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faroman\adjustright\rin1134\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 \'93
If . . . every irregularity of summing up, admission of evidence or in p
rocedure warranted a new trial, the basic intent of the court of criminal appeal provisions would be frustrated and the administration of the criminal law plunged into outworn technicality.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s33\ql \li0\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faroman\adjustright\rin567\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s33\qj \li720\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faroman\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
There may be errors in the course of a trial, whether relating t
o the admission of evidence or in legal rulings or in the terms in which the Judge sums up to the jury or in the conduct of the Judge or counsel, which, while they can be described as giving rise to unfairness, do not constitute such grave irregularities 
a
nd so undermine the integrity of the trial that it can be said that the accused was denied a fair trial. On the other hand, there may be some trials where, notwithstanding the overwhelming weight of the evidence against the accused, the proceedings at tri
al have been so defective that there has scarcely been a trial at all, with the result that the proviso cannot be applied.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li720\ri567\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 \'85
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s33\qj \li720\ri567\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faroman\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \cbpat8 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 [37]\tab \'85 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf20\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
There were undeniably very serious errors on the part of the trial Judge in a number of respects, which have been set out 
in this judgment and that of the Court of Appeal: the admission of a large body of hearsay evidence which was led by the Crown which was inadmissible; the admission of evidence which was more prejudicial than probative; the failure by the Judge to direct 
t
he jury that evidence of complaints was not to be treated as proof of the truth of the allegations, but only as proof that the allegations had been made and that the appellant was aware of them; and the Judge's explanation to the jury why the issue of man
slaughter was not being left to them in terms which were too emotive and prejudicial to the accused.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s33\ql \li720\ri567\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faroman\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs46\cf20\chbrdr\brdrnone\brdrframe1 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
[38]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf20\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 \tab One is entitled and bound, however, to ask what the course of the trial would have been like if the errors had not been made. \'85
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s33\qj \li720\ri567\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faroman\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs46\cf20\chbrdr\brdrnone\brdrframe1 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
[39]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 Their Lordships en
tirely agree with the conclusion reached by the Court of Appeal that the prosecution case against the appellant was overwhelming. They consider that there was no realistic possibility that the jury would have felt it necessary to have recourse to the inad
m
issible evidence to be satisfied that the accused had murdered the two girls, and they think that the evidence wrongly admitted cannot have carried any significant additional weight having regard to the other evidence. No doubt the jury took the inadmissi
b
le evidence into account in coming to their verdict, and this will often be the position where inadmissible evidence pointing to guilt is admitted. But where the other evidence properly admitted proves with overwhelming force that the accused is guilty, T
heir Lordships consider that it cannot be said that the admission of the improper evidence constituted a fundamental error which made the trial unfair.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf20\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid13255678 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [70]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid13255678 The minority (Lord Rodger and Sir Andrew Leggatt) disagreed.  They referred to the \'93long tradition\'94 of New Zealand and English law that \'93
every accused person is entitled to a trial in which the relevant law is correctly explained to the jury and the rules of procedure and evidence are strictly followed\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 R v Howse}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  [2006] 1 NZLR 433 (PC), at para [45], applying }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Mraz v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  (1955) 93 CLR 493 (HCA) at 514 per Fullagar J.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid13255678 The}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid13255678  emphasised what had earlier been said by the Privy Council in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid13255678 
Randall v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 
Randall v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  [2002] 1 WLR 2237 (PC) at para 28.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid13255678  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 as to the absolute }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid13255678 right of a defendant to a fair trial.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Giving}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid13255678  the advice of the Board in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid13255678 Randall,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid13255678  Lord Bingham }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid13255678 said:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li720\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
There will come a point when the departure from good practice is so gross, or so persistent, or so prejudicial, or so irremediable that an appellate cou
rt will have no choice but to condemn a trial as unfair and quash a conviction as unsafe, however strong the grounds for believing the defendant to be guilty. The right to a fair trial is one to be enjoyed by the guilty as well as the innocent, for a defe
ndant is presumed to be innocent until proved to be otherwise in a fairly conducted trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [71]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 Lord Rodger and Sir Andrew Leggatt consider}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 ed the trial was unfair.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 They said:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 R v Howse}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  [2006] 1 NZLR 433 (PC) at paras [57], [61] and [69].}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li720\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 [57]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 \'85 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 As Lord
 Carswell has explained, the Court of Appeal identified a catalogue of defects in the trial: the admission of a large body of hearsay evidence which should have been excluded, having regard to the common law and the Evidence Amendment Act 1980; the admiss
i
on of an undesirable amount of evidence which was more prejudicial than probative; the failure to give a clear and firm direction to the jury about the limited proper use of a particular item of evidence; and the inclusion in the summing up of an explanat
i
on of why manslaughter was not a live issue which was not only unnecessary but couched in terms that were more emotive than was desirable. The first question accordingly is whether these defects, taken singly or together, were so fundamental that, in subs
tance, the appellant did not have the benefit of all those safeguards which must be observed if a trial is to be fair according to the law of New Zealand.
\par \'85
\par [61]\tab We have reached the clear conclusion that, in this very unusual case, there was indeed such a fundamental or radical departure from the requirements of the law that the appellant's trial cannot be regarded as fair.
\par \'85
\par [69]\tab It is impossible to imagine a clearer example of a trial that has gone off the rails by the admission of evidence which, t
he law provides, should not be admitted precisely because it is dangerous for a jury to rely on it. The rules of evidence were designed, precisely, to prevent a trial being conducted on that basis. Therefore, even if every other aspect of the trial had be
e
n perfection itself, in this core respect it would not have been conducted in the way that the law of New Zealand requires. In fact, however, as the Court of Appeal showed only too clearly, there were many other aspects of the trial which were far from sa
tisfactory. We forbear to dwell on them. Even assuming\u8201\'3f\endash \u8201\'3fas we do for the sake of the argument\u8201\'3f\endash \u8201\'3f
that none of these other factors, either singly or in combination, would have been enough to make the trial unfair, they certainly exacerbated the position in w
hat was already, when judged by the standards of the law of New Zealand, an unfair trial. We could use more robust language to describe it but, with difficulty, restrain ourselves from doing so.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [72]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Subsequently, in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 Guy v R}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Guy v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  [2015] 1 NZ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 R 315 (SC).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Supreme Court of New Zealand considered the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 question of what constituted \'93an unfair trial\'94}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058   At trial, the complainant\rquote 
s interview with police had not been introduced as evidence as it was a prior consistent statement.  Nor was the police 
interview of Mr Guy adduced because he had been repeatedly questioned after indicating he could not answer any questions as he did not remember the incident.  Nevertheless, as a result of oversight, the transcripts of both interviews were included in the 
material provided to the jury when they retired to consider their verdicts.  It was not known whether the jurors had read the material.  
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref155697325}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [73]\tab}Mr Guy\rquote 
s appeal was allowed, on the basis that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 presence of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 inadmissible and prejudicial material before the jury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347  was, of itself, sufficient to give rise to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058  a miscarriage of justice.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 As to the outcome, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 Elias CJ, Glazebrook and O\rquote Regan JJ took the view that it was not \'93inevitable\'94 that Mr Guy would have been convicted but a minority (McGrath and William Young JJ) reached a different conclusion.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 or present purposes, it is the difference of view between Elias CJ and Glazebrook J (on the one hand) and McGrath}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058  William Young }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 and O\rquote Regan }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
JJ (on the other) on the question whether Mr Guy had received a fair trial that assumes importance.  Their reasoning}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058  set out below:
{\*\bkmkend _Ref155697325}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li1418\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1418\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
Elias CJ, for herself and Glazebrook J, regarded the availability of materials to the jury not admitted in evidence as giving rise to an unfair trial.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 The Chief Justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058  said:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab Ibid, at paras [45]
\endash [46].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s33\qj \li2160\ri567\sbauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faroman\adjustright\rin567\lin2160\itap0\pararsid13249347 \cbpat8 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs46\cf20\chbrdr\brdrnone\brdrframe1 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 [45]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf20\insrsid13249347 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf20\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
Where evidence is wrongly admitted by the judge at trial, an appellate court has the confidence of assessing the materiality of the error in the 
context of a process that has not miscarried except in the admission of the evidence. Where additional information is received by the jury without the knowledge of judge or counsel, assessing whether the error was capable of affecting the verdict entails 
the sort of speculation the rules of natural justice, affirmed by s\~27 of the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act, are designed to preclude for reasons explained by Megarry}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf20\insrsid13249347 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf20\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 J in\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs45\i\cf20\chbrdr\brdrnone\brdrframe1 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 John v Rees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf20\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 . 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs46\cf20\chbrdr\brdrnone\brdrframe1 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 [46]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf20\insrsid13249347 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf20\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
There may be cases where the provision of extraneous material to 
the jury is immaterial. That is not the case here. The statements wrongly provided to the jury were those of the two people who were central to the issues at trial and bore on the critical issues: what had occurred between the complainant and the appellan
t; whether it was consensual; and whether the appellant believed on reasonable grounds that the complainant consented to the sexual contact of which she complained.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li2160\ri567\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin2160\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 (Footnotes omitted)
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li1418\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1418\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 William Young J, on behalf of himself and McGrath J, held:}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab Ibid, at para [80].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi22\li2138\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin2138\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 [80]\tab 
A trial in which the jury received material which had not been adduced in evidence will often be able to be stigmatised as unfair. But here the material in question added nothing to what the jury already knew and thus had no relevant pr
ejudicial potential. In our view, the conclusions reached in relation to the irregularity argument dispose of this ground of appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li1418\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1418\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 O\rquote Regan J said:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab Ibid, at para [85].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li2160\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin2160\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 [85]\tab 
I prefer to approach the case on the same basis as both the Court of Appeal did and McGrath and William Young JJ do. I see that as being consistent with the approach set out in this Court\rquote s decision in\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs45\i\cf20\chbrdr\brdrnone\brdrframe1 \chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 R v Matenga}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 .\~
That approach starts from the proposition that not every flaw in a trial renders the trial unfair or constitutes a miscarriage of justice.\~
In a case such as the present case, where material that was not in evidence is provided to, or becomes available to the jury during its deliberation, the question which must be answered is whether the availability of this material to the jury was \'93}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs45\i\cf20\chbrdr\brdrnone\brdrframe1 \chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 capable}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 \~
of affecting the result of the trial\'94.\~If the answer is that the provision of the material to the jury was capable of affecting the result, then there will have been a miscarriage of justice in terms of s\~
385(1)(c). I consider that the trial will have been rendered unfair only if this test is met. I do not believe that the provision of the information to the jury in circ
umstances where that did not have the capacity to affect the result can be said to make the trial unfair and thereby occasion a miscarriage of justice. In that respect, I differ from Elias CJ and Glazebrook J.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347 
\par \'85
\par [88]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
I agree with Elias CJ and Glazebrook J that the availability of the transcripts to the jury was capable of affecting the verdict, for the reasons they give at [54] to [61]. I acknowledge that the Crown case was strong and that the jury already}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid13394365  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 had before i
t material along the same lines as that contained in the transcripts. It is possible the approach of the jury would have been the same whether or not the transcripts were available to, and read by, members of the jury. But the possibility that the jury
\rquote s approach was affected by the availability of the transcripts cannot be ruled out. The issue is whether the availability of the material to the jury could have affected the outcome, not whether it did in fact do so.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li2160\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 (Footnotes omitted)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
\par {\*\bkmkend _Ref151575232}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [74]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid13249347 R v }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 Wiley}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid8284798  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Wiley v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  [2016] 3 NZLR 1 (CA).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058  the Court of Appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  of New Zealand}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 , held that if there had been an unfair trial it was unnecessary to consider whether that may have affected the outcome of the trial.  The Court took the view that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 if}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058  an accused person had not received a fair trial, any conviction arising must be set aside.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 For the Court of Appeal, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 Randerson J added: \'93this is consistent with the authorities establishing that a conviction resulting from an unfair trial cannot be sustai
ned even if a different outcome was unlikely or a conviction was inevitable\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab Ibid, at para [37].}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [75]\tab}The Court of Appeal then considered (what it described as) the \'93
more difficult question\'94 as to the types of error intended to fall into the category of an unfair trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab Ibid, at para [38].}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 After referring to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 Guy v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid13249347 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 
Guy v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  [2015] 1 NZLR 315 (SC).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058  Randerson J stated that the Court of Appeal \'93
would prefer to determine the approach to this question in a case in which the question plainly arises\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab 
Ibid, at para [39].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 but}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058  did observe:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab Ibid, at para [40].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li720\ri567\sb360\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 [40] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 We hesitate to give examples of cases of error, irregularity or occurrence that might be appropriately treated as resulting in an unfair trial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347 \'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
 since the range of such matters may be extensive. However, without in any way limiting the type of cases that might fall into this category we instance merely by way of example:\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs45\i\cf20\chbrdr
\brdrnone\brdrframe1 \chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 Condon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 \~(lack of legal representation);\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs45\i\cf20\chbrdr\brdrnone\brdrframe1 \chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 Hall}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 \~(failure by counsel to follow the
 defendant\rquote s instructions on fundamental issues such as plea, the giving of evidence and advancing a defence based on the defendant\rquote s version of events);\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs45\i\cf20\chbrdr\brdrnone\brdrframe1 
\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 Kaka}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 \~(appellant deprived of an adequate closing address).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li720\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 (Footnotes omitted)
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [76]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 European authorities provide further guidance on what constitutes an \'93unfair trial\'94.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 The Constitution requires all Pitcairn courts to take account of the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights when interpreting rights derived from instruments interpreted by that court.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347   In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 Christian v Lands Court (No. 2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
, I explained the basis on which European instruments should be applied to the interpretation of constitutional rights:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Christian v Lands Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  [2023] PNSC 2 at paras [97] and [98].}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347   
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li720\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 [97]\tab \'85 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid13249347 art\~25 [of the Constitution] contains a list of European instruments that, if the Supreme Court considers are \'93relevant to the proceedings in which [the] question has arisen\'94
, shall be taken into account in dealing with any questions of interpretation or application of Par
t 2 of the Constitution. In particular, reference is made to judgments or advisory opinions of the European Court of Human Rights, and those of superior courts of the United Kingdom on the interpretation or application of the European Convention on Human 
Rights (the Convention).
\par [98]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 Warren v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 , Mr Warren relied on \'93international instruments\'94, including the Convention. The Privy Council described that reliance as \'93misplaced\'94. Their Lordships said that \'93
None of the provisions relied on by the appellant has been implemented into domestic law in Pitcairn\'94.\~
 While that is correct, the Constitution makes it clear that decisions given on equivalent Convention provisions are relevant to interpretation of the Constitution.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li720\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 (Footnotes omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid13249347 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [77]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 Taxquet v Belgium}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Taxquet v Belgium }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 [2009] ECHR 2279 and [2010] ECHR 1806.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 in the context of a submission that fair trial rights had been breached because inadequate (or no) reasons had been given for the appellant\rquote 
s conviction, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights considered whether procedures adopted by the Assize Court in Belgium }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
to protect an accused\rquote s fair trial rights were sufficient.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 Under Belgi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058  law, a presiding }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 j}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
udge was required to put questions to the jurors to assist them in reaching a decision and was also entitled to give legal directions.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Further, also as a matter of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 Belgi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058  law, the jurors were not permitted to give reasons for their \'93personal convictions\'94
 which led them to reach guilty verdicts.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 he European Court of Human Rights considered whether the fair trial right required an assessment 
of whether sufficient safeguards were in place to avoid any risk of arbitrariness and to enable the accused to understand the reasons for his conviction.  The Court said that \'93
such procedural safeguards may include, for example, directions or guidance provided by the presiding }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 j}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
udge to the jurors on the legal issues arising or the evidence adduced \'85 and precise unequivocal questions put to the jury by the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 j}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
udge, forming a framework on which the verdict is based or sufficiently offsetting the fact that no reasons are given for the jury\rquote s answers\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Taxquet v Belgium }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 [2010] ECHR 1806, at para 92.}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [78]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 In the present case:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li1418\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1418\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Mr Warren was tried before the Island Magistrate, sitting with two assessors. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}The Island Magistrate was not a qualified lawyer.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}The Assessors were required to express \'93opinions\'94
 but those opinions were not binding on the Island Magistrate.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (d)\tab}There was no express statutory requirement for the Island Magistrate to sum up to the Assessors.

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (e)\tab}The live trial issue was confined to the question whether Mr Warren\rquote 
s behaviour, in walking naked along the road, was \'93indecent\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  \tab See paras }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  REF _Ref151021056 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350031003000320031003000350036000000070000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 [2]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  and }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  REF _Ref151021062 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003500310030003200310030003600320000000800ff}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 [3]}}}
\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [79]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347 The narrow nature of the only live trial issue raises
 the question whether, on the particular facts of this case, it was necessary for the Island Magistrate to sum up to the Assessors in order to safeguard Mr Warren\rquote s fair trial rights.  I now explore that issue.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid6509069 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref155682105}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid11093039 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [80]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid11093039 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid11093039 Clark (P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 rocurator Fiscal, Kirkcaldy) v Kelly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid11093039 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 Clark (Procurator Fiscal, Kirkcaldy) v Kelly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  [2003] 1 All ER 1106 (PC).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
 the Privy Council considered, in the context of a devolution issue referred to it by the High Court of Justiciary of Scotland, whether a trial was rendered 
unfair if a legally-qualified clerk to a lay decision-maker exercising jurisdiction in a District Court failed to advise the decision-maker in open court or, at least, ensure that the substance of what was advised in chambers was repeated in open court so
 
that counsel for the parties could be heard on any matters arising.  Given the nature of the devolution issue, it was unnecessary for the Privy Council to rule on that particular question, though helpful statements of principle can be found in the judgmen
ts delivered by members of the Board.{\*\bkmkend _Ref155682105}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [81]\tab}
Lord Bingham described the nature of the proceeding in issue by reference to the way in which lay decision-makers are supported by legally qualified clerks in the courts.  Lord Bingham said:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 
\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 \tab Ibid, at paras [2]\endash [5].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li720\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid549020 [2]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13249347\charrsid549020 In England and Wales the role of justices has evolved over the centuries since the\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chbrdr\brdrnone\brdrframe1 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid549020 Justices of the Peace Act 1361}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13249347\charrsid549020 . In Sc
otland the system is of more recent growth. But in both countries the systems as they now exist have very few equivalents outside the mainland of Britain. There are two features in particular which distinguish them from almost every trial regime to be fou
nd elsewhere. \'85
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s33\qj \li720\ri567\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faroman\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \cbpat8 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13249347\charrsid549020 [3]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13249347    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13249347\charrsid549020 T}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf20\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13249347\charrsid11093039 
he first key feature of both systems is that justice is administered by (on the assumption made) a person usually lacking any formal legal education or qualification (although the beneficiary of some training). Such person, working }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf20\lang2057\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13249347\charrsid11093039 vo
luntarily and without reward, is for all legal purposes a judge: carefully chosen as possessing qualities of judgment, fairness, open-mindedness and common sense; bound to observe a formal judicial oath; and irremovable (below the age of retirement) save 
for good cause. To such person, and to such person alone, it falls to decide what evidence should be believed and what doubted or rejected, and whether the charge is proved or not. The lay justice is the sole legal decision-maker in the district court.

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s49\qj \li720\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faroman\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13249347\charrsid549020 [4] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13249347\charrsid549020 
 In very many of the cases which routinely come before district courts, involving minor traffic offences, petty thefts and assaults and matters of that kind, the issue in the case (if it is defended) will turn on the facts and raise no question of law. Bu
t it is, of course, true that in any case, however minor, a question of law may arise, whether on the admissibility of evidence, or the existence of evidence capable of corroborating other evidence, or the ingredients of a common law offence, or the inter
p
retation of an offence-creating statutory provision or, after conviction, on the sentencing powers and duties of the court. In such instances the lay justice, lacking the legal expertise of those representing the prosecutor and the accused before the cour
t, is at a disadvantage.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s49\ql \li0\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faroman\adjustright\rin567\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13249347\charrsid549020 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li720\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faroman\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13249347\charrsid549020 
[5]   The solution to this problem, developed and refined over many years, is found in the second key feature of both systems, the legally-qualified clerk to the court, who must in Scotland be an advocate or a solicitor. The task o
f the clerk is to advise the lay justice on any question of law arising during the case. It is the clerk's duty, as a professional person bound by an exacting code of conduct, to give advice to the best of the clerk's ability, with the independence and im
partiality (and also the care) required of any solicitor or advocate expressing a professional opinion. The clerk represents no party and his approach should be wholly unpartisan. \'85
 If the clerk were at any point, publicly or privately, to offer any opinion
 on the facts of any case, that also would be a culpable dereliction of duty, since all factual decisions are for the justice alone (although if the justice wishes to be reminded of the effect of any oral evidence given during the hearing the clerk may pr
operly remind him, provided this is done in open court).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [82]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
Lord Hope drew on a Practice Note issued by Lord Woolf CJ on 2 October 2000, after the Human Rights Act 1998 (UK) came into force and gave the Convention force of law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 \tab Practice Note (Magistrat
es: clerk and authorised legal advisor) [2000] 4 All ER 895.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347   The guidance, given to clerks and authorised legal advisors in England and Wales, was in the following terms:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 \tab 
Ibid, at para 8.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li720\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13249347 8. \tab At any time, justices are entitled to receive advice to as
sist them in discharging their responsibilities. If they are in any doubt as to the evidence which has been given, they should seek the aid of their legal adviser, referring to his/her notes as appropriate. This should ordinarily be done in open court. Wh
e
re the justices request their adviser to join them in the retiring room, this request should be made in the presence of the parties in court. Any legal advice given to the justices other than in open court should be clearly stated to be provisional and th
e
 adviser should subsequently repeat the substance of the advice in open court and give the parties an opportunity to make any representations they wish on that provisional advice. The legal adviser should then state in open court whether the provisional a
dvice is confirmed or if it is varied the nature of the variation.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [83]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Lord Hope took the view that this practice should be followed in Scotland.  He said:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 \tab }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 Clark (Procurator Fiscal, Kirkcaldy) v Kelly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  [2003] 1 All ER 1106 (PC) at para [69].}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s33\qj \li720\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faroman\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 [69]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13249347 I sugg
est that the practice which should be followed by the clerks and justices in the district court in this matter should be as follows. Any advice which the clerk gives to the justice in private on matters of law, practice or procedure should be regarded by 
t
hem as provisional until the substance of that advice has been repeated in open court and an opportunity has been given to the parties to comment on it. The clerk should then state in open court whether that advice is confirmed or is varied, and if it is 
varied in what respect, before the justice decides to act upon it. It would be helpful if guidance on this matter could be incorporated in the\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs45\i\f42\cf1\chbrdr\brdrnone\brdrframe1 \insrsid13249347 Handbook}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13249347 \~and brought to the attention of justices and clerks by issuing an appropriate circular. It will, of cours
e, be open to the parties to bring such guidance to the attention of the court if there is reason to think that it is not being observed by either the justice or the clerk at the trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [84]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
Lord Rodger considered that the failure of the clerk to ensure advice given in private to the lay decision-maker was not repeated in public for counsel\rquote s consideration did not give rise to an unfair trial.  His Lordship considered that the \'93
giving and receiving of legal advice by the clerk and justice [could] be compared with the private discussion among judges about a prospective decision\'94
, thereby negating any need for the advice to be repeated in public.  In common with Lord Hoffmann, Lord Rodger did not consider that the failure to repeat the advice in open court inf
ringed art 6(1) of the Convention.  Lord Rodger took the view that the Convention \'93does no more than set minimum standards to be observed by the signatory States\'94 and that, not \'93infrequently, a state may choose to observe higher standards\'94
.  The Practice Note issued by Lord Woolf CJ was cited as an example of a legal system that had adopted a higher standard.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 \tab Ibid, at para [103].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref155697487}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [85]\tab}Nevertheless, Lord Rodger concluded his judgment by saying:}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 \tab Ibid, at para [106].  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Lord Bingham generally agreed with Lord Hope but did not endorse specifically Lord Hope\rquote 
s adoption of the Practice Note.  Lord Hutton expressly agreed with Lord Hope\rquote s view on that issue.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 {\*\bkmkend _Ref155697487}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li720\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 [106]   \'85 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13249347 
Since, however, the issue has been ventilate
d before the Board, I see advantages in following the course proposed by Lord Hope of Craighead. I accordingly agree that, when a clerk requires to give legal advice to the justice, the general approach outlined by Lord Hope of Craighead should be followe
d
. It may be that the District Courts Association or the Central Advisory Committee for Scotland on Justices of the Peace, which is chaired by the Lord Justice Clerk, could take steps to ensure that this guidance is not only made known to justices and cler
ks but is also followed by them. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [86]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
The discussion of the interrelationship between a lay decision-maker and a qualified adviser is relevant to the Pitcairn situation, and in particular whether there was a need for some public and transparent exposition 
of legal issues to constitute a fair trial.  In my view, the approach taken by Elias CJ, Glazebrook and O\rquote Regan JJ in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 Guy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  \tab See the extracts from the judgments in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Guy v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  [2015] 1 NZLR 315 (SC)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 , set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  REF _Ref155697325 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350035003600390037003300320035000000010000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [73]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  above}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
 narrows the question to whether in the particular circumstances of this case, it was inevitable that the outcome would have been the same even if a summing up had been provided by the Island Magistrate to the Assessors.  The discussion in }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 Clark (Procurator Fiscal, Kirkcaldy) v Kelly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\lang2057\langfe2057\super\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid12256541 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 Clark (Procurator Fiscal, Kirkcaldy) v Kelly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  [2003] 1 All ER 1106 (PC), discussed at paras }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  REF _Ref155682105 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350035003600380032003100300035000000030402}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [80]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 -}{\field{\*\fldinst {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  REF _Ref155697487 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350035003600390037003400380037000000050400}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [85]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  
is relevant to the extent of transparency required where a lay decision-maker is advised by a legally qualified person.  Although neither the Island Magistrate nor the Assessors were legally qualified, the possibility that the Island Magistrate might have
 sought advice from another Magistrate brings the principles discussed in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 Clark}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  into play.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 
\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  \tab See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  REF _Ref155697783 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350035003600390037003700380033000000070001}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 [120]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [87]\tab}Focussing only on the elements of the off
ence, the Island Magistrate would, had he summed up to the Assessors, have been obliged to tell them that, before they could express a guilty \'93verdict\'94, they must be satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that, on each charge:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li1418\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1418\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Mr Warren was the individual observed by the witnesses;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}Mr Warren\rquote s decision to walk naked along the road was deliberate;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}The road was a \'93public place\'94
 for the purposes of s 5 of the Summary Offences Ordinance; and 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (d)\tab}Walking along a public road in Pitcairn constituted indecent behaviour.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid10302321 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [88]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid10302321 The charges with which the Magistrate\rquote 
s Court was concerned did not raise any complex questions of law or assessment of evidential weight.  As a result of admissions made by Mr Warren, there was only one live issue at trial: was Mr Warren\rquote s behaviour on each of the days in issue \'93
indecent\'94?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid10302321 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab See paras }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  REF _Ref151021056 \\r 
\\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003500310030003200310030003500360000000a0000
}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [2]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  and }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  REF _Ref151021062 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003500310030003200310030003600320000000c0000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [3]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid10302321   
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref155683024}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [89]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
Quintessentially, the question of \'93indecency\'94 is to be determined by representatives of the community.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 See paras }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682  REF _Ref153459279 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003500330034003500390032003700390000000100fc}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [91]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682  and }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682  REF _Ref154041209 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310035003400300034003100320030003900000007004c}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [92]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3289682  below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347   What follows is a summary of the way in which the concept of \'93indecent\'94
 conduct has been interpreted in other jurisdictions, and factors that in the Pitcairn context, should be taken into account in determining whether particular behaviour can be characterised as \'93indecent\'94.  My analysis addresses also Dr Ellis\rquote 
 constitutionality argument.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  \tab See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  REF _Ref155681437 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003500350036003800310034003300370000000e000b
}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 [5](d)}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 {\*\bkmkend _Ref155683024}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [90]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 I }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 start by reference to the concept of \'93freedom of expression\'94.  I }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
accept that the right to freedom of expression, protected by the Constitution,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 \tab Constitution, art 13.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  encompasses the right to express ideas through mode of dress, including views as to the inoffensive nature of the naked human body.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3736205 
Gough v United Kingdom}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3736205  (2014) 38 BHRC 281 2014 at [149]-[150]. Discussed further below. }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 I also accept that in determining whether conduct is \'93indecent\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  for the purposes of the Summary Offences Ordinance, the constitutional rights of the minority must be weighed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  \tab See paras }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  REF _Ref154038763 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003500340030003300380037003600330000000f00cf}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 [97]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 \endash }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  REF _Ref153459289 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350033003400350039003200380039000000000048}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 [104]}}}
\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref153459279}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [91]\tab}
The question whether something is indecent is one of fact, not law.  At its most simplistic level, something is \'93indecent\'94 if, applying relevant contemporaneous community standards, the conduct would be regarded as \'93indecent\'94
.  Context is everything.  In giving the principal speech in the House of Lords, in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 Brutus v }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid6299388 Cozens}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid6299388 Lord}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  Reid said:}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Brutus v Cozens}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  [1972] 2 All ER 1297 (HL) at 1299 (Lord Reid).  To similar effect, see 1301 (Lord Morris of Borth-y-Gest) and 1303\endash 1304 (Lord Kilbrandon).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 {\*\bkmkend _Ref153459279}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li720\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 I therefore conclude, that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid15207438 on a charge of indecent assault the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid6578631 prosec
ution must not only prove that the accused intentionally assaulted the victim, but that in so doing he intended to commit an indecent assault, ie an assault which right-minded persons would think was indecent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753   Accordingly, any evidence which tends to explain the reason for the defendant\rquote 
s conduct, be it his own admission or otherwise, would be relevant to establish whether or not he intended to commit, not only an assault, but an indecent one.  The doctor\rquote s admissions in the two contrasting examples which 
I have given would certainly be so relevant.  The appellant\rquote s admission of \lquote buttock fetish\rquote  was clearly such material.  It tended to confirm, as indeed did the events leading up to the assault and the appellant\rquote 
s conduct immediately thereafter, that what he did was to satisfy his peculiar sexual appetite.  It was additional relevant evidence.  It tended to establish the sexual undertones which gave the assault its true cachet.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 (Emphasis added)
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref154041209}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [92]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 The same approach to interpretation of the term \'93indecent\'94
 was adopted by the Court of Appeal of New Zealand (also in the context of a charge of indecent assault) in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 R v Nazif}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 R v Nazif}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  [1987] 2 NZLR 122 (CA) at 127.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347   Delivering the judgment of the Court of Appeal, Somers\~J said:{\*\bkmkend _Ref154041209}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri567\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid6578631 Indecency
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li720\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
The Judge correctly told the jury that an indecent assault was an assault }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 in circumstances of indecency}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 . He then added }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
By circumstances of indecency we mean touching the private parts of another person}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 . That was much too favourable to the accused. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 The word }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 indecent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid13249347 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  is an ordinary word in the English language and it is for the jury to find the facts and decide whether that which they have found amounts to indecency:}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  cf }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 Cozens v Brutus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \~[1973] AC 854}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 (insulting . . . behaviour)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
. That in our experience is the way in which juries have been directed for many years now. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
It results in juries applying current standards of what is indecent and thereby reflecting the attitude of the community. This we think is a proper function of the jury and one which it is right that they undertake.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri567\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 (Emphasis added)
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [93]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
Under English law, constraints on the utterance of insulting language and/or offensive or indecent behaviour are linked, in a legislative sense, to maintenance of public order.  Section\~
5 of the Public Order Act 1936 (UK) created an offence for any person in a public place or at a public meeting to use \'93threatening, abusive or insulting words or behaviour \'85 with intent to provoke a breach of the peace or whe
reby a breach of the peace is likely to be occasioned\'94
.  The need for such a nexus supports the proposition that something more than the utterance of words or behaviour of which some members of the community may be offended will justify the intrusion of the criminal law.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [94]\tab}
That there is often a link between indecent behaviour and public disorder can be seen in a decision of the Divisional Court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 Abrahams v Cavey}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Abrahams v Cavey}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  [1967] 3 All ER 179.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
  In that case, charges had been brought under the Ecclesiastical Courts Jurisdiction Act 1860 (UK), in relation to alleged \'93indecent\'94
 behaviour at a church service which was held as part of a Labour Party conference in a Methodist church in Brighton.  Section 2 of the Act read:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li720\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 
Any person who shall be guilty of riotous, violent or indecent behaviour \'85 in any place of religious worship duly certified under the provisions of the Places of Worship Registration Act, 1855 [the Dorset Gardens Methodist Church wa
s so certified], whether during the celebration of divine service or at any other time \'85 shall, on conviction thereof before two justices of the peace, be liable to a penalty.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [95]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 The Divisional Court took the view that \'93indecent behaviour\'94 fell to be det
ermined in the context of the surrounding words \'93riotous\'94 and \'93violent\'94.  As Lord Parker\~CJ, with whom Diplock LJ and Widgery J agreed, said:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab Ibid.}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li720\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15801267 
It is quite clear here that indecency is not referring to anything in the nature of tending to corrupt o
r deprave; it is quite clearly used without any sexual connotation whatsoever, but it is used in the context of riotous, violent or indecent behaviour, to put it quite generally, within the genus of creating a disturbance in a sacred place.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [96]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Lord Parke
r CJ emphasised the contextual nature of the charge, in answering a submission that the same behaviour outside the church could not have amounted to an offence.  The Lord Chief Justice said that \'93
it makes all the difference because one is dealing with a sacred place and when a service is taking place\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab Ibid.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [97]\tab}In New Zealand, there is no separate offence of \'93indecent behaviour\'94
.  Rather, s 4(1)(a) of the Summary Offences Act 1981 creates an offence when a person \'93in or within view of any public place, behaves in an offensive or disorderly manner\'94.  Behaviour that might be regarded as \'93indecent\'94
 is considered under the rubric of \'93offensive\'94 behaviour, a concept discussed by the Supreme Court of New Zealand in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid6750952 {\*\bkmkstart _Ref153190516}{\*\bkmkstart _Ref154038763}
Morse v Police}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid15801267 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Morse v Police}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  [2012] 2 NZLR 1 (SC).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [98]\tab}All members of the Supreme Court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid13249347\charrsid6750952 Morse}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  emphasised the need for the behaviour to rise to a level beyond what could be expected to be tolerated in a democratic society.  In taking that approac
h, the Supreme Court took account of both the freedoms and rights conferred by the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 and whether it was necessary for the criminal law to respond to the particular behaviour.  For all material purposes, the provisions of 
the Constitution are the same as those of the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act on which the Supreme Court placed reliance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 {\*\bkmkend _Ref153190516}\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 \tab Compare Constitution, art 8 and s 25(a) New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990.}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 {\*\bkmkend _Ref154038763}  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [99]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 Morse }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 was not an \'93indecency\'94
 case but one involving the burning of the New Zealand flag at a War Memorial in Central Wellington when people were present, on a solemn occasion, to commemorate ANZAC Day.  However, the same issue subsequently arose in the case of a man running nak
ed along tracks in parkland in the early hours of a morning: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 Pointon v Police.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Pointon v Police}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  [2012] NZHC 3208 (HC). }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347   In the particular circumstances out of which the charge arose, the High Court found that Mr Pointon ought not to have been convicted of offensive behaviour.  Because the charge was one of \'93offensive\'94
 behaviour, the test developed by the Supreme Court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 Morse }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 applied.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [100]\tab}In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 Morse, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 the Supreme Court divided on how to determine the hypothetical reasonable person from whose perspect
ive the characterisation of the relevant behaviour should be assessed.  However, they generally agreed (albeit using different language) as to the test for offensive behaviour.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [101]\tab}As to the \'93hypothetical reasonable person\'94 {\*\bkmkstart _Ref341775580}
Blanchard and Tipping JJ considered that objectivity was achieved by this person being one \'93who takes a balanced, rights-sensitive view, conscious of the requirements of s\~
5 [of the Bill of Rights] and therefore is not unreasonably moved to wounded feelings or real anger, resentment, disgust or outrage\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Morse v Police}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  [2012] 2 NZLR 1 (SC)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 , at para [64] per Blanchard J and [70] per Tipping J.  }}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347   Section 5 of the Bill of Rights states that the rights affirmed in that statute are subject \'93
only to such reasonable limits prescribed by law as can demonstrably be justified in a free and democratic society\'94.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [102]\tab}
Although there is no express provision to the same effect in the Constitution, art 26 performs much the same function in Pitcairn:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347 26.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 \tab 
So far as it is possible to do so, legislation of Pitcairn must be read and given effect in a way which is compatible with the rights and freedoms set forth in this Part.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [103]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 McGrath\~J referred to a degree of interference with the use by others of a 
public place that must go beyond \'93what a society respectful of democratic values is reasonably expected to tolerate\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  \tab Ibid, at para [103].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 {\*\bkmkend _Ref341775580}  
{\*\bkmkstart _Ref341863883}Both Elias CJ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  \tab Ibid, at para [30].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  and Anderson J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  \tab Ibid, at para [127].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  preferre
d an approach based on the view that would be taken by a hypothetical reasonable member of the public chosen by reference to a broader range of persons who might be present and see the behaviour in issue.  Elias\~CJ said:{\*\bkmkend _Ref341863883}
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s47\qj \li709\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin709\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15233123 [30] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15233123 It
 is not necessary to tailor behaviour to the specific audience in order to protect the vulnerable, such as children. In a public place to which all members of society may have resort, the vulnerable and the young are included in the objective assessment.

\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref153459289}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [104]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 As I read the judgments given in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 Morse}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
, the Supreme Court took the view, unanimously, that behaviour that inhibits others from using or returning to a public place will be offensive, provided that (viewed objectively) this behaviour rose 
to a sufficient level to justify intervention of the criminal law.{\*\bkmkend _Ref153459289}  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [105]\tab}
In Pitcairn, s 5 of the Summary Offences Ordinance speaks only of indecent behaviour.  There is no suggestion that some threat to public order is required, as opposed t
o the types of behaviour listed in a provision such as the Summary Offences Act 1981 (NZ).  Contextually, Mr Pointon\rquote 
s right (as a matter of freedom of expression) to run naked to draw attention to his lifestyle choice was one to be weighed against the hypothetical reasonable person\rquote 
s right to use the park as a public amenity.  In my view, s 5 should be interpreted in a manner which, while characterising the behaviour as sufficient to require intervention of the criminal law, does not require proof that dis
ruption of public order is likely.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [106]\tab}
I emphasise the importance of context in decision-making about whether particular behaviour should be characterised as \'93indecent\'94.  In a small island-state, such as Pitcairn, community values will be determined by
 reference to the size of the population, the extent to which religious considerations may assume significance, and the right of a person to express himself or herself in a manner designed to draw attention to lifestyle choices, such as naturism.  It will
 be an assessment made to reflect contemporary community standards.  In this case, the Assessors and the Island Magistrate represented the voice of the community.  It was their task to decide whether Mr Warren\rquote 
s behaviour reached a level that should attract the intervention of the criminal law.  
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref155683047}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [107]\tab}
Clearly, there is a distinction between a person walking naked on the street, potentially in the view of others who may then be dissuaded from using that particular part of the roadway (whether ge
nerally or at any given time) and one who is in a state of undress in the confines of his or her own home or surrounds, away from the view of any passer-by.  The former has the capacity to amount to indecency whereas the latter does not.  This distinction
 is plain from s\~5\rquote s reference to a public place\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  \tab See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  REF _Ref142638296 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100340032003600330038003200390036000000001b03}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 [1]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 {\*\bkmkend _Ref155683047}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [108]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
My obligation, under s 11(1) of the Judicature (Appeals in Criminal Cases) Ordinance is to determine whether or not there is sufficient ground to interfere with the convictions that Mr Warren is appealing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 \tab 
See paras }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  REF _Ref151024220 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350031003000320034003200320030000000004bce}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [14]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 \endash }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  REF _Ref153520430 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350033003500320030003400330030000000007b00}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [15]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
  I have reached the conclusion that I should}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  not.  Although it would have been desirable for the Island Magis
trate to confer with a legally qualified Magistrate to ascertain whether any particular legal directions were required, the absence of directions did not render the trial unfair.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid7684058 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [109]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 Warren v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid5002480 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 
Warren v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  [2016] PNCA 1, at paras [38] and [39], set out at paras }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 
 REF _Ref151019433 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310035003100300031003900340033003300000000ab00}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [46]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  and }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  REF _Ref151019439 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003500310030003100390034003300390000000bdb00}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [47]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
 the Court of Appeal was satisfied that the way in which Tompkins\~J explained the legal position to the Assessors met the requirements of the law, even though no summing up (as
 such) was given.  In this case, the Island Magistrate, when returning from an adjournment during which he and the Assessors deliberated, told counsel the nature of the submissions that they had \'93carefully considered\'94
.  Although there is no express power f
or a Magistrate to confer with Assessors, on any view it was necessary for some communication to take place so that the Assessors were aware of the questions that they needed to answer.  I adopt the approach taken by the Full Court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 Tangi Puri}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 , in which it approved collaboration between \'93the Judge and the assessors\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 
\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 Tangi Puri v The Queen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  [1967] NZLR 328 at 330, set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  REF _Ref151018304 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350031003000310038003300300034000000000700}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [39]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [110]\tab}I have already set out what was said by the Island Magistrate after the deliberation phase.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 \tab See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  REF _Ref153520809 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350033003500320030003800300039000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [12]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  above.}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347   I summarise the eight submissions that the Magistrate had considered:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li1418\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1418\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Is there evidence that the behaviour occurred. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid728449 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Was it deliberate.\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid728449 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Was there an intention to offend. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid728449 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (d)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
Is there evidence it took place in a public\~place. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid728449 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (e)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
Are the occurrences of walking naked on Pitcairn Island considered to be\~behaving in an indecent manner. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid728449 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref155681866}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (f)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
Is it reasonable to accept walking naked in\~public is a constitutional right provided for under the freedom of expression\~when there is an overlap of personal rights impeding on another\rquote s. The\~
requirements that exist in a democratic society are to balance one person\rquote s rights\~with another.{\*\bkmkend _Ref155681866} }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid728449 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (g)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Was there a sexual content to the events. 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid728449 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (h)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 How far }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid2248963 would the\~rights to shock, horrify or offend others be allowable without the act itself\~becoming illegal.\~\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid728449 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [111]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 All elements of the offence of \'93indecent behaviour\'94
 were covered.  There was uncontroverted evidence that Mr Warren behaved as alleged, and did so delib
erately.  It was accepted that the behaviour occurred in a public place.  The Island Magistrate also covered relevant considerations in determining whether the relevant behaviour was \'93indecent\'94
, including the need to balance freedom of expression against a
lternative personal rights.  To that extent, all elements of the offence were covered.  The remaining points made were not strictly elements of the offence and did not require to be proved.  Immediately after the Island Magistrate had recounted the submis
sions, the two Assessors each expressed their opinions on whether Mr Warren was guilty on each of the three charges in turn.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [112]\tab}
After the Assessors had given their opinions and the Island Magistrate had announced his decision, Ms Warren, as one of the 
Assessors, gave a public explanation of her reasons for deciding that the conduct was indecent.  Although Dr Ellis dealt with Ms Warren\rquote 
s statement of reasons for her decision as an aspect of apparent bias, I consider it is also relevant to the appeal point directed to the meaning of \'93indecent\'94 in s\~5 of the Summary Offences Ordinance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab Section 5 of the Summary Offences Ordinance is set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  REF _Ref142638296 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100340032003600330038003200390036000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [1]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347   

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [113]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
Ms Warren was explicit about the reasons for her decision}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 .  I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
t was apparent from those reasons that her decision was based on the application of what she believed to be Pitcairn community}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
standards.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 Ms Warren}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  said}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s33\qj \li720\ri567\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid7765034 Mrs Warren:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760  Just so that there}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 s no confusion, I offered to do this. I had written this down before I even spoke to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 [the Island Magistrate]}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid725810 It\rquote s my opinion that I represent the community and it is my belief that the majority of the community finds Michael
\rquote s nude behaviour offensive, embarrassing, and quite disgusting.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 
 However, if he wants to parade around in the nude, do it at home on his property where no one has to witness it. That's pretty much all I can say. It pretty much sums it up. Thank you. [Applause from the body of the courtroom] 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s33\ql \li720\ri567\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 (Emphasis added)
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [114]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 Dr Ellis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  submits that Mrs Warren\rquote 
s statement of explanation of her opinion demonstrates that she was unlawfully influenced by the community, surrendering her power of decision making to the majority community view, and not acting as an independent and impartial judicial officer. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  Dr Ellis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  submitted that the majority view in respect of nudity is irrelevant, discriminatory and damaging.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [115]\tab}Mr Raftery argued that Mrs Warren\rquote s explanation of her opin
ion merely demonstrated her }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 understanding of her role and a correct }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 application of the test of whether }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Mr Warren\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 behaviour was indecent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  namely}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 , was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 it indecent by Pitcairn standards}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 ?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [116]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Dr Ellis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  disputed that the appropriate legal test could be equated with the views of the \'93majority\'94 of the Pitcairn community, and referred me }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
to what was said by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 Baroness Hale in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 A v Secretary of State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 A v Secretary of State }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 [2004] UKHL 56, para 236-7. }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s33\qj \li720\ri567\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 No one has the right to be an international terrorist. But substitute \'93black\'94, \'93disabled\'94, \'93female\'94, \'93gay\'94
, or any other similar objective for \'93foreign\'94 before \'93suspected international terrorist\'94 and ask whether it would be justifiable to take power to lock up that group but not the \'93white\'94, \'93able-bodied\'94, \'93male\'94, or \'93straight
\'94 suspected terrorist international terrorists. The answer is clear... }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 Democracy values each person equally. In most respects, this means that the will of the majority must prevail. But valuing each person equally also means that the will of t
he majority cannot prevail if it is inconsistent with the equal rights of the minorities. As Thomas Jefferson said in his inaugural address: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s33\qj \li1440\ri1134\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1134\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 \'93
Though the will of the majority is in all cases to prevail, that will to be rightful must be reasonable...The minority possess their equal rights, which equal law must protect, and to violate would be oppression.\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [117]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 In assessing Mr Warren\rquote s behaviour through the lens of \'93right-thinking members of the Pitcairn community\'94, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Dr Ellis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  says the assessors were obliged to consider, not just the majority view, but those of the minority as well, and weigh the minority\rquote s right to freedom of expression in reaching a conclusion.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid5002480 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [118]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid5002480 
I do not accept that in reflecting the views of what Mrs Warren considered to be the \'93majority\'94 of the Pitcairn community, she appeared to \'93surrender\'94
 her opinion to the views of the community or to base her opinion otherwise than on the facts and applicable law.  M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid5002480 s}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid5002480 Warren, as required by law, expressed her opinion on whether the conduct was \'93indecent\'94, the only live issue at trial.  The 
\'93community\'94 view on what is or is not \'93indecent\'94 must be gauged by reference to the majority; it would be absurd for the \'93community view\'94 to be determined by the minority.  In my view, the approach taken by Mc
Grath J, in the Supreme Court of New Zealand\rquote s decision in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid5002480 Morse,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid5002480 
 adequately captures the balance to be struck.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 \tab See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  REF _Ref341863883 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003300340031003800360033003800380033000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [103]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid5002480   }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 The balance between the views of the majority and the rights of the minority was expressly considered by the Island Magistrate and Assessors.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  \tab See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
 REF _Ref155681866 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350035003600380031003800360036000000010000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 [110](f)}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [119]\tab}In the context of a single live issue for determination, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 
I do not consider that it was necessary for the Island Magistrate to sum up on the elements of the charges to the Assessors.  It is clear that the Assessors understood what the elements were and reached their own opinions about the discrete issue of indec
ency; and that the Island Magistrate reached his decision based on the same criteria.  On the facts of this particular case, it can safely be concluded that the Assessors and the Island Magistrate answered the right questions.  For those reasons, Mr\~
Warren\rquote s fair trial rights were not undermined by the absence of a summing up.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid5002480 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref155697783}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [120]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
Having reached that conclusion, it is important that I emphasise the need, in most criminal case, for a summing up or (at least) the provision of an appropriate ques
tion trail for the assessors to follow.  Best practice would be for the Island Magistrate to hear from counsel on what (if any) legal points they considered the assessors should be directed, then to confer with a legally qualified magistrate}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  \tab See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  R
EF _Ref151017774 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350031003000310037003700370034000000070000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 [26]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
 about any directions that may be required and to provide any directions suggested by the legally qualified magistrate to the assessors.
  I add that counsel should be given the opportunity to make submissions on the proposed directions before the assessors are instructed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  \tab This practice would reflect that used by lay-decisionmakers in the United Kingdom: see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 
Clark (Procurator Fiscal, Kirkcaldy) v Kelly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  [21003] 1 All ER 1106 (PC), at para [5], set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  REF _Ref155682105 \\r \\h  \\
* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310035003500360038003200310030003500000001003a}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 [80]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
  That will avoid the need for this Court to delve more deeply into the trial process when appeals are brought.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid1463333 {\*\bkmkend _Ref155697783}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid728449 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid728449 )\tab Independence and impartiality
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref153528871}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid863257 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [121]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid863257 
Dr Ellis submits that the Island Magistrate, Mr Young, was compromised by his political activity, in his alleged membership of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid863257 
Policy Committee tasked with, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 among other things}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid863257 , considering the revision of penalties for summary offences}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 .  Mr Young }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid863257 acknowledg}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid863257  the Policy Committee\rquote s work at the hearing on 6 December 2021.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 
The full extract from the transcript of the 6 December hearing is set}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  REF _Ref153520809 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350033003500320030003800300039000000070000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [12]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  above}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid863257 {\*\bkmkend _Ref153528871}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [122]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Dr Ellis }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 put the following chronology}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  in respect of Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 Young\rquote s alleged political activity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 , to me}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 :
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li1418\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1418\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls32\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 The three charges against Mr Warren were each laid on 23 July 2020.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
The Attorney-General and Assistant Attorney-General met with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 members}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
of the Island Council }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 line on 9 September 2020. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 Among other things}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  penalties in the Summary Offences Ordinance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  were discussed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}As at 8 September 2021 (or before) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 Mr }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 Young, was Chair of the Council Policy Group.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (d)\tab}The hearing on the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
 present}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  charges occurred }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 on 6 December }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 2021.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid14250838 By an oversight, convictions were not entered following the hearing on 6 December 2021, but were, by consent, on 20 December 2021.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (e)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
As of 2 April 2022, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Mr }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 Young became a full }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 member of the Island C}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 ouncil}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  being one of two candidates for two vacant positions.
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (f)\tab}Mr }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
Young was elected Mayor }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 of the Pitcairn Islands }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 on 9 November 2022.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [123]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Dr Ellis submits that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
the Island Magistrate\rquote s position as Chair of the Council Policy Group was incompatible with his role as Island Magistrate and that he was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 inappropriately }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 influenced by the views of the Island Council}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  because Mr Young was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
 involved in political activities associated with the penalty for public indecency.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  Consequently, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 it is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 allege}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 d that he was neither an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 independent }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 or impartial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
 judicial officer; at least, it is said, Mr Young lacked that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  appearance.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [124]\tab}The principles underpinning the independence of those }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 who exercise judicial powers }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 are not in dispute. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  Article 44}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  of the Constitution states: 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s33\ql \li720\ri567\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 Independence of the judiciary
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s33\qj \li720\ri567\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 
44. The judges and judicial officers appointed to preside or sit in any court of Pitcairn shall exercise their judicial functions independently from the legislative and executive branches of government. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [125]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 To illustrate the incompatibility of the judicial function with the legislative and executive functions, Dr Ellis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  relied upon the following extract from the U}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 nited Nations\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  Commentary on the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid863257 
Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  (UN Commentary):}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s17\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\fs20\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf21\insrsid13249347 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 
 as the international benchmark for the conduct of judiciaries}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf21\insrsid13249347 , was discussed by the Privy Council in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\cf21\insrsid13249347 
Re The Report of the Tribunal to the Governor of the Cayman Islands \endash  Madam Justice Levers (Judge of the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf21\insrsid13249347  [2010] UKPC 24 at paras 48\endash 50.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s33\qj \li720\ri567\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 Incompatible activities 
\par 135. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid7104059 A judge\rquote 
s duties are incompatible with certain political activities, such as membership of the national parliament or local council. Judges should not be involved in public controversies}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760  
\par 136. A judge should not involve himself or herself inappropriately in publi
c controversies. The reason is obvious. The very essence of being a judge is the ability to view the subjects of disputes in an objective and judicial manner. It is equally important for the judge to be seen by the public as exhibiting that detached, unbi
ased, unprejudiced, impartial, open-minded, and even-handed approach which is the hallmark of a judge. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid7104059 If a judge enters the political arena and participates in public debates \endash 
 either by expressing opinions on controversial subjects, entering into disputes with public figures in the community, or publicly criticizing the government \endash  he or she will not be seen to be acting judicially when presiding as a judge in court.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760  The judge will also not be seen as impartial when deciding disputes that touch on the sub
jects about which the judge has expressed public opinions; nor, perhaps more importantly, will he or she be seen as impartial when public figures or government departments that the judge has previously criticized publicly appear as parties, litigants or e
ven witnesses in cases that he or she must adjudicate. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
\par (Emphasis added)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid9795796 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [126]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid9795796 Mr Raftery did not dispute the applicability of the UN Commentary to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid9795796 present facts but}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid9795796  rather, submitted that Mr Young\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid9795796 alleged political participation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 (particularly when viewed contextually) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid9795796 
fell well short of compromising his impartiality or independence o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid9795796  the appearance thereof. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [127]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
Mr Raftery submitted that there is no evidence that the Island Magistrate\rquote s position as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid8257557 Chairperson of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 
, what he called,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid8257557  the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid8257557 Island\rquote s Pol
icy Steering Group}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  undermined his independence or impartiality (or the appearance thereof) in dealing with }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Mr Warren\rquote s prosecution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 Importantly, Mr Raftery points out that the policy with which Mr Warren was most concerned was the increase in penalty for indecent behaviour to a fine of $5,000. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 That proposal was made at a meeting on 9 September 2020 and the draft amendment Ordinance was discussed and approved at a meeting on 14 October 2020, some 14 months prior to }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Mr Warren\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  trial. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  No amendments to the
 law had been made before Mr Warren\rquote s alleged offending.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [128]\tab}Mr Raftery referred to correspondence between Dr Ellis and the Attorney-General\rquote 
s office.  In response to Dr Ellis\rquote  inquiries the Assistant Attorney-General wrote:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li720\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15939262 
By way of background, in June 2020 the Mayor contacted the AG\rquote s office and Governor in light of Mr Warren\rquote 
s alleged conduct. The Mayor said she would be putting public nudity on the Island Council agenda with a view to working towards a law change. The Gov
ernor subsequently requested that the AG and I review the Summary Offences Ordinance, including penalties. 
\par At Council\rquote s request, the AG and I met with Council members online on 9 September 2020. Among other things we discussed penalties generally in the O
rdinance, which have not been updated for many years. One Council member suggested the penalty for indecent behaviour should be increased to $5000. Other Council members agreed with that suggestion. 
\par After that meeting we produced a draft amendment Ordinance, which I have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid15939262 attached}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15939262 
. On behalf of the Governor, we provided the draft to Council for consideration in September 2020. The draft amendment would increase penalties for a range of offences in the Summary Offences Ordinance and amend the jurisdiction of
 the Island Magistrate to enable him or her to deal with those offences. 
\par The Council discussed and approved the draft at its meeting on 14 October 2020: see the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid15939262 attached }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15939262 
minutes which are publicly available on the Pitcairn Government website. 
\par In January 2021, I provided the draft to the Public Defender and Public Prosecutor for comment. I }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid15939262 attach }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15939262 
their responses. 
\par \'85
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 In response to your specific queries (with your original questions copied below for reference): 
\par Can you advise whether those discussions included discussion with Simon Young, who I now understand was an acting member of the Island Council from around August last year, and is now a full member? }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf22\insrsid13249347 
Simon Young was not a member of Council at the time and not involved in the discussions. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
\par Please also advise when Simon Young became an acting member of Council., and a full member. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf22\insrsid13249347 We are not aware of that information: the Island Secretary may be able to assist. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
\par I understand he is Chair of the Council's Policy Review Committee, when was this appointment? }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf22\insrsid13249347 We are not aware of that appointment: the Island Secretary may be able to assist. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 and has that Committee had any input into the proposed legislative change? }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf22\insrsid13249347 No. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
\par Outside of the Magistrate's activities as Magistrate, and Councillor, have you discussed legislative reform of the matters associated with walking naked on the Island with Simon Young? }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf22\insrsid13249347 No. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid11090177 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [129]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
correspondence between the Attorney-General\rquote s office and Dr Ellis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 , establishe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  that:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15939262 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li1418\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1418\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15939262 The Island Policy Steering Group/Policy Review Committee had
 no input into the proposed legislative change. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Mr Young }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15939262 was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 neither }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15939262 
a member of the Island Council at the time the Summary Offences Ordinance and penalties were discussed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  nor }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15939262 involved in th}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 os}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15939262 e discussions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [130]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
A community notice was also put before the Court, in which the Island Policy Steering Group (of which Mr Young was then a member) stated that the policies being reviewed could be found on a Government website and added that \'93
[i]n consultation with the community and other stakeholders, if anyone has any thoughts on proposed changes to any of these documents, please inform anyone listed below\'94.  The document went on to list three names, including that of Mr Young as the \'93
Chair\'94 of the Policy Steering Group.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [131]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 It }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 appears from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 e evidence before the Court that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  the \'93Council Policy Group\'94 referred to by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Dr Ellis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
 was in fact a steering committee responsible for transmitting the views of the island population to the Island Council.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s17\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\fs20\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf21\insrsid13249347 According to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Ms Kelly\rquote s email to Mr Warren\rquote s counsel on 12 April 2022}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf21\insrsid13249347 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 
 the Steering Committee had no direct involvement in the proposed legislative changes. Rather, the Steering Committee was responsible for transmitting the views of the island population to the Island Council.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  Dr Ellis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  argued that membership of the steering committee was sufficient}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  at least, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
compromise the appearance of impartiality and independence with respect to Mr Warren\rquote s conviction and sentence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347   I disagree.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [132]\tab}
In my view, there is nothing to suggest that these discussions had any impact on the entry of a conviction or the penalty imposed on Mr Warren.  The maximum penalty for the offence had not been increased.  Further, Mr Warren was sentenced to pay a fine of
 $50 on each charge; well short of the maximum available financial penalty of $100 per offence and significantly less than the proposed maximum penalty of $5000 for each offence.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [133]\tab}In my view, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
he role of the Steering Committee was to canvas the local population and submit their views to the Island Council. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
The role did not require }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Mr Young }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 to involve himself in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 public }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 controversy, express any opinions, or in any way to participate in public debate. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
 Any discussion was confined to penalties, and did not suggest any predilection on his part to convict any person charged with walking naked on the island.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [134]\tab}As a result, I do not consider that the Island Magistrate\rquote s involvement}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  compromise}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  his ability to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 bring }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 an impartial or independent }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 mind}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760  to Mr
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 Warren\rquote s hearing or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
sentence or to give the appearance of his ability to do so. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  I do not accept that the role }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 of Chair }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 undermined his ability to act judicially and impartially, or the appearance thereof. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [135]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
This conclusion is reinforced by the nature of the community in which the independence and impartiality of the judiciary is being considered.  As previously indicated,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab See para }
{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  REF _Ref143420641 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100340033003400320030003600340031000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [24]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  Pitcairn\rquote 
s population is, typically, around 50 people.  That, of itself, causes difficulties in the selection of independent and impartial judicial officers.  Yet, the legislature has expressly provided for limited circumstances in which a lay person who 
is resident on the island can exercise jurisdiction as an Island Magistrate.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab Ibid.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347   Plainly, it will be difficult to find any resident who has not, at one time or another, expressed views on matters of controversy on the island.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [136]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Although it is un
necessary, in the context of the present case, to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  express }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
any view on the compatibility (or otherwise) of the offices of Mayor of Pitcairn and Island }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 Magistrate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
, as both of those positions are now held by Mr Young, I have decided to offer some provisional thoughts.  I do so because of the importance of the issue.  The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 Mayor}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  is, in effect, the \'93political leader\'94 of the island and necessarily he or she takes a lead in \'93political\'94
 concerns.  It can legitimately be said that a dual role of Mayor and Island Magistrate could give rise to greater concerns about the appearance of bias in the event that any such controversy might be relevant to his or her judicial role.  I suggest that 
it may be prudent for Mr\~Young to reconsider whether he should hold both offices contemporaneously.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
 Were the two offices to be held at the same time, any difficulties could only be resolved on a recusal application in individual cases.  The possibility of regular challenges is undesirable.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [137]\tab}Counsel for Mr Warren }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
argued that the Island Magistrate was unlawfully influenced by the views of the Island Council and was not, therefore, independent or impartial, and/or lacked that appearance.  Specifically, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Dr Ellis}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  took issue with the following comments by the Island Magistrate made at the hearing on 6 December 2021:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s33\qj \li720\ri567\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 Magistrate Young: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 
Thank you very much, Mrs Warren. In the interests of just concluding this, I won\rquote t take another adjournment to prepare for
 what was going to be just the sentencing aspect. I take your point, Dr Ellis, that you could delineate all three charges and try to come up with perhaps an appropriate penalty for each one. I really had always approached this with the idea that if a fina
ncial penalty was sought that I would just do a single figure for all three charges. Though I do take your point, Dr Ellis. You could dissect them and take some time to work that out. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 I\rquote m very happy to follow the Crown\rquote s recommendations of (a) avoiding the recognisance, for some of the reasons that he\rquote s mentioned and also, Dr Ellis, the reasons you
\rquote ve mentioned. I\rquote m happy to leave that one alone. I\rquote ll just deal with the three charges accepting the sum of NZ$ 50.00 for each offence and hoping that the messag
e has got through to the defendant that this behaviour is not acceptable on Pitcairn Island, hopefully clarified a little bit by Mrs Warren just a few moments ago. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 I\rquote m not quite sure whether this is the right moment to raise it, but you talked about poten
tial reoffending and how that would be viewed in the future. I know that the Council has also made recommendations to the Attorney General\rquote s office and the Governor, and they\rquote 
ve addressed a whole barrage of laws that are quite out of date in terms of the penalties that can be attributed to them. In fairness, this is a very low denomination that can be attributed to this. As an indicator of the seriousness}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 of how the Council view it, which of course is the elected body on Pitcairn Island and they represent the entire community, I know that they
\rquote ve made recommendations to the Governor and the Attorney General that a number of laws are changed, this being one of them. I know that they are seeking to raise the penalty to NZ$ 5,000.00. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [138]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 Mr Raftery pointed out that these comments by the Island Magistrate were e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 xplicitly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
 in response to concerns raised by Mr Warren about likely penalties for reoffending}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  went no further than addressing Mr Warren
\rquote s expressed concern of knowing the likely consequences of further nudity in public spaces on Pitcairn. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [139]\tab}I agree with Mr Raftery\rquote s analysis of the Island Magistrate\rquote 
s comments.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 Young described the ongoing process regarding revising the penalties for summary offences}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 .  He }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
did no more than that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 H}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 e expressed 
no view as to the merits of that approach.  I do not consider that this passage evidences a lack of impartiality or independence on the part of the Island Magistrate. He could not be said to be endorsing the Island Council\rquote s approach. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 He was merely describing it. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
 That view is reinforced by the fact that the penalty imposed ($50 on each charge) was half of existing the maximum financial penalty of $100 per charge.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [140]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Dr Ellis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 submit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 ted}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  that the Island Magistrate engaged in private discussions with the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
ssessors that compromised the constitutional requirements that the hearing be both fair and public. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
 That, he contended, affected perceptions of potential partiality on the part of both the Island Magistrate and the Assessors.  Dr Ellis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  pointed to the
 following excerpt of the hearing transcript}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 , which arose in the context of a submission that there was \'93no case to answer\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 :

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li720\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 Magistrate Young: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 Thank you very much, Dr Ellis. Stand by please. [consults with assessors]. Thank you, gentlemen. Dr Ellis, thank you for these recent }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
applications}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760  to have the three charges dismissed for the reasons you\rquote 
ve stated. Mr Raftery, thank you also for your response. The application to dismiss the three charges is declined. I\rquote ll put that in writing within a few days to both 
counsel, rather than hold up the proceedings and adjourn to produce that now. That will hopefully be the end of that issue for the moment. Dr Ellis, do you wish to actually open the case for the defence now please? }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid2908409 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [141]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid2908409 While acknowledging that the inaudible conferral was \'93short\'94, }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Dr Ellis submits that private discussions with assessors are self-evidently not in public and cause an unfair trial.  Dr\~Ellis asserted that the communication }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid2908409 was inconsistent with the requirements for a fair and public hearing as set out in s 8 of the Constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab Set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  REF _Ref151022674 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310035003100300032003200360037003400000001003a}}}{\fldrslt {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [57]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid2908409 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid2908409 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [142]\tab}
Mr Raftery points out that, at the conclusion of the no case to answer submissions, the Court \endash  that is the Island Magistrate and the Assessors sitting together \endash  was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 required to }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid2908409 determin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid2908409  whether a case had been made out against }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Mr Warren that was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid2908409 sufficient to require }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 him }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid2908409 to make a defence to the charge. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid2908409 
This is borne out by s 31 of the Justice Ordinance which states: 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s33\qj \li720\ri567\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 31. At the close of the evidence for the prosecution\emdash  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s33\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri567\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 (a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid9651505 if it appears to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid9651505 Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid9651505  that a case is made out against the defendant sufficiently to require the defendant to make a defence to the charge, the Magistrate shall}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li2160\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin2160\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af43\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f43\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid13249347 (i) \tab again explain the substance of the charge to the defendant and shall inform
 the defendant that he or she has the right to give evidence but does not have to do so and that if the defendant wishes to give evidence he or she may give such evidence on oath, in which case he or she will be liable to be cross-examined by the prosecut
or and asked questions by the Court; and
\par (ii) \tab ask the defendant if he or she has any witnesses to call, and the Court shall then hear the defendant and any witnesses called for the defence. If the defendant states that he or she has witnesses to call but t
hey are not present in Court and the Magistrate is satisfied that the absence of such witnesses is not due to any fault or neglect of the defendant, and that there is a likelihood that they could, if heard, give material evidence on behalf of the defendan
t, the Magistrate may adjourn the trial and take steps to secure the attendance of such witnesses;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid9651505 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s33\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri567\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid9651505 (b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid9651505 
if it appears to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid9651505 Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid9651505  that a case is not made out sufficiently to require the defendant to make a defence}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760  to the charge, the Court shall dismiss the charge and shall forthwith acquit the defendant.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s33\ql \li720\ri567\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 (Emphasis added)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref151128067}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [143]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 I reiterate that the \'93Court\'94 was comprised of both the Island Magistrate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 the two Assessors.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s33\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\fs20\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  \tab 
Justice Ordinance, s 3(2).  See also para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  REF _Ref151020984 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350031003000320030003900380034000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf21\insrsid13249347 
[27]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid355760  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 Re Moke Ta\rquote ala}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
, the Full Court reinforced this point, in the context of the question whether it was necessary for the Judge to give the Assessors directions on how to assess accomplice evidence.  The Full Court said:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Re Moke Ta\rquote ala }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 [1956] NZLR 474 at 479.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 {\*\bkmkend _Ref151128067}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li720\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13249347\charrsid875684 We say \'93Court\'94
 advisedly; for the issue of accomplice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\insrsid13249347\charrsid8078988 vel non}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13249347\charrsid875684  was one for the Court\emdash comprising Judge and assessors\emdash 
and not, as in the case in a criminal trial in New Zealand, for the jury alone.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [144]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 I agree with Mr Raftery\rquote 
s submission that it was appropriate for the Island Magistrate to confer with the two Assessors (as other members of the Court) in arriving at a decision on the no case to answer submissions.  In addition to the point made in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 Re Moke Ta\rquote ala}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab Ibid, set out at para }
{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  REF _Ref151128067 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003500310031003200380030003600370000000000ff}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [143]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  the Full Court\rquote s earlier description (in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\insrsid13249347\charrsid142107 
Poimatagi v The King}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\insrsid13249347 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf1\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid14049000 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Poimatagi v The King}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  [1948] GLR 419.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid13249347\charrsid14049000 quoted with approval}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\insrsid13249347  in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 Tangi Puri}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\lang2057\langfe2057\super\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid14049000 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Tangi Puri v The Queen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 
 [1967] NZLR 328.  The relevant passage is set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  REF _Ref151127987 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350031003100320037003900380037000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [38]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13249347\charrsid14049000  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 of the relati
ve roles of the judicial officer and the assessors as \'93collaborative\'94 is instructive.  I have adopted those observations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 \tab See paras }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  REF _Ref151018304 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350031003000310038003300300034000000000002}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [39]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  and }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  REF _Ref154041768 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350034003000340031003700360038000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [40]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [145]\tab}Dr Ellis also submitted that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 the Assessors\rquote  impartiality and independence were compromised by:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li1418\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1418\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 The Assessors\rquote 
 in-private discussion with the Registrar regarding convictions for offences of nudity in the United Kingdom; and 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid355760  statement of explanation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 given by one of the Assessors, Ms }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 Carol Warren}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760  which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 (Dr Ellis contended) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 rendered the trial unfair, and a 
\'93political trial\'94 by surrendering her individual opinion to that of the majority, which was in breach of the Oath of the Assessor and not the actions of an independent and impartial judicial officer.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref151024654}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [146]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Mr Warren\rquote s sister, Ms }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 Melva Warren-Evans}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
 swore an affidavit on 3 August 2022 detailing conversations she had with the assessors after the trial had taken place.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  \tab The use of this affidavit was the subject of a pre-appeal ruling: see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Warren v }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 R [2022] PNSC 2 at paras [9]\endash [12].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 Relevantly, the affidavit states:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid142107 {\*\bkmkend _Ref151024654}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li720\ri567\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s33 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 4.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s33\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri567\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1080\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls24\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 I make this affidavit to put before the Court my recollections of the conversations I had with the two assessors. Carol Warren, and Steve Christian. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s33\qj \li720\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s33 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 5.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s33\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri567\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1080\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls24\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 
I had an opportunity to separately discuss with both Assessors. Carol Warren, and Steve Christian aspects of the trial. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s33\qj \li720\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s33 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 6.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s33\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri567\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1080\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls24\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 
In the week ending on Saturday 26 March 2022, I sent an email to Dr Ellis at 10.42 a.m. Pitcairn time. I confirm what I said is a true record of my conversation with the Assessor, Carol Warren, at [Mr Warren\rquote s] trial: 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s33\qj \li2160\ri1134\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1134\lin2160\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 
I was having a conversation with one of the 'assessors\rquote 
 the other day. She mentioned that 'Mark' - who was the Island Registrar at the time - had told her about an incident in the UK after a cricket match, where members of the winning team ran out onto the pitch, stark naked. Mark told Carol 
that the players were all arrested, charged and fined for (she said) being naked in public. Her decision was based largely on that bit of information. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s33\ql \li2160\ri1134\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1134\lin2160\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 
My question is this: Is it proper for the court registrar to be influencing an assessor (I can't think of any other way to put it) in that manner? 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s33 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 7.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s33\ql \fi-360\li1080\ri567\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1080\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls24\adjustright\rin567\lin1080\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 
This information about the cricket match was not part of the trial. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s33\ql \li720\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s33 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 8.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s33\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri567\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1080\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls24\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 
A few weeks later on 11 April 2022 at around 08.00. a.m. I had a conversation with the other Assessor, Steve Christian. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s33\ql \li0\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s33 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 9.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s33\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri567\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1080\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls24\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 I pro
mptly advised Dr Ellis by email, which I confirm accurately reflects my recollections: 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s33\qj \li2160\ri1134\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1134\lin2160\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 [Dr Ellis], 
\par Just a few minutes ago, I asked Steve, the other assessor, if he was present when the Registrar mentioned the \lquote cricket incident\rquote  to Carol. My aim was to establish whether the comments had been made as an \lquote aside\rquote 
 during an informal casual encounter, or was it said during some other case-related discussion, which, in my assessment, would have been improper behaviour, regardless. 
\par At first, Steve took on a pensive look and shook his head 'no'. Then he said I would have to ask Carol (that made no sense), and I replied that I didn't want to talk to her anymore about it. I then related to Steve what she said when she told me that Mark
 had talked about \'93that cricket tournament where the winning team had run out onto the pitch to celebrate the win\'94; at which point, Steve interrupted to say, "Not all, just one." And again said, \'93
It wasn't the whole team; it was just one of the players." So, he did know what I was talking about. 
\par With that comment, Steve all but confirmed that this had been a conversation attended by the Registrar and both assessors. And who else??? 
\par I have a sick feeling about this. I leave it to you to take it from here. Whether you decide to do anything about it, I also leave that with you. I will say nothing further to anyone here about it. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 ... }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s33\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri567\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 10. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 I did not discuss either conversation with anyone else, apart from Dr Ellis by email, either before or after I advised Dr Ellis of my conversations. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 11. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 
Dr Ellis advised me he had informally discussed the conversations with Kieran Raftery, the Prosecutor, and would consider further whether or not to a make a formal complaint }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 12. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 I am prepared to discuss this with any pers
on the Court appoints to investigate. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 13. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 
I am also prepared to come to Court, and give my evidence on Oath, and be cross-examined if that is required. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [147]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 Dr Ellis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  submits that the conversations detailed in Ms Warren-Evans\rquote  affidavit were irregular and could have compromised the fairness of Mr Warren\rquote 
s hearing in breach of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 art\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 8(1) of the Constitution. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  Dr Ellis}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  sought to draw parallels between }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid142107 ex parte}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  communications with a judge and extraneous influences on juries. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 He cited }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 Charisteas v Charisteas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Charisteas v Charisteas }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 [2021] HCA 29.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
 for the proposition that a decision-maker (in that case, a judge) should not be communicating }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid142107 ex parte}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
 with parties during the case. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 He referred to the following passage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
 from a unanimous judgment of the High Court of Australia}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab Ibid, at para 13.}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li720\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid2908409 
13. Ordinary judicial practice, or what might be described in this context as the most basic of judicial practice, was relevantly and clearly stated by Gibbs CJ and Mason J in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid2908409 
Re JRL; Ex parte CJL }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid2908409 in 1986 by adopting what was said by McInerney J in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid2908409 
R v Magistrates' Court at Lilydale; Ex parte Ciccone }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid2908409 in 1972: 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s33\qj \li1440\ri1134\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1134\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 The sound instinct of the legal profession \endash  judges and practitioners alike \endash 
 has always been that, save in the most exceptional case
s, there should be no communication or association between the judge and one of the parties (or the legal advisers or witnesses of such a party), otherwise than in the presence of or with the previous knowledge and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 consent of the other party. Once the case
 is under way, or about to get under way, the judicial officer keeps aloof from the parties (and from their legal advisers and witnesses) and neither he nor they should so act as to expose the judicial officer to a suspicion of having had communications w
ith one party behind the back of or without the previous knowledge and consent of the other party. For if something is done which affords a reasonable basis for such suspicion, confidence in the impartiality of the judicial officer is undermined.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [148]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 I do not regard }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 Charisteas }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 as apposite. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  This case is concerned with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 conversations between the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 ssessors and the Registrar. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
There is no indication that the Registrar was in any way aligned with one or other of the parties. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
Communications with the Registrar are not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid15939262 ex parte}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  communications in the sense }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 in which that term is used }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 Charisteas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [149]\tab}I am, however, satisfied that the jury tampering cases referred to by }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Dr Ellis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 some }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 tangential relevance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 While the confidentiality of jury deliberations is generally to be protected, where extraneous forces may have influenced those deliberations an inquiry may be ordered and/or convictions quashed.  

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [150]\tab}For example, in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 JM v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 JM v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  [2016] NZCA 383.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 the Court of Appeal of New Zealand considered a case in which }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 the appellant had been convicted of cultivating cannabis when, around two months later, a police prosecutor told the Crown prosecutor in the appellant\rquote 
s trial that he had spoken with a juror or a person associated with a juror in the case. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 The juror had told him that \'93
the Crown did not prove it\'94 and the jury had conducted its own inquiries and \'93found out about his other things\'94. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
The prosecutor recorded the conversation in a memorandum which was disclosed to the appellant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
 The appellant appealed his convictions and in an application for directions from the Court of Appeal, sought to interview members of the jury about the statement.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [151]\tab}The Court of Appeal considered the allegation that the jury, in \'93
conduct[ing] its own inquiries\'94, must have engaged in conduct occurring outside of their deliberations. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
The application was allowed on the basis that it was in the \'93interests of justice\'94 to obtain the evidence sought; the appellant did not need to show exceptional circumstances to warrant an inquiry. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
The Court directed an independent barrister to interview the foreperson of the jury to inquire into whether any juror brought information into the jury room beyond that which was introduced as evidence.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [152]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Mr Raftery referred me }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid142107 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid142107 R v Mirza}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid142107 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid142107 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3736205 R v Mirza }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3736205 [2004] UKHL 2, [2004] 1 AC 1118, [2004] 1 All ER 925.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid142107  by Mr Raftery.  Mr Mirza had been convicted of six counts of indecent assault, being specimen (representative) charges reflecting alleged sexual abuse of his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid15686747 step-daughter.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid2578672 Mr Mirza }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347\charrsid2578672 
was a Pakistani national who }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347 had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13249347\charrsid2578672 
settled in England in 1988.  He was convicted by a jury majority of 10:2 and sentenced to four years imprisonment, subsequently reduced on appeal to three years. This was upon a retrial after an earlier jury had failed to agree.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid15686747 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid2578672 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [153]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid2578672 Six days after the verdict a juror wrote a letter to counsel for the appellant.  A summary of the letter was agreed as follows:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li720\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
From the beginning of the trial, there was a theory, among some of the jury, that the use of an interpreter was in some way a de
vious ploy. The writer of the letter was not able to convince anyone that she knew from her experience that there was nothing suspicious about the use of an interpreter. The writer of the letter claimed to be the only juror with any insight into the defen
dant\rquote s culture which others on the jury regarded with undue suspicion. The question of the interpreter was raised early during the jury\rquote 
s deliberations and the letter writer claimed that she was shouted down when she objected to this and sought to remind th
e other members of the jury that there was an admission to the effect that the interpreter was not a matter which should count adversely against the defendant.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [154]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
Counsel for Mr Mirza argued that the jury disregarded the direction of the judge; attached undue significance to the idea that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 Mr Mirza}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  did not need an interpreter; described an admonition not to attach importance to the use of an interpreter as \'93playing the race card\'94
; and were influenced by racial prejudice.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [155]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 
The Court held that the evidence of the allegations in the letter by the former juror was not extrinsic to the juror\rquote 
s deliberations and was not, therefore, admissible as a basis to conclude that the verdicts of the juries were unsafe. In dismissing the appeals, Lord Steyn noted that \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 [t]}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 
he only exception is where there has been, or may have been, an irregular occurrence of an extraneous nature, which may have compromised the impartiality of the jury, the evidence may be admitted.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\insrsid13249347 Ibid, at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 para [11]. }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid9714754 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [156]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid9714754 In dismissing the appeal, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347 House of Lords}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid9714754 
 referred to a number of authorities where extraneous influences on the jury }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid9714754 were}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid9714754 
 admissible and, in some cases, justified quashing convictions.  In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid9714754 R v Brandon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid9714754 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3736205 R v Brandon }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3736205 (1969) 53 Cr App R 466. }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid9714754 
 for example, the evidence was that a jury bailiff had told the jury of the accused\rquote s previous convictions. This was held to be a grave irregularity and the conviction was quashed.  In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid9714754 R v Young (Stephen)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid9714754 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3736205 R v Young (Stephen) }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3736205 [1995] QB 324.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid9714754  evidence was given th
at the jurors had consulted a ouija board in their hotel in order to arrive at a decision. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid9714754 
This evidence was held to be admissible}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid9714754  and a retrial ordered.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid9714754 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid9714754 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [157]\tab}In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 
R v Young (Stephen) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 Lord Rodger discussed the general rule and distinction between extrinsic evidence and actual deliberations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
.  His Lordship said}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Ibid at [162]. }}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li720\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
Where, on the other hand, the allegation is that the jury has been subjected to some improper influence from
 outside, such as bribery or intimidation, appeal courts have been prepared to admit evidence relating to that allegation, investigate the matter and set aside the jury\rquote 
s verdict if the allegation is made out. Since proof of improper extrinsic influence will be sufficient by itself to make the jury\rquote 
s verdict unsafe, no question of admitting evidence as to actual deliberations of the jurors need arise. For the most part at least, such cases are relatively easy to deal with.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [158]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 Mr Raftery submitted that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Ms
 Warren-Evans\rquote  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 evidence falls short of being credible evidence of extraneous material being used in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 ssessor deliberations for the following reasons:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid2908409 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li1418\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1418\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 The evidence of the allegation arises from reports of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Mr Warren\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 sister as to her recollection and interpretation of conversations that took place months after the trial with the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 ssessors. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 
There is no direct evidence of the alleged material being used as part of the deliberations, or indeed about the timing of any conversation regarding the U}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 nited Kingdom }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 cricket match incident, which could have taken place at any time before or after the trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 
 The duration of time since the trial that the conversations took place, the lack of specificity, and the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 potential }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 partiality of }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Ms\~Warren-Evans}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760  cumulatively suggest that the evidence falls short of a credible direct allegation that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 A
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 ssessor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 s\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760  deliberations were corrupted. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}By}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 
 contrast, there is other evidence on the face of the court record as to the reasons for the decision }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 from one of the A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 ssessor}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 , that do not support the allegation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 .  Ms Carol}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid355760  Warren clearly links her reasoning to applying community standards, and not to what may or may not be the approach in the U}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 nited }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 K}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 ingdom.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab See para }
{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  REF _Ref151024654 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350031003000320034003600350034000000000001}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [146]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 
In any event, the alleged material has very little (or arguably no) potential prejudicial effect}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 U}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 nlike most cases dealing with extraneous material, it did not involve }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 disclosure of a defendant\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 previous convictions or other reports as to what the facts of this case were. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 Rather}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760  it simply tended to support submission that counsel for the defendant had already put before the court, that in the U}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 nited }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 K}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 ingdom}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 , in some }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 (but not all) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 circumstances public nudity was considered unlawful.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (d)\tab}Ms Warren }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 
had the additional safeguard of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Island }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 Magistrate\rquote s final verdict on the matter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 .  I}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 f he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 had been }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 concerned that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 A}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 ssessor\rquote s opinion was based on irrelevant material, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 the Island Magistrate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 
could have overruled their opinions. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (e)\tab}T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 
he risks of inviting questions of assessors in this context is high. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 Assessors may feel subject }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760  scrutiny for months after they have concluded their duties, and it could }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 hibit assessors from being able to rebuild their relationships with other members of the community who may have been unhappy with their opinion as expressed during the trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [159]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 While any conversation with the Registrar of the type suggested ought not to have taken place,
 I am satisfied that it could not have led to unsafe verdicts or an unfair trial.  While I make it clear that the communication should not have happened, on the evidence, I am not satisfied that it throws any doubt on the impartiality of the Assessors. 

\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref155691234}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [160]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 The test for apparent bias is well-established. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
It turns on whether a fair-minded lay observer might reasonably apprehend that the decision-maker might not bring an impartial mind to the resolution of the question required to be decided.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Saxmere Co Ltd v Wool Board Disestablishment Co Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  [2009] NZSC 72, [2010] 1 NZLR 35 at [3].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  There are two questions to consider:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 Muir v Commissioner of Inland Revenue }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid3362800 
[2007] E NZLR 495 (CA) at para [62].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 {\*\bkmkend _Ref155691234}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li1418\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1418\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
First, it is necessary to establish the actual circumstances which have a direct bearing on a suggestion that a judicial officer was or may be seen to be biased.  This factual inquiry must be rigorously undertaken.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}The second inquiry is to ask whether 
such circumstances as are established might lead a fair-minded lay observer to reasonably apprehend that the judicial officer might not bring an impartial mind to the resolution of the instant case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid142107 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [161]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 Applying that test to the evidence put forth in Ms Warren-Evans\rquote 
 affidavit and considering the points raised by both }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Dr Ellis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
 and Mr Raftery, I conclude that a fair-minded lay observer would not reasonably apprehend that, as a result of their conversations with the Registrar, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 ssessors would not bring an impartial mind to the resolution of the question of whether Mr Warren\rquote s conduct was \'93indecent\'94.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [162]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 A }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 fair-minded lay observer }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 would have realised }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 that the U}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 nited Kingdom}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  case }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 took place }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
in a different jurisdiction and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 in a very different }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 context to that of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
Pitcairn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  Further,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753  a fair-minded, lay observer }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 would not have expected the A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 ssessors to place more weight on the mention of that case by the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 egistrar than all of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 submissions made }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 before the Court by Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 Warren\rquote s counsel and the Crown. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 Had the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
ssessors themselves known of the U}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347 nited Kingdom}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
 case prior to their discussion with the Registrar it would not have rendered them unfit to act as assessors at Mr Warren\rquote s hearing. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347  
In particular, it would not have provided cause to object to their appointment as assessors for the trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf21\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 \tab Justice Ordinance, s 29, set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  REF _Ref152150500 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350032003100350030003500300030000000280000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [27]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  above.  See also para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  REF _Ref154041913 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003500340030003400310039003100330000002a0000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [28]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347   }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 The information was not of a kind that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347 could reasonably be thought }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 to compromise the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 ssessors\rquote  impartiality.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid2165033 Is the offence of \'93indecent behaviour
\'94 unconstitutional?
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref153529091}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [163]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 I do not consider that there is any merit in the submission that the offence of \'93
indecent behaviour\'94 is so vague in nature as to be unconstitutional.{\*\bkmkend _Ref153529091}  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [164]\tab}F
irst, there is no basis under the Constitution to disapply, or declare void, legislation enacted by the Governor.  The only source of legislation by which such a response could be achieved is the Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865 (UK), discussed in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 Christian v Lands Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 
Christian v Lands Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [2023] PNSC 2 at paras [63]\endash [71].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
  In that case, I cited a passage from Baroness Hale, for the majority of the Privy Council, in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347 Suratt v Attorney-General of Trinidad and Tobago}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 Suratt v Attorney-General of Trinidad and Tobago}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  [2007] UKPC 55, at para 45.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347   Her Ladyship said:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li720\ri567\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid214711 45.\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
{\*\bkmkstart para45}\'85 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid214711 The constitutionality of a parliamentary enactment is presumed unless it is shown to be unconstitutional and the burden on a party seeking to prov
e invalidity is a heavy one: see\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid214711 Grant v The Queen\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid214711 {\*\bkmkend para45}[2007] 1 AC 1, para 15, citing\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid214711 Mootoo v Attorney General of Trinidad and Tobago\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid214711 
[1979] 1 WLR 1334, 1338-1339. On the other hand, the Constitution itself must be given a broad and purposive construction: see\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13249347\charrsid214711 Minister of Home Affairs v Fisher}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid214711 \~[1980] AC 319, 328.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid13249347\charrsid214711 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [165]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Applying what was said by the Privy Council in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid13249347 Surat,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  there is no constitutional basis on which s\~5 of the Summary Offences Ordinance can be attacked as creating an unconstitutional offence of indecent behaviour.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [166]\tab}Second, the law has always regarded the assessment of \'93offensive\'94, \'93indecent\'94 or 
\'93insulting\'94 behaviour as one of community standards, generally determined by a jury in common law jurisdictions.  The assessors reflect the voice of the community and perform the same function as a jury.  Necessarily, the word \'93indecent\'94
 is general in nature.  What constitutes indecent behaviour is a question of fact, not of law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 \tab Generally, see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 Brutus v Cozens}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  [1972] 2 All ER 1297 (HL) at 1299 (Lord Reid), 1301 (Lord Morris) and 1303\endash 
1304 (Lord Kilbrandon).  See also paras }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  REF _Ref153459279 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350033003400350039003200370039000000af1bff}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [91]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 \endash }
{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  REF _Ref153459289 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350033003400350039003200380039000000014b00}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [104]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
  I have already discussed these considerations in some depth, and refrain from repeating myself.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  \tab See paras }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  REF _Ref155683024 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350035003600380033003000320034000000077b02}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 [89]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 \endash }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  REF _Ref155683047 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003500350036003800330030003400370000000eab00}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 [107]}}}
\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid2165033 Were adequate reasons given?
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref153529134}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [167]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 I am bound by the judgment of the Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid13249347 Warren v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347\charrsid2165033 Warren v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  [2016] PNCA 1, at para [39], set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  REF _Ref151019439 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310035003100300031003900340033003900000016db01}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [47]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
 in relation to the need for reasons to be given by the Assessors or the Judge.  The Court of Appeal held that: \'93The absence of reasons from the Assessors did not render the trial unfair or breach Mr\~Warren\rquote 
s constitutional right of freedom of expression\'94.  For that and other reasons I have given in holding that Mr Warren did not receive an unfair trial, this challenge must fail.{\*\bkmkend _Ref153529134}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid2165033 
Were the verdicts justified on the evidence?
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref153529180}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [168]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
For the reasons previously given, three of the four elements of the offences were admitted by Mr Warren, and did not need to be proved beyond reasonable doubt.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 \tab See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  REF _Ref151021056 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003500310030003200310030003500360000001a0b00}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [2]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
  The fourth, whether the behaviour was \'93indecent\'94, involved application of contemporary community standards.  That was done by the two Assessors and t
he Island Magistrate, all of whom live on-island.  All three of them took the view that the behaviour was \'93indecent\'94
 when viewed from the standpoint of the Pitcairn community.  As a result, all elements of the offence were proved, on the basis of adequate evidence.{\*\bkmkend _Ref153529180}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid2165033 Sentence appeal
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref153529244}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [169]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 While there is some merit in Dr Ellis\rquote 
 submission that the Island Magistrate ought to have separated out the three offences and addressed each individually, there is no basis on which I am prepared to interfere with the sentence imposed.{\*\bkmkend _Ref153529244}  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [170]\tab}
A fine of $50 per charge was significantly below the maximum available of $100 per charge.  There was insufficient difference between the events underlying each charge,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13249347 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 \tab See paras }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  REF _Ref153459660 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100350033003400350039003600360030000000200000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [8]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 \endash }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  REF _Ref153181724 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003500330031003800310037003200340000002700ff}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347 [10]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid13249347  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 
 to justify a financial penalty at a different level for one or more of them.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [171]\tab}Viewed from a totality perspective, a fine of $150 was well within range.  The appeal agai
nst sentence fails.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid355760 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 Result
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref153529194}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [172]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 For the reasons given:{\*\bkmkend _Ref153529194}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li1418\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1418\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347 Mr Warren\rquote s appeal against all three convictions is dismissed.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13249347 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}Mr Warren\rquote s appeal against sentence is dismissed.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qr \li0\ri0\sb480\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 ________________________
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13249347 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249347\charrsid15946753 Paul Heath
\par Chief Justice
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