{\rtf1\adeflang1025\ansi\ansicpg0\uc1\adeff0\deff0\stshfdbch0\stshfloch31506\stshfhich31506\stshfbi31506\deflang8192\deflangfe8192\themelang5129\themelangfe0\themelangcs0{\fonttbl{\f0\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f1\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604020202020204}Arial;}
{\f2\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1{\*\panose 02070309020205020404}Courier New;}{\f3\fbidi \froman\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05050102010706020507}Symbol;}{\f10\fbidi \fnil\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05000000000000000000}Wingdings;}
{\f34\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria Math;}{\f43\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Tahoma;}{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0302020204030204}Calibri Light;}
{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}
{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f45\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\f46\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\f48\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\f49\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\f50\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\f51\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\f52\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\f53\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\f55\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Arial CE;}{\f56\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial Cyr;}
{\f58\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Arial Greek;}{\f59\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial Tur;}{\f60\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Arial (Hebrew);}{\f61\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Arial (Arabic);}
{\f62\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Arial Baltic;}{\f63\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Arial (Vietnamese);}{\f65\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 Courier New CE;}{\f66\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 Courier New Cyr;}
{\f68\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 Courier New Greek;}{\f69\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 Courier New Tur;}{\f70\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset177\fprq1 Courier New (Hebrew);}{\f71\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset178\fprq1 Courier New (Arabic);}
{\f72\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 Courier New Baltic;}{\f73\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset163\fprq1 Courier New (Vietnamese);}{\f385\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria Math CE;}{\f386\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Math Cyr;}
{\f388\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Math Greek;}{\f389\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Math Tur;}{\f392\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Math Baltic;}{\f393\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria Math (Vietnamese);}
{\f475\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Tahoma CE;}{\f476\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Tahoma Cyr;}{\f478\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Tahoma Greek;}{\f479\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Tahoma Tur;}
{\f480\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Tahoma (Hebrew);}{\f481\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Tahoma (Arabic);}{\f482\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Tahoma Baltic;}{\f483\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Tahoma (Vietnamese);}
{\f484\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 Tahoma (Thai);}{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri Light CE;}
{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Light Cyr;}{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Light Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Light Tur;}
{\fhimajor\f31533\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Calibri Light (Hebrew);}{\fhimajor\f31534\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Calibri Light (Arabic);}{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Light Baltic;}
{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri Light (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}
{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}{\fhiminor\f31573\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Calibri (Hebrew);}
{\fhiminor\f31574\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Calibri (Arabic);}{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}
{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;
\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;\red255\green255\blue0;\red255\green255\blue255;\red0\green0\blue128;\red0\green128\blue128;\red0\green128\blue0;\red128\green0\blue128;\red128\green0\blue0;\red128\green128\blue0;\red128\green128\blue128;
\red192\green192\blue192;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue0;\ctextone\ctint255\cshade255\red0\green0\blue0;\caccentone\ctint255\cshade191\red47\green84\blue150;}{\*\defchp \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\langfenp1033 }{\*\defpap 
\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 }\noqfpromote {\upr{\stylesheet{\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \snext0 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid12870525 Normal;}{
\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb480\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext17 \slink15 \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid11427710 heading 1;}{
\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext17 \slink16 \sunhideused \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid14186677 heading 2;}{\*\cs10 \additive \ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority1 
Default Paragraph Font;}{\*\ts11\tsrowd\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\trcbpat1\trcfpat1\tblind0\tblindtype3\tsvertalt\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv 
\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31506\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 \snext11 \ssemihidden \sunhideused 
Normal Table;}{\*\cs15 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs28\lang0\langfe2057\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\langnp0\langfenp2057 \sbasedon10 \slink1 \spriority9 \styrsid11427710 Heading 1 Char;}{\*\cs16 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs26\lang0\langfe2057\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\langnp0\langfenp2057 \sbasedon10 \slink2 \spriority9 \styrsid14186677 Heading 2 Char;}{\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext17 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid10243184 Number;}{
\s18\qj \li0\ri0\sb600\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx851\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext17 \spriority0 \styrsid12870525 Subheading;}{\s19\qj \li720\ri521\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin720\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext19 \slink20 \sqformat \spriority29 \styrsid14954808 Quote;}{\*\cs20 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs20\cf19\lang0\langfe2057\langnp0\langfenp2057 \sbasedon10 \slink19 \spriority29 \styrsid14954808 Quote Char;}{\s21\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext21 \sqformat \spriority34 \styrsid2567379 List Paragraph;}{
\s22\ql \fi-360\li720\ri0\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 
\sbasedon21 \snext22 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid6576371 Bullets;}{\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af43\afs16\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f43\fs16\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext23 \slink24 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid15337711 Balloon Text;}{\*\cs24 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af43\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \f43\fs16\lang0\langfe2057\langnp0\langfenp2057 
\sbasedon10 \slink23 \ssemihidden \styrsid15337711 Balloon Text Char;}{\s25\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext25 \slink26 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid14497083 footnote text;}{\*\cs26 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\lang0\langfe2057\langnp0\langfenp2057 
\sbasedon10 \slink25 \ssemihidden \styrsid14497083 Footnote Text Char;}{\*\cs27 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super \sbasedon10 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid14497083 footnote reference;}{\s28\ql \li0\ri0\sb480\sl276\slmult1
\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\cf20\lang1033\langfe1041\loch\f31502\hich\af31502\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1041 
\sbasedon1 \snext0 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \sqformat \spriority39 \styrsid2052763 TOC Heading;}{\s29\ql \li220\ri0\sa100\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin220\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe1041\loch\f31506\hich\af31506\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1041 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \sautoupd \ssemihidden \sunhideused \sqformat \spriority39 \styrsid2052763 toc 2;}{\s30\ql \li0\ri0\sa100\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe1041\loch\f31506\hich\af31506\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1041 
\sbasedon0 \snext0 \sautoupd \ssemihidden \sunhideused \sqformat \spriority39 \styrsid2052763 toc 1;}{\s31\ql \li440\ri0\sa100\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin440\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe1041\loch\f31506\hich\af31506\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1041 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \sautoupd \ssemihidden \sunhideused \sqformat \spriority39 \styrsid2052763 toc 3;}{\s32\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar
\tqc\tx4513\tqr\tx9026\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext32 \slink33 \sunhideused \styrsid12071889 header;}
{\*\cs33 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\lang0\langfe2057\langnp0\langfenp2057 \sbasedon10 \slink32 \styrsid12071889 Header Char;}{\s34\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar
\tqc\tx4513\tqr\tx9026\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext34 \slink35 \sunhideused \styrsid12071889 footer;}
{\*\cs35 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\lang0\langfe2057\langnp0\langfenp2057 \sbasedon10 \slink34 \styrsid12071889 Footer Char;}}{\*\ud\uc0{\stylesheet{
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \snext0 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid12870525 Normal;}{
\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb480\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext17 \slink15 \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid11427710 heading 1;}{
\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext17 \slink16 \sunhideused \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid14186677 heading 2;}{\*\cs10 \additive \ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority1 
Default Paragraph Font;}{\*\ts11\tsrowd\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\trcbpat1\trcfpat1\tblind0\tblindtype3\tsvertalt\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv 
\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31506\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 \snext11 \ssemihidden \sunhideused 
Normal Table;}{\*\cs15 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs28\lang0\langfe2057\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\langnp0\langfenp2057 \sbasedon10 \slink1 \spriority9 \styrsid11427710 Heading 1 Char;}{\*\cs16 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs26\lang0\langfe2057\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\langnp0\langfenp2057 \sbasedon10 \slink2 \spriority9 \styrsid14186677 Heading 2 Char;}{\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext17 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid10243184 Number;}{
\s18\qj \li0\ri0\sb600\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx851\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext17 \spriority0 \styrsid12870525 Subheading;}{\s19\qj \li720\ri521\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin720\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext19 \slink20 \sqformat \spriority29 \styrsid14954808 Quote;}{\*\cs20 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs20\cf19\lang0\langfe2057\langnp0\langfenp2057 \sbasedon10 \slink19 \spriority29 \styrsid14954808 Quote Char;}{\s21\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext21 \sqformat \spriority34 \styrsid2567379 List Paragraph;}{
\s22\ql \fi-360\li720\ri0\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 
\sbasedon21 \snext22 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid6576371 Bullets;}{\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af43\afs16\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f43\fs16\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext23 \slink24 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid15337711 Balloon Text;}{\*\cs24 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af43\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \f43\fs16\lang0\langfe2057\langnp0\langfenp2057 
\sbasedon10 \slink23 \ssemihidden \styrsid15337711 Balloon Text Char;}{\s25\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext25 \slink26 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid14497083 footnote text;}{\*\cs26 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\lang0\langfe2057\langnp0\langfenp2057 
\sbasedon10 \slink25 \ssemihidden \styrsid14497083 Footnote Text Char;}{\*\cs27 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super \sbasedon10 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid14497083 footnote reference;}{\s28\ql \li0\ri0\sb480\sl276\slmult1
\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\cf20\lang1033\langfe1041\loch\f31502\hich\af31502\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1041 
\sbasedon1 \snext0 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \sqformat \spriority39 \styrsid2052763 TOC Heading;}{\s29\ql \li220\ri0\sa100\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin220\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe1041\loch\f31506\hich\af31506\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1041 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \sautoupd \ssemihidden \sunhideused \sqformat \spriority39 \styrsid2052763 toc 2;}{\s30\ql \li0\ri0\sa100\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe1041\loch\f31506\hich\af31506\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1041 
\sbasedon0 \snext0 \sautoupd \ssemihidden \sunhideused \sqformat \spriority39 \styrsid2052763 toc 1;}{\s31\ql \li440\ri0\sa100\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin440\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe1041\loch\f31506\hich\af31506\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1041 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \sautoupd \ssemihidden \sunhideused \sqformat \spriority39 \styrsid2052763 toc 3;}{\s32\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar
\tqc\tx4513\tqr\tx9026\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext32 \slink33 \sunhideused \styrsid12071889 header;}
{\*\cs33 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\lang0\langfe2057\langnp0\langfenp2057 \sbasedon10 \slink32 \styrsid12071889 Header Char;}{\s34\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar
\tqc\tx4513\tqr\tx9026\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext34 \slink35 \sunhideused \styrsid12071889 footer;}
{\*\cs35 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\lang0\langfe2057\langnp0\langfenp2057 \sbasedon10 \slink34 \styrsid12071889 Footer Char;}}}}{\*\listtable{\list\listtemplateid-1\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134159\'02{\uc1\u0 t.};}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169\'02{\uc1\u1 t.};}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02{\uc1\u2 t.};}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-180\li2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134159\'02{\uc1\u3 t.};}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169\'02{\uc1\u4 t.};}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02{\uc1\u5 t.};}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-180\li5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134159\'02{\uc1\u6 t.};}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169\'02{\uc1\u7 t.};}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li6480\lin6480 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02{\uc1\u8 t.};}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-180\li7200\lin7200 }{\listname ;}\listid738213213}{\list\listtemplateid-1{\listlevel\levelnfc0
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\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03({\uc1\u1 t)};}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\fbias0 \fi-709\li1418\jclisttab\tx1418\lin1418 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03({\uc1\u2 t)};}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0 \fi-708\li2126\jclisttab\tx2126\lin2126 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03({\uc1\u3 t)};}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03({\uc1\u4 t)};}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0 \fi-360\li2520\jclisttab\tx2520\lin2520 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0
\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03({\uc1\u5 t)};}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02{\uc1\u6 t.};}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0 \fi-360\li3240\jclisttab\tx3240\lin3240 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02{\uc1\u7 t.};}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02{\uc1\u8 t.};}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0 \fi-360\li3960\jclisttab\tx3960\lin3960 }{\listname ;}\listid1246691633}{\list\listtemplateid-1\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134145\'01{\uc1\u-3913 ?};}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fbias0 \fi-360\li1080\lin1080 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0
\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134147\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0 \fi-360\li1800\lin1800 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid336134149\'01{\uc1\u-3929 ?};}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0 \fi-360\li2520\lin2520 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134145
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\f2\fbias0 \fi-360\li3960\lin3960 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134149\'01{\uc1\u-3929 ?};}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0 
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\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134149\'01{\uc1\u-3929 ?};}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0 \fi-360\li2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative
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{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134147\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0 \fi-360\li3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134149
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{\*\wgrffmtfilter 2450}\nofeaturethrottle1\ilfomacatclnup0{\*\ftnsep \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14497083 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13973997 \chftnsep 
\par }}{\*\ftnsepc \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14497083 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13973997 \chftnsepc 
\par }}{\*\aftnsep \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14497083 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13973997 \chftnsep 
\par }}{\*\aftnsepc \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14497083 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13973997 \chftnsepc 
\par }}\ltrpar \sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid9309095\sftnbj {\headerr \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s32\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar
\tqc\tx4513\tqr\tx9026\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3622191 
\par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}
{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8
\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar
\tqr\tx8789\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16007139 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid12870525\charrsid15432249 IN THE }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12870525 SUPREME COURT OF THE }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12870525\charrsid15432249 PITCAIRN }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12870525 
ISLANDS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12870525\charrsid15432249  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12870525 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx6946\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3367111 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12870525 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9331796 SC 2/2022}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3367111 
\par \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3367111\charrsid3367111 [2023] PNSC 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12870525\charrsid3367111 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-2835\li2835\ri0\widctlpar\tx3402\tx4395\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2835\itap0\pararsid12870525 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12870525 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2052763 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1800\ri0\widctlpar\tx3960\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1800\itap0\pararsid12870525 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12870525\charrsid2979594 BETWEEN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12870525\charrsid15432249 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12870525\charrsid15749698 MICHAEL WARREN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11745129 \tab \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12870525\charrsid11745129 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12870525 \tab App}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8521185 licant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12870525\charrsid16671935 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-2163\li3960\ri0\sb240\widctlpar\tx3960\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin3960\itap0\pararsid14186677 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12870525\charrsid2979594 AND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12870525 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12870525\charrsid15749698 THE }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4865137 ATTORNEY-GENERAL OF PITCAIRN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12870525 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1800\ri0\widctlpar\tx3960\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1800\itap0\pararsid12870525 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12870525 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4865137 First }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12870525 Respondent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12870525\charrsid15432249 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1797\ri0\sb240\widctlpar\tx3960\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1797\itap0\pararsid1528438 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4865137\charrsid4865137 AND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid4865137 \tab THE GOVERNOR OF PITCAIRN
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1800\ri0\widctlpar\tx3960\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1800\itap0\pararsid12870525 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4865137 \tab Second Respondent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4865137\charrsid4865137 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12870525 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12870525 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2052763 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx1800\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2052763 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2052763 Hearing:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2052763 \tab 12 \endash 
 14 December 2022 on Pitcairn Island (via AVL)
\par \tab 13 \endash  15 December 2022 NZ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2052763\charrsid12137656 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx1800\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12870525 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12870525 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12870525\charrsid15749698 Counsel:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12870525 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12870525\charrsid401779 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12870525 
 Ellis for Ap}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8521185 plicant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12870525\charrsid15432249 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12870525 \tab K Raftery }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12064953 K}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12870525 C for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8521185 Respondents}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12870525\charrsid15432249 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12870525\charrsid16671935 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10625221 Judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12870525 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12870525 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2694848 17}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8933814  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid464344 May }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7828355 2023}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12870525\charrsid12342999 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12870525 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1270544 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12870525\charrsid13068311 ____________________________________________________________________}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9331796 __}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12870525\charrsid13068311 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12870525 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12870525\charrsid13068311 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12870525 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1594461 JUDGMENT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4929520  OF HAINES J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12870525\charrsid13068311 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1270544 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12870525\charrsid13068311 ____________________________________________________________________}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12870525 __
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12870525 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10625221 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1270544 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9309095 \sect }\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid9309095\sftnbj \pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2314889 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2314889 TABLE OF CONTENTS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10625221 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12870525 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10625221 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2314889 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx567\tqr\tx7938\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1797756 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1797756\charrsid2314889 Introduction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1797756 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10625221 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx567\tqr\tx7938\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12931328 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797756 Further submissions\tab 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx567\tqr\tx7938\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1797756 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797756 References to \'93Blackie CJ\'94\tab 
\par Place of hearing of present proceedings \tab 
\par Time \endash  dates \tab 
\par Challenge to judicial independence withdrawn\tab 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14423404 The remedies sought \tab 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797756 The evidence befo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13833965 re the Court \endash  how received \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797756 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\widctlpar\tx567\tqr\tx7938\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12931328 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1797756\charrsid12931328 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2314889 
he facts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1797756\charrsid12931328 \tab 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx567\tqr\tx7938\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1797756 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797756 \tab The circumstances leading to the swearing in ceremony on
\par \tab 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797756 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13833965  2022\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797756 
\par \tab The swearing in ceremony held on 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797756 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797756  2022\tab 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\widctlpar\tx567\tqr\tx7938\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12931328 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1797756\charrsid12931328 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2314889 
he principal points made by Mr Warren}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1797756\charrsid12931328 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797756 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1797756\charrsid12931328 V}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2314889 alidity of the 16 January 2022 appointment of Blackie CJ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1797756\charrsid12931328 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx567\tqr\tx7938\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1797756 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797756 \tab Discussion\tab 
\par \tab Conclusion\tab 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\widctlpar\tx567\tqr\tx7938\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12931328 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1797756\charrsid12931328 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2314889 
he oaths of office}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1797756\charrsid12931328 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx567\tqr\tx7938\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1797756 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797756 \tab Discussion\tab 
\par \tab The judicial oath\tab 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5596747 \tab Whether judicial oaths required to be made\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797756 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5596747 \tab Conclusion \tab 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\widctlpar\tx567\tqr\tx7938\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12931328 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2314889 Sections }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid5596747\charrsid12931328 47(2) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2314889 and 48 of the Constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5596747 \tab 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx567\tqr\tx7938\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1797756 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5596747 \tab Discussion \endash  section 47 of the Constitution \tab 
\par \tab Discussion \endash  section 48 of the Constitution \tab 
\par \tab Conclusion\tab 
\par \tab The criticisms made of Blackie CJ\tab 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12931328 \tab Discussion \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5596747 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\widctlpar\tx567\tqr\tx7938\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12931328 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12931328\charrsid12931328 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2314889 
he de facto officer doctrine}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12931328 \tab 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx567\tqr\tx7938\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1797756 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12931328 \tab Discussion\tab 
\par \tab Conclusion\tab 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\widctlpar\tx567\tqr\tx7938\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12931328 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12931328\charrsid12931328 N}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2314889 
o public announcement of appointment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12931328\charrsid12931328 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx567\tqr\tx7938\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1797756 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12931328 \tab The submission based on the common law\tab 
\par \tab The common law \endash  discussion\tab 
\par \tab The submission based on freedom of expression\tab 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2314889 \tab Freedom of expression \endash  discussion }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13833965 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2314889 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\widctlpar\tx567\tqr\tx7938\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12931328 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12931328\charrsid12931328 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2314889 
hether issues moot}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12931328 \tab 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx567\tqr\tx7938\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1797756 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12931328 \tab Conclusion\tab 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb60\widctlpar\tx567\tqr\tx7938\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12931328 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12931328\charrsid12931328 O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2314889 
verall conclusion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12931328 \tab 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12931328\charrsid12931328 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2314889 osts\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12931328 \tab 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12870525 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10625221 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10625221\charrsid13068311 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af31501\insrsid9309095 \sect }\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid9309095\sftnbj \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s2\ql \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1856955 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1594461 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 Introduction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16598549 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid1594461 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [1]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2052763 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1594461 
Charles Stuart Blackie was appointed Chief Justice of the Pitcairn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3026651 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1594461 upreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1594461 
 with effect from 1 February 2000 by Notice under the hand of the (then) Governor dated 8 June 2000.  He was sworn in at Auckland, New Zealand, on 30 June 2000 by the (then) Go
vernor, who administered to him the oath of allegiance and the judicial oath.  A claim by Mr Warren that Blackie CJ had not in those circumstances been lawfully sworn in was dismissed by the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1594461\charrsid1594461 Court of Appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1594461  in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1594461 Warren v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1594461  [2015] PICA 1 at [43]}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11485764 \endash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1594461 [67].  Under s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1594461 54(1) of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14423404 Pitcairn Cons}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1594461 titution Blackie CJ held office until he attained the age of 75 years.  That date was 21 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1594461\charrsid1594461 
January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1594461  2022.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16598549 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid1594461 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [2]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1594461 On 16 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1594461 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1594461  2022 the Governor of Pitcairn appointed Paul Heath KC, then President of the Pitcairn Court of Appeal, to be the new Chief Justice of the Pitcairn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1594461 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1594461 .  The appointment was expressed to be with effect from 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1594461 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1594461  2022 NZ time.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1647328 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid1594461 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [3]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1594461 On 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1594461 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1594461  2022 NZ time (19 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1594461 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1594461  2022 Pitcairn time) a sitting of the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1594461 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1594461  was convened at Adamstown, Pitcairn, with video connection}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9970991 
s to Auckland and other places in New Zealand for the swearing in of the new Chief Justice and two new Justices of Appeal, being Asher and Dobson JJA, whose appointments had similarly been made on 16 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9970991 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9970991  2022.
  The outgoing Chief Justice, the incoming Chief Justice and Asher JA participated in the sitting from Auckland by video-link which had been established at the British Consulate, while Dobson JA participated from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8272292 his home in Wainui, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9970991 Gisborne.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16598549 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid9970991 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [4]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9970991 At the 
ceremony Blackie CJ, as the outgoing Chief Justice, administered the oath of allegiance and judicial oath to Heath CJ and thereafter played no further part in the sitting.  Having entered upon the functions of his office Heath CJ thereupon administered th
e oath of allegiance and judicial oath to Asher and Dobson JJA.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16598549 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid9970991 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [5]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9970991 
Mr Warren has now challenged the competence of Blackie CJ to preside at the first part of the swearing in ceremony and particularly his competence to administer the two oaths to Heath CJ.  This, in turn, has placed in issue the validity of the oaths }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14423404 consequently }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9970991 administered by Heath CJ to Asher and Dobson JJA.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid9970991 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [6]\tab}For the removal of any doubt, on 13 June 2022 at a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13331954 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9970991 ourt sitting on Pitcairn with a video-link to New Zealand, the oath of allegiance and judicial oath were administered to Heath CJ by Lovell-Smith J, the most senior judge of the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9970991 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9970991  in terms of the date of her appointment.  Between taking office on 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9970991 January}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9970991  and the re-making of his oaths on 13 June 2022 Heath CJ di
d not hold any substantive hearing or make any substantive decisions in any matter affecting Mr Warren or in any other matter.  He did, however, issue three procedural case management min}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14362896 
utes in proceedings to which Mr }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9970991 Warren is a party.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid5468131 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [7]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468131 Both Asher J
A and Dobson JA were on 14 October 2022 re-sworn by Heath CJ at a further court sitting on Pitcairn with video-link connections to New Zealand.  Between the appointments in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468131 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468131  2022 and the re-swearing there were no sittings of the Court of Appeal and no Justice of Appeal exercised any judicial functions.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid5468131 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [8]\tab}
In broad terms the present challenge by Mr Warren is whether Blackie CJ could lawfully administer the two oaths during the first part of the sitting held on 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468131 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5468131  2022.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid16007139 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [9]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16007139 The relevance of this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468131  issue to Mr Warren is that on 27 May 2019 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9574620 in the Pitcairn Magistrate\rquote s Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468131 
he pleaded guilty to a charge of behaving in an indecent manner in a public place.  He was convicted and fined and ordered to enter into a recognisance for a period of 12 months.  Some }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11625550 
two and a half years later, on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468131 6 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468131 December}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468131 
 2021, he was found guilty on three further counts of similar offending and again fined.  The earlier recognisance was not enforced.  These circumstances have resulted in various appeals and applications, details of which are not necessary to recite here.

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid5468131 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [10]\tab}The present claim has arisen because it is alleged }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1582073 by Mr Warren }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468131 that Heath CJ, who is sitting on Mr Warren\rquote s criminal appeal, gave various case management directions without first having }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16007139 
been lawfully sworn into office, a condition precedent to entering the functions of that office.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468131   The validity of the appointment of Heath CJ is not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16007139 itself }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468131 challenged.  Nor is it challenged that he was subsequently lawfully re-sworn on 13 June 2022 and is accordingly fully able to preside ov}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11625550 
er the proceedings involving Mr }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468131 Warren.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid5468131 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [11]\tab}
Before describing in greater detail the circumstances in which Blackie CJ participated in the 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468131 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468131 
 2022 ceremony several preliminary matters must be noted.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5468131 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468131 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 Further submissions
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid5468131 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [12]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2052763 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468131 
Following the hearing the parties were by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5468131 Minute (No 6)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468131 
 dated 20 February 2023 invited to file submissions on further material of potential relevance uncovered by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3367111 the Court\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468131 own research.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3367111 The deadline was 6 March 2023}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16007139 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3367111  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16007139 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1582073 
s recorded in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1582073 Minute}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3367111 s 7 to 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1582073  dated 3 March 2023}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3367111 
, 13 April 2023 and 21 April 2023}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16007139 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1582073  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16007139 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1582073 he
 original filing date was extended at the request of Dr Ellis to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3367111 28}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1582073  April 2023.  The submissions by Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1582073 Warren dated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3367111 27 April 2023}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1582073  and the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16007139 earlier }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1582073 submissions for the Crown dated 6 March 2023 have been taken into account in the preparation of this decision.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468131 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5468131 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468131 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 \hich\f0 References to \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Blackie CJ\'94
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid5468131 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [13]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2052763 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468131 
Charles Stuart Blackie was Chief Justice of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468131 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468131  of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468131 Pitcairn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5468131  for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8658690 22 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468131 years from 1 February 2000 until his retirement on 19 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468131 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468131  2022.  On 16 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468131 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468131  2022 he was appointed \'93Acting Chief Justice\'94 of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5468131 Pitcairn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468131  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468131 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468131  with effect from 19 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5468131 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468131  2022.  The Constitutional provision under which that last appointment was made permits the appointment of \'93an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5468131 acting}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468131  judge\'94.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832 Whether such is the proper description of the status conferred by the 16 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832  2022 instrument is an issue addressed later in this decision.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468131 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid11930832 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [14]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832 
For convenience and consistency Charles Stuart Blackie will in this decision be referred to throughout as \'93Blackie CJ\'94, notwithstanding his formal resignation from that position on 19 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832 January}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832  2022.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13331954 Use of s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832 uch title is not intended }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13331954 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832 pre-determin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13331954 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832  his true legal status on 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832  2022.  Nor is the description intended to suggest Blackie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832 CJ and Heath CJ held office as Chief Justice at the same time.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11930832 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 Place of hearing of present proceedings
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid11930832 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [15]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2052763 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832 By }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11930832 Minute (No 3)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832  dated 26 October 2022 a direction was made pursuant to ss}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11930832 15E and 15F of the Judicature (Courts) Ordinance that the substantive hearing of the present proceedings scheduled to commence on 12 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832 December}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11930832  2022 take place in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832 Pitcairn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832 
, with counsel, the Court Stenographer and the Judge participating from New Zealand by audio-visual link.  The necessary arrangements were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1582073 duly made}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832  by the Regi
strar.  The ss}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832 15E and 15F orders were repeated at the commencement of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832 December}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832  hearing.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11930832 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 Time \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  dates 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid11930832 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [16]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2052763 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832 
Unless otherwise stipulated, all dates referred to in this decision are expressed in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14907580 New Zealand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832  time.  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11930832 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 Challenge to judicial independence with\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 drawn
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid11930832 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [17]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2052763 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832 
As recorded in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11930832 Minute (No 4)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832  dated 23 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832 December}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832 
 2022 and in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11930832 Minute (No 5)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832  dated 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832 
 2023, the written submissions dated 25 November 2022 filed by Dr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832 Ellis for the purpose of the substantive hearing in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11930832 December}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832  2022 at para 17 sought leave for Mr Warren to amend his Application by adding to the declarations sought a new declaration to the effect that no member of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832 Pitcairn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832  judiciary is independent because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832 Pitcairn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832 
 law presently makes no provision for the making of a complaint about judges
 beyond removal from office.  There is no disciplinary process short of removal.  At para 18 Dr Ellis conceded this issue went well beyond the original pleadings and suggested it may be prudent for the Court to consider adjourning the fixture and appointi
ng an intervener.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid11930832 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [18]\tab}
At the substantive hearing itself the intervener point was developed little further by counsel in their respective written and oral submissions.  Consequently, by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11930832 Minute (No 4)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832  issued subsequent to the hearing, the Court asked counsel to file memoranda addressing three specific issues relating to interveners.  Such memoranda were not in fact filed because by memorandum dated 11 }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832  2023 Dr Ellis gave notice Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832 Warren withdrew his }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13331954 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832 pplication to add the new declaration.  A more researched application was said to be possible at a later date.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid11930832 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [19]\tab}The withdrawal was formally record}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3367111 ed}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832  in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11930832 Minute (No 5)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832 , as was the fact that t
he intervener question is consequently no longer a matter falling for determination in the context of the present proceedings.  The submissions made by Mr Warren regarding the claimed lack of independence of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11930832 Pitcairn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832  judiciary will accordingly not be addressed in this decision.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13331954 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13331954 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 The remedies sought
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13331954 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [20]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13331954 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13331954 
Part 2 of the Constitution of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13331954 Pitcairn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13331954  lists some }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8658690 23 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13331954 
fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual.  Included in Part 2 is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1582073 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1582073 25, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13331954 an enforcement mechanism whereby the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13331954 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13331954  has original jurisdi
ction to (inter alia) make declarations and orders for the purpose of enforcing any of the listed rights and freedoms.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13331954 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [21]\tab}The Constitution further provides in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1582073 s}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1582073 25}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13331954 (3) that the Court may decline to make a declaration if it is satisfied that adequate means
 of redress for the breach alleged are or have been available to the person concerned under any other law.  The relevant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1582073 parts of s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1582073 25 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13331954 follow:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri521\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin720\itap0\pararsid13531424 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13531424 Enforcement of protective provisions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13331954 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri522\sb120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin720\itap0\pararsid2651193 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13531424 25.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri522\sb120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13531424 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13531424 (1)\tab 
If any person alleges that any of the provisions of this Part has b
een, is being or is likely to be breached in relation to him or her (or, in the case of a person who is detained, if any other persons alleges such a breach in relation to the detained person), then, without prejudice to any other action with respect to t
he same matter that is lawfully available, that person (or that other person) may apply to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13531424 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13531424  for redress.
\par (2)\tab The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13531424 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13531424  shall have original jurisdiction\emdash 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-545\li1985\ri522\sb120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin1985\itap0\pararsid13531424 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13531424 (a)\tab 
to hear and determine any application made by any person in pursuance of subsection (1); and
\par (b)\tab to determine any question arising in the case of any person that is referred to it in pursuance of subsection (7),
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li1440\ri522\sb120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13531424 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16007139 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13531424 
nd may make such declarations and orders, issue such writs and give such directions as it considers appropriate for the purpose of enforcing or securing the enforcement of any of the provisions of this Part.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri522\sb120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13531424 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13531424 (3)\tab The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13531424 
Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13531424  may decline to exercise its powers under subsection (2) if it is sati
sfied that adequate means of redress for the breach alleged are or have been available to the person concerned under any other law.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid3622191 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [22]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3622191 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3622191 
As noted by the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3622191 Privy Council}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3622191  in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3622191 Warren v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3622191 
 [2018] UKPC 20 at [5], Part 2 is to be distinguished from other Parts of the Constitution, including Part 6, The Administration of Justice.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid3622191 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [23]\tab}
The Application dated 16 June 2022 filed by Mr Warren is self-described as an application under s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3622191 
25(1) of the Constitution.  Declarations of unconstitutionality under s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3622191 25(1) and (2
) of the Constitution are sought.  Mr Warren must accordingly show that a provision }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1582073 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3622191 Part 2 of the Constitution \'93
has been, is being or is likely to be breached in relation to him\'94.  The Application does not in fact identify any Part 2 right or freedom to which the remedy provisions of s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3622191 25(1) and (2) might attach.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid3622191 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [24]\tab}However, in written submissions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1582073 
by Mr Warren }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3622191 dated 25 November 2022 two Part 2 sections were referenced.  The first was s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3622191 8 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1582073 fair hearing by an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3622191 independent and impartial tribunal) and the second was s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3622191 
13 (freedom of expression).  The freedom of expression point is addressed later in this decision.  As to the alleged lack of independence of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3622191 Pitcairn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3622191 
 judiciary, Dr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3622191 Ellis in his written submissions preferred to advance that challenge \'93directly\'94 rather than relying on s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3622191 25.  The possible application of s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3622191 
8, however, fell away once the challenge to judicial independence was withdrawn.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid3622191 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [25]\tab}Recognisi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3367111 ng that most, if not nearly all}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3622191  of the complaints made by Mr Warren related to alleged breaches of Part 6 of the Constitution, not Part 2, Dr Ellis opened his written submissions with the statement that the action was brought \'93
by way of constitutional challenge be it section 25, or any other section, as it is a rights challenge, and would in NZ be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5329427 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3622191 NZBORA case\'94
.  He submitted it did not really matter how one categorised the relief sought.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid3622191 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [26]\tab}
At first impression this is a submission that either under the Constitution or under other legislation the Court has a freestanding jurisdiction, unfettered by the restrictions in s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3622191 25 or by a leave or standing requirement, to declare that any provision of the Constitution has been breached and to grant a remedy.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid3622191 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [27]\tab}
The Crown makes two primary submissions.  First, that no Part 2 breach has been established.  Second, that the challenge should be brought by way of judicial review under s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid593889 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid593889 29(2) and 31 of the Senior Courts Act 1981 (UK).  This will require Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid593889 
Warren to first obtain leave of the Court.  Cited in supported is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid593889 R v Warren}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid593889  [2014] PISC 1 at [452]\endash [466], upheld in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid593889 Warren v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1582073  [2015] PICA 2 at [233]\endash [235]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid593889  which in turn was upheld in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid593889 Warren v R}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid593889  [2018] UKPC 20 at [21].  Such leave has not been granted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3622191 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid593889 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [28]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid593889 
I have concluded the question whether the Court has jurisdiction to grant the remedies now sought by Mr Warren in his submissions is one best left until the end of this judgment when more is known of Mr Warren\rquote 
s case.  In addition, determination of the issue will only be necessary should Mr Warren succeed in one or more of his causes of action.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid593889\charrsid13531424 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11930832 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 The evidence before the Court \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  how received 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid4284371 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [29]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2052763 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284371 
Where a challenge is made to the validity of a judicial appointment or to the validity of the judicial oath taken by a judge, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid593889 preferable }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284371 approach is for the }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1582073 Crown }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284371 to file a memorandum }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1582073 setting out the relevant circumstances }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284371 
and it is not appropriate for the applicant to arrange this.  In any event Mr Warren has no personal knowledge of the matters at issue.  For these reasons the direction given in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4284371 Minute (No 2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284371  on 29 August 2022 at [3]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14907580 \endash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284371 
[6] and [9.1] required the Attorney-General to place before the Court all evidence relevant to the matters pleaded in Mr Warren\rquote s Application dated 16 June 2022.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16340974 It was expressly 
acknowledged this could be done by way of memorandum from one or more of the judicial or statutory officers involved.  Dr Ellis accepted the evidence could also be placed before the Court by way of letter from the Attorney-General.  Although Mr Warren was
 at [9.2] given opportunity to thereafter file evidence, he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid593889 did not do }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16340974 so.  See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16340974 Minute (No 3)}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16340974  dated 26 October 2022 at [2].  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11930832 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid16340974 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [30]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16340974 It was in these circumstances the Cro}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11427710 wn by M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16340974 
emorandum dated 16 September 2022 filed the relevant correspondence between the Deputy Governor and Dr Ellis together with the attachments to those letters.  The Attorney-General also submitted a letter from his own Office }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1582073 addressing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16340974 additional material of potential relevance.  A few days later the Attorney-General filed a Memorandum dated 19 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11427710 
September 2022 from Blackie CJ regarding the circumstances of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11427710 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11427710  2022 swearing in.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16340974 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid11427710 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [31]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11427710 
No affidavit having been filed and no oral evidence having been given,
 the evidence at the hearing comprised the memoranda filed by the Crown as earlier described and no objection was taken by Mr Warren as to the form of that evidence or as to its admissibility.  See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11427710 
Minute (No 3)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11427710  at [2].  In these circumstances no issues of credibility arise.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid11427710 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [32]\tab}
It is now possible to provide a brief overview of the circumstances leading to the swearing in ceremony on 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11427710 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11427710  2022.  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1856955 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11427710 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 the facts
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1856955 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11427710 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 The circumstances leading to the swearing in ceremony on 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11427710 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11427710 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0  2022
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid11427710 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [33]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2052763 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11427710 
On 19 July 2021 Blackie CJ wrote to the Governor reminding her that he (Blackie CJ) would reach the statutory retirement age on 21 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11427710 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11427710  2022}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4939726 .  He }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11427710 made reference to the need for a successor to be appointed.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid11427710 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [34]\tab}The recruitment process which followed has been outlined 
by the Attorney-General in his letter dated 1 September 2021 addressed to the Governor.  It is also referenced by Blackie CJ in his Memorandum dated 19 September 2022}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4939726  addressed to the Attorney-General}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11427710 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4939726 D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11427710 etails need not be recited here.  The outcome, as an
nounced by the Governor by Notice issued through the Administrator in Adamstown on 17 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11427710 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11427710 
 2022, was that Heath P, then President of the Court of Appeal, was appointed Chief Justice.  Sir Ronald Young, then a Judge of the Court of Appeal, would replace 
Heath CJ as President of the Court of Appeal.  At the same time two new justices were appointed to the Court of Appeal, being Asher and Dobson JJA.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid11427710 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [35]\tab}The Administrator\rquote 
s Notice went on to advise that the swearing in ceremony for Chief Justice Heath and Justices of Appeal Asher and Dobson would be held at 12.30 pm on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11427710 Wednesday}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11427710  19 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11427710 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11427710  2022 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11427710 Pitcairn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11427710 
 time (9.30 am on 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11427710 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11427710  2022 NZ time) at the Court in Adamstown via video-link to New Zealand.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid11427710 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [36]\tab}A few days earlier, by letter dated 14 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11427710 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11427710  2
022, Blackie CJ wrote to the Governor advising he (Blackie CJ) had been giving consideration to the process for his retirement and the appointment and swearing in of his successor on 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11427710 January}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11427710  2022.  After referencing his view there could not be two Chief Justices in office at the same time, Blackie CJ announced it was his intention to retire from the office of Chief Justice on 19 }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11427710 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11427710  2022 so that his successor could be appointed.  Addressing the fact he would consequently not have the status and power
 to swear in the new Chief Justice, Blackie CJ advised it would be appropriate for him to be appointed Acting Chief Justice until the incoming Chief Justice was sworn and had assumed the functions of office.  This would allow Blackie CJ to administer the 
oaths of office to the new Chief Justice as his last act on the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11427710 Pitcairn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11427710  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11427710 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11427710 .  Blackie CJ further advised the Governor such appointment would be in accordance with s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11427710 
52(2) of the Constitution, a provision which empowers the Governor, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11162413 acting with the advice of the Chief Justice, to appoint an acting judge of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11162413 
Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11162413 .  The full text of the 14 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11162413 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11162413  2022 letter follows:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11427710 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri522\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin720\itap0\pararsid8272292 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9965217 Your excellency,
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri522\sb120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin720\itap0\pararsid2651193 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9965217 RETIREMENT AS CHIEF JUSTICE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid9965217\charrsid9965217 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11162413 As my upcoming retirement draws closer, I have been giving consideration to the process for my retirement and the appointment and swearing in of my successor, scheduled for Thursday 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11162413 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11162413  2022.
\par As a matter of protocol there cannot be two Chief Justices at the same time.  I therefore propose to retire from the office of Chief Justice on this coming }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11162413 Wednesday}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11162413 , 19 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11162413 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11162413  2022, so that you may appoint my successor.  To cover the short interim period, and 
to allow me to swear in the new Chief Justice, I advise that it would be appropriate to appoint me from that date as Acting Chief Justice, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9965217 in accordance with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11162413 s}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11162413 52}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9965217 (2) of the Constitution until my successor is sworn in as Chief Justice and assumes the functi
ons of the office.  This will allow me to administer the oaths of the new Chief Justice as my last act for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9965217 Pitcairn Islands}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9965217  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9965217 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9965217 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11162413 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9965217 Yours sincerely}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9965217\charrsid9965217 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid9965217 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [37]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2052763 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9965217 On 16 }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9965217 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9965217  2022, citing the advice given by Blackie CJ, the Governor appointed Charles Stuart Blackie to be the \'93Acting Chief Justice\'94 of the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9965217 Pitcairn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9965217  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9965217 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9965217  with effect from 19 }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9965217 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9965217  2022 until the (incoming) Chief Justice assumed the functions of his office:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11427710\charrsid11427710 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qc \li720\ri522\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin720\itap0\pararsid8272292 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9965217 NOTICE OF APPOINTMENT OF ACTING CHIEF JUSTICE
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri522\sb120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin720\itap0\pararsid2651193 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9965217 PURSUANT TO sections 52(2) 
and 54(2) of the Constitution, and in accordance with the advice of the Chief Justice, I hereby appoint }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9965217 CHALES STUART BLACKIE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9965217 
, to be Acting Chief Justice of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9965217 Pitcairn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9965217  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9965217 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9965217 
 with effect from the 19}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid9965217\charrsid9965217 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9965217  day of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9965217 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9965217  2022 (NZ time), until the Chief Justice assumes the functions of the office.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4929520 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9965217 Dated at Wellington this 16}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid9965217\charrsid9965217 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9965217  day of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9965217 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9965217  2022
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7931887 [signature]
\par Laura Clarke
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7931887 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7931887 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7931887 Governor of Pitcairn
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid7931887 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [38]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2052763 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7931887 
Relevant to one of the points raised by Mr Warren is the fact that neither the Public Notice published in Adamstown by the Administrator nor that similarly published by the Deputy Registrar in Adamstown made reference to the resignation of Blackie CJ and 
his subsequent appointment as Acting Chief Justice.  In both notices the swearing in ceremony was described as having the purpose of the swearing in of Heath}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7931887 
CJ and Asher and Dobson JJA.  The Notice published by the Administrator did, however, state that the new appointments followed the retirement of Blackie CJ.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7931887 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7931887 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 The swearing in ceremony held on 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7931887 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7931887 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0  2022
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid7931887 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [39]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2052763 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7931887 On 20 }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7931887 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7931887  2022 a special Court sitting was held on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7931887 Pitcairn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7931887 
 with video-links to New Zealand.  The court was open to the public and at least 10 members of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7931887 Pitcairn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7931887 
 community attended, together with the Island Magistrate and Deputy Registrar.  Relevantly, Blackie CJ, Heath CJ and Asher JA appeared via the Auckland video-link while Dobson JA appeared by video-link from his home in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8272292 Wainui, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7931887 Gisborne.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid7931887 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [40]\tab}Blackie CJ presided during the first part of the sitting, making orders under ss}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7931887 15E and 15F of the Judicature (Courts) Ordinance and administering to Heath CJ the oath of allegiance as well as the judicial oath.  The appointm}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3367111 ent of Blackie CJ having at that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7931887 
 point consequently expired, no further part was played by him in the proceedings and Heath CJ, having entered upon the functions of his office, took over as the presiding judicial officer.  It was Heath CJ who thereupon at the same sittin
g administered the prescribed oaths to Asher and Dobson JJA.  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb480\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7931887 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7931887 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 The principal points made by mr warren
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid7931887 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [41]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2052763 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7931887 
It is convenient at this point to summarise the principal submissions made by Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7931887 Warren in respect of the narrated events:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2052763 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8272292 (a)\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3240132 
The advice given to the Governor by Blackie CJ that he (Blackie CJ) could be appointed Acting Chief Justice under s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3240132 
52(2) of the Constitution was wrong in law.  The appointment itself was unlawful.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7931887 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8272292 (b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3240132 \tab Blackie CJ did not himself, following his appointment as Acting Chief Justic
e or as an acting judge, take the oath of allegiance and the judicial oath and could not, in turn, lawfully administer those oaths of office to Heath CJ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8391529 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3240132 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8272292 (c)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8391529 \tab Section 47(2) of the Constitution required that the oaths of office taken by Heath CJ be adminis
tered by Lovell-Smith J, she being at the time the most senior judge of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8391529 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8391529 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8272292 (d)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8391529 \tab There was a failure to announce publicly the appointment of Blackie CJ as Acting Chief Justice.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid593889 The}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8391529  source of the duty to publish was said to be the common law as well as the constitutional right to freedom of expression.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid8667779 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [42]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2052763 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8667779 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8272292 respondents }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8667779 submit nothing done by the Governor or Blackie CJ was unlawful but should the Court find to the contrary, the Court ought to apply the doctrine that acts of a de facto officer are valid.  The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8272292 
respondents }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8667779 also submit that the issues are moot in that all oaths administered by Blackie CJ and Heath CJ on 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8667779 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8667779  2022 have subsequently been validly made before a different judicial officer (a point conceded by Mr Warren) and in 
none of the matters Mr Warren presently has before the Court will he be affected by the outcome of these present proceedings.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8391529 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid8667779 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [43]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8667779 
It is intended to first address the appointment of Blackie CJ as \'93Acting Chief Justice\'94 on 16 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8667779 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8667779  2022.  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb480\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8667779 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8667779 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 VALIDITY OF THE\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 
 16 JANUARY 2022 appointment OF BLACKIE CJ
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1856955 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8667779 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 Discussion 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid8667779 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [44]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2052763 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8667779 
The Notice of Appointment signed by the Governor on 16 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8667779 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8667779  2022 appointed Charles Stuart Blackie to be \'93Acting Chief Justice of the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8667779 Pitcairn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8667779  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8667779 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8667779 \'94 with effect from 19 }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8667779 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8667779  2022 unt
il the new Chief Justice assumed the functions of his office.  The Chief Justice referred to was of course Heath CJ, who was appointed by simultaneous but separate Notice on 16 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8667779 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8667779  2022.  By reason of s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8667779 52(5) of the Constitution he could not enter upon
 his functions of office until the requisite oaths had been made:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri521\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin720\itap0\pararsid8272292 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid936849 Appointment of judges and judicial officers }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8272292 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri522\sb120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin720\itap0\pararsid7107662 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8991210 52.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri522\sb120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8991210 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1402790 (5)\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8667779 
Before entering upon the functions of the office, every holder of a judicial office referred to in this section shall make an oath or affirmation of allegiance and the judicial oath or affirmation in the forms set out in the Schedule.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid8667779 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [45]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2052763 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8667779 
The office of \'93Acting Chief Justice\'94 is not recognised by the Constitution or by the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8667779 Pitcairn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8667779  Ordinances.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid8667779 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [46]\tab}However, the Chief Justice is a judge of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8667779 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8667779 .  See ss}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8667779 47(1) and 52(1)(a) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1199285 and (b) 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8667779 of the Constitution:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri521\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin720\itap0\pararsid936849 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid936849 Judges of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid936849\charrsid936849 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid936849 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri522\sb120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin720\itap0\pararsid8991210 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8991210 47.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8991210\charrsid936849 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-414\li1134\ri522\sb120\widctlpar\tx1134\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin1134\itap0\pararsid8991210 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8667779 (1)\tab The judges of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8667779 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8667779  shall be a Chief Justice and such number of other judges (if any) as may be prescribed by law.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri521\sb240\widctlpar\tx1701\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin720\itap0\pararsid2052763 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid936849 Appointment of judges and judicial officers 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri522\sb120\widctlpar\tx1701\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin720\itap0\pararsid8991210 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8991210 52.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-697\li1417\ri522\sb120\widctlpar\tx1418\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin1417\itap0\pararsid8991210 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1199285 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid936849 \tab 
The Governor, on instructions from His Majesty given through a Secretary of State, shall appoint\emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1199285 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li1985\ri522\sb120\widctlpar\tx1418\tx1701\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin1985\itap0\pararsid9258401 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1199285 (a)\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid936849 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9258401 the Chief Justice and any other judges of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9258401 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9258401 ; and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1199285 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-567\li1985\ri522\sb120\widctlpar\tx1418\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin1985\itap0\pararsid9258401 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1199285 (b)\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9258401 
the President of the Court of Appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1199285  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9258401 and the Justices of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1199285 Appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9258401 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1199285\charrsid1199285 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid1199285 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [47]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2052763 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1199285 
Section 48 of the Constitution further provides that not only the Chief Justice but also any other judge or acting judge may hold the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1199285 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1199285 .  It is }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1453260 also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1199285 provided that any judge (if not the Chief Justice) so holding the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1199285 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1199285  has, in exercise of the jurisdiction of that Court, the jurisdiction, powers, authority, privileges and immunities conferred on the Chief Justice:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14954808 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri521\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin720\itap0\pararsid936849 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid936849 Exercise of jurisdiction of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid936849\charrsid936849 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid936849 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri522\sb120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin720\itap0\pararsid8991210 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8991210 48.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri522\sb120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14232010 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9258401 (1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1199285 )\tab 
The Chief Justice or any other judge or acting judge of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1199285 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1199285  may hold the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1199285 Supreme Court}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1199285 .  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri522\sb120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin1440\itap0\pararsid936849 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1199285 (2)\tab A judge holding the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1199285 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1199285 
 has, in exercise of the jurisdiction of that Court, all the powers and authority of the Court, and, if not the Chief Justice, has the jurisdiction, powers, authority, privileges and immunities conferred on the Chief Justice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11237607   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1199285 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11237607 (3)\tab If, at any time, there are two or more judges who may hold the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11237607 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11237607 
, each of them may hold sittings of the Court simultaneously.
\par (4)\tab In this section \'93Chief Justice\'94 means the person holding the office of Chief Justice.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid11237607 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [48]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2052763 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11237607 
The question is whether the 16 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11237607 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11237607  2022 Notice appointing Blackie CJ as \'93Acting Chief Justice\'94
 is to be construed as an instrument appointing him either as a judge of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11237607 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11237607  or, in the alternative, as an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid11237607 acting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1453260  judge of that Court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11237607   Each possibility will be addressed in turn.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid11237607 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [49]\tab}Appointment of a judge of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11237607 
Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11237607  by the Governor is possible only on instructions from His Majesty given through a Secretary of State.  See s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11237607 52(1).  Whereas the receipt of such instructions is specifically recorded }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9258401 by the Governor }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11237607 
in the Notice of Appointment of Chief Justice relating to Heath CJ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8024746 , the simultaneous Notice given in respect of Blackie CJ refers only to the receipt }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9258401 
by the Governor }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8024746 of advice under s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8024746 
52(1) from Blackie CJ as Chief Justice, being advice given by him prior to his retirement on 19 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8024746 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8024746 
 2022.  In the admitted absence of instructions from His Majesty, it is not possible to construe the Notice appointing Blackie CJ as \'93Acting Chief Justice\'94 as an appointment as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9258401 Chief Justice or as }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8024746 a judge of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8024746 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8024746 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11237607 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid8024746 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [50]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8024746 The Governor nevertheless has power under s
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8024746 52(2) to appoint an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8024746 acting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8024746  judge of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8024746 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8024746  provided he or she does so in accordance with the advice of the Chief Justice and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9258401 further provided }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8024746 the numerical cap in s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8024746 
3(1) of the Judicature (Courts) Ordinance is not exceeded (Chief Justice plus up to four other judges or acting judges).  Instructions from His Majesty are not required.  In the present case advice pursuant to s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8024746 52(2) was given by Blackie CJ prior to his retirement from office}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16591881 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8024746 
 albeit the words used by both him in his advice and by the Governor in her Notice were \'93Acting Chief Justice\'94 instead of \'93acting judge\'94.  Nevertheless, the advice given was explicitly referenced by Blackie CJ and the Governor to s}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8024746 52(2).  I have concluded the divergence between \'93acting judge\'94 and \'93Acting Chief Justice\'94 is in the context of the case not material:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14232010 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9258401 (a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8024746 \tab The advice given by the Chief Justice expressly relied on s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8024746 52(2).  It is a provision which confers jurisdiction to appoint an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8024746 acting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8024746 
 judge.  It is the same provision explicitly cited by the Governor in her Notice of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330930 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8024746 
ppointment.  No other provision has been or could have been relied on to confer jurisdiction to appoint.  The reference by the Governor to s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8024746 
54(2) was for the different purpose of fixing the tenure of the acting judge.  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9258401 (b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8024746 \tab Notwithstanding the inaccuracy of the word \'93Chief\'94 in the title used by the Governor, the underlying legal reality was that an appointment under s}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8024746 52(2) as an acting judge had been advised and that advice had been acted on by the Governor.  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9258401 (c)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8024746 \tab While the title employed by the Governor could have been improved upon by deletion of the word \'93Chief\'94, the nomenclature chosen by her c
ould not invalidate an acting judge appointment which was within her jurisdiction to make.  In context the description \'93Acting Chief Justice\'94 is to be read as a condensed description of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3367111 
office and of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8024746 role intended to be played by Blackie CJ (as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8024746 acting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8024746  judge) at the 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8024746 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8024746  2022 sitting.  The label was not an attempt to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9258401 circumvent }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8024746 
the requirement that a Chief Justice or a judge of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330930 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330930  be appointed only on the instructions of His Majesty.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8024746 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9258401 (d)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330930 \tab Section 48 of the Constitution provides that an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid330930 acting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330930 
 judge may hold the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330930 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330930 
 and in doing so has, in exercise of the jurisdiction of that Court, all the powers and authority of the Court and if not the Chief Justice, the same jurisdiction, powers and authority as those conferred on the Chief Justice.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid330930 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [51]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx-11\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2052763 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330930 
It follows that subject to himself making the requisite oaths, Blackie CJ, as an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid330930 acting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330930  judge of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330930 
Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330930 , possessed via s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330930 48 of the Constitution the requisite power to hold the 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330930 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330930  2022 sitting and to administer the two oaths to Heath CJ.  Under s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid330930 48(2) he did not become the Chief Justice or \'93Acting Chief Justice\'94 but he did, in holding the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330930 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330930  on 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330930 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330930  2022, have \'93the jurisdiction, powers, authority, privileges and immunities conferred on the Chief Justice\'94.  It would appear this is what the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9258401 description \'93Acting Chief Justice\'94 employed by the Governor in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330930 Notice of Appointment was endeavouring to capture.  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1856955 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330930 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 Conclusion 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid330930 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [52]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2052763 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330930 
In the particular circumstances the Governor\rquote s Notice dated 16 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330930 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330930  2022 lawfully appointed Charles Stuart Blackie to be an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid330930 acting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330930  judge of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330930 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330930 
.  That, however, does not dispose of the challenge as there is still the matter of the oaths of office.  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1856955 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330930 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 the oaths of office
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9574620 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3897785 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 Discussion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330930 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid3897785 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [53]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2052763 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3897785 
The Constitution makes a clear distinction between appointment to office on the one hand and entering upon the functions of that office on the other.  Functions can only be entered upon after 
an oath or affirmation of allegiance as well as the judicial oath or affirmation in the forms set out in the Schedule to the Constitution have been made.  See s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3897785 52(5):  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri521\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin720\itap0\pararsid3897785 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3897785 Before entering upon the functions of the office, every holder of a judicial office re
ferred to in this section shall make an oath or affirmation of allegiance and the judicial oath or affirmation in the forms set out in the Schedule.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid3897785 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [54]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2052763 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3897785 
It is common ground that following his appointment as Chief Justice in 2000 Blackie CJ on 30 June 2000 made both the oath of allegiance and the judicial oath.  Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3897785 Warren\rquote s challenge to those oaths was dismissed in earlier proceedings.  See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3897785 Warren v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3897785  [2015] PICA 1 at [43]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16591881 \endash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3897785 [67] and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3897785 Warren v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3897785  [2014] PISC 1 at [185]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16591881 \endash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3897785 [226].  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid3897785 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [55]\tab}It is further common groun
d that following his retirement and subsequent appointment on 16 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3897785 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3897785  2022 as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3897785 acting}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3897785  judge, Blackie CJ made no further oath.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid3897785 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [56]\tab}
The issue for determination is whether this omission meant Blackie CJ was ineligible to enter upon the functions of the new office to which he had been appointed on 16 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3897785 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3897785  2022 and in particular, to preside during the first part of the sitting held on 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3897785 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3897785 
 2022, to make the orders under ss}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3897785 15E and 15F of the Judicature (Courts) Ordinance and most importantly, to admi
nister the two Schedule oaths to Heath CJ as the incoming Chief Justice.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid1453260 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [57]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1453260 While t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3897785 aking the point that the Constitution requires a judge to make both the oath of allegiance and the judicial oath, Mr Warren\rquote s submissions concentrated on the failure by Blackie CJ to make the judicial oath subsequent to the 16 }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3897785 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3897785 
 2022 appointment.  While it was acknowledged the original oath of allegiance made on 30 June 2000 arguably continued beyond retirement from office, it was submitted the judicial oath expired by virtue of that retirement.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid3897785 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [58]\tab}
The Crown accepts it would have been preferable had Blackie CJ sworn fresh oaths but there is no evidence he had acted otherwise than in conformity with the oaths made in 2000.  His new appointment in 2022 had the limite
d purpose of allowing him to preside over the first part of the swearing in ceremony until the incoming Chief Justice had assumed the functions of office.  It was not necessary for Blackie CJ to make fresh oaths as he would not himself be sitting as an ac
tive judge hearing and determining cases.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid3897785 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [59]\tab}
If accepted, the Crown submission would produce the result that a properly sworn presiding judge was not a necessary prerequisite to a sitting of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3897785 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3897785  convened for the purpose of ensuring the lawful transition from one Chief Justice to another.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12671458 
It is a submission which undervalues the judicial oath to a significant degree and is in my view untenable.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3897785 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1856955 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12671458 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 The judicial oath
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12671458 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [60]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2052763 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12671458 
As can be seen from the form of the oath prescribed by Schedule to the Const
itution, the judicial oath is expressly linked to the particular office to which the person making the oath has been appointed.  It follows that upon that office being vacated the obligations under the oath end as they are specific to that office.  The fo
rm of the prescribed judicial oath follows:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri521\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin720\itap0\pararsid12671458 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12671458\charrsid2825391 3.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12671458   Judicial Oath
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri522\sb120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin720\itap0\pararsid2825391 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12671458 I\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85
.do swear that I will well and truly serve His Majesty Charles the Third, His Heirs and Successors in the office of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2825391  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12671458 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85..\'85}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2825391 \'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12671458 and I will do right to all manner of people according to law, without fear or favour, affection or ill-will.  So help me God.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12671458 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [61]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2052763 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12671458 
Of such an oath the following commentaries by Lord Bingham of Cornhill and Lord Devlin respectively have been conveniently collected by Sir Grant Hammond in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1453260 Judicial Recusal:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid12671458  Principles, Process and Problems }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12671458 (Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2009) at 35:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qc \li720\ri522\sb120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin720\itap0\pararsid2651193 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12671458 THE JUDICIAL OATH}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12671458\charrsid12671458 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri522\sb120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin720\itap0\pararsid2651193 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12671458 In all common law jurisdiction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2825391 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12671458 , a judge takes a judicial oath on appointment.  A relatively common form is an oath to \lquote do right to all manner of people after the laws and 
usages of [this country] without fear or favour, affection or ill will\rquote .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12064953 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12671458 Lord Bingham of Cornhill has said of such an oath:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid14497083 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s25\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14497083 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs27\super\insrsid3622191 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3622191  \tab Footnote 6:  TH Bingham, \lquote Judicial Ethics\rquote  in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3622191 The Business of Judging:  Selected Essays and Speeches}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3622191  (Oxford, OUP, 2000) 69, 74.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6502671 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li1134\ri805\sb120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin805\lin1134\itap0\pararsid2651193 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12671458 
If one were to attempt a modern paraphrase, it might perhaps be that a judge must free himself of prejudice and partiality and so conduct himself, in court and out of it, a
s to give no ground for doubting his ability and willingness to decide cases coming before him solely on their legal and factual merits a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14497083 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12671458 
 they appear to him in the exercise of an objective, independent, and impartial judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12064953 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri522\sb120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin720\itap0\pararsid2651193 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14497083 In the view of another disti
nguished jurist, Lord Devlin, the essential function of a judge is to remove any sense of injustice.  This is something that would be more easily aroused by an apprehension of unequal treatment than by anything else.  As his Lordship put it in the fourth 
Chorley Lecture:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid14497083 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid3622191 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3622191  \tab Footnote 7:  P Devlin, \lquote The Judge as Lawmaker\rquote  in }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3622191 The Judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3622191  (Oxford, OUP, 1981) 3.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12064953 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li1134\ri805\sb120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin805\lin1134\itap0\pararsid2651193 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14497083 
The social service which the judge renders to the community is the removal of a sense of injustice.  To perform this service the essential quality which 
he needs is impartiality and next after that the appearance of impartiality.  I put impartiality before the appearance of it simply because without the reality the appearance would not endure.  In truth, within the context of service to the community the 
appearance is the more important of the two.  The judge who gives the right judgment while appearing not to do so may be thrice blessed in heaven, but on earth he is no use at all.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri522\sb120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin720\itap0\pararsid2825391 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2825391 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14497083 Footnote citations omitt}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2825391 ed other than footnotes 6 and 7)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14497083 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13315011 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [62]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2052763 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13315011 
The oath has been described as a \'93solemn commitment to independence and impartiality during judicial service\'94 and as \'93a continuous strong force for judicial neutrality\'94.  See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13315011 
Saxmere Co Ltd v Wool Board Disestablishment Co Ltd }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13315011 [2009] NZSC 72, [2010] 1 NZLR 35 (SC) at [105] per McGrath J:  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3757258 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri521\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin720\itap0\pararsid3757258 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3757258 O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14232878 n taking up }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3812267 an appointment, a judge is required to take an oath to \'93
do right to all manner of people after the laws and usages of New Zealand without fear or favour, affection or ill will}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4939726 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3812267 
.  The importance of that solemn commitment
 to independence and impartiality during judicial service is substantial.  Adherence to that responsibility is a fundamental aspect of judicial integrity, commitment to which is the guiding principle in every decision that a judge takes.  The oath is acco
rdingly a continuous strong force }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14232878 for judicial neutrality. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3757258 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3812267 (Footnote citation omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2716867 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3757258 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3757258 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 Whether judicial oaths required to be made
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid3757258 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [63]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2052763 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3757258 
The Crown\rquote s submission that a judicial oath was not required because Blackie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3757258 CJ would not be called to \'93active judicial services\'94
 misses the point.  The solemn commitment to independence and impartiality during judicial service required by the judicial oaths and underpinned by s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3757258 
44 of the Constitution is a constant and does not vary or diminish according to the occasi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2972488 on.  Judicial service is an all-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3757258 
embracing term.  It includes presiding at a swearing in ceremony and administering the oaths of office to a new judge.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid3757258 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [64]\tab}
This was not a case where Blackie CJ, as the departing Chief Justice, continued in office up to the point t
he incoming Chief Justice took the oaths of office.  Instead the departing Chief Justice had in the present case elected to resign in advance of the sitting and had advised the Governor to appoint him to the different position of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3757258 acting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3757258  judge.  If it was i
ntended that he preside during the first part of the sitting so that he could administer the oaths of office to the new Chief Justice, Blackie CJ was required to first comply with the mandatory requirements of s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3757258 52(5) of the Constitution and himself make those same oaths.  In short, a fresh position required a fresh oath.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3367111 
See also the analogous decision in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3367111 Williamson c Cour du Qu\'e9bec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3367111  2004 Can}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9191330 
Lii 30899 (QC CS) at [50] in which it was held that upon reappointment, retired judges were required to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1453260 re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9191330 take the judicial oath.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3757258 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid3757258 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [65]\tab}Consideration has been given to s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3757258 22 of the Judicature (Courts) Ordinance which identifies those persons who have power to administer oaths.  The list includes \'93any judge\'94:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri521\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin720\itap0\pararsid2972488 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3757258 The following persons shall have power to administer oaths and take affidavits}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9710427 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3757258  declarations and affirmations:

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri522\sb120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin720\itap0\pararsid2651193 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3757258 (a)\tab any Judge or Magistrate;
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri521\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin720\itap0\pararsid2972488 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3757258 (b)\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9710427 
any Registrar or Deputy Registrar;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3757258 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri521\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2972488 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9710427 (c)\tab any 
officer of the court designated in that behalf by a Judge or Magistrate;
\par (d)\tab the Governor, Deputy Governor, or Administrator;
\par (e)\tab any other officer of the Pitcairn Public Service designated in that behalf by the Governor.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid9710427 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [66]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2052763 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9710427 
The Constitution, s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9710427 61, and the Inte}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid946886 rpretation and General Clauses O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9710427 rdinance, s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9710427 2(1), define \'93judge\'94 as follows:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3757258 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri521\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin720\itap0\pararsid9710427 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9710427 \'93judge\'94 means the Chief Justice or another judge of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9710427 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9710427 
, the President of the Court of Appeal, a Justice of Appeal, or an acting judge of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9710427 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9710427 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid9710427 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [67]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2052763 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9710427 
These provisions are silent on the question whether a judge proposing to adm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid946886 inister an oath must him or her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9710427 self have not only 
been appointed as a judge (or acting judge) but to have also taken the oaths mandated by s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9710427 52(5) of the Constitution.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid9710427 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [68]\tab}
In my view there can be but one answer to this question.  The administration of an oath is a function of office for all judges as d
efined in the provisions referred to.  The conditions precedent to the performance of that function are that the judge administering the oath has not only been appointed to the office of judge but also that the judge has entered upon the functions of his 
or her office.  This latter condition can only be satisfied by making the oaths mandated by s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9710427 52(5) of the Constitution.  Section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid946886  22 of the Judicature (Courts) O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9710427 rdinance could not on its own authorise an unsworn Blackie CJ to administer the oaths of office to Heath CJ on 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9710427 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9710427  2022.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1856955 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9710427 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 Conclusion
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid9710427 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [69]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2052763 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9710427 
Subject to application of the de facto officer doctrine (an issue addressed later in this decision), it is concluded that while Blackie CJ was validly appointed an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9710427 acting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9710427  judge of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9710427 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9710427 , his omission to make in respect of that office the oaths required by s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9710427 52(5) of the Constitution meant he could not enter upon the functions of that office.  In particular he could not hold any part of the sitting of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9710427 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9710427  on 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9710427 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9710427  2022 and could n
ot administer the oaths of office to Heath CJ.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\sl-400\slmult0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1856955 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16728106 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9258401 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid946886 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9710427 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 47(2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9191330 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9258401 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 48}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9710427 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0  of the Constitution 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid16728106 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [70]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2052763 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16728106 
Mr Warren further submits it was inappropriate, unconstitutional and self-serving for Blackie CJ to advise the Governor that it would be appropriate to appoint him (Blackie CJ) to swear in his successor.  Rather it was a requirement of s}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16728106 47(2)(a) of the Constitution that the judicial oaths be administered by Lovell-Smith J as the most senior judge of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16728106 
Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16728106 .  The letter of advice dated 14 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16728106 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16728106  2022 f
rom Blackie CJ failed to draw the attention of the Governor to s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16728106 47}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid946886 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16728106  which Mr Warren submits was the principal relevant section applicable in the circumstances.  The requested appointment was no more than \'93a whim or impulse\'94 and an abuse of office, breachi
ng the separation of powers.  Blackie CJ could have simply stayed in office, not retired and resigned when the new Chief Justice took office.  Blackie CJ either misread the Constitution or did not read it in full.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid16728106 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [71]\tab}Lovell-Smith J did not attend the sitting of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16728106 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16728106  on 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16728106 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16728106 
 2022.  Presumably this was because she had other judicial duties to attend to in her capacity as a judge of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16728106 District Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16728106 
 of New Zealand.  However, there is nothing to suggest she could not have attended the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16728106 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16728106  had appropriate arrangements been made.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16728106 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16728106 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 Discussion \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  section 47 of the Constitution
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid16728106 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [72]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2052763 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16728106 
Mr Warren is not correct in submitting that the main provision applicable is s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16728106 47(2) of the Constitution.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid16728106 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [73]\tab}Section 47 is in Part 6 of the Constitution
 which addresses the Administration of Justice.  The sections in this Part must be read together in harmony as they have the unified purpose of constituting courts, appointing judges and administering the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16728106 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16728106  and Court of Appeal.  Section 47(1) declares that the judges of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16728106 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16728106  are the Chief Justice and such number of other judges as may be prescribed by law.  As earlier mentioned, the cap set by s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16728106 
3 of the Judicature (Courts) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid946886 O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16728106 rdinance is the Chief Justice and up to four other judges 
or acting judges.  Subsections (4) and (5) stipulate the qualifications required to be held by any appointee.  Those subsections are not in issue in these proceedings.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid16728106 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [74]\tab}Subsections (2) and (3) do, however, require examination because they do not have t
he relevance asserted by Mr Warren.  The purpose of both provisions is to specify who is to perform the functions of the office of the Chief Justice when the Chief Justice is unable to perform those functions (the term \'93functions of office\'94 or \'93
functions\'94 
or variations thereof appear no fewer than six times in the two subsections).  The provisions anticipate such inability may arise because the office of Chief Justice is vacant, or the Chief Justice has not assumed or is for any reason unable to perform th
e functions of that office.  It is unmistakeable that the purpose of these provisions is to ensure continuity of the performance of the functions of office of the Chief Justice.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid16728106 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [75]\tab}The functions of office may be performed by (to summarise) the next most s
enior judge of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16728106 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1181906  or by an acting judge authorised by the Governor to perform those functions.  The section in full provides:  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16728106 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri521\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin720\itap0\pararsid5768680 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5768680 Judges of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5768680\charrsid5768680 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5768680 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri522\sb120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5768680 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9258401\charrsid8991210 47.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid8991210\charrsid8991210 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1181906 (1)\tab The judges of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1181906 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1181906 
 shall be a Chief Justice and such number of other judges (if any) as may be prescribed by law.
\par (2)\tab If the office of Chief Justice is vacant, or the Chief Justice has not assumed, or is for any reason unable to perform the functions of, that office, those functions may be performed by\emdash 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li2160\ri522\sb120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin2160\itap0\pararsid5768680 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1181906 (a)\tab the next most senior judge of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1181906 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1181906  in terms of the date of his or her appointment; or
\par (b)\tab if there is no such judge, or if for any reason no such judge is able to perform the functions of the office of Chief Justice, then, unless this Constitution otherwise provides, those functions may be performed by an acting judge of the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1181906 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1181906  authorised to perform those functions by the Governor.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri522\sb120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7997630 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1181906 (3)\tab If\emdash 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li2160\ri522\sb120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin2160\itap0\pararsid5768680 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7997630 (a)\tab 
in the circumstances described in subsection (2), there is no judge who can perform the functions of the office of Chief Justice;  or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1181906 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li2160\ri522\sb120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin2160\itap0\pararsid7997630 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7997630 (b)\tab the state of the business of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7997630 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7997630  makes it desirable that an additional person should be appointed by whom the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7997630 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7997630  may be held,
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li1440\ri522\sb120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7997630 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7997630 
the Governor may decide that an acting judge should be appointed to hold the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7997630 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7997630 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri522\sb120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7997630 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7997630 (4)\tab 
A person shall not be qualified for appointment as the Chief Justice or any other judge or acting judge of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7997630 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7997630  unless\emdash 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li2160\ri522\sb120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin2160\itap0\pararsid7997630 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7997630 (a)\tab 
he or she is, or has been, a judge of a court having unlimited jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters in some part of the Commonwealth or in Ireland, or a court having jurisdiction in appeals from any such court;  or
\par (b)\tab he or she is entitled to practise as an advocate in such a court and has been entitled for not less than seven years to practise as an advocate or solicitor in such a court.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri522\sb120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7997630 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7997630 (5)\tab For the purposes of subsection (4), a
 person shall be regarded as an advocate or a solicitor if he or she has been called, enrolled or otherwise admitted as such (and has not subsequently been disbarred or removed from the roll of advocates or solicitors) notwithstanding that\emdash 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li2160\ri522\sb120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin2160\itap0\pararsid7997630 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7997630 (a)\tab he or she h
olds or acts in any office the holder of which is, by reason of his or her office, precluded from practising in a court;  or
\par (b)\tab he or she does not hold a practising certificate or has not satisfied any other like condition of being permitted to practise.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid7997630 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [76]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2052763 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7997630 
The phrase \'93functions of the office\'94 is of course found also in s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7997630 52(5) which requires }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14909132 
that before entering upon the functions of his or her office a judge must make the oath of allegiance and the judicial oath.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7997630 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14909132 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [77]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14909132 Examples of the functions of the
 office of Chief Justice referred to in the Constitution included making Rules of Court (s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14909132 25(12)), giving advice to the Governor on various matter}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9258401 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14909132  (ss}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14909132 43(4) and 52(2)), approving the seal of the Court (s}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14909132 45(4)), holding the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14909132 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14909132  (s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14909132 48) and being a member of the Court of Appeal ex officio (s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14909132 
49(2)).  Examples under the Judicature (Courts) Ordinance include giving advice to the Governor regarding rules of court (s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14909132 
20) and consulting with the Governor regarding the appointment of Registrars and other officers (s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14909132 
21(1)).  Applications under the Legal Practitioners Ordinance require approval by the Chief Justice.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14909132 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [78]\tab}The facts of the case do not engage s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14909132 47(2) and (3).  There was no cause for anyone to perform the functions of the office of Chief Justice during the first part of the ceremonial sitting held on 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14909132 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14909132  2022.  There is no requirement in the Constitution that the oaths of office of the incoming Chief Justice be administered by the outgoing Chief Justice.  As will be shown, s}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14909132 48(1) and (2) permit any judge or acting judge (of which Blackie CJ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5768680  was one}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14909132 ) of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14909132 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14909132  to perform that function.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14909132 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14909132 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 Discussion \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  section 48 of the Constitution 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14909132 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [79]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2052763 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14909132 While s
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14909132 47(2) and (3) address who may perform the functions of the office of the Chief Justic
e in what might loosely be described as his or her absence, they do not address the functioning of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14909132 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14909132 
 (and its judges and acting judges) when the office of Chief Justice is vacant or the Chief Justice has not assumed or is for any reason unable to perform the functions of office.  This gap is filled by s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14909132 48 of the Constitution which provides:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri521\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin720\itap0\pararsid5768680 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5768680 Exercise of jurisdiction of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5768680\charrsid5768680 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5768680 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri522\sb120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5768680 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4932773\charrsid8156157 48.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid8156157\charrsid8156157 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14909132 (1)\tab The Chief Justice or any other judge or acting judge of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14909132 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14909132  may hold the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14909132 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14909132 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri522\sb120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14909132 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14909132 (2)\tab A judge holding the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14909132 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14909132  has, in exercise of the jurisdiction of that Court, all the powers and authority of the Court, and, if not the Chief
 Justice, has the jurisdiction, powers, authority, privileges and immunities conferred on the Chief Justice.
\par (3)\tab If, at any time, there are two or more judges who may hold the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14909132 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14909132 , each of them may hold sittings of the Court simultaneously.
\par (4)\tab In this section \'93Chief Justice\'94 means the person holding the office of Chief Justice.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10683367 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [80]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2052763 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367 
While the purpose of s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367 47(2) and (3) is to ensure continuity of the performance of the functions of office of the Chief Justice, the purpose of s}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367 48 is to ensure the continued and uninterrupted functioning of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10683367  itself notwithstanding the absence of a Chief Justice due to that office being vacant or, as here, because the incoming Chief Justice ha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1453260 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367 
 not yet assumed the functions of office.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14909132 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10683367 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [81]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367 In such circumstances s}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367 48 provides that any other judge or acting judge of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367 
 may hold the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367 
.  A judge so holding the Court has, in the exercise of that jurisdiction, all the powers and authority of that Court and importantly in the present case, if not the Chief Justice, also has the \'93
jurisdiction, powers, authority, privileges and immunities conferred on the Chief Justice\'94.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10683367 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [82]\tab}To underline that the legislative intent is to ensure the continued functioning of the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367  notwithstanding the absence of a Chief Justice (for any reason), s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367 48(3) allows two or more judges to hold sittings simultaneously.  It is to be remembered also that s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367 48(1) makes it clear that 
\'93judge\'94 includes }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10683367 acting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367  judge.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10683367 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [83]\tab}The separate functions of s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367 47(2) and (3) on the one hand and s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367 
48 on the other must not be conflated.  Their distinct purposes must be seen as part of a coherent and logical legislative scheme which allows for the continued administration of justice and functioning of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10683367 Pitcairn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367  in the absence of a Chief Justice.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10683367 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 Conclusion
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10683367 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [84]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2052763 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367 
The primary provision governing the determination of \'93who could do what\'94 at the 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367  2022 sitting was s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367 48 of the Constitution, not s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367 47(2).  Had he himself taken the oaths of office in respec
t of his newly appointed position of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10683367 acting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367  judge, Blackie CJ would have had the power to hold the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367 
Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367  sitting on 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367 
 2022 and to administer the oaths of office.  However, as no fresh oaths had in fact been made by him prior to the sitting, he had not entered upon the functions of his new (acting) office and therefore had no jurisdiction or power to hold the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367  on that date.  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10683367 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 The criticisms made of Blackie CJ
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10683367 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [85]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2052763 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367 
It is necessary at this point to address the at times harsh criticisms }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1453260 of Blackie CJ }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367 made by Dr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367 Ellis.  The written submissions (repeated in oral argument) included assertions that by his letter dated 14 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367 
 2022 addressed to the Governor, Blackie CJ had not only wrongly invited the Governor to appoint himself to a 
position which did not exist, the invitation was unconstitutional, an abuse of office breaching the separation of powers and involved the Chief Justice acting in his own cause.  The \'93requested\'94 appointment was no more than \'93a whim or impulse\'94
 which Dr Ellis defined as \'93a sudden wish to do or have something, especially when it is something unusual or unnecessary\'94.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4932773 The advice given to the Governor was characterised as \'93strange\'94.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10683367 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [86]\tab}It was said Blackie CJ could have remained in office and resigned when th
e new Chief Justice took office and that the logical inference was that Blackie CJ had not read Part 6 of the Constitution in full.  He had made no mention of s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10683367 47(2) when tendering advice to the Governor and she, in turn, had not recognised it would be in
appropriate to rely on advice which would see Blackie CJ himself being appointed.  The advice was also unreasonable given the separation of powers doctrine.  The constitutional power was created to fill a genuine vacancy, not to allow a Chief Justice to l
obby for his own }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14037722 appointment, usurping other lawful rights on a whim.  In particular Blackie CJ and the Governor jointly usurped the position of Lovell-Smith J as senior judge of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14037722 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14037722  to carry out the functions of Chief Justice, including the swearing in.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683367 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid4932773 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [87]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4932773 
It was submitted the Notice of Appointment of Acting Chief Justice had been effectively kept secret and it was \'93surprising\'94 Blackie CJ had not commented on this in his memorandum dated 19 September 2022.  A further reference to \'93
unannounced secret appointments\'94 was accompanied by the phrase \'93arbitrary decisions to lobby for your own short-term appointment\'94.  Reference was also made to a judge who \'93thought he was getting a sinecure\'94 and his failure \'93
to take in hand\'94 training for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4932773 Pitcairn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4932773  judiciary.  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14037722 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14037722 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 Discussion
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14037722 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [88]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2052763 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14037722 
The language in which these criticisms have been framed is not justified.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14037722 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [89]\tab}Read fairly and in context the letter and advice of 14 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14037722 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14037722  2022 plainly shows that after }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8658690 22 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14037722 
years in office, Blackie CJ understandably wished to ensure a smooth and seamless transition to his successor.  It would most certainly have been much simpler had Blackie CJ not resigned as C
hief Justice until Heath CJ had taken the oaths of office and consequently entered upon the functions of that office.  But the fact that Blackie CJ chose a different path does not justify the use of harsh, if not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4932773 severe }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14037722 language.  He honestly turned his mind to the process and acted in good faith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5768680 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14037722 
 coming to a solution regarding the problems he perceived would ensue should two Chief Justices hold office at the same time.  In turn, the Governor acted honestly and in good faith in acting on the advice given to her.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14037722 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [90]\tab}One of Mr Warren\rquote 
s key arguments is that the main provision which had application at the 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14037722 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14037722  2022 sitting was s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14037722 47(2) of the Constitution.  It is submitted that under this provision it was Lovell-Smith J who was competent to administer th
e oaths of office to Heath CJ, not Blackie CJ.  For the reasons given in this judgment, this interpretation of the Constitution is wrong and is rejected.  It has also been held that on the facts nothing of significance turns on employment of the phrase 
\'93acting Chief Justice\'94 instead of \'93acting judge\'94.  These findings dispose of a number of the \'93constitutional\'94
 objections which are the context within which the unfortunate choice of language appears.  But the matter of the criticisms will be returned to when the issue of mootness is considered.  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\sl-400\slmult0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10956185 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14037722 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 the de facto officer doctrine
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14037722 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [91]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2052763 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14037722 
The next issue is the Crown\rquote s submission that any want of authority by Blackie CJ at the sitting held on 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14037722 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14037722 
 2022 is overcome by the de facto officer doctrine.  Mr Warren submits the doctrine does not apply in this case.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14037722 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14037722 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 Discussion
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14037722 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [92]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2052763 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14037722 
The de facto officer doctrine is a longstanding doctrine of the common law.  It has been summarised by Wade }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2052763 & }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14037722 Forsyth }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid14037722 Administrative Law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14037722  (1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5862121 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid14037722\charrsid14037722 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10643843  ed, Oxford, 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5862121 23}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10643843 ) at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2884424 220-222}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14037722 
 in the following terms:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri521\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin720\itap0\pararsid14037722 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5899842 In one class of cases there is a long-standing doctrine that collateral challenge is not to be allow
ed:  where there is some unknown flaw in the appointment or authority of some officer or judge.  The acts of the officer or judge may be held to be valid in law even though }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5862121 their }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5899842 own appointment is invalid and in truth }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5862121 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5899842 he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5862121 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5899842  ha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5862121 ve}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5899842  no legal power at all.  The logic of annulling all }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5862121 their }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5899842 acts has to yield to the desirability of upholding them where }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5862121 they have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5899842 acted in the office under a general supposition of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5862121 their }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5899842 competence to do so.  In such a case }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5862121 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5899842 he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5862121 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5899842  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5862121 are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5899842 called an officer or judge de facto, as opposed to 
an officer or judge de jure.  The doctrine is firmly based in the public policy of protecting the public\rquote s confidence in the administration of justice.  It is a well-established exception to the ultra vires rule.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14037722 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10643843 (Footnote citations omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5899842 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid5899842 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [93]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10110101 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5899842 The sec
ond and third sentences from this quote were explicitly approved in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5899842 Fawdry and Co v Murfitt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10643843  [2002] EWCA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4932773 Civ}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5899842  643, [2003] QB 104 at [18] per Hale LJ, with whom Sedley and Ward LJJ agreed.  The doctrine was applied again in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5899842 Coppard v Customs and Excise Commissioners}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5899842  [2003] EWCA C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4932773 iv}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5899842  511, [2003] QB 1428 at [15] per Sedley LJ delivering the decision of the Court.  In }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5899842 Warren v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5899842  [2015] PICA 1 at [61]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10643843 \endash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14830930 [67] the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14830930 Pitcairn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14830930  Court of Appeal considered and applied the doctrine in the context of Mr Warren\rquote s earlier unsucce
ssful challenge to the validity of the original appointment of Blackie CJ as Chief Justice in 2000.  Both }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14830930 Fawdry}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14830930  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid14830930 Coppard}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14830930  were referred to.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5899842 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14830930 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [94]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14830930 As explained in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14830930 Fawdry}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14830930 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14830930 Coppard}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14830930  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14830930 Warren}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14830930 , the doctrine requires that the de facto holder of the office have some basis for his or her assumption of office (variously expressed as \'93colourable title\'94 or \'93colourable authority\'94
) but must not be a mere \'93usurper\'94 who is known to have no such colourable authority.  The doctrine depends upon the judge de facto having been generally thought to be competent to act and treated as such by those coming before him or her.  See }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14830930 Fawdry}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14830930  at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13001239 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14830930 21}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13001239 ]}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14830930  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13001239 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14830930 22}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13001239 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14830930 :

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri521\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6824500 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf19\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14830930 21.\tab \'85 the authorities show that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14830930 de facto}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14830930  offic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6121192 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14830930 r must have some basis for his assumption of office, variously expressed as \lquote colourable title\rquote  or \lquote 
colourable authority\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6121192 .  Quite what suffices for that purpose has been debated \'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14830930 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri521\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14830930 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6121192 22.\tab 
But the judge must not be a mere usurper who is known to have no such colourable authority.  The doctrine depends upon his having been generally thought to be competent to act and treated as such by those coming before him. \'85
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid6121192 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [95]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10110101 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6121192 
The doctrine applies even when the office to which the judge has been purportedly appointed does not exist.  See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6121192 In re Aldridge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6121192 
 (1897) 15 NZLR 361 (NZCA) at 366, cited with approval in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6121192 Fawdry}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6121192  at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13001239 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6121192 23}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13001239 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6121192 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid6121192 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [96]\tab}It was said by Hale LJ in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6121192 Fawdry}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6121192  at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4932773 [30]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6121192  that the dividing line between what is and is not sufficient \'93colour\'94
 in borderline cases may not be as clear as one would like but the point did not arise for decision in that case.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid6121192 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [97]\tab}However, it did arise in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6121192 Coppard}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6121192 .  The conclusion reached at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13001239 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6454158 18}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13001239 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6454158  was that the principle does not validate the acts of someone who knows, although the litigants do not, that he or s
he has no authority to adjudicate.  A person who knows he or she lacks authority includes a person who has shut his or her eyes to the fact when it is obvious.  But it does not include a person who has simply neglected to find it out:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6121192 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri521\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin720\itap0\pararsid2972488 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2972488 \'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6454158   We would hold that
 the de facto doctrine cannot validate the acts, nor therefore ratify the authority, of a person who, though believed by the world to be a judge of the court in which he sits, knows that he is not.  We accept, on well known principles, that a person who k
nows he lacks authority includes a person who has shut his eyes to that fact when it is obvious, but not a person who has simply neglected to find it out.  We will call such a person a usurper.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid6454158 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [98]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10110101 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6454158 
In the present case the issue is whether Blackie CJ, having omitted to take the oaths of office prescribed for an acting judge of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6454158 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6454158 
, shut his eyes to his lack of authority to hold the sitting on 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6454158 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6454158 
 2022 and to administer the oaths of office to Heath CJ, or whether he genuinely believed he possessed the necessary judicial authority.  If the latter, he is to be regarded in law as possessing such authority.  See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid6454158 Coppard}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6454158  at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13001239 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6454158 32}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13001239 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6454158 .  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid6454158 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [99]\tab}Of most relevance to these issues are the t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4932773 
wo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6454158  letters }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4932773 and one Memorandum }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6454158 from Blackie CJ which have been rece
ived in evidence.  They are dated 19 July 2021, 14 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6454158 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6454158  2022 and 19 September 2022 respectively.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid6454158 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [100]\tab}They show that after Blackie CJ wrote to the Governor on 19 July 2021}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12002750  reminding her he would reach the mandatory retirement age on 21 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12002750 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12002750  2022 a p
rocess was put in place to appoint a successor, as well as new appointees to the Court of Appeal.  On or about 8 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12002750 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12002750 
 2022 Blackie CJ received confirmation from the Office of the Attorney-General that instructions had been received from Her Majesty via 
the Secretary of State to make the appointments recommended by Blackie CJ and the Attorney-General.  This, in turn, led to the letter dated 14 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12002750 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12002750 
 2022 sent by Blackie CJ to the Governor in advance of the Court sitting which had already been scheduled for 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12002750 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12002750 
 2022.  To avoid two Chief Justices holding office at the same time he (Blackie CJ) told the Governor he intended resigning shortly in advance of the sitting and advised the Governor it would be appropriate were he (Blackie CJ) to be appointed under s}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12002750 52(2) of the Constitution as Acting Chief Justice to bridge the gap.  This would allow Blackie CJ as his last act for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12002750 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12002750 , to administer the oaths of office to the new Chief Justice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6454158 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12002750 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [101]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12002750 
It is plain from this evidence that throughout the transition process Blackie CJ was concerned to ensure his impending retirement did not disrupt the work of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12002750 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12002750 , a concern he applied generally to all of the courts of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12002750 Pitcairn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12002750 
 as evidenced by the joint recommendations made in respect of appointments to the Court of Appeal and in which he participated.  He also correctly advised the Governor that any appointment as an acting judge had to be made under s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12002750 52(
2) of the Constitution.  The only substantive error made was his failure to make again the judicial oath and the oath of allegiance in respect of his new office of acting judge.  This error was plainly an inadvertent oversight.  It is understandable }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9191330 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12002750 i
t could be mistakenly assumed both of the earlier oaths made on appointment in 2000 would have continuing effect, especially given one of those oaths (the oath of allegiance) arguably }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4939726 continued to have }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4932773 legal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4939726 effect }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12002750 notwithstanding the act of resignation.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12002750 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12002750 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 C\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 onclusion
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12002750 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [102]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10110101 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12002750 
My conclusion is that Blackie CJ was not a person who knew he lacked authority or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1453260 who had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12002750 
shut his eyes to the fact when it was obvious.  He neither knew nor ought to have known }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4932773 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12002750 in the sense that he was ignoring the obvious or failing to m
ake obvious inquiries}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4932773 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12002750  that he was not authorised to exercise judicial functions at the sitting held on 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12002750 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12002750  2022.  The failure to identify that the Constitution required fresh oaths of office was an inadvertent oversight by a conscientious Chief Justice whose }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8658690 22 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12002750 year term in office was about to end.  He genuinely acted in the office under a general supposition of his competence to do so.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12002750 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [103]\tab}As stated by Hale LJ in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12002750 Fawdry}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12002750  at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13001239 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12002750 22}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13001239 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12002750 
, the doctrine also depends upon the judge in fact (de facto) having b
een generally thought to be competent to act and treated as such by those coming before him or her.  In the present case there can be no doubt that all those in attendance at the sitting, including the incoming Chief Justice, believed Blackie CJ to be com
petent to act in his judicial office.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12002750 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [104]\tab}
This is not a case of usurpation, nor one of lack of the requisite competence or qualification.  On established principles of law, Blackie CJ was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7234402  a judge-in-fact of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7234402 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7234402  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1453260 his actions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7234402 during the first part of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1453260 sitting on 20 January 2022 are to be regarded as valid in law.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12002750 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid7234402 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [105]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7234402 
In reaching this conclusion sight has not been lost of Mr Warren\rquote s reliance on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7234402 Kutlu v Director of Professional Services Review}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7234402 
 [2011] FCAFC 94.  That decision is distinguishable.  On the facts it was held at [47]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6824500 \endash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1916274 [48]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7234402 
 and [119] that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4932773 de facto officer }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7234402 doctrine had been overridden by the particular statute}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6824500 
 there under consideration.  Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7234402 
Warren relies on the fact that in his separate but concurring decision Flick J at [119] was less than enthusiastic about the doctrine, stating that \'93caution\'94
 was required.  Doubt was expressed whether earlier decisions in which the doctrine had been applied would be decided in the same manner today.  The decision in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7234402 In re Aldridge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7234402  was explicitly cited as one such case:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri521\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin720\itap0\pararsid10116925 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10116925 Although the doctrine may thus be regarded as part of the common law, caution must nevertheless be exercised when applying the doctrine.  The decision in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10116925 
In Re Aldridge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10116925  is an early instance where the doctrine was successfully invoked with the consequence that even the liberty of the subject was not sufficient to displace the doctrine\rquote 
s operation.  Perhaps persons acting as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10116925 de facto}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10116925  judges may still be able to bring themselves within the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10116925 
de facto officers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10116925  doctrine.  But times have unquestionably changed.  Although the doctrine survives, it may be doubted whether some of the earlier decisions would be decided in the same manner today.  Even
 though the doctrine may still survive, its ambit of operations \endash  like other common law doctrines \endash 
 must necessarily yield to either an express legislative provision precluding its operation or by a sufficiently clear legislative intention that may be discerned by a proper construction of the statutory provisions as a whole.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7234402 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid4932773 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [106]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10110101 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4932773 T}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10116925 he decisive point about }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10116925 Kutlu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10116925  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4932773 its }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10116925 relevance to the present case is that by virtue of s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10116925 42 of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10116925 Pitcairn}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10116925  Constitution this Court must necessarily apply English, not Australian law.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10116925 Fawdry}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10116925 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10116925 Coppard}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10116925  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10116925 Warren}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10116925 
 are binding on this Court.  Further, neither of the judgments in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10116925 Kutlu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10116925  makes reference to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10116925 Fawdry}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10116925  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10116925 Coppard}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10116925  notwithstanding those decisions were decid
ed only nine and eight years respectively prior to the 2011 judgment in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10116925 Kutlu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10116925  and notwithstanding both English decisions cite }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10116925 In re Aldridge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10116925  with approval.  See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10116925 Fawdry}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10116925  at [22]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6824500 \endash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10116925 [29] and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10116925 Coppard}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10116925  at [16] and [21].  Flick J makes no reference to the}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4932773 se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10116925  circumstances and neither does the majority judgment.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid1916274 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [107]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1916274 
For these reasons the obiter comments made by Flick J in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1916274 Kutlu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1916274  are of no assistance.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb480\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1916274 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1916274 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 no public announcement of appointment 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1916274 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1916274 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 The submission based on the common law
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid1916274 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [108]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10110101 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1916274 
A further submission made by Mr Warren was that no announcement was made of the appointment of the \'93purported Acting Chief Justice, or the Chief Justice\rquote s new status\'94
.  It was said that under the common law secret appointments are contrary to the rule of law.  Not promulgating the appointment was a breach of the rule of law and a breach of access to justice.  Reliance was placed on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid1916274 R (Anufrijeva) v Secretary of State for the Home Department }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1916274 [2003] UKHL 36, [2004] 1 AC 604, in which the majority held that notification of a decision which wa
s consequent on the rejection of an asylum claim was necessary before it took effect.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid1916274 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [109]\tab}
The Crown accepts the principle but disputes application because the circumstances in Mr Warren\rquote s case are very different.  In addition the Crown submits there is no general obligation to publish information.  The Constitution (s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1916274 39(1)) requires only the publication of all laws made by the Governor.  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1916274 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1916274 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 The common law \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  discussion 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid1916274 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [110]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10110101 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1916274 
The Crown submission is correct.  The decision on Miss Anufrijeva\rquote s asylum claim
 was about her personally and had a direct impact on her rights.  Her income support was withdrawn by an internal note on a departmental file with legal effect from a date prior to communication of the decision.  The majority judgment at [24] records that
 
the practice of not notifying asylum seekers of the fact of withdrawal of income support had been consistently and deliberately adopted.  There was no rational explanation for such a policy.  It was in this context that Lord Steyn, delivering the majority
 of the decision, stated at [26]:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri521\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin720\itap0\pararsid12795348 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12795348 \'85
  Notice of a decision is required before it can have the character of a determination with legal effect because the individual concerned must be in a position to challenge the decision in the courts if he or she wishes to
 do so.  This is not a technical rule.  It is simply an application of the right of access to justice.  That is a fundamental and constitutional principle of our legal system.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12795348 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [111]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10110101 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12795348 
The judgment at [31] makes clear that the \'93notice\'94 principle is not one which applies generally, across the board, to decisions of every character.  Rather, it applies to decisions which affect the individual personally:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri521\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin720\itap0\pararsid12795348 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12795348 \'85  The decision in question involves a fundamental right.  It is in effect one involving a binding determinat
ion as to status.  It is of importance to the individual to be informed of it so that he or she can decide what to do.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid11018130 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [112]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10110101 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11018130 
In the present case the decision by the Governor under s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11018130 52(2) of the Constitution to appoint Blackie CJ a judge of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11018130 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11018130 
 did not trigger an obligation to publish that fact either to Mr Warren personally or to the world at large.  The decision did not affect Mr Warren personally.  Nor did it affect any of his rights.  No relevant authority has been cited for the propositio
n advanced by Mr Warren.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid11018130 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [113]\tab}
It should also be mentioned for completeness that the fact that Blackie CJ was retiring was referred to in the opening paragraph of the Notice dated 17 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11018130 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11018130  2022 published on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11018130 Pitcairn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11018130  by the Administrator explaining the 
background to the impending Court sitting and providing details of the new appointments.  Reasonable steps were taken to explain the forthcoming changes to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11018130 Pitcairn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11018130  judiciary and the reasons for those changes.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid11018130 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [114]\tab}Mr Warren also submitted the duty to
 publish was premised on the right to freedom of expression.  That submission is addressed next.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11018130 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11018130 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 The submission based on freedom of expression
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid11018130 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [115]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10110101 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11018130 
The submission was that the source of the duty to publish details of the resignation of Blackie CJ and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4932773 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11018130 h
is subsequent appointment as an acting judge was the right to freedom of expression guaranteed in Part 2 of the Constitution, s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11018130 
13.  That provision was, in turn, linked to the independence and impartiality of the judiciary.  It was said the alleged \'93corralling\'94 of information was either a breach of equality of arms, or \'93the better argument\'94
 was that it was a breach of the Constitutional right to freedom of expression in s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11018130 13(1):
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri521\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin720\itap0\pararsid13001239 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13001239 Freedom of expression
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri522\sb120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin720\itap0\pararsid8156157 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8156157 13.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8156157\charrsid13001239 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri522\sb120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8156157 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11018130 (1)\tab Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. 
 This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri522\sb120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin522\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9576817 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11018130 (2)\tab The exercise of these freedoms, since it c}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12072870 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11018130 
rries with it duties and responsibilities, may be subject to such formalities, conditions, restrictions or penalties as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society, in the interests of national
 security, territorial integrity or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12072870 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11018130 
, for the protection of health or morals, for the protection of the reputation or rights of others, for preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence, or for maintain}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12072870 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11018130 g the authority and impartiality of the judiciary.
\par (3)\tab This section shall not prevent the Government of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11018130 Pitcairn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11018130  from requiring the licensing of broadcasting, television or cinema enterprises.
\par (4)\tab Freedom of information in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11018130 Pitcairn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11018130  shall be provided by Ordinance, which shall reflect the freedom of information legislation of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11018130 United Kingdom}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11018130  adapted to the circumstances of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11018130 Pitcairn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11018130 .  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12072870 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [116]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12072870 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12072870 
The submission was that:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid12072870 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12072870 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid3622191 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3622191  \tab 
Submissions in support of declarations of unconstitutionality in respect of actions of the Chief Justice and Governor, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16201466 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3622191 77}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16201466 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3622191 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12072870 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri521\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin720\itap0\pararsid12072870 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12072870 The public including Mr Warren had a right to receive information on the im
portant appointment of an Acting Chief Justice, withholding the information was interference by a public authority contrary to the Constitution.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12072870 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12072870 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 Freedom of expression \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  discussion
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12072870 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [117]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10110101 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12072870 
No authority, domestic, international or treaty-based, was cited in su
pport of such a sweeping claim.  Nor was any principled analysis offered as to how a right of such breadth would operate in practice and whether any limitations might apply.  Contrast the Freedom of Information Ordinance 2012 which makes detailed provisio
n for access to information held by public authorities. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4939726  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12072870 Significantly in the present context, it does not impose on such authorities }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4939726 an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12072870 obligation to proactively disclose information held by them in the absence of a request under s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12072870 5.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12072870 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [118]\tab}Mr Warren\rquote s submissions based on s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12072870 13 cannot be accepted:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12072870 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li1418\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1418\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid10110101 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12072870 The right to freedom of expression in s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12072870 13(1) of the Constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3423714  relevantly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12072870  includes freedom to \'93receive\'94
 state-held information.  Nowhere in the Constitution is this freedom to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12072870 receive }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12072870 translated into an obligation on government to unilaterally }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12072870 provide }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12072870 to all residents of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12072870 Pitcairn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12072870 
 all items of information held by public authorities even if not requested.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid6572181 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li1418\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1418\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid3831964 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6572181 Rather, the boundaries of the freedom to receive are established by the Freedom of Information Ord
inance which, as the Long Title states, gives to members of the public rights of access to information held by public authorities (which includes the Governor).  The right is, however, contingent on the making of a written request (see ss}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6572181 5 and 6) and there are categories of information which are exempt from disclosure.  In addition information can be withheld for \'93good reason\'94 (see s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6572181 11).  Provision is also made for a request to be refused on certain other grounds.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12072870 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid6572181 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6572181 It must be doubted that it was inte
nded that a separate freedom of information regime of wider application operate under s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6572181 
13(1) of the Constitution in parallel to that in the Freedom of Information Ordinance.  Not only would a regime based on the generalised, proactive, gratuitous and cont
inuous disclosure of official information make the Freedom of Information Ordinance largely redundant, it would put s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6572181 13 in conflict with itself in that subs}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6572181 (4) expressly stipulates that freedom of information in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6572181 Pitcairn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6572181 
 is to be provided by way of Ordinance.  There is no room for an interpretation of s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6572181 
13 which would circumvent this stipulation and result in the side-by-side operation of two disclosure regimes:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-742\li2902\ri521\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin2902\itap0\pararsid6572181 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf19\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6572181 (4)\tab Freedom of information in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6572181 Pitcairn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6572181 
 shall be provided by Ordinance, which shall reflect the freedom of information legislation of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6572181 United Kingdom}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6572181  adapted to the circumstances of }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6572181 Pitcairn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6572181 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid6572181 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (d)\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-709\li1418\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1418\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid3831964 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6572181 No authority has been cited which would allow the conclusion that a constitutional right }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3423714 held by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3423714 Pitcairn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3423714  residents }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6572181 to \'93receive\'94 information impose}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3423714 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6572181  on 
the Governor and other public authorities a positive obligation to make }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1453260 continuing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6572181 
disclosure of presumably all information held by them to a cohort of unidentified individuals in the absence of any written request under the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3423714 O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6572181 
rdinance and in the absence of a framework regulating the circumstances in which disclosure could be justifiably refused.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid6572181 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [119]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10110101 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6572181 It is concluded that neither the constitutional \'93right to receive\'94
 nor the Freedom of Information Ordinance imposed an obligation on the Governor, in the absence of a request, to publish to everyone living in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6572181 Pitcairn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6572181 
 and presumably to the world at large the fact that the Governor had received from Blackie CJ advice under s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6572181 
52(2) of the Constitution and that by Notice of Appointment dated 16 February 2022 the Governor had acted on that advice.  Nor for the reasons given can such obligation be found in the common law.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid6572181 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [120]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3831964 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6572181 Finally, it is to be noted that in any event }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9321357 
the evidence in the present case shows that all relevant information was in fact promptly disclosed by the Governor to Dr Ellis in response to the writte
n requests made by Dr Ellis on 3 February 2022 and 25 March 2022.  Some correspondence or parts of correspondence so disclosed were withheld where necessary to protect the privacy of natural persons (Freedom of Information Ordinance, s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9321357 11(2)(a)) or to maintain the effective conduct of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9321357 Pitcairn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9321357 
 affairs through free and frank expressions (s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9321357 
11(2)(g)(i)).  It has not been suggested that in responding to the two requests made by Dr Ellis the Governor failed to comply with the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3423714 O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9321357 rdinance.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6572181 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb480\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9321357 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9321357 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 whether issues moot
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid9321357 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [121]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10110101 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9321357 
Reference has earlier been made to the Crown submission that the issues in this case are moot in that all oaths administered by Blackie CJ and Heath CJ on 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9321357 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9321357  2022 have subsequently been validly taken before a different jud
icial officer (a point conceded by Mr Warren) and in none of the matters Mr Warren presently has before the Court will he be affected by the outcome of these present proceedings.  In addition Blackie CJ retired on 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9321357 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9321357  2022.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid9321357 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [122]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3831964 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9321357 It has always been 
a fundamental feature of the common law judicial system that the courts decide disputes between the parties before them;  they do not pronounce on abstract questions of law when there is no dispute to be resolved.  A limited discretion applies in the area
 of public law.  However, that discretion is exercised with caution.  Issues which are academic between the parties should not be heard unless there is good reason in the public interest for doing so.  See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9321357 
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Salem}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9321357  [1999] AC 450 (HL) at 456-457, [1999] 2 All ER 42 at 47, applied in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9321357 
R (on the application of Dolan) v Secretary of State for Health and Social Care}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9321357  [2020] EWCA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4932773 Civ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9321357 
 1605, [2021] 1 All ER 780 at [40].
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid9321357 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [123]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10110101 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9321357 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9191330 extensive case law (both for and ag
ainst) is noted in Michael Fordham }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9191330 Judicial Review }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9191330\charrsid9191330 Handbook }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9191330 (6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\super\insrsid9191330\charrsid9191330 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9191330  ed, Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2012) at [4.6.1] to [4.6.7].  The following summary is at [4.6]:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9321357 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \li720\ri521\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin521\lin720\itap0\pararsid9191330 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9191330 4.6 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9191330 Hypothetical/academic issues: utility.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9191330 Courts do not like holding moots.  One of the great v
alues of public law is in clarifying and guiding, prospectively.  But even that function is recognised as a function which arises out of deciding a specific dispute requiring resolution.  In general, judges need persuading that it is right to entertain a 
j
udicial review challenge where the sole issues are, or have become, academic or hypothetical.  Sometimes it will be in the public interest to grasp the nettle, rather than leave the uncertainties for yet further litigation in the future.  The position on 
appeal may be different too, since there will be a binding judgment which may be erroneous and need considering, even though it may have become academic to the parties.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9191330\charrsid9191330 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid8150433 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [124]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3831964 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8150433 
It is submitted by Mr Warren the public law issues raised by him are not moot an
d that it is only fair that the judges who will hear his appeal behave in accordance with the rule of law.  It is a matter of significant constitutional importance that the judiciary are independent and that they behave independently in all aspects and do
 not go around lobbying to appoint themselves.  The public need to have confidence that their judicial officers behave lawfully.  A record needs to be made.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid8150433 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [125]\tab}The Crown }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1453260 has a strong case for }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8150433 submitting that on the facts the issues are moot.  In none of the matters Mr Warren presently has before the Court will he be affected by the outcome of these present proceedings.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9321357 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid8150433 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [126]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8150433 
The only question is whether there is good reason in the public interest that an exception to the general principle be made.  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8150433 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8150433 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 Con\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 clusion
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid8150433 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [127]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3831964 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8150433 
As to this I have decided, with some disquiet, to determine }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4526266 
the claims made by Mr Warren.  As already mentioned in this decision, the submissions advanced on his behalf, often in language best described as unhelpful}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3423714  to the dispassionate determination of the issues}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4526266 , were severely critical of Blackie CJ and by inference, the administration of justice in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4526266 Pitcairn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4526266 
.  It is in the public interest those criticisms be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7088456 ventilated and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4526266 subjected to objective judicial assessment.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8150433 

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb480\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4526266 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4526266 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 overall conclusion 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid9191330 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [128]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3831964 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9191330 While }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4526266 Blackie CJ }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9191330 omitted }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4526266 to make the prescribed oaths upon his}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9191330 
 appointment as an acting judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4526266  the de facto judge doctrine remedied that omission.  In the result Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12924838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4526266 Warren
\rquote s case fail}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7088456 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4526266  in its entirety.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid4526266 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [129]\tab}As none of the challenges mounted by Mr Warren have succeeded, they are dismissed.  

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid4526266 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [130]\tab}
It follows it is not necessary to determine whether there would have been jurisdiction to grant the remedies sought by him had the issues been determined in his favour.  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid464344 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4526266 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 costs
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid4526266 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [131]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3831964 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4526266 
As the question of costs has not been addressed by counsel, costs are reserved.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4526266\charrsid4526266 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13913983 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13913983 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4526266 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10243184 ________________________}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13913983 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\sb80\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10243184 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10243184 Justice Haines}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13913983 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13913983 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10243184 Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13913983 
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