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\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE PITCAIRN ISLANDS
\par HELD IN ADAMSTOWN, PITCAIRN ISLANDS
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927 
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\b\insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 [2023] PNSC 2
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\par 
\par IN THE MATTER OF\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 THE ESTATE OF LEN CARLYLE BROWN
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 AND
\par 
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\ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 an application for relief under the Probate and Administration Ordinance 
2000, section 8 of the Lands Court Ordinance, section 13 of the Land Tenure Reform Ordinance and an application for declaratory relief under the Constitution and the inherent jurisdiction of the Court
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 BETWEEN\tab OLIVE FAYE CHRISTIAN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par 
\par \tab Applicant
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par AND\tab LANDS COURT
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\par \tab \tab \tab \tab First Respondent
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 AND }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 ATTORNEY-GENERAL}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab Second Respondent/Intervenor
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx2268\tx2835\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Hearing:\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 22 and 23 March 2023 (Pitcairn)
\par \tab 23 and 24 March 2023 (NZ)
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par Counsel: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \tab G M Illingworth KC for Applicant
\par \tab No appearance by or on behalf of Lands Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-2835\li2835\ri0\widctlpar\tx2268\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2835\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \tab D E Kelly for Attorney-General
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx2268\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par Judgment:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \tab 8 May 2023 (Pitcairn)
\par \tab 9 May 2023 (NZ)
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5709047 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 JUDGMENT (NO. 2) OF HEATH CJ
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \page }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
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{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 CONTENTS
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\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Introduction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Structure}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 The effect of the Stage 1 judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 The precedent fact issues
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 (a)\tab Context}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 (b)\tab Analysis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 (c)\tab Conclusion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 The repugnancy issue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 The constitutional issues
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 (a)\tab Background}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 (b)\tab The Constitutional architecture
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 (i)\tab In 2000}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 (ii)\tab In 2010}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Were Len\rquote 
s art 21 rights infringed?
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 (a)\tab Introductory comments 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 (b)\tab 
Proceedings for breach of Constitutional rights}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 (c)\tab Deprivation of property}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 (d)\tab The Land deprivation
 issue
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \tab (i)\tab 
Did the 2000 reforms deprive Len of freehold land?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \tab (ii)\tab Did the Land deprivation breach art}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 21?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 (e)\tab The Inheritance deprivation issue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par Conclusions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Disposition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-320\slmult0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 The issues
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref133404106}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [1]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
A suite of reforms to the land tenure system of the Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands (the Pitcairn Islands) was enacted in 2000 (the 2000 reforms).  They affected the only inhabited island, Pitcairn.  In an earlier judgment in this proceeding,}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 Christian v Lands Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  [2022] PNSC 1.}
}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  I held that the 2000 reforms had effected changes to the law of succession.  As a result, I held that \'93house land\'94
 held by a Pitcairner as at the date of his death in 2019 could not pass to a named beneficiary under his will.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab Ibid, at paras [95]\endash [96], summarised at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref131838844 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330031003800330038003800340034000000001100}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [25]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 {\*\bkmkend _Ref133404106}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [2]\tab}
I am now asked to consider the constitutional validity of the 2000 reforms, by reference to the Colonial Laws Vali
dity Act 1865 (UK), the Pitcairn Constitution Order 2010 (the 2010 Order) and the Pitcairn Constitution (the Constitution), which was brought into being by the 2010 Order.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab 
The nature of the constitutional issues are summarised at paras }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref132090114 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003300320030003900300031003100340000006e0000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [14]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  and }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref133241630 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330033003200340031003600330030000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [16]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-320\slmult0\keepn\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Introduction
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref133400774}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [3]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
Mr Len Brown (Len) was born on Pitcairn Island on 30 March 1926.  Having made his last will in 1991, he passed away on 1 November 2019.  In makin
g his will, Len made provision (among other things) for the disposition of certain freehold land he owned at that time.  Specifically, he devised his \'93house and house land\'94 to his daughter, Clarice, and a separate property known as \'93Brown\rquote 
s Hui\'94 to another daughter, Coralie.{\*\bkmkend _Ref133400774}
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref132270671}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [4]\tab}
On 9 December 2019, a third daughter, Ms Olive Christian (Olive), applied to the Supreme Court for the issue of Letters of Administration with Will Annexed.  On 20 December 2019, her application was granted by Blackie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 CJ (the probate order), albeit with two important qualifications, each of which affected Olive\rquote s ability to deal with Len\rquote 
s land in terms of his will.  Relevantly, the probate order provided:{\*\bkmkend _Ref132270671}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li720\ri567\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 [2]\tab \'85 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 any grant of administration will be limited to moveable property of the Deceased}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
 being his pension and other money now held by the Island Treasury and his other possessions comprising personal effects.
\par [3]\tab \'85 as the Will pre-dates the Lands Court Ordinance, any grant of Administration will include the following wording:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri567\sb240\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \'93
this grant of Administration excludes all reference in the Will as to land, trees and buildings as these are matters for determination by the island Lands Court\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li720\ri567\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 (Emphasis added)
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref132270677}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [5]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 The Chief Justice\rquote s additio
ns to the probate order were intended to reflect changes to the land tenure system enacted by the 2000 reforms.  However, the Lands Court (made up entirely of inhabitants of Pitcairn)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab 
Lands Court Ordinance, s 3(3).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  did not undertake the type of inquiry into the ownership of the \'93house and house land\'94 and \'93Brown\rquote s Hui\'94
 that the Chief Justice had contemplated.  As a result, on 15 February 2021, Olive applied to this Court for an order reviewing the way in which the Lands Court had (or had not) carried out
 the functions contemplated by the probate order.  On examination, the application raised important and complex questions of both private and public law in relation to the 2000 reforms.{\*\bkmkend _Ref132270677}
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref110248801}{\*\bkmkstart _Ref132113293}{\*\bkmkstart _Ref110234021}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [6]
\tab}The 2000 refor
ms consisted of three new Ordinances (the Land Tenure Reform Ordinance, the Lands Court Ordinance and the Probate and Administration Ordinance) which, read together, were intended to make fundamental changes to the land tenure system operating in Pitcairn
.  Each of the Ordinances came into force on 1 August 2000, and replaced the pre-existing Lands and Administration of Estates Ordinance which, as its title suggests, was concerned with both land and the administration of deceased estates.
{\*\bkmkend _Ref110248801}  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [7]\tab}
The 2000 reforms were designed to replace all freehold title with a leasehold interest, to be called a Land Allocation Title.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 {\*\bkmkstart _Ref132091280}{\*\bkmkend _Ref132113293}
\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  \tab Land Tenure Reform Ordinance, ss 4(1) and 5(1), set out at paras }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 
 REF _Ref132091375 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330032003000390031003300370035000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374 [23]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  and }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  REF _Ref131837395 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003300310038003300370033003900350000000000fd}}
}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 [24]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 
 below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   Those parts of the Land Tenure Reform Ordinance that dealt with that transition (the operative parts) were to come into effect on a date to be fixed by the Governor.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 Ibid}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 
, s 4(1), set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref132091375 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 
{\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330032003000390031003300370035000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [23]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
  As it transpired, there were substantial delays.  The 2000 reforms did not come into force until late 2006, primarily for reasons associated with the Operation Unique histori
cal sexual abuse trials and a withdrawal of British financial aid until they were completed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \tab The Operati}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  Unique trials concluded in October 2004 but were follow}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  by a hearing before the three trial judges, sitting as a Full Court, on constitutional c
hallenges.  Judgement was given on 24 May 2005: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 R v Christian & Ors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  [2005] LRC 745; [2005] PNSC 1 (Blackie CJ, Johnson and Lovell-Smith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9267603  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 JJ).  Appeals were determined }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 by the Court of Appeal on 2 March 2006 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 R v Christian (No 2) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [2006] 4 LRC 746 (CA); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 Christian v R }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [2006] PNCA 1 (Henry P, Barker and Salmon JJA) and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 the Privy Council\rquote s advice of 30 October 2006: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 Christian v The Queen}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  [2006] PNPC 1; [2006] UKPC 47}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 
 (Lord Hoffmann, Lord Woolf, Lord Steyn, Lord Hope and Lord Carswell))}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374   }}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 {\*\bkmkend _Ref132091280}
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref111627428}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [8]\tab}
On enactment of the 2000 reforms on 1 August 2000, the Lands and Estates Court established by the (now repealed) Lands and Administration of Estates Ordinance was abolished.  A new Lands Court was created to replace it.  By s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 3(1) of the Lands Court 
Ordinance and s 2(2) of the Probate and Administration Ordinance respectively, jurisdiction over land and the administration of deceased estates was divided between the Lands Court and the Supreme Court.{\*\bkmkend _Ref110234021}{\*\bkmkend _Ref111627428}

\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref131512234}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [9]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 By the time of his death in 2019, Len\rquote 
s freehold interest in the house land he owned at the time he made his will in 1991 had been extinguished and had been replaced by a Land Allocation Title.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
{\*\bkmkstart _Ref130360375}\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab 
The nature of a leasehold interest under a Land Allocation Title is set out in the proviso to s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9267603  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 
5(1) of the Land Tenure Reform Ordinance, set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref131837395 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003300310038003300370033003900350000006e0003}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [24]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [10]\tab}Although left to Coralie in the will, the property known as \'93Brown\rquote 
s Hui\'94 was not part of Len\rquote s estate at the time that he died.  One of his sons (Dave) applied for, and was granted, a Land Allocation Title for that property on 1 December 2006.  That meant that Len had ceased to have any interest in Brown
\rquote s Hui as at the date of his death, being the time at which his will spoke.{\*\bkmkend _Ref131512234}{\*\bkmkend _Ref130360375}  Coralie does not seek to disturb the leasehold title in Brown\rquote s Hui that Dave acquired.
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref130544726}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [11]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Olive\rquote 
s application raised questions about the interpretation of the three ordinances that made up the 2000 reforms.  Two categories of claim were advanced.  The first asked whether Len\rquote s will operated to devise the house land to Clarice.  I call these 
the private law claims.  The second involves constitutional challenges to the validity of the 2000 reforms.  I call these the public law claims.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [12]\tab}
During the course of case management, I directed that the private and public law claims be heard separatel
y, with private law claims (the Stage 1 hearing) being heard first.  Following a hearing in June 2022, a judgment dealing with the private law claims was delivered on 18 August 2022 (Pitcairn) / 19 August 2022 (NZ) (the Stage 1 judgment).}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 Christian v Lands Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  [2022] PNSC 1.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
  At the Stage 1 hearing, the question was whether Len\rquote s will, as a matter of statutory interpretation of the three interlocking Ordinances,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \tab See para }
{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  REF _Ref110248801 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 
{\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100310030003200340038003800300031000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [6]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 above}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
 operated to transfer his interests in the \'93house and house land\'94 to Clarice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \tab By the definition of \'93land\'94
 contained in s 2 of the Lands Court Ordinance the house was included within that definition: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 Christian v Lands Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  [2022] PNSC 1 at paras [97]\endash [99], set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 
 REF _Ref130360746 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330030003300360030003700340036000000000001}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [26]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   I held that the 2000 reforms prevented Len\rquote s will from transferring the house land interest to her.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  \tab See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  REF _Ref131838844 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 
{\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330031003800330038003800340034000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 [25]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
  I did not need to address the position with regard to Brown\rquote s Hui.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 {\*\bkmkend _Ref130544726}\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \tab See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  REF _Ref131512234 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330031003500310032003200330034000000001bfd}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [9]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref132883658}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [13]\tab}
The public law claims were argued in March 2023 (the Stage 2 hearing).  Primarily, that hearing was concerned with the ascertainment of relevant constitutional principles, and their application in the context of the 2000 reforms.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab 
See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref132090114 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003300320030003900300031003100340000006e0000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [14]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 (c) below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   In addition, two issues survived from the Stage 1 hearing, with which I need to deal.  They arose out of:{\*\bkmkend _Ref132883658}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
Actions taken by the Governor in 2006, to suspend freehold title and to open applications for Land Allocation Titles}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref132090114 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330032003000390030003100310034000000000003}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [14]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 (a) below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  and 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b)\tab}
Correspondence (authorised by the Governor) that was sent to landowners on 7 November 2006 (the Governor\rquote s letter), which stress
ed the need to take further action to secure a Land Allocation Title in place of a freehold title to avoid being deemed to \'93cease to be the lawful owner\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref132090114 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330032003000390030003100310034000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [14]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 (b) below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref132090114}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [14]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-320\slmult0
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
Initially, counsel agreed that there were three distinct areas into which I must inquire at Stage 2:{\*\bkmkend _Ref132090114}
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref130546148}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s21\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
The first concerned the question whether (what is said to be) a \'93precedent fact\'94 to the 2000 reforms coming into effect had been met.  The operative parts of the 2000 reforms had been brought into effect by the Governor\rquote 
s promulgation of 31 October 2006, which fixed 1 December 2006 (the suspension date), as the date on which \'93all existing freehold title to any interest in private land in the Islands [was] deemed to be suspended for the purposes of\'94
 the 2000 reforms.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  \tab 
See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  REF _Ref130217916 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330030003200310037003900310036000000000501}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 [26]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 {\*\bkmkend _Ref130546148}
  Section 4(1) of the Land Tenure Reform Ordinance contemplated that a decision about the suspension date would be made by the Governor after the Land Commission (the Commission) had completed preparatory functions, under s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 3(1).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab The relevant parts of s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9267603  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 3 of the Land Tenure Reform Ordinance are set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref131841687 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330031003800340031003600380037000000000500}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [40]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b)\tab}The second concerned the Governor\rquote s letter.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 The relevant part of the letter is set out at para}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\field{\*\fldinst {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  REF _Ref111638935 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100310031003600330038003900330035000000020500}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 [120]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   It is common ground that a letter in the same terms was sent to all other landowners at that time.  The question is whether the Governor\rquote 
s letter contained a material misrepresentation as to the effect of the 2000 reforms that caused Len (and possibly others on the island) to apply for a Land Allocation Title immediat
ely when one was available, without (for example) any opportunity to seek independent legal advice.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 c)\tab}
The third involves important principles of constitutional law affecting the Pitcairn Islands.  In substance, the question is whether it was unconstitutional for the Governor (as legislator) to enact the 2000 reforms and (as executive) to fix the suspensio
n date to bring the operative parts into force.  Reliance is placed on constitutional principles going back as far as the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Magna Carta Liberatum}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  (the Magna Carta), signed at Runnymede on 15 June 1215.  Olive\rquote 
s position is that the abolition of freehold titles and their replacement by Land Allocation Titles represented an unlawful confiscation of land without compensation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \tab This argument is derived from a combination of clause 5 of the Pitcairn Constitution Order 2010, and art}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 s}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9267603  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 21, 26 and 42 of the Constitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374   Section 10 of the Land Tenure Reform Ordinance expressly provided that no compensation was payable in respect of the extinguishment of a freehold estate in land: s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9267603  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 10 is set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 
 REF _Ref133404891 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330033003400300034003800390031000000f70500}}}{\fldrslt {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [43]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [15]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
During the course of argument, a more fundamental issue arose.  I asked counsel to confirm that the Constitution did not operate as \'93supreme law\'94, in the se
nse that I was not entitled to strike-down ordinances that were in breach of its provisions.  Ms}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
Kelly, for the Attorney-General,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  \tab As to the Attorney\rquote s role at the Stage 2 hearing, see para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  REF _Ref133240128 \\r \\h }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330033003200340030003100320038000000700002}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 [17]}}}
\sectd \ltrsect\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  advised me that, while the point had not been pleaded by Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Illingworth}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 KC, for Olive, a power to strike-down for repugnancy to certain types of British law did exist.  She referred to s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 2 of the Colonial Laws Val
idity Act 1865 (UK).  After the Stage 2 hearing, I asked counsel to advise me whether any reliance was being placed on that Act.  Mr Illingworth indicated that he did so rely.  Without opposition from Ms Kelly, I gave both counsel permission to file furth
er written submissions on that point.  The last of those written submissions was received on 21 April 2023.  Their primary focus was on the alleged \'93repugnancy\'94 of the 2000 reforms to the Magna Carta.
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref133241630}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [16]\tab}After debate at the Stage 2 hearing, M
r Illingworth acknowledged that the Governor\rquote s letter issue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref132883658 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330032003800380033003600350038000000200000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [13]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 (b) above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  could not be pursued as an independent ground of challenge
.  He conceded that it was no more than a factor that weighed to support his argument on the constitutional issues.  As a result, there are three substantive issues I must determine:{\*\bkmkend _Ref133241630}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Did the Governor make a lawful decision to bring the 2000
 reforms into effect on the suspension date?  If not, what are the consequences of a finding that the decision was unlawful?  (the \'93precedent fact\'94 issues)
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b)\tab}
Should the three ordinances that make up the 2000 reforms be declared (to the extent necessary) repugnant to the Magna Carta and, therefore, \'93absolutely void and inoperative\'94?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  \tab Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865 (UK), s 2, set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  REF _Ref133240187 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330033003200340030003100380037000000841b44
}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 [64]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374  below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   (the \'93repugnancy\'94 issue)
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 c)\tab}If the change in status of Len\rquote 
s land from freehold to leasehold amounted to a deprivation of his freehold title to the house land without compensation, were the 2000 reforms unconstitutional?  If so, what is the consequence of that?  (the constitutional issues)
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref133240128}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [17]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
By contrast with his role at the Stage 1 hearing, the Attorney-General appeared as an adversary (rather than an intervenor) at the Stage 2 hearing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \tab 
This was intentional: see Minute No. (7) of 17 May 2022, at para [7].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   The Attorney seeks to support the constitutional validity of the 2000 reforms and their effect upon the status of Len
\rquote s land, as found in my Stage 1 judgment.{\*\bkmkend _Ref133240128}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [18]\tab}Following delivery of my Stage 1 judgment, I appointed Mr Edwin Fletcher as }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 amicus curiae}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
 to ascertain whether any third parties with interests in land on Pitcairn might be adversely affected by any orders that may be made on Olive\rquote s application.  I was concerned that any such persons should have the opportunity to be h
eard.  Four potentially affected persons were identified: Mr Dave Brown, Mr David Brown, Mr Shawn Christian and Ms}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
Darralyn Griffiths.
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref130217886}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [19]\tab}
Mr Fletcher made inquiries of them and reported to me on 16 December 2022.  He advised that the potentially affected persons did not wish to make submissions on Stage 2 issues but reserved their right to be heard on questions of relief, if Olive\rquote 
s claim were successful.  I accepted that position, excused Mr Fletcher from participation in the Stage 2 hearing, and determined that any questions of relief would be resolved following a short hearing after delivery of this judgment.
{\*\bkmkend _Ref130217886}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [20]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
At the commencement of the Stage 2 hearing, I made directions under sections 15E and 15F of the Judicature (Courts)
 Ordinance for the hearing to take place in Pitcairn, with counsel and myself participating from New Zealand by audio-visual link.  The hearing was held on 22}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 and 23 March 2023 (Pitcairn)/23 and 24 March 2023 (NZ), in accordance with that direction.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Structure
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref133400807}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [21]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 I structure this judgment as follows:{\*\bkmkend _Ref133400807}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 First, I summarise the effect of my Stage 1 judgment.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b)\tab}
Second, I provide further background information relevant to the issues I am required to determine;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \tab While some of what
 I have said under this heading replicates observations made in the Stage 1 judgment, other parts provide a more nuanced narrative based on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 contextual }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 evidence that was not before me at the Stage 1 hearing.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 c)\tab}Third, I deal in turn with:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 i)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-720\li2160\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx2160\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl2\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 The precedent fact issues;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 ii)\tab}The repugnancy issue; and
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 iii)\tab}The constitutional issues.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 d)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
Fourth, I set out my conclusions, on the basis that all questions of relief will be dealt with at a further hearing to be convened as soon as practicable after delivery of this judgment.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-320\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 The effect of the Stage 1 judgment
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref133400837}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [22]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Olive\rquote 
s application has revealed the failure of the 2000 reforms to deal adequately with a question of succession.  While there is ample evidence that the Pitcairn community regarded the continuation of rights of inheritance as important,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \tab See paras }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  REF _Ref131839099 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003300310038003300390030003900390000001b0002}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [29]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \endash }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  REF _Ref131839111 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330031003800330039003100310031000000501b00}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [39]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  there is nothing to indicate 
that any thought had been given to what would happen if a person owning freehold land made a will before the 2000 reforms came into effect but did not die until after that title had been suspended and/or replaced by a Land Allocation Title.  During a peri
o
d of consultation with members of the Pitcairn community (both on Pitcairn and overseas) while the 2000 reforms were being prepared, the question of inheritance was raised.  However, that only occurred in the context of a draft provision that was not dire
cted specifically to this point.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \tab 
Land Tenure Reform Ordinance, s 11(2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 , set out in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 Christian v Lands Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  [2022] PNSC 1 at para [93], which is reproduced at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref131839111 \\r \\h  \\
* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330031003800330039003100310031000000831bbf}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [39]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  below}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
  I am satisfied that those with whom consultation was undertaken did not appreciate the flaw in the 2000 reforms that the present case has highlighted.{\*\bkmkend _Ref133400837}
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref132091375}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [23]\tab}Section 4(1) and (2) of the Land Tenure Re
form Ordinance explained how suspension of freehold title was to be effected and the way in which Land Allocation Titles would then be issued by the Lands Court:{\*\bkmkend _Ref132091375}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li720\ri567\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 4.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \emdash (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\expnd-1\expndtw-7\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 On}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-1\expndtw-8\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-1\expndtw-7\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 date}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-1\expndtw-7\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-1\expndtw-7\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-1\expndtw-7\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 appointed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\expnd-1\expndtw-8\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-1\expndtw-8\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-1\expndtw-7\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
Governor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-1\expndtw-7\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\expnd-1\expndtw-7\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 order, after}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-16\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-16\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 completion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-16\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-16\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-16\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 functions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-16\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-16\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-16\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Land}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-16\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Commission}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-15\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 under}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-18\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-18\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 provisions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-18\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-18\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-18\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-18\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-18\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 this}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-18\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 ordinance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-18\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 (hereinafter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-15\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 referred}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-17\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-17\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-17\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \'93the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-17\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 suspension}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-17\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 date\'94),}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-17\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 all}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-16\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 existing}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-17\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 freehold}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-17\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 title}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-15\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-16\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 any}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-16\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 interest}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-16\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-16\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 private}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-16\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 land}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-16\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-16\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-16\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Islands}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-16\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 shall}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-16\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-16\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 deemed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-16\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-15\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\expnd-1\expndtw-7\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 suspended}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-1\expndtw-5\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-1\expndtw-5\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-1\expndtw-5\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  [Lands] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-1\expndtw-5\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 shall}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\expnd-1\expndtw-5\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 thereafter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-1\expndtw-5\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 have}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-1\expndtw-5\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 jurisdiction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd0\expndtw-2\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-16\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 allocate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-16\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 title}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-16\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-16\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 all}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-16\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 land,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-16\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 other}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-16\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 than}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-16\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 public}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-16\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 land}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-16\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-16\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 reserves,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\expnd0\expndtw-2\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd5\expndtw27\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 accordance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd5\expndtw27\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd5\expndtw27\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 applications}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\expnd5\expndtw27\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 made}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd5\expndtw27\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 under}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd5\expndtw27\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 the}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd5\expndtw27\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 following}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\expnd0\expndtw-2\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 provisions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd0\expndtw-2\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 section.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 (2)  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af43\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f43\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
Subject to the provisions of this ordinance, all permanent residents and former permanent residents of the Islands and their children and grandchildren (having reached the age of 18 years), may apply to the Court for the allocation }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af286\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f286\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 of land in any of the classifications of house land, garden land, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af43\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f43\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 orchard land and forestry land, provided that the applicant is resident at the time of application and fully intends to remain as a resident:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li720\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af43\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f43\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
Provided that any person formerly resident in the Islands who prior to the commencement of this ordinance left the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af286\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f286\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
Islands to settle elsewhere indefinitely and who immediately }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af43\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f43\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 prior to the suspension date is registered in the Register of Land Titles as the
 owner of the freehold interest in any land on Pitcairn, shall be deemed to be eligible to apply to the Court under this subsection and to be an existing owner for the purposes of subsection (4) of this section:
\par And provided that, upon the granting of a Land Allocation Title to any such non-resident applicant, he or she shall be deemed to be a landowner who has left the Islands to settle }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af286\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f286\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 elsewhere indefinitely with effect from the date of the said }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af43\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f43\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
grant, for the purposes of section 8 of this ordinance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \'85
\par (Emphasis added)
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref131837395}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [24]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
Section 5(1) identified the categories of land in question, the legal interest to be evidenced by a Land Allocation Title and the form in which that title would be issued:{\*\bkmkend _Ref131837395}
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af42\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f42\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 5.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af43\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f43\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \emdash ([(1) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af43\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f43\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Every Land Allocation Title shall create a leasehold estate in the land affected}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af43\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f43\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 , to be held, without consideration of rent, from the Island Council as lessor, for the following terms 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-2160\li2880\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin2880\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af286\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f286\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \bullet  house land \emdash  \tab 
for the lifetime of the applicant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af43\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f43\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 and the spouse and dependents of the applicant 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af286\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f286\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \bullet  garden land \emdash  \tab for terms of five years renewable }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af43\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f43\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 as of right during the life of the applicant 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af286\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f286\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \bullet  orchard land \emdash  \tab 
for the life of the orchard 
\par \bullet  forestry land \emdash  \tab for the life of the forest 
\par \bullet  commercial land \emdash  \tab for a term of twenty years:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af43\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f43\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af43\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f43\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Provided tha
t every Land Allocation Title shall be in the form of a grant of the leasehold estate in the land affected and shall so far as practicable be in the terms set out in the Schedule}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af43\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f43\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 . The lease shall provide for such appurtenances, encumbrances and Notes as th
e Lands Court shall direct at the time of issue or subsequently. The lease document shall be prepared in duplicate, sealed with the seal of the Court and signed by the President and the Registrar. One copy shall be issued to the lessee owner and the other
 
retained by the Registrar of the Court. Notes included by the Court at the time of issue or subsequently may state the substance of conditions and shall be binding upon the lessee and any third party until they are amended or terminated at the direction o
f the Court. Any such Note may make special provision for rights of access to and gathering produce from any tree or trees existing on the land prior to the grant of the leasehold interest to a succeeding owner.
\par 
\par (Emphasis added)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref131838844}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [25]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 In my Stage 1 judgment, I held:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 Christian v Lands Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  [2022] PNSC 1 at paras [95] and [96].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 {\*\bkmkend _Ref131838844}

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 An interest in \'93house land\'94
 acquired under a Land Allocation Title enures for the lifetime of the person who applied for the title, his or her spouse and any persons dependent upon the person holding the title.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b)\tab}
On the death of the original applicant for a Land Allocation Title in house land, the interest passes by operation of law to the spouse or dependents.  Therefore, an interest in \'93house land\'94
 is not capable, in law, of devolving upon named beneficiaries in terms of any will that the Land Allocation Title holder may have made.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 c)\tab}As a result, Len\rquote 
s interest in the house land did not pass by will to Clarice.  
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref130360746}{\*\bkmkstart _Ref130217916}{\*\bkmkstart _Ref110503088}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [26]
\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
In relation to buildings and trees to be found on the land, I said:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \tab Ibid, at paras [97]\endash [99].}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 {\*\bkmkend _Ref130360746}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li720\ri567\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 {\*\bkmkstart _Ref111726962}[97]\tab 
There is no definition of the term \'93land\'94 in the Probate and Administration Ordinance.  Nor does one appear in t
he Land Tenure Reform Ordinance; that Ordinance defines the particular leasehold interests in land created to replace freehold title.  The only generic definition of \'93land\'94 is contained in s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 2 of the Lands Court Ordinance, which provides:{\*\bkmkend _Ref111726962}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri1134\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1134\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \'93land\'94
 includes any estate or interest in land or things growing thereon and all buildings and other improvements permanently affixed thereto;
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li720\ri567\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 {\*\bkmkstart _Ref110601713}[98]\tab 
The Lands Court has already decided that, save for one Miro tree to which Jay [Warren] is entitled, all trees claimed by Olive form part of Len\rquote s estate.  In determining the assets and liabilities of the estate, I rely on the Lands Court\rquote 
s decision.{\*\bkmkend _Ref110601713}  In doing so, I endorse its approach to determination of entitlement to trees by reference to custom.  I do not consider that the words \'93or things growing thereon\'94 in the definition of \'93land\'94 in s}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
2 of the Lands Court Ordinance is a sufficiently clear indication that Pitcairn custom as to trees has been abolished.  
\par [99]\tab The only building in which Len had an interest at the time of his death was the house situated on the house land.  In the absence of any definition of \'93land\'94
 in the Probate and Administration Ordinance, I consider that it is appropriate to use the Lands Court Ordinance definition as that was enacted as part of the 2000 reforms.  Applying the definition of \'93land\'94
 from the Lands Court Ordinance, the house forms part of the house land.
\par (Footnotes omitted)
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref134087210}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [27]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 In my Stage 1 judgment, I raised a question about the scope of the term \'93
dependent\'94, for the purposes of a Land Allocation Title in house land.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \tab Ibid, at paras [81]\endash [86].}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374   See s 5(1) of the Land Tenure Reform Ordinance, set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 
 REF _Ref131837395 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003300310038003300370033003900350000006e0000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [24]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   Although I did not foreclose the opportunity for evidence to be given at the Stage 2 hearing on whether any \'93dependents\'94 of the type in question existed, neither Olive nor the Attorney-General has adduced any a
dditional evidence.  In the absence of any identified \'93dependents\'94 of the type contemplated by s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
5(1) of the Land Tenure Reform Ordinance, I hold that if Olive\rquote s arguments on the public law issue are unsuccessful, the leasehold interest in Len\rquote s house land falls for reallocation by the Lands Court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 {\*\bkmkstart _Ref134164918}\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab This follows from the reversion of the leasehold interest in the land to the Island Council (on behalf of the Crown) and the need for it to be reallocated in accordance with s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9267603  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 4(3) and (4) of the Land Tenure Reform Ordinance.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
{\*\bkmkend _Ref134087210}{\*\bkmkend _Ref134164918}
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref133497852}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [28]\tab}
I took the view that (with two exceptions) all questions of remedy or relief should be reserved, on the basis that my conclusions were \'93provisional\'94, and \'93should be regarded as such pending completion of\'94 the Stage 2 hearing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \tab Ibid, at para [100].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
  While I was prepared to set aside the probate order and to declare that the trees identified in the Lands Court\rquote s report (save for the one to which Mr Jay Warren was entitled) formed part of Len\rquote 
s estate, I considered that the question whether \'93other property forms part of Len\rquote s estate \'85 may be affected by public law arguments\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \tab Ibid, at para [101].}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   I concluded:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \tab Ibid, at paras [102]\endash [105].}}
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 {\*\bkmkend _Ref133497852}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li720\ri567\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 {\*\bkmkstart _Ref111638724}[102]\tab 
I make an order, under s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 6 of the Probate and Administration Ordinance that the Supreme Court\rquote 
s grant of Letters of Administration with Will Annexed to Olive on 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
December 2019 be revoked on the basis that the grant ought not to have been qualified by removing Olive\rquote s power to deal with any interest in land that had passed under Len\rquote s will.  I am not prepared, until the issue involving \'93house land
\'94 has been finally determined, to make any further grant in favour of Olive.  The Supreme Court will assume responsibility for administering Len\rquote s estate until such time as this proceeding has been completed.{\*\bkmkend _Ref111638724}
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref111638731}[103]\tab I make a declaration under s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
3 of the Probate and Administration Ordinance that the trees to which the Lands Court\rquote s report of 18 March 2022 refers (save for the Miro tree on Brown\rquote s Hui that is to be regarded as Jay\rquote s property) form part of Len\rquote 
s estate and may be dealt with on that basis.  If any further direction is required pending a formal grant of Letters of Administration in favour of Olive, leave to apply is reserved for the Court to make such direction as may be necessary.
{\*\bkmkend _Ref111638731}
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref110604117}[104]\tab Some concern was expressed at the hearing about the Lands Court\rquote s decision not to proceed with any applications while t
his judgment was pending.  As will be seen, there are discrete areas in which the Supreme Court and the Lands Court can exercise powers to resolve particular issues when questions arising out of the administration of estates and ownership of land converge
.
  It is premature to make any formal orders in relation to the respective jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and Lands Court until after the public law questions have been decided.  The outcome of those arguments may affect the form of land tenure in force
 in Pitcairn, whether any interest in \'93house land\'94 can be devolved by will and the demarcation of jurisdiction between the Supreme Court and the Lands Court.  {\*\bkmkend _Ref110604117}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li720\ri567\sb240\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 {\*\bkmkstart _Ref110603681}[105]\tab 
I expressly defer all questions of interpretation relating to the [\'93precedent fact\'94] argument in respect of s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 3 of the Land Tenure Reform Ordinance to be dealt with at the same time as the public law issues.  For the avoidance of doubt, that leaves open all evidential and legal issues in respect of the [\'93precedent fact\'94
] issue.{\*\bkmkend _Ref110603681}  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li720\ri567\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 (Footnote omitted)
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref131839099}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [29]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 My Stage 1 judgment provided some background to the 2000 reforms.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 Christian v Lands Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  [2022] PNSC 1 at paras [36]\endash [39].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
  In preparing my summary, I drew upon a paper prepared by Kate Henderson, Jofe Jenkins and Chris Hoogsteden (the Henderson paper) in 2007.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs20\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 Henderson, Jenkins and Hoogsteden, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 
Pitcairn Island Land Title Reform: Altering the Land Ownership and Land Use Patterns in the Furthermost \'93Pink Bit\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 (2007)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10764374 
, available at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10764374\charrsid16711933 https://www.fig.net/resources/proceedings/fig_proceedings/fig2007/papers/ts_3a/ts03a_01_henderson_etal_1213.pdf}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10764374 
 last accessed 5 May 2023}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
  At the Stage 2 hearing, the Attorney-General filed an affidavit from Mr Leon Salt, who had served as Commissioner for the Pitcairn Islands between 1995 and 2003.  Both before and during 
that time, Mr Salt was involved in consultation with members of the wider Pitcairn community about (what became) the 2000 reforms.  Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Salt had not given evidence at the Stage 1 hearing.  He was somewhat critical of the Henderson paper.  As he was not called for cross-examination, I treat Mr Salt\rquote s evidence as uncontested.{\*\bkmkend _Ref131839099}

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [30]\tab}
Mr Salt is of Pitcairn descent.  In the period between March 1984 and January 1987, he lived on Pitcairn and served in three capacities: Education Officer, Government Ad
viser to the Island Council and Government Auditor.  From 1995 to 2003, Mr Salt was Commissioner for the Pitcairn Islands.  During that period, he travelled to Pitcairn on about eight occasions and \'93
corresponded daily with members of the Island Council, the Island community and the Government Adviser on Island\'94.  Mr Salt now lives in New Zealand.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [31]\tab}
Between 1996 and 2000, Mr Salt was involved in the development of the 2000 reforms, together with members of the Island Council, the Pitcairn community, and the then Legal Adviser,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab 
Under clause 6(4) of the Pitcairn Constitution Order 2014, the office of \'93Legal Adviser\'94 became that of \'93Attorney-General\'94 as from 4 March 2010.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
 Mr Paul Treadwell.  Mr Treadwell was the lawyer primarily involved in drafting the three ordinances that gave effect to the 2000 reforms.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [32]\tab}
After Mr Salt completed his service on Pitcairn, he undertook a research paper as part of a Masters\rquote  degree in Resource and Environmental Planning.  A copy of the paper was produced in evidence.  N
o issue has been taken with the factual position outlined in either his affidavit or that paper.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [33]\tab}
Mr Salt states that concerns about the old land tenure system were first raised when he resided on Pitcairn between 1984 and 1987.  The primary concern wa
s the accuracy (or otherwise) of the record of land holdings and the inability, as time passed, for boundaries to be identified by reference to particular landmarks.  These issues resurfaced when Mr Salt held office as Commissioner for Pitcairn.  By this 
time, other concerns had developed about the allocation of usable land on Pitcairn.
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref132123889}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [34]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s21\qj \li0\ri567\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin567\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
Mr Salt explained community concerns with the old land tenure system as follows:{\*\bkmkend _Ref132123889}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri567\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 11.\tab 
I can recall the concerns raised with me during that time by the Pitcairn community.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-720\li2160\ri567\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin2160\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 (a)\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Some Pitcairners claimed they do not have sufficient land for their children to build a home on Pitcairn should they wish to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 .

\par (b)\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Most of Pitcairn was owned by folk who will never return to live there.  Five absentee individuals owned title to 23 sections in Adamstown}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 .
\par (c)\tab Although Section 20 of Part IV of the old ordinance provided for caretakers of land, where owners had not return
ed for ten years, to apply to be registered as the owner, no one took advantage of this for various reasons.  The most likely of these was that the absentee landowner or his family may be willing to provide goods to the caretaker or in some way be obliged
 to be kindly disposed towards them.  If they made a claim, the opposite would be the case.
\par (d)\tab In one case, the land was registered as the undivided land of the occupant\rquote s grandfather.  In other words, the land belonged to all of the descendants of the occupant\rquote s grandfather, a situation that offered no security.
\par (e)\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 In some cases, titles had become so small that they could not fit a home on them}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 .
\par (f)\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Some were aware of folk who would return if they knew they had access to land upon which to live}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 .  The community believed that there was enough room for everyone who wanted to live on Pitcairn, to be able to do so.
\par (g)\tab the boundaries of land outside the township were largely unknown.  Trees and rocks that marked these in days gone by had rotted away or been pus
hed away by the bulldozer.  The traditional practice of walking the land to identify boundary marks at the beginning of each year, had ceased in about 1952.
\par (h)\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 The community were almost unanimous in wanting to ensure that land could not be alienated and could not be claimed by the Crown}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri567\sb240\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 12.\tab 
Throughout the year there was further correspondence about land and a complaint from a Wellington Pitcairner about land he claimed he had lost access to.  In mid 1996, the Governor appointed an Administrative Advisor t
o visit Pitcairn for six months and report with advice on how the island should be reformed administratively.  The Administrative Advisor met with the Wellington and Auckland Pitcairn communities before leaving.  The Wellington group in particular had str
ong views on land ownership.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
The report of the Administrative Adviser raised the issue of the land tenure situation preventing the return of Pitcairners to live on the island.  The report stated that there was no land in the village, for those who do not o
wn and, to live on, should they return and that this was disadvantageous in terms of the future of the island}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri567\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 (Emphasis added)
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref132124039}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [35]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
I agree with Mr Salt that, as a result of the consultation, members of the Pitcairn community (including its o
verseas diaspora) had identified six principles that ought to underpin any new land tenure system.  Mr Salt put those principles in the following terms:{\*\bkmkend _Ref132124039}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 To remove the (then existing) doubt and debate over land ownership and rights

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b)\tab}To dev
elop a system of land tenure which is viable and could be applied to meet Pitcairn\rquote s current and future needs
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 c)\tab}
To provide land for all Pitcairners, their children and their grandchildren, should they wish to reside on Pitcairn, sufficient to meet their needs
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 d)\tab}
To provide for Pitcairners not residing on Pitcairn who wish to retain clear title to their land
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 e)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
To ensure that children can inherit the land of their parents
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 f)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
To ensure that all land for which title is not held by private individuals is protected through being vested in the Island Council, through the Lands Court.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li720\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 (Emphasis added)
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref133231361}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [36]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
As might be expected, there was not universal acceptance of the final form of the 2000 reforms.  However, on 1 November 1999, after consultation in
 1998 and 1999 when a draft of the proposed legislation was being considered, the Island Council approved the 2000 reforms.  Fundamentally, they were designed (in Mr Salt\rquote s words) \'93
to provide all Pitcairners, their children and grandchildren (whether born on Pitcairn or not), the right to occupy house land, garden land, orchard and forestry land should they choose to live on Pitcairn, without cost\'94
.  It is important, in my view, that Mr Salt\rquote s observations be read in the context of the islanders\rquote  desires to
 have the ability to leave their land to their children (inheritance) and to have sufficient land for their children to build a home on Pitcairn (occupation).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  \tab See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  REF _Ref132124039 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330032003100320034003000330039000000000004}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 [35]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 (c) and (e) above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   The three Ordinances were enacted on 1 August 2000.{\*\bkmkend _Ref133231361}
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref133481873}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [37]\tab}I acknowledge that Mr Salt\rquote 
s evidence demonstrates a much greater degree of consultation with Pitcairners during the period leading up to the 2000 reforms than was suggested in the Henderson paper.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \tab 
Ibid, at para 3.1, set out at para [39] of the Stage 1 judgment.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   Having said that, the additional evidence from Mr Salt does not change the way in which, for the purposes of Olive\rquote 
s application, I view the 2000 reforms.  Mr Salt has acknowledged that one of the underlying principles on which the 2000 reforms were accepted by the Pitcairn community was \'93to ensure that children can inherit the land of their parents\'94
.  While, in the
 final form of the Land Tenure Reform Ordinance, the ability to leave a leasehold interest in garden land, orchard land, forestry land and commercial land was permissible, the position was different with regard to house land.  That is because }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 interests in 
land (other than house land) would continue for the balance of the permitted periods and could be the subject of testamentary disposals during those periods.  In respect of house land, the statute provides for limited succession by operation of law only.}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 Christian v Lands Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  [2022] PNSC 1, at paras [95]\endash [99], summarised and set out at paras }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 
 REF _Ref131838844 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310033003100380033003800380034003400000000009d}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [25]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  and }{\field{\*\fldinst {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  REF _Ref130360746 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330030003300360030003700340036000000000500}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [26]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  above.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374   See also s 5(1) of the Land Tenure Reform Ordinance, set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref131837395 \\r \\
h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003300310038003300370033003900350000000005ea}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [24]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
The inability of Pitcairners to devise house land to their children by will is at the heart of Olive\rquote s application.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 {\*\bkmkend _Ref133481873}\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab Section 5(1) of the Land Tenure Reform Ordinance (set out at para }
{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref131837395 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003300310038003300370033003900350000000205ea}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [24]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 
 above) does allow the leasehold interest in house land to pass to \'93dependents\'94.  However, as in this case, not all children are dependents.  Further, it might be problematic for house land to pass to more than one
 dependent on the death of the Land Allocation Title holder.  There does not appear to be any statutory mechanism to resolve competing claims among qualifying dependents.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [38]\tab}That said, Mr Salt\rquote s evidence is important in two respects:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 It confirms that
 (at a practical day-to-day level) the 2000 reforms were (despite having the effect of extinguishing freehold title) broadly acceptable to the Pitcairn community to address identified problems caused by perceived insufficiency of land and absentee owners;
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab See para 11(a) and (b) of Mr Salt\rquote s affidavit, set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref132123889 \\r \\h }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330032003100320033003800380039000000000500}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [34]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  and 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b)\tab}It highlights the absence of any clear provision regarding inheritance that
 was needed to meet the aspirations of Pitcairners involved in the consultation process.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref132124039 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003300320031003200340030003300390000006e0000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [35]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 (e) above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref131839111}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [39]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
From reviewing minutes of community and Island Council meetings around the time that drafts of the Land Tenure Reform Ordinance were being prepared, it seems reasonably clear that members of the Pitcairn community (and, most likely, those involved in the 
drafting process) mistakenly believed that s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
11(2) of the Land Tenure Reform Ordinance was sufficient to meet their desire for continued inheritance rights.  I considered s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
11 in my Stage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 1 judgment.  I said:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 Christian v Lands Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  [2022] PNSC 1, at paras [93]\endash [95].}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 {\*\bkmkend _Ref131839111}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li720\ri567\sb240\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 [93]\tab \'85  Section 11 provides:

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri567\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af42\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f42\fs22\lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af42\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f42\fs22\lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 11.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af43\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f43\fs22\lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \emdash (1) It shall be unlawful to enter into an agreement for, and the Court shall have no jurisdiction to approve, the transfer }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af288\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f288\fs22\lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 inter vivos }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af43\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f43\fs22\lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
of any interest in land to a person who is not a permanent resident of the Islands.
\par 
\par (2) Nothing in subsection (1) shall be so construed as to prevent the transmission of an interest in land, whether by will or intestate succession, to any descendant of th
e owner or any other person entitled under the provisions of this ordinance to own land in the Islands, whether permanently resident in the Islands or not.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li720\ri567\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 [94]\tab Section 11(1) prohibits an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 inter vivos}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  transfer of any interest in land to a person who is not a permanent resident, whereas s 11(2) makes it clear that prohibition does not apply to testamentary dispositions.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 The ability to pass an \'93interest in land\'94 under s 11(2) is limited to those interests that are capable of passing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 .
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref111638359}[95]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 To reit
erate, house land is not capable of being passed by will to a named beneficiary.  Rather, it passes by operation of law to a spouse or dependents.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
  The term of the Land Allocation Title for house land expires at the latest of the death of the Land Allocation Title holder, his or her spouse or any dependents wholly reliant upon him or her.{\*\bkmkend _Ref111638359}
\par (Emphasis added)
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 The precedent fact issues
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 (a)\tab Context
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref131841687}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [40]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 The Commission was established by s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
3 of the Land Tenure Reform Ordinance, to identify boundaries of certain categories of land before the operative parts of the 2000 reforms were brought into effect.  Section 3, in the form in which it stood after the Land Tenure Reform (Amendment) Ordinan
ce (the 2006 Amendment) was enacted on 30 October 2006, relevantly stated:{\*\bkmkend _Ref131841687}
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af42\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f42\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af42\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f42\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 3.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af43\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f43\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \emdash 
(1) There is hereby established a Land Commission comprising the elected members of the Island Council and such other persons appointed from among the permanent resi
dents of the Islands by order of the Governor so that each extended family shall be represented by at least one member.
\par (2) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af43\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f43\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 It shall be the function and responsibility of the Land Commission to identify and establish the boundaries of all usable land on Pi
tcairn Island other than house land, public land and reserve land, that is to say, all garden land, orchard land and forestry land, and to cause the same to be divided }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af286\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f286\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 into viable blocks according to the classification of the land}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af286\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f286\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af43\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f43\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 (3) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af43\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f43\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 The Land Commission 
shall compile and maintain a register of the said land and shall establish marks delineating the boundaries thereof in durable and permanent form}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af43\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f43\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 .
\par (4) In the exercise of its functions under subsections (2) and (3), the Land Commission may engage the services and advice of such professional experts as may assist the accurate and speedy accomplishment of its objectives.
\par \'85
\par [(8) Upon completion of its functions under subsections (2) and (3), the Land Commission shall cause full details of its findings to be conveyed to the Registrar of the Court.
\par The Registrar of the Court shall thereupon ensure that these are amalgamated with the previous register of house land in Adamstown made by the Ordnance Survey in 1985. The amalgamated registers shall
 thereupon have the force of law and shall be, subject to the grant of any leasehold interests }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af286\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f286\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
under this ordinance, the only true and official record of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af43\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f43\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
the ownership and boundaries of private and public land on Pitcairn Island. The authority of the register so created by amalgamation shall not be called into question in any court in any proceedings whatever.]
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af42\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f42\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af42\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f42\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 (Emphasis added)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref130366917}{\*\bkmkstart _Ref111183776}{\*\bkmkend _Ref130217916}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [41]
\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 On 31 October 2006 (the day after the 2006 Amendment was enacted), the Governor issued a \'93Notice of Appointment of Suspension Date
\'94, by which 1 December 2006 was fixed as the suspension date.  I infer that, on 30 October 2006, when the 2006 Amendment was enacted, the Governor knew that the suspension date would be promulgated the next day.  In terms of s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 4(1) of the Land Tenure Reform Ordinance, 1 December 2006 became the date on which \'93
all existing freehold title to any interest in private land in the Islands [was] deemed to be suspended for the purposes of that Ordinance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  \tab Se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 ction 4(1) of the Land Tenure Reform Ordinance is set out at }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  REF _Ref132091375 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330032003000390031003300370035000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 [23]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 above.}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 {\*\bkmkend _Ref130366917}  Section 5(1) explained the nature of the leasehold interest that would follow suspension, when a Land Allocation Title was issued.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \tab Section 5(1) of the Land Tenure Reform Ordinance is set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 
 REF _Ref131837395 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330031003800330037003300390035000000004800}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [24]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref133405892}{\*\bkmkstart _Ref130366922}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [42]\tab}
On any view (notwithstanding that the legal status of a suspended interest in freehold land is far from clear), once the freehold title was suspended, the owner immediately lost the ability to deal freely with his or her land.  The concept of \'93
suspension\'94 necessarily imports a temporary prohibition on the performance of any act that could have been done beforehand.  Following suspension, dealings with the land were dependent upon the issue of Land Allocation Titles by the Lands Court.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab Section 4(2) of the Land Tenure Reform Ordinance (set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref132091375 \\r \\h  \\
* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330032003000390031003300370035000000006700}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [23]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above) identifies the classes of persons entitled to apply for Land Allocation Titles.  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Section 4(3) and (4) of the Land Tenure Reform Ordinance respectively set out the criteria that the Lands Court was to apply in determining whether to grant a Land Allocation Title.  Section}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 4(4) made it clear that the L
ands Court had no power to refuse an application \'93made by an existing owner of a suspended interest in that land\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 {\*\bkmkend _Ref133405892}
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref133404891}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [43]\tab}
When Land Allocation Titles were issued, the former owner ceased to hold a freehold interest in the land, whic
h reverted to the Sovereign.  The Island Council (as notional lessor) now holds that land on behalf of His Majesty.  On the grant of a Land Allocation Title, the freehold interest was extinguished and was replaced by a leasehold estate in the relevant lan
d, \'93without consideration of rent from the Island Council\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  \tab Land Tenure Reform Ordinance, s 5(1).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 {\*\bkmkend _Ref110503088}
{\*\bkmkend _Ref111183776}  Mr Illingworth submits that amounted to a statutory confiscation of the freehold interest, without compensation.  Expressly, s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 10 of the Land Tenure Reform Ordinance provided that:{\*\bkmkend _Ref130366922}{\*\bkmkend _Ref133404891}
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af43\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f43\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af43\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f43\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
10.   For the avoidance of doubt, no compensation shall be payable to any person for the extinguishment of a freehold estate in land held immediately before the suspension date and its replacement by a leasehold estate.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [44]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 As at 31 October 2006, the Commission was chaired by Ms Meralda Warren.  She had been appointed as Chair in February 2006 and held that role until the Commission was (in her words) \'93wound up in November 2006\'94
.  In making an affidavit for the purpose of this proceeding, Ms Warren made it clear that she no longer holds any paper records of the Commission\rquote 
s work and has endeavoured to give evidence to the best of her recollection, having refreshed her memory from some documents provided by the Attorney-General.
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref132112148}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [45]\tab}
In the context of the delays to implementation of the 2000 reforms due to the Operation Unique trials and the temporary withdrawal of British aid,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref132091280 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310033003200300039003100320038003000000000f200}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [7]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  Ms Warren explained the work of the Commission as follows:{\*\bkmkend _Ref132112148}
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 6.\tab 
In February 2006, a surveyor, Jofe Jenkins, was engaged to assist the Land Commission. He worked with the Commission to complete the work of identifying boundaries of land on Pitcairn.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 7.\tab 
The work the Land Commission undertook involved recording (electronically) the boundaries of land in Adamstown that had previously been su
rveyed (by Frank Preston). We did not change the boundaries surveyed by Mr Preston. If someone wanted to apply for unoccupied land in Adamstown to be garden land, orchard land, or forestry land, we checked the boundaries and recorded the category of land.

\par 
\par 8.\tab It also identified boundaries of sections of land outside of Adamstown that would be used as garden, orchard or forest land. This was difficult, as we could not decide the land use or appropriate size without knowing what the owner\rquote 
s intention was for the land. In July 2006 we decided to leave areas outside Adamstown to be surveyed and designated as house land or garden land etc for when a person makes an application for the land for use under a particular category.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 9. \tab The process we adopted for ident
ifying boundaries of land outside of Adamstown was as follows:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li2160\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin2160\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 a. \tab 
Pitcairners could identify land that [they] currently used or wished to use, for one of the purposes in the Land Tenure Reform Ordinance (garden land, orchard land, etc), and ask the Land Commission to survey that land;
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li2160\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin2160\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 b. \tab 
The Land Commission, with the help of Mr Jenkins, then surveyed and identified the boundaries of that land, including by putting markers in the ground, and the category of the land;
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li720\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 c. \tab Applications for the land were t
hen passed to the Lands Court.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 10. \tab 
Where there were trees planted outside of Adamstown, it was generally understood that these belonged to the person who planted them (or their descendants), regardless of whether an application was made for the land.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 11. \tab 
We also categorised some land as reserve land. This was land of public significance for Pitcairn, including for example St Paul\rquote s pool and Ship\rquote s landing point.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 12.\tab 
It is my view that the Land Commission finished everything it was required to do by November 2006 \endash  there was nothing left for it to do. Throughout the process all members of the Land Commission tried to do everything the proper way.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 13. \tab All land was rec
orded in paper and on CD. I personally passed all the records of the Land Commission on to the Lands Court in November 2006.
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref132112159}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [46]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Mr Illingworth relies upon s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
4(2) of the Land Tenure Reform Ordinance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \tab Set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst 
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref132091375 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330032003000390031003300370035000000028f00}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [23]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
 as a foundation for his proposition that the Commission had not completed all of its work as at 31 October 2006.  He submits that Ms}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Warren\rquote s evidence establishes that, by that date, the Commission had not identified and established the boundaries of all useable land on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Pitcairn
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  that was classified as garden land, orchard land and forestry land and divided those parcels of land into viable blocks.  Mr Illingworth contended that the fact that had been done for }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Adamstown }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 was not enough to comply with s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 4(2).{\*\bkmkend _Ref132112159}  
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref133406706}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [47]\tab}Ms Kelly submitted that Ms Warren\rquote 
s evidence has been misconstrued and that, in fact, everything that the Commission needed to do had been done by the promulgation date.  In particular, she referred to Ms Warren\rquote 
s evidence that the Commission decided to defer both survey and classification of use of land outside of Adamstown until an application was made to identify a proposed use.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab See para 8 of Ms Warren\rquote 
s affidavit, set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref132112148 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310033003200310031003200310034003800000000a500}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [45]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 {\*\bkmkend _Ref133406706}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [48]\tab}There are two distinct issues that I need to consider:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 The first is whether completion of the Commission\rquote s functions a \'93
precedent fact\'94 to lawful promulgation of the suspension date.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b)\tab}The second (which arises only if a precedent fac
t exists) is whether, it has been established that the condition was not met by due date.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 (b)\tab Analysis
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref133400908}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [49]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
A legislative instrument will often repose a discretion in a public official to fix a date when something with which the instrument dea
ls is to come into effect.  In some cases, that discretion can only be exercised if a particular state of affairs were to exist at the relevant time.  Mr Illingworth\rquote 
s argument is that the Governor was not, on 31 October 2006, entitled to exercise a discretion to fix the suspension date because the Commission had not completed its work.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab 
Land Tenure Reform Ordinance, s 3(2) and (3), set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref131841687 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003300310038003400310036003800370000006e4b00}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [40]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   The first inquiry is as to whether completion of the Commission\rquote 
s work was required before the discretion to fix the suspension date could be exercised.  If so, the consequential question is whether the act of fixing the date necessarily invalidates what follows.{\*\bkmkend _Ref133400908}  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [50]\tab}
Both Mr Illingworth and Ms Kelly accept that it is for the Court to determine, as a matter of statutory interpretation, whether a \'93precedent fact\'94 truly exists, and, if so, to determine whether, as a matter of fact, the function
 had been completed.  To support his submission that s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 4(2) created a precedent fact Mr Illingworth relied primarily on }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Khawaja v Secretary of State for the Home Department}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 Khawaja v Secretary of State for the Home Department}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  [1983] 1 All ER 765 (HL).}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 R (on the application of Sainsbury\rquote 
s Supermarkets Ltd) v Wolverhampton City Council}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3438368 
R (on the application of Sainsbury\rquote s Supermarkets Ltd v Wolverhampton City Council}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  [2010] 4 All ER 931 (SC).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
  To the contrary, Ms Kelly submitted that the more analogous cases are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 R v Hillingdon Borough Council ex parte Pulhofer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 ,}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 R v Hillingdon Borough Council (ex parte Pulhofer)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  [1986] 1 AC }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 484 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 (HL).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 R v Home Secretary, ex parte Jeyeanthan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\lang2057\langfe2057\super\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 R v Home Secretary, ex parte Jeyeanthan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  [2000] 1 WLR 354 (CA).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 R v Soneji.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 R v Soneji}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  [2005] 4 All ER 321 (HL).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [51]\tab}Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Khawaja was a Pakistani national who had lived in Belgium immediately before his entry into England on a visitor\rquote 
s visa.  He applied for judicial review of a decision made by the Secretary of State for the Home Office to refuse him to remain in the United Kingdom, having married an English resident.  Mr Illingworth relies on what was said by Lord Wilberforce, in res
p
onse to a submission that the Court was not entitled to inquire into whether a sufficient evidential foundation existed on which an immigration officer could exercise the discretion to reject the type of application in issue.  Lord Wilberforce explained t
he respective functions of the executive and the courts as follows:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 Khawaja v Secretary of State for the Home Department}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  [1983] 1 All ER 765 (HL)}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 at 777\endash 778.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li720\ri567\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
I would therefore restate the respective functions of the immigration authorities and of the c
ourts as follows. (1) The immigration authorities have the power and the duty to determine and to act on the facts material for the detention as illegal entrants of persons prior to removal from the United Kingdom. (2) Any person whom the Secretary of Sta
t
e proposes to remove as an illegal entrant, and who is detained, may apply for a writ of habeas corpus or for judicial review.  On such an application the Secretary of State or the immigration authorities if they seek to support the detention or removal (
t
he burden being on them) should depose to the grounds on which the decision to detain or remove was made, setting out essential factual evidence taken into account and exhibiting documents sufficiently fully to enable the courts to carry out their functio
n of review. (3) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 The court\rquote 
s investigation of the facts is of a supervisory character and not by way of appeal (it should not be forgotten that a right of appeal as to the facts exists under s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 16 of the 1971 Act even though Parliament has thought fit to imp
ose conditions on its exercise). It should appraise the quality of the evidence and decide whether that justifies the conclusion reached, eg whether it justifies a conclusion that the applicant obtained permission to enter by fraud or deceit.  An allegati
on that he has done so being of a serious character and involving issues of personal liberty requires a corresponding degree of satisfaction as to the evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
  If the court is not satisfied with any part of the evidence it may remit the matter for reconsi
deration or itself receive further evidence.  It should quash the detention order where the evidence was not such as the authorities should have relied on or where the evidence received does not justify the decision reached or, of course, for any serious 
procedural irregularity.
\par (Emphasis added)
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [52]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 While }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Khawaja }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
explains how the Court approaches determination of the factual basis on which the decision-maker has acted, it does not deal specifically with how one establishes whether it is necessary for the d
ecision-maker to be satisfied that the fact has been established before exercising a discretion.  Section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
4(1) of the Land Tenure Reform Ordinance is silent on whether the Governor could only exercise the discretion to fix the suspension date after the Commission had completed its functions.  Any limits on the Governor\rquote 
s discretion must be distilled from the legislation itself.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [53]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
Sainsbury\rquote s Supermarkets}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  is directed to a different point.  The appeal with which the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom was 
concerned involved questions of interpretation arising out of legislation that empowered local authorities to acquire private property by compulsion.  Lord Collins, in giving the lead judgment, stressed the \'93
strict construction on statutes expropriating private property\'94 that courts had, historically, been \'93astute to impose\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3438368 
R (on the application of Sainsbury\rquote s Supermarkets Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3438368  v Wolverhampton City Council}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374  [2010] 4 All ER 931 (SC) at para 9.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   While }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Sainsbury\rquote s Supermarkets}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  is relevant to the question of how s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
4(1) of the Land Tenure Reform Ordinance should be interpreted in deciding whether completion of the Commission\rquote s functions was necessary before the Governor fixed the suspension date, I consider that the analyses undertaken in }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Jeyeanthan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Soneji}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  provide more direct guidance on that question.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [54]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
Jeyeanthan }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Soneji }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 each focus on 
the usefulness (or otherwise)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 of an approach to interpretation which would require a decision characterising
 whether the existence of the asserted precedent fact was mandatory or permissive. 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref132094719}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [55]\tab}In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Jeyeanthan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 , Lord Woolf MR, with whom Judge and May LJJ agreed on this point, said:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 R v Home Secretary, ex parte Jeyeanthan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 
 [2000] 1 WLR 354 (CA) at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 362}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 {\*\bkmkend _Ref132094719}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li720\ri567\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Bearing in mind Lord Hailsham LC\rquote 
s helpful guidance [in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 London and Clydeside Estates Ltd v Aberdeen District Council }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
[1980] 1 WLR 182 (HL) at 188\endash 190] I suggest that the right approach is to regard the question of whether a requirement is directory or mandatory as only at most a first st
ep.  In the majority of cases there are other questions which have to be asked which are more likely to be of greater assistance than the application of the mandatory/directory test.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 The questions which are likely to arise are as follows}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 :
\par 1.\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Is the statut
ory requirement fulfilled if there has been substantial compliance with the requirement and, if so, has there been substantial compliance in the case in issue even though there has not been strict compliance?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  (The substantial compliance question.)
\par 2.\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Is the non-compliance capable of being waived, and if so, has it,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
 or can it and should it be waived in this particular case? (The discretionary question.)  I treat the grant of an extension of time for compliance as a waiver.
\par 3.\tab If it is not capable of being waived or is not waived then what is the consequence of non-compliance? (The consequences question.)
\par Which questions will arise will depend upon the facts of the case and the nature of the particular requirement.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 The advantage of focusing on these questions
 is that they should avoid the unjust and unintended consequences which can flow from an approach solely dependant on dividing requirements into mandatory ones, which oust jurisdiction, or directory, which do not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 .  If the result of non-compliance goes to jurisdiction to will be said jurisdiction cannot be conferred where it does not otherwise exist by consent or waiver.
\par (Emphasis added)
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref132111184}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [56]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 To similar effect, in giving the principal speech in the House of Lords in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Soneji}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 , Lord Steyn concluded:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 R v Soneji}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  [2005] 4 All ER 321 (HL)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 , at para 23, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 with whom Lord Rodger of Earlsferry (at paras 39 and 41}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 -42}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 ), Lord Cullen of Whitekirk (at paras }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 53, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 55, 57 and 68) and Lord Brown of Eaton-under-Heywood (at paras 78 and 79) agreed.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 {\*\bkmkend _Ref132111184}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li720\ri567\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 23.\tab 
Having reviewed the issue in some detail I am in respectful agreement with the Australian High Court [in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Project Blue Sky Inc v Australian Broadcasting }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Authority(1998) 153 ALR 490 (HCA) at 516-517) (McHugh, Gummow, Kirby and Hayne JJ)] that the rigid manda
tory and directory distinction, and its many artificial refinements, have outlived their usefulness.  Instead, as held in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Attorney General\rquote s Reference (No 3 of 1999) }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 [[2001] 1 All ER 577 (HL)], }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 the emphasis ought to be on the consequences of non-compliance
, and posing the question whether Parliament can fairly be taken to have intended total invalidity.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
  That is how I would approach what is ultimately a question of statutory construction.  In my view it follows that the approach of the Court of Appeal was incorrect. 
\par (Emphasis added)
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [57]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 I apply the approach adopted in both }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Jeyeanthan }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Soneji}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  
to reject the mandatory/permissive dichotomy in favour of one that considers to what extent the relevant tasks have been undertaken, whether the obligation to complete any outstanding tasks may have been waived, and 
the consequences of any declaration of invalidity.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 R v Home Secretary, ex parte Jeyeanthan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  [2000] 1 WLR 354 (CA) at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  362 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 R v Soneji}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  [2005] 4 All ER 321 (HL)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  at para 53, set out respectively at paras }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref132094719 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330032003000390034003700310039000000003700}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [55]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  and }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref132111184 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330032003100310031003100380034000000001400}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [56]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref132267245}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [58]\tab}The unique nature of Pitcairn\rquote 
s governance structure requires a more nuanced approach to determination of whether completion of the Commission\rquote s work was a precedent fact.  
Unlike the United Kingdom, Pitcairn is not a parliamentary democracy.  In 2000, when the Land Tenure Reform Ordinance was enacted, the Governor was empowered to \'93make laws for the peace, order and good government of\'94 the Pitcairn Islands.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab Pitcairn Order 1970, clause 5(1), set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref132095862 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310033003200300039003500380036003200000000c000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [90]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   Executive authority was vested in the Crown, subject to its exercise by the Governor or an authorised delegate.  By s}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 4(1) of the Land Tenure Reform Ordinance,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab Set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref132091375 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330032003000390031003300370035000000004700}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [23]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  the Governor (as legislator) gave the power to himself (as executive) to fix the suspension date.  In the context of Pitcairn\rquote s constitutional framework, 
it would be wrong to draw a strict and uncompromising distinction between the respective roles of the Governor in a case such as this.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab See arts 33 and 36 of the Constitution, set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref134163811 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310033003400310036003300380031003100000002b300}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [61]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   In my view, the legislation intended to allow a more holistic view to be taken by the Governor as to whether the Commission had completed sufficient work to justify promulgation of a suspension date.
{\*\bkmkend _Ref132267245}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 (c)\tab Conclusion
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref133407239}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [59]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 It is clear from Ms Warren\rquote 
s affidavit that the Commission did not complete all survey work anticipated by s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
3 of the Land Tenure Reform Ordinance before the Governor appointed 1 December 2006 as the \'93suspension date\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab See paras }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref132112148 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310033003200310031003200310034003800000000c700}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [45]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  and }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref132112159 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003300320031003100320031003500390000006e4300}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [46]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   However, under the circumstances, I do not believe that anyone involved in the consultation or implementation proces
s of the 2000 reforms, with knowledge of all relevant facts, would have contemplated that the Governor lacked power to fix the date when he did.  Even if there was some more work for the Commission to do, there had, in my view, been \'93
substantial compliance\'94 with the statutory requirements.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 R v Home Secretary, ex parte Jeyeanthan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  [2000] 1 WLR 354 (CA) at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  362, set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref132094719 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330032003000390034003700310039000000002f00}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [55]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 {\*\bkmkend _Ref133407239}  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [60]\tab}Further, the nature of the Governor\rquote s all-embracing powers 
suggests that it is inconceivable that anyone involved in the legislative process would have thought non-compliance of the type described}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab See paras }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref132112159 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330032003100310032003100350039000000008000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [46]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  and }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref133406706 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330033003400300036003700300036000000001500}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [47]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above and compare with para 8 of Ms Warren
\rquote s affidavit, set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref132112148 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330032003100310032003100340038000000008800}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [45]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  would have rendered invalid the decision to promulgate the suspension date.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 R v Soneji}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  [2005] 4 All ER 321 (HL)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 , at para 23.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   My views are reinforced by the fact that no action was taken to avoid the consequences of the 2000 reforms between 
the suspension date and the time the specific problem with inheritance came to light.{\*\bkmkstart _Ref133400947}{\*\bkmkstart _Ref132268014}  
In my judgment, the consequences of finding that the 2000 reforms were invalid because of that non-compliance would be out of all proportion to the nature of the failure.{\*\bkmkend _Ref133400947}  
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref134163811}{\*\bkmkend _Ref132268014}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [61]\tab}Another way of l
ooking at the issue is to consider whether the Governor effectively waived the need for compliance by the Commission.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 R v Home Secretary, ex parte Jeyeanthan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  [2000] 1 WLR 354 (CA) at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  362 (points 2 and 3).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   This possibil
ity stems from the dual roles of the Governor, as both executive and legislator.  Articles 33 and 36 of the Constitution provide:{\*\bkmkend _Ref134163811}
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af42\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f42\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 33.\emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af43\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f43\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
(1) The executive authority of Pitcairn is vested in Her Majesty.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af43\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f43\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 (2) Subject to this Constitution, the execu
tive authority of Pitcairn shall be exercised on behalf of Her Majesty by the Governor, either directly or through officers subordinate to the Governor.
\par (3) Nothing in this section shall preclude persons or authorities other than the Governor from exercising such functions as are or may be conferred on them by any law.
\par 
\par \'85
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af42\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f42\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 36.\emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af43\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f43\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
(1) Subject to this Constitution, the Governor, acting after consultation with the Island Council, may make laws for the peace, order and good government of Pitcairn.
\par (2) The Governor
 shall not be obliged to act in accordance with the advice of the Island Council in exercising the power conferred by subsection (1), but in any case where the Governor acts contrary to the advice of the Council any member of the Council shall have the ri
ght to submit his or her views on the matter to a Secretary of State.
\par (3) The Governor may exercise the power conferred by subsection (1) without consulting the Island Council whenever he or she is instructed to do so by Her Majesty through a Secretary of State.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref133497100}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [62]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Although it is fair to say that the Governor was, when promulgating the suspension date, acting as executive rather than legislator
, in the unusual circumstances in which the Pitcairn Islands are governed, it would be artificial to suggest that he did not intend to allow himself some latitude as to what constituted completion of the statutory tasks .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab 
See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref132267245 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310033003200320036003700320034003500000002cd00}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [58]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   In my view, by deciding to promulgate the suspension date, the Governor can be seen (for all practical purposes) as waiving the need for the balance of the Commission\rquote s work to be undertaken.
{\*\bkmkend _Ref133497100}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-320\slmult0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 The repugnancy issue
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref133240848}{\*\bkmkstart _Ref133227667}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [63]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 I deal next with Mr Illingworth\rquote 
s submission that the three Ordinances that make up the 2000 reforms should be declared \'93absolutely void and inoperative\'94 as a result of the application of s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 2 of the Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865 (UK).{\*\bkmkend _Ref133240848}
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref133240187}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [64]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-320\slmult0
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Sections 2 and 3 of the Colonial Laws Validity Act provide:
{\*\bkmkend _Ref133227667}{\*\bkmkend _Ref133240187}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li720\ri567\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
2. Any Colonial Law which is or shall be in any respect repugnant to the Provisions of any Act of Parliament or repugnant to any Order or Regulation made und
er Authority of such Act of Parliament, or having in the Colony the Force and Effect of such Act, shall be read subject to such Act, Order, or Regulation, and shall, to the Extent of such Repugnancy, but not otherwise, be and remain absolutely void and in
operative.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
3. No Colonial Law shall be or be deemed to have been void or Law when inoperative on the Ground of Repugnancy to the Law of England nor void for Repugnancy unless the same shall be repugnant to the Provisions of some such Act of Parliament, Orde
r, or Regulation as aforesaid.
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref133481091}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [65]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
Mr Illingworth submitted that the 2000 reforms were repugnant to the Magna Carta, a quasi-constitutional instrument that (among other things) is designed to protect property rights of individuals.  Both at t
he time of the 2000 reforms and at present, the Magna Carta remains as part of English law, and, therefore, Pitcairn law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab Constitution, art 42, set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref132094080 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310033003200300039003400300038003000000000be00}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [93]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   Relevantly, Chapter 29 of the Magna Carta provides:{\*\bkmkend _Ref133481091}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi720\li0\ri567\sb240\sl-320\slmult0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
XXIX Imprisonment, &c. contrary to Law. Administration of Justice.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li720\ri567\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
NO Freeman shall be taken or imprisoned, or be disseised of his Freehold, or Liberties, or free Customs, or
 be outlawed, or exiled, or any other wise destroyed; nor will We not pass upon him, nor condemn him, but by lawful judgment of his Peers, or by the Law of the Land. We will sell to no man, we will not deny or defer to any man either Justice or Right.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [66]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Sir Kenneth Roberts-Wray, in his seminal text }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Commonwealth and Colonial Laws}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab Roberts-Wray, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 Commonwealth and Colonial Laws}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  (Stevens & Co, 1966).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
 discusses the origins of the Colonial Laws Validity Act by reference to a number of cases of high authority in which it had been considered.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab Ibid, at 395\endash 402.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   Sir Kenneth considered that there were difficulties in applying the 1865 Act to colonies that had adopted English law that was subject to \'93local circumstances\'94.  That is the position that pertains in Pitcairn.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref132094080 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330032003000390034003000380030000000040c00}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [93]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   Although primarily used in the context of colonies that were \'93ceded\'94 rather than \'93settled\'94,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab Roberts-Wray, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 Commonwealth and Colonial Laws}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  (Stevens & Co, 1966) at 544.  In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 Christian v The Queen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  [2006] PNPC 1; [2006] UKPC 47, the Privy Council held that Pitcairn had been \'93settled\'94, rather than \'93ceded\'94.  See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref133477650 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330033003400370037003600350030000000f71cfd}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [86]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  below.  In this context the Privy Council\rquote 
s use of the term \'93conquest\'94 is equivalent to the concept of a colony being \'93settled\'94.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  I adopt the following passage from Sir Kenneth Roberts-Wray\rquote s book in relation 
to the position of Pitcairn:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab Roberts-Wray, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 Commonwealth and Colonial Laws}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  (Stevens & Co, 1966), at 545.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li720\ri567\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
A Court may therefore hold, in light of the circumstances, that an English law is to be entirely rejected or that it must be applied with modificati
ons.  All the circumstances are to be taken into account, including the local relevance or otherwise of circumstances in England which explain a particular law.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [67]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 This approach was taken by the Pitcairn Court of Appeal, in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Warren v R.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374 Warren v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  [201
5] PNCA 1, at para [100] (Potter, Blanchard and Hansen JJA).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
  In that case, the appellants had argued that the Justice Ordinance, which provided for trial without juries, was void by virtue of repugnancy to the Bill of Rights 1688 (UK).  The Court of Appe
al found that the Ordinance was not repugnant because, in Pitcairn\rquote s unique (local) circumstances, a trial by jury was impracticable.  The Court said:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  \tab Ibid, at para [101].  To similar effect, see observations of the Privy Council in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374 
Warren v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  [2018] UKPC 20, at paras 22\endash 
26 (per Lord Hughes and Lord Lloyd-Jones, for the Board) where a submission that creation of a non-representative legislature was repugnant to the Bill of Rights 1688 was rejected.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li720\ri567\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 [101]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Nor does the Pitcairn Justice Ordinance fall foul of the Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865. The Pitcairn Constitution, including s 42, is not inconsistent with (\'93repugnant to
\'94) the Bill of Rights because the 1887 Act has authorised the making of a constitution for the peace, order and good governme
nt of Pitcairn. The Pitcairn Constitution is validly made under this power and s 42, consistently with the common law, disapplies any English legislation of general application that is unfit for local circumstances. So, to this extent at least, the Bill o
f Rights is not in force in Pitcairn. Thus, there is no repugnancy for s 2 of the 1865 Act to make void.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [68]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 A determination of \'93repugnancy\'94
 may have an unintended consequence of leaving a gap in the law of the particular country which might take considera
ble time for the local legislature to fill.  To avoid that problem, particular principles have been developed to ensure that statutes passed by the local legislature will not be declared inoperative or void unless necessary to remedy any inconsistency.  T
hat principle is reflected in s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 2 of the Colonial Laws Validity Act which states that the statute will be \'93
absolutely void and inoperative\'94 only to the extent of the relevant repugnancy.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865 (UK), s 2, set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref133240187 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330033003200340030003100380037000000708c00}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [64]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [69]\tab}The authors of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 British Overseas Territories Law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab Hendry and Dickson, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 British Overseas Territories Law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  (Hart Publishing, 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\super\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid14181574 nd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  ed 2018), at 178-179.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
 refer to two authorities that set out the principles of interpretation in unequivocal terms: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Suratt v Attorney-General of Trinidad and Tobago}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374 Suratt v Attorney-General of Trinidad and Tobago }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 [2007] UKPC 55.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Campbell-Rodriques v Attorney-General of Jamaica}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid14181574 Camp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374 bell-Rodriques v Attorney-General of Jamaica}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  [2007] UKPC 65.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
decided on 15 October 2007 and 3 December 2007 respectively.   The proximity of the two decisions reinforces the applicability of the principles involved.
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref133480334}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [70]\tab}In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Suratt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 , Baroness Hale, for the majority of the Privy Council, said:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374 Suratt v Attorney-General of Trinidad and Tobago }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 
[2007] UKPC 55 at para 45.  Although Lord Bingham dissented as to the result, there is no suggestion in his separate judgment of disagreement with the principle.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 {\*\bkmkend _Ref133480334}

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri567\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 45.\tab {\*\bkmkstart para45}\'85 
The constitutionality of a parliamentary enactment is presumed unless it is shown to be unconstitutional and the burden on a party seeking to prove invalidity is a heavy one: see}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Grant v The Queen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
{\*\bkmkend para45}[2007] 1 AC 1, para 15, citing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Mootoo v Attorney General of Trinidad and Tobago}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
[1979] 1 WLR 1334, 1338-1339. On the other hand, the Constitution itself must be given a broad and purposive construction: see}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Minister of Home Affairs v Fisher}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 [1980] AC 319, 328.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref133495127}{\*\bkmkstart _Ref133480341}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [71]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Campbell-Rodriques}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
, Lord Carswell, delivering the advice of the Board, qualified the nature of the broad and purposive interpretation to which Baroness Hale had referred by reference to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
Minister of Home Affairs v Fisher}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\cf1\insrsid10764374\charrsid214711 
Minister of Home Affairs v Fisher}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf1\insrsid9267603  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf1\insrsid10764374\charrsid214711 [1980] AC 319}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf1\insrsid10764374  (PC)
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf1\insrsid10764374\charrsid214711 , 328}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf1\insrsid10764374 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   His Lordship said that \'93a \lquote 
generous and purposive interpretation\rquote  does not permit a distortion of the explicit relevant constitutional provisions\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid14181574 Camp}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374 bell-Rodriques v Attorney-General of Jamaica}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  [2007] UKPC 65, at para 12.  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
{\*\bkmkend _Ref133495127}  {\*\bkmkend _Ref133480341}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [72]\tab}
Returning to the question whether the three Ordinances that made up the 2000 reforms are repugnant to the Magna Carta, it is necessary to consider whether what occurred constitutes a relevant \'93taking\'94 or \'93deprivation\'94
 of property for the purpose of assessing whether any repugnancy exists.  I refer to two authorities touching on this: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Campbell-Rodriques v Attorney-General of Jamaica}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab 
Ibid.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Waitakere City Council v Estate Homes Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10764374 Waitakere City Council v Estate Homes Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  [2007] 2 NZLR 149 (SC).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
  Each deals with a case where it was submitted that a relevant \'93taking\'94 had occurred by reason of local town planning laws.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [73]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
Waitakere City Council v Estate Homes Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  is a decision of the Supreme Court of New Zealand, delivered on 19 December 2006 about one year before }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Campbell-Rodriques}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 .  In that case, the question was whether the terms of a resource consent for the subdivision of land amo
unted to a taking without compensation.  In the course of its judgment, the Supreme Court referred to the impact of the Magna Carta, as a matter of New Zealand law.  There was no dispute that, by virtue of s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 3(1) and the First Schedule to the Imperial Law Application Act 1988 (NZ), Chapter 29 of the Magna Carta}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab 
Set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref133481091 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310033003300340038003100300039003100000020ae03}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [65]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  remained part of New Zealand law.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [74]\tab}Delivering the judgment of the Supreme Court, McGrath J said:}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374 
Waitakere City Council v Estate Homes Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  [2007] 2 NZLR 149 (SC), at paras [45] and [46].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 [45] New Zealand law provides no general statutory protection for property rights equivalent to that given by the eminent domain doc
trine under the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, under which taking of property without compensation is unconstitutional and prohibited. The New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 does not protect interests in property from expropriation. T
he principal general measure of constitutional protection is under the Magna Carta, which requires that no one \'93shall be dispossessed of his freehold . . . but by . . . the law of the land\'94
. One of the effects of this measure is to require that the power to
 expropriate is conferred by statute, and the statutory practice is to confer entitlements to fair compensation where the legislature considers land is being taken for public purposes under a statutory power. Furthermore, as Professor Taggart has pointed 
out, [in \'93Expropriation, Public Purpose and the Constitution\'94, contained in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Forsyth }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 (ed), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 The Golden Metwand and the Crooked Cord}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  (1998) at 104\endash 105], and the Courts have been astute to construe statutes expropriating private property to ensure fair compensa
tion is paid. It was no doubt in this spirit that the majority of the Court of Appeal invoked s 322(2) of the Local Government Act, which is a provision which authorises the taking of land subject to compensation in stipulated circumstances.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 [46] The comm
on law presumption of interpretation applies, however, only if there is actually a taking. It is necessary in the present appeal accordingly to inquire whether the Council\rquote 
s requirement, as a condition of its subdivision consent, that Estate Homes construct an arterial road over lot 71 of its subdivision and cause the land to be vested in the Council as road reserve amounts to a taking.
\par 
\par (Footnotes omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref132122888}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [75]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 In the particular situation
 with which it was concerned, the Supreme Court took the view that the relevant provisions of the Resource Management Act 1991 (NZ) were to be interpreted without reference to the presumptive position that land should not be taken without compensation.  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [76]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
In the present case, the \'93no compensation\'94 provision in s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 10 of the Land Tenure Reform Ordinance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab 
Set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref133404891 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310033003300340030003400380039003100000084d500}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [43]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  is expressly referable to the
 extinguishment of freehold title and its replacement with a leasehold interest.  The Governor, acting as legislator, reached a deliberate decision (in unequivocal language) that compensation should not be paid.  That decision was reached after consultati
on with the Pitcairn community and general approval of the Island Council of the 2000 reforms.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab See paras }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref131839099 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003300310038003300390030003900390000001b0301}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [29]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \endash }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref133481873 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330033003400380031003800370033000000500000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [37]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above and }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref133500125 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330033003500300030003100320035000000834700}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [114]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref133488864}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [77]\tab}T
here is a long line of authority in England and Wales that makes it clear that land may be confiscated without compensation if undertaken pursuant to a clearly expressed statute.  A good example is the statement of principle articulated by Lord Denning}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 MR in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Prest v Secretary of State for Wales}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid5967514 Prest v Secretary of State for Wales}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid5967514  (1982) 81 LGR 193 (CA).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374   }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  \'93
no citizen is to be deprived of his land by any public authority against his will, unless it is expressly authorised by Parliament and the public interest decisively so demands\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab 
Ibid, at 198, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3818224 cited with approval by Lord Collins in delivering a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  plurality}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3818224  judgment of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3818224 
R (on the application of Sainsbury\rquote s Supermarkets Ltd) v Wolverhampton City Council}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3818224  [2010] UKSC 20 at paras 9 and 10.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 {\*\bkmkend _Ref132122888}  While Lord Denning might be thought to have spoken of a legitimate deprivation as one that was \'93expressly authorised by Parliament\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  in \'93the public interest\'94, the latter concept is simply part of the interpretation process.  This was made clear in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 R (on the application of Sainsbury\rquote s Supermarkets Ltd) v Wolverhampton City Council}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\lang2057\langfe2057\super\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3818224 R (on the application of Sainsbury\rquote s Supermarkets Ltd) v Wolverhampton City Council}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3818224 
 [2010] UKSC 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
 a decision of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom.  Lord Collins adopted the following propositions, taken from a judgment given by French CJ, in the High Court of Australia, in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 R & R Fazzolari Pty Ltd v Parramatta City Council}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\lang2057\langfe2057\super\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 R & R Fazzolari Pty Ltd v Parramatta City Council }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [2009] HCA 12, at paras 40, 42 and 43.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 {\*\bkmkend _Ref133488864}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
Common law protections for private property rights subjected to compulsory acquisition are not absolute but take the form of interpretative approaches when statutes are said to adversely affect such rights.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 A \'93presumption\'94, in the interpretation of statutes, against an intention to interfere with vested property rights is linked to \'93legislative intention\'94.  It means that \'93
where a statute is capable of more than one construction, that construction will be chosen which interferes least with private property rights \'85\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\lang2057\langfe2057\super\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab Ibid, at para 43.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [78]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
As Ms Kelly submitted, Chapter 29 of the Magna Carta does not provide an unqualified right to property.  It contains a qualification which allows the \'93law of the land\'94 to prevail.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab 
See Chapter 29 of Magna Carta is set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref133481091 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 
{\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330033003400380031003000390031000000040000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [65]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [79]\tab}
I consider later, in the context of the constitutional issues, whether the 2006 reforms had the effect of expropriating Len\rquote s freehold land.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  \tab See paras }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  REF _Ref133497384 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 
{\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003300330034003900370033003800340000006e0002}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 [106]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 \endash }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 
 REF _Ref133497395 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310033003300340039003700330039003500000000ea00}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374 [128]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   The present question is one of pure law.  It turns on whether the 2000 reforms conflict with relevant English law such that they may be considered \'93repugnant\'94
 to it and therefore, to the extent necessary to meet that repugnancy, should be declared \'93void and inoperative\'94 under the Colonial Laws Validity Act.
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref133488871}{\*\bkmkstart _Ref133240714}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [80]\tab}
I am satisfied that the 2000 reforms (particularly, ss 4(1), 5(1) and 10 of the Land Tenure Reform Ordinance)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab Set out at paras }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref132091375 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330032003000390031003300370035000000000044}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [23]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 , }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref131837395 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330031003800330037003300390035000000000002}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [24]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  and }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref133404891 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330033003400300034003800390031000000000900}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [43]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  are not repugnant to the Magna Carta, or any other relevant English law.  My reasons for drawing that conclusion are:{\*\bkmkend _Ref133488871}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 As a matter of English law, Chapter 29 of the Magna Carta d
oes not prevent expropriation of freehold interests in land without compensation, so long as clear words are used to achieve that purpose.  That is because Chapter 29 expressly states that \'93NO Freeman shall be disseised of his Freehold \'85 but by \'85
 the Law of the Land. \'85\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab Chapter 29 of Magna Carta is set out in full at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref133481091 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310033003300340038003100300039003100000002febf}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [65]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b)\tab}The words used in ss 4(1), 5(1) and 10 of the Land Tenure Reform Ordinan
ce are sufficiently clear to achieve the legislative purpose of expropriating freehold interests in land without compensation.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-320\slmult0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 {\*\bkmkend _Ref133240714}
The constitutional issues
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 (a)\tab Background
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref133401010}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [81]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
Christian v The Queen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 Christian v The Queen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  [2006] PNPC 1; [2006] UKPC 47.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  on a second appeal by some of those convicted on charges following trials stemming from Operation Unique, the Privy Council was asked to consider whether the Pitcairn Islands had ever become a \'93British settlement\'94
, within the meaning of that term in the British Settlements Act 1887 (UK).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \tab 
Ibid, at para 9 (Lord Hoffmann, for Lord Steyn, Lord Carswell and himself), with whom Lord Woolf}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 and Lord Hope}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 
agreed on this point.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   I am bound by the Privy Council\rquote s analysis of the constitut
ional position.  I adopt what Their Lordships said and summarise the constitutional position as at the date of the Privy Council\rquote s advice, 30 October 2006; coincidentally, one day before the date on which the Governor promulgated the \'93
suspension date\'94.{\*\bkmkend _Ref133401010}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [82]\tab}
The Pitcairn Islands are classified as a British Overseas Territory.  Pitcairn was first occupied in 1790 by mutineers from HMAV Bounty, together with some Polynesian men and women who arrived with them.  Apart from a period when there was a
 general migration to Norfolk Island, a small settlement on Pitcairn has remained.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \tab Ibid, at para 2 (Lord Hoffmann).}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   At present, subject to typical fluctuations, its population is about 50 people, who live on a habitable area of around 4.5km}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f300\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \'b2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [83]\tab}Pitcairn is one of the most remote territories in the world.  It }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
is isolated not only by the tyranny of distance but also by general inaccessibility.  There is no access by air.  There is no airport or airstrip on Pitcairn.  Nor is there any safe harbour in w
hich vessels can anchor.  Access by sea is completed by the collection of passengers or goods by long-boats operated by the islanders who ensure safe passage to Bounty Bay.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref131673641}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [84]\tab}Although, in 1883, Her Ma
{\*\bkmkstart _Ref130533092}jesty Queen Victoria, made an Order in Council (the Pacific Order), by which power to establish \'93all such laws and institutions\'94 as might appear to Her Majesty to be \'93necessary for the peace, order and good government
\'94 in any British settlement, the Pacific Order did not extend to Pitcairn.  {\*\bkmkend _Ref130533092}It was not until 1898, that the Pacific Order was extended to include the area in which the Pitcairn islands are located.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \tab Ibid, at paras 4 (Lord Hoffmann) and 60 (Lord Hope).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 {\*\bkmkend _Ref131673641}  At that time, Engli
sh law was expressly adopted in Pitcairn.
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref132113616}{\*\bkmkstart _Ref132357926}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [85]\tab}
Application of the Pacific Order to Pitcairn was revoked by the Pitcairn Order in Council of 1952 (the 1952 Order).  It provided for the Governor of Fiji to be Governor of Pitcairn an
d some neighbouring uninhabited islands.  When Fiji attained independent status in 1970, new arrangements were needed for Pitcairn.  The 1970 Order was promulgated in substitution for the 1952 Order.  Shortly afterwards, the Governor made the Judicature O
rdinance of 1970.  Section 14 of that Ordinance provided that, subject to \'93local circumstances\'94, \'93
the common law, the rules of equity and the statutes of general application as in force in and for England at the commencement of this Ordinance shall be in force in [Pitcairn]\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 {\*\bkmkend _Ref132113616}\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab Section 14 of the Judicature Ordinance is reproduced in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 Christian v The Queen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  [2006] PNPC 1; [2006] UKPC 47 at para 7.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 {\*\bkmkend _Ref132357926}
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref133477650}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [86]\tab}The term \'93British settlement\'94 was defined as 
\'93any British possession which has not been acquired by cession or conquest\'94 and did not have its own legislature.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 Christian v The Queen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 
 [2006] PNPC 1; [2006] UKPC 47, at paras 3 (Lord Hoffmann) and 60 (Lord Hope).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   An argument that Pitcairn had been \'93ceded\'94 was advanced by co
unsel for the appellants before the Privy Council, in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Christian v The Queen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
.  Lord Hoffmann was dismissive of that suggestion: \'93cession by whom?\'94, His Lordship asked rhetorically.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab Ibid, at para 11 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 (with whom all other members of the Board agreed on this topic).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   The Privy Council unanimously held that Pitcairn\rquote s 
\'93legal status \'85 as a British possession [was] concluded by successive statements of the executive, starting with the direction of the Secretary of State in 1898 [that extended the Pacific Order] and ending with the making of the 1970\'94 Order.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \tab Ibid, at paras 9\endash 11}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 {\*\bkmkend _Ref133477650} 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 (b)\tab The Constitutional architecture

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 {\*\bkmkstart _Ref131840405}\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 (i)\tab In 2000
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref133401050}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [87]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 The 1970 Order was in force when the 2000 reforms were enacted.  Clause}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 5(1) of the 1970 Order stated:{\*\bkmkend _Ref131840405}{\*\bkmkend _Ref133401050}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li720\ri567\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
The Governor may make laws for the peace, order and good government of the Islands.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [88]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 It is clear that the three Ordinances that, together, brought about the 2000 reforms}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref132113293 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330032003100310033003200390033000000000200}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [6]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
 were lawfully made under clause 5(1) of the 1970 Order.  Subject to his late argument based on the Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865 (UK),}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  \tab Which I have rejected: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid1776466 see paras }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref133240848 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310033003300320034003000380034003800000004bc04}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 [63]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid1776466 \endash }
{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  REF _Ref133488871 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003300330034003800380038003700310000006e009d}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 [80]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid1776466 above.}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  Mr Illingwort
h accepted that any challenge made to the validity of the 2000 reforms after 1 December 2006 but before 4 March 2010 was bound to have failed.  The Constitution did not take effect until 4 March 2010.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li720\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 {\*\bkmkstart _Ref131583793}(ii)\tab 
In 2010
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref133240806}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [89]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 On 10 Febru
ary 2010, Her Majesty in Council issued the 2010 Order.  That created the Constitution.  Schedule}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
2 to the 2010 Order contains the Constitution and appointed 4 March 2010 as the date on which both the 2010 Order and the Constitution would come into effect.
  Schedule 1 to the 2010 Order revoked the 1970 Order, various amendments made to it and Instructions issued on 30 September 1970 under the Royal Sign Manual and Signet.{\*\bkmkend _Ref131583793}{\*\bkmkend _Ref133240806}
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref132095862}{\*\bkmkstart _Ref132096172}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [90]\tab}
Clause 5 of the 2010 Order deals with application of the Constitution to laws passed prior to the Constitution coming into effect (existing laws).  Clause 5 provides:{\*\bkmkend _Ref132095862}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li720\ri567\sb240\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Existing laws
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li720\ri567\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 5.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 -(1) The existing laws shall have effect on and after the appointed day as if they had been made in pursuance of the Constitution and,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
 so far as possible, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 shall be construed with such modifications, adaptations, qualifications and exceptions as may be necessary to bring them into conformity with the Constitution.

\par (2) In subsection (1), \'93existing laws\'94 means laws and instruments (other than Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom and instruments made under them) having effect as part of the law of Pitcairn immediately before the appointed day.
\par (Emphasis added)
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref133495913}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [91]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Article 21 of the Constitution provides every \'93natural or legal person\'94
 has a constitutional right to the \'93peaceful enjoyment of his or her possessions\'94.  In conferring that right, art}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
21 draws a sharp distinction between ownership of \'93possessions\'94 (art}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 21(1)) and \'93contro
l of the use of property by the Government of Pitcairn\'94 (art}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 21(2)).  In full, art}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 21 provides:{\*\bkmkend _Ref132096172}{\*\bkmkend _Ref133495913}
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af42\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f42\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 21.\emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af43\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f43\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
(1) Every natural or legal person is entitled to the peaceful enjoyment of his or her possessions. No one shall be 
deprived of his or her possessions except in the public interest and subject to the conditions provided for by law and by the general principles of international law.
\par (2) Subsection (1) shall not, however, in any way impair the right of the Government of P
itcairn to enforce such laws as it deems necessary to control the use of property in accordance with the general interest or to secure the payment of taxes or other contributions or penalties.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref132268565}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [92]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Article 26 of the Constitution deals with the topic of how existing laws should be interpreted.  Article 26 is contained within Part 2 of the Constitution, which is also the home of s}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 21.  Article 26 provides:{\*\bkmkend _Ref132268565}
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af42\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f42\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par 26. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af43\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f43\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 So far as it is possible to do so}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af43\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f43\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 , legislation of Pitcairn must be read and given effect in a way which is compatible with the rights and freedoms set forth in this Part.
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af42\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f42\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 (Emphasis added)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref132094080}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [93]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Article 42 of the Constitution (the predecessor of which was s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
14 of the Judicature Ordinance enacted in 1970}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  \tab See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  REF _Ref132357926 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330032003300350037003900320036000000000400}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 [85]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
) reaffirmed the application of English law in Pitcairn, and its limits as ascertained from \'93local circumstances\'94.  Article 42 of the Constitution states:{\*\bkmkend _Ref132094080}
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af42\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f42\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af42\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f42\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 42.\emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af43\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f43\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
(1) Subject to subsection (2), the common law, the rules of equity and the statutes of general application as in force in and for England for the time being shall be in force in Pitcairn.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af43\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f43\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
(2) All the laws of England extended to Pitcairn by subsection (1) shall be in force in Pitcairn so far only as the local circumstances and the limits of local jurisdiction permit and subject to any existing or future Ordinance, and for the purpose of fac
i
litating the application of the said laws it shall be lawful to construe them with such formal alterations not affecting the substance as to names, localities, courts, offices, persons, moneys, penalties and otherwise as may be necessary to render those l
aws applicable to the circumstances.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref132113633}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [94]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 A similar provision to art}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 42 of the Constitution was considered by the English Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
Nyali Ltd v Attorney-General,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\lang5129\langfe1033\super\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 Nyali Ltd v Attorney-General}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  [1955] 1 All ER 646 (CA).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  in relation to
 the protectorate of Kenya.  Article 15 of the East Africa Order in Council 1902 provided (among other things) that a provision that the \'93common law, doctrines of equity and statutes of general application\'94
 in force in England became part of the law of the protectorate subject to \'93such qualifications as local circumstances render necessary\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\lang5129\langfe1033\super\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  \tab Ibid, at 652\endash 653.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   Delivering the principal judgment of the Court of Appeal, Denning LJ described this provision as \'93wise\'94 and held that it was one which should be construed \'93liberally\'94.  In a }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 dictum }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 approved by the Privy Council in }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Christian v The Queen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\lang5129\langfe1033\super\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 Christian v The Queen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  [2006] UKPC 47, [2006] PNPC 1, at para 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 3}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Denning}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 LJ said that it was for the judges of the lands in which such qualifications were made to determine the extent of them.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\lang5129\langfe1033\super\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324 Nyali Ltd v Attorney-General}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid15618324  [1955] 1 All ER 646 (CA), at 653.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   {\*\bkmkstart _Ref127775323}{\*\bkmkend _Ref132113633}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Were
 Len\rquote s art 21 rights infringed?
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 (a) \tab Introductory comments
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref133401114}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [95]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
It emerged from the oral argument of Mr Illingworth and Ms Kelly that the core difference between them on the constitutional issues is that:{\*\bkmkend _Ref133401114}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Mr Illingworth submits that the effect of arts 21 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 26 of the Constitution is to make the Constit
ution retrospective so that the 2000 reforms must be interpreted by reference to whether they can be regarded as legitimate under the 2010 Constitution.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b)\tab}
Ms Kelly contends that the provisions of the Constitution must be read in light of the 2010 Order,
 which was designed to maintain continuity in the laws applying in Pitcairn at the time the Constitution came into effect.  She submits that it was not intended that the Constitution would be invoked in a retrospective manner to reverse the effects of exi
sting laws, including the ordinances that created the 2000 reforms.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
{\*\bkmkend _Ref127775323}(b)\tab Proceedings for breach of Constitutional rights
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref133234037}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [96]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx851\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Article
 25 of the Constitution provides a mechanism by which a person who alleges that a right conferred by Part 2 \'93is being or is likely to be breached in relation to him or her\'94 can apply to the Supreme Court for redress.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\lang5129\langfe1033\super\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab Constitution, art 25(1).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   Articles 21, 25 and 26 are all contained in Part}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 2.  The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction to hear a
nd determine any such application, and \'93may make such declarations and orders, issue such writs and give such directions as it considers appropriate for the purpose of enforcing or securing the enforcement of any of the provisions of\'94 Part 2.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\lang5129\langfe1033\super\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab Ibid, art 25(2).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   The Supreme Court may decline to exercise such powers if it were \'93
satisfied that adequate means of redress for the breach alleged are or have been available to the person concerned under any other law\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\lang5129\langfe1033\super\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab 
Ibid, art 25(3).  An example is where a constitutional point has arisen in a criminal case and an effective remedy for breach can be found in the general law: see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 
Warren v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  [2018] UKPC 20 at para 13.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 {\*\bkmkend _Ref133234037}

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [97]\tab}The Constitution was promulg
ated at a time when the United Kingdom was part of the European Union.  As a result, art}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 25 contains a list of European instruments that, if the Supreme Court considers are \'93relevant to the proceedings in which [the] question has arisen\'94, shall be taken in
to account in dealing with any questions of interpretation or application of Part 2 of the Constitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\lang5129\langfe1033\super\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab 
Ibid, s 25(13)(a).  Section 25(14) provides more guidance as to the form of articles of the European Convention on Human Rights: s 25(15).  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   In pa
rticular, reference is made to judgments or advisory opinions of the European Court of Human Rights, and those of superior courts of the United Kingdom on the interpretation or application of the European Convention on Human Rights (the Convention).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\lang5129\langfe1033\super\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab Ibid, s 25(13)(a) and (e).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [98]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Warren v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\lang2057\langfe2057\super\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 Warren v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 
 [2018] UKPC 20 at para 27.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  Mr Warren relied on \'93international instruments\'94, including the Convention.  The Privy Council described that reliance as 
\'93misplaced\'94.  Their Lordships said that \'93None of the provisions relied on by the appellant has been implemented into domestic law in Pitcairn\'94
.  While that is correct, the Constitution makes it clear that decisions given on equivalent Convention provisions are relevant to interpretation of the Constitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\lang2057\langfe2057\super\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab Constitution, art}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9267603  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 25(13)-(15).}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [99]\tab}Article 1 of Protocol No 1 of the Convention states:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li720\ri567\sb240\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
Protocol 1, Article 1: Protection of property
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li720\ri567\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
Every natural or legal person is entitled to the peaceful enjoyment of his posse
ssions. No one shall be deprived of his possessions except in the public interest and subject to the conditions provided for by law and by the general principles of international law.
\par The preceding provisions shall not, however, in any way impair the right
 of the State to enforce such laws as it deems necessary to control the use of property in accordance with the general interest or to secure payment of taxes or other contributions or penalties.
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref132269313}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [100]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Article 1 of Protocol No 1 of the Convention uses the same language as art}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 21 of the Constitution.  
In my view, decisions of the European Court of Human Rights on Article 1 of Protocol No 1 are directly on point and should be considered in determining the constitutional challenges.  They constitute persuasive rather than binding precedents.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 {\*\bkmkend _Ref132269313}
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref132121745}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [101]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Article 21 of the Constitution and Article 1 of Protocol No 1 of the Convention each identify three criteria, all of which must be satisfied if a person were to be lawfully depr
ived of possessions, in this case land.  Any deprivation of a person\rquote s possessions must be:{\*\bkmkend _Ref132121745}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 In the public interest;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b)\tab}Subject to conditions provided for by law; and
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 c)\tab}Justified by the general principles of international law.
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref133488498}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [102]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Ms Kelly referred me to the European Court of Human Rights\rquote 
 Guide on Article 1 of Protocol No 1 of 2019 (the Guide).  The Court\rquote s approach was articulated by reference to three questions:{\*\bkmkend _Ref133488498}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Is the interference lawful?
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b)\tab}Is the interference in the public or general interest?
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 c)\tab}
Is the interference proportionate, in the sense that it strikes a fair balance between the general interests of the community and the requirement to protect an individual\rquote s fundamental rights?
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [103]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 I start with an analysis of whether art}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
21 of the Constitution has been breached.  I do so because the possibility of using clause 5 of the 2010 Order and art}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 26 of the Constitution to achieve retrospective effect}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\lang5129\langfe1033\super\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab Clause 5 of the 2010 Order, and art}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9267603  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 26 of the Constitution are set out at paras }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref132095862 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003300320030003900350038003600320000000000ea}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [90]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  and }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref132268565 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003300320032003600380035003600350000000003ea}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [92]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  does not come into play unless the art}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 21 right (read alone in terms of general constitutional interpretation principles) has been breached.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
I consider that the three questions posed by the Guide reflect the criteria set out in art}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
21 itself.  The right conferred by art}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
21 is in identical terms to Article 1 of Protocol No 1 of the Convention.  I analyse whether there has been any breach by reference to those questions.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [104]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 In undertaking this analysis, I adopt the principles of interpretation articulated in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
Suratt v Attorney-General of Trinidad and Tobago}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374 
Suratt v Attorney-General of Trinidad and Tobago }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 [2007] UKPC 55.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 and }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Campbell-Rodriques v Attorney-General of Jamaica}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10764374\charrsid14181574 Camp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374 bell-Rodriques v Attorney-General of Jamaica}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  [2007] UKPC 65.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  to which I have already referred in the context of the Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865 (UK).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab See paras }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref133480334 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330033003400380030003300330034000000000300}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [70]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  and }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref133480341 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330033003400380030003300340031000000020047}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [71]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above. }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   In short:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 There is a presumption of constitutionality in respect of a legislative provisio
n;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 There is a \'93
heavy\'94 burden on a party seeking to prove invalidity on the ground that the statute is unconstitutional;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 c)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
The Constitution itself must be given a broad and purposive construction, albeit not one that would permit a distortion of the relevant constitutional provisions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 (c)\tab 
Deprivation of property}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref133499256}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [105]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
Reflecting on the arguments advanced by Mr Illingworth and Ms Kelly, I have come to the conclusion (from the authorities cited at the Stage 2 hearing) that there were, in fact, two discrete deprivations:{\*\bkmkend _Ref133499256}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 The first involved the extinguishment of Len\rquote 
s freehold interest in the house land, on the grant of a Land Allocation Title.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab Land Tenure Reform Ordinance, ss 4(1) and 5(1), set out at paras }{\field{\*\fldinst {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref132091375 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330032003000390031003300370035000000000309}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [23]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  and }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref131837395 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003300310038003300370033003900350000000402fe}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [24]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above.  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Although ss 4(1) and 5(1) do not use the term \'93extinguishment\'94 that is their combined effect.  Section}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 10 of the Land Tenure Reform Ordinance speaks of \'93
the extinguishment of a freehold estate in land immediately before the suspension date and its replacement by a leasehold estate\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\lang2057\langfe2057\super\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab Ibid, s 10, set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref133404891 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003300330034003000340038003900310000000000ea}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [43]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   (the Land deprivation)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b)\tab}The second involves the removal of Len\rquote s right to devolve any 
interest in land by will.  An interference with that testamentary right has been held, by the European Court of Human Rights, to constitute a breach of Article}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 1 of Protocol No 1 of the Convention.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 Marckx v Belgium}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  [1979] ECHR 2, at para 63, set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref133486469 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330033003400380036003400360039000000530000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [130]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   (the Inheritance deprivation)
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
{\*\bkmkstart _Ref132270855}(d)\tab The Land deprivation issue
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \tab (i)\tab 
Did the 2000 reforms deprive Len of freehold land?
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref133497384}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [106]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
It is clear that, on 1 December 2006, Len was deprived of his freehold interest in the house land once the freehold title was suspended and replaced by a leasehold interest evidenced by a Land Allocation Title.  Further, that deprivation
 occurred without compensation.  That was the cumulative effect of ss}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 4(1), 5(1) and 10 of the Land Tenure Reform Ordinance.{\*\bkmkend _Ref133497384} 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref134164528}{\*\bkmkend _Ref132270855}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [107]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 While Ms Kelly submitted that, apart from the issue of testamentary disposition in re
spect of house land, there were no substantive differences between a freehold interest and one obtained under a Land Allocation Title, I do not accept that proposition.  For example, s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 6(a)(iii) and (v) of the Land Tenure Reform Ordinance placed Len under 
the usual obligation of a tenant to keep the land and buildings in good repair and to permit inspections by authorised agents of the Island Council.  No obligations of that type are owed by a freehold owner to anyone else.  Further, the Council, as notion
al landlord, was required to permit Len\rquote s \'93quiet enjoyment\'94 of the leasehold estate only as long as he performed all relevant covenants.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  \tab Land Tenure Reform Ordinance, s 6(b).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 {\*\bkmkend _Ref134164528}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li720\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 (ii)\tab 
Did the Land deprivation breach art}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 21?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref133499343}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [108]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 I
n the context of the Land deprivation, it is necessary to consider the three questions posed by the Guide, to which I have referred.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref133488498 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330033003400380038003400390038000000200002}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [102]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   I deal with each in turn.{\*\bkmkend _Ref133499343}  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [109]\tab}
The first question is whether the deprivation was lawful under Pitcairn law.  As I have already concluded, in the context of the argument based on the Colonial Laws Validity Act, it was open to the Governor to en
act legislation that deprived Len of his freehold land, so long as the confiscation was clearly intended to be effected without compensation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab See paras }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref133488864 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330033003400380038003800360034000000690109}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [77]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \endash }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref133488871 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330033003400380038003800370031000000700300}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [80]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   I am satisfied that, read together, ss}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
4(1), 5(1) and 10 of the Land Tenure Reform Ordinance evidence a clear intention of that type.  As a matter of Pitcairn law, what was done was lawful.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [110]\tab}
The second question requires consideration of whether the deprivation was in the public interest.  This question requires the property rights of individuals to 
be balanced against the need for compulsory acquisition in the interests of the community as a whole.
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref132123613}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [111]\tab}In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 A v Secretary of State for the Home Department,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 
A v Secretary of State of the Home Department}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  [2005] 3 All ER 169 (HL).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  the Hous
e of Lords considered whether a statutory provision enabling detention of non-nationals suspected of terrorism constituted a lawful derogation from the Convention right to liberty, enacted as a schedule to the Human Rights Act 1998 (UK).  In particular, i
n considering public interest factors, Their Lordships discussed the need to balance freedoms conferred by fundamental statements of right against the interests of the population as a whole.  In particular, the House reviewed the circumstances in which a 
\'93margin of appreciation\'94 should be allowed to those making political judgments in the area of national security.  {\*\bkmkend _Ref132123613}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [112]\tab}Lord Bingham of Cornhill expressed the view that \'93
great weight should be given to the judgment of the Home Secretary, his colleagues and Parliament on [the question before the House] because they were called on to exercise a pre-eminently political judgment\'94, of which predictive assessments were part.
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab Ibid, at para 29.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   Lord Nicholls of Birkenhead reiterated Lord Bingham\rquote s 
observations and emphasised the need for a degree of latitude to politicians to take account of the nature of the human right in issue and the extent of the encroachment on that right.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab 
Ibid, at para 80.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   The extent of the \'93margin of appreciation\'94 is relevant to the \'93public interest\'94
 balancing exercise.  The principles articulated by Lord Bingham and Lord Nicholls in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 A v Secretary of State for the Home Department,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 A v Secretary of State of the Home Department}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  [2005] 3 All ER 169 (HL).  See also para }
{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref132123613 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003300320031003200330036003100330000006500fd}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [111]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  are mirrored in the European jurisprudence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab For example, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 Broniowski v Poland}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  [2004] ECHR 274, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid4391474 Pressos Compania Naviera SA v Belgium}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  [1995] ECHR 47 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 James v United Kingdom}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  [1986] ECHR 2.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [113]\tab}The approach to \'93margin of appreciation\'94
 in the context of the issue before the House of Lords cannot, with respect, be gainsaid.  In the context of a Parliamentary democracy in which decisions about national security are being made by Cabinet Ministers, it is clear that \'93great weight\'94
 should be given to the decision-maker.  
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref133500125}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [114]\tab}
However, the position is different in Pitcairn where the only \'93democratic\'94 institution, is the Island Council.  Article 34 of the Constitution provides for establishment of the Island Council.  Article 34(2) states that the members of the Council 
\'93shall be elected to office in free and fair elections held at regular intervals\'94.  Nevertheless, the Council\rquote s powers are limited to ones of recommendation which, at his or her discretion, the Governor may override.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  \tab Constitution, art}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 36.  See also ss 6 and 7 of the Local Government Ordinance, for the powers of the Island Council.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   That means that the Gover
nor exercises plenary powers to enact ordinances which operate as the laws of Pitcairn.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  \tab Ibid, arts 37(2)\endash (7).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 {\*\bkmkend _Ref133500125}  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [115]\tab}On the basis of Mr Salt\rquote s evidence, it is clear
 that the Pitcairn community (both on island and overseas) were content with the principles underlying the 2000 reforms.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  \tab See paras }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  REF _Ref132123889 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330032003100320033003800380039000000684700}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 [34]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 \endash }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 
 REF _Ref133231361 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330033003200330031003300360031000000610003}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 [36]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   By that, I mean the change from freehold to leasehold interest to resolve the problems to which Mr Salt has referred; in particular, sufficiency of land and absentee ownership.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab 
See paras }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref132123889 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330032003100320033003800380039000000200000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [34]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  and }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref132124039 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003300320031003200340030003300390000006eea01}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [35]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   The question is one of clarity of legislation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  \tab See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  REF _Ref133481873 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330033003400380031003800370033000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 [37]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
  Given the extent of the consultation to which Mr Salt has now deposed, I find that the 2000 reforms, generally, were in the public interest.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [116]\tab}The third question is one o
f proportionality.  Was the wholesale extinguishment of private freehold interests in land a proportionate response to the need to devise a system of land tenure which would be viable and could meet the current and future needs of all Pitcairners?}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab See the principles set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref132124039 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330032003100320034003000330039000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [35]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   In judging proportionality, there is a need to balance the views of the Pitcairn community (both on Island and oversea
s) that reform was required to meet Pitcairn\rquote s current and future needs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  \tab Ibid. }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  against the technique used to achieve that end \endash 
 the extinguishment of all freehold titles without compensation and their replacement by leasehold interests evidenced by Lan
d Allocation Titles.  In my view, the technique used resulted in overreach, in the sense that the ability of persons who had previously owned freehold interests in house land to leave that property under a will was removed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab 
See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref134164528 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330034003100360034003500320038000000000900}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [107]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   A range o
f less intrusive approaches were available; for example (without being exhaustive) compensation could have been given to affected persons for deprivation of that right or provision could have been made to ensure that any testamentary disposition of house 
land was limited to beneficiaries who would use the land for residential purposes.  In my view, the complete extinguishment of freehold title to house land was not a proportionate response to the problems that gave rise to the reforms.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [117]\tab}The final aspec
t of the balancing exercise is whether the deprivation is justified by general principles of international law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  \tab See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  REF _Ref132121745 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310033003200310032003100370034003500000000fe02}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 [101]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 (c) above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
  I am satisfied that an affirmative answer must be given to this.  Nothing has been put before me to the contrary.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [118]\tab}In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
James v United Kingdom}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 
James v United Kingdom}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  [1986] ECHR 2.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
the European Court of Human Rights considered the relevance and/or weight to be attributed to any general principles of international law, to which art}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 21(1) expressly refers.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab Article 21 is set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref133495913 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330033003400390035003900310033000000020200}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [91]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   The Court took the view th
at the relevant principles in question were not applicable to the taking by a State of the property of its own nationals.  In doing so, it supported consistent decisions that had been made by the European Commission.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 James v United Kingdom}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  [1986] ECHR 2, at para 59.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   The rationale was expressed by reference to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 travaux pr\'e9paratoires}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
 of the Convention.  The Court said:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab Ibid, at para 64.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\qj \li720\ri567\sb100\sbauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 64.\tab Confronted with a text whose interpretation has given rise to such disagreement, the Court considers it proper to have recourse to the travaux pr\'e9
paratoires as a supplementary means of interpretation (see Article 32 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1036\langfe5129\langnp1036\langfenp5129\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Examination of the travaux pr\'e9paratoires reveals that the express}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 reference to a right to compensation contained in earlier drafts of Article 1 (P1-1) was excluded, notably in the face of opposition on the part of the United Kingdom and other States. The mention of th
e general principles of international law was subsequently included and was the subject of several statements to the effect that they protected only foreigners. Thus, when the German Government stated that they could accept the text provided that it was e
x
plicitly recognised that those principles involved the obligation to pay compensation in the event of expropriation, the Swedish delegation pointed out that those principles only applied to relations between a State and non-nationals. And it was then agre
ed, at the request of the German and Belgian delegations, that "the general principles of international law, in their present connotation, entailed the obligation to pay compensation to non-nationals in cases of expropriation" (emphasis added).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1036\langfe2057\langnp1036\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Above all, in their Resolution (52) 1 of 19 March 1952 approving the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 text of the Protocol and opening it for signature, the Committee of Ministers expressly stated that, "as regards Article 1 (P1-1), the general principles of international law in their present connota
tion entail the obligation to pay compensation to non-nationals in cases of expropriation" (emphasis added). Having regard to the negotiating history as a whole, the Court considers that this Resolution must be taken as a clear indication that the referen
ce to the general principles of international law was not intended to extend to nationals.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1036\langfe2057\langnp1036\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 The travaux pr\'e9paratoires accordingly do not support the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 interpretation for which the applicants contended.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1036\langfe2057\langnp1036\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [119]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 For those reasons, I do not consider that there are any relevant principles of international law that would affect my conclusion as to the applicability of art}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927 
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 21 in the context of the Land deprivation issue.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [120]\tab}There remains outstanding the Crown conduct issue: {\*\bkmkstart _Ref111638935
}the alleged effect of the Governor\rquote s letter of 7 November 2006.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  \tab See paras }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  REF _Ref132090114 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310033003200300039003000310031003400000000bc44}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 [14]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 (c) and }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 
 REF _Ref133241630 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330033003200340031003600330030000000040002}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374 [16]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   Mr Illingworth has acknowledged that his argument on that issue cannot, of itself, be sustained to invalidate the 2000 reforms.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref133241630 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330033003200340031003600330030000000000400}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [16]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   I was asked to consider the point in the context of public interest or proportionality.  While I do not consider that it fits readily into either of those categories, I address the merits of the point briefly.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [121]\tab}On 7 November 2006, Ms Heather Christie, from the Governor\rquote 
s Office, wrote to Len, in his capacity as a registered freehold owner or trustee of land in Adamstown.  Relevantly, the letter stated:{\*\bkmkend _Ref111638935}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li720\ri567\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \'85
\par As from 1 December 2006 all existing freehold land titles on Pitcairn will
 be suspended, and Land Allocation Titles may be issued instead.  In addition, an annual land tax for unutilised land will be introduced, at a rate for the first 12 months of $NZ 0.50c per square metre for non-resident owners.
\par If you wish to have a Land Al
location Title issued for your section/s in Adamstown and have not already applied, you will need to notify the Lands Court in writing, identifying the section/s concerned.  If the owner is not resident on Pitcairn Island, the land concerned will be asses
sed at the end of 2007 for Land Tax for the period December 2006 to December 2007.
\par If you do not advise us that you wish to take this opportunity, a Land Allocation Title will not be issued to you, the land will not be subject to tax and you will cease to b
e the lawful owner.  Should a third party apply for a title to that section in the future, you will be contacted again, and given a final opportunity to apply for a Land Allocation Title issued in your name.  If you choose not to take up the opportunity a
t that stage the Land Allocation Title may be issued to the third party.
\par \'85
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [122]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Mr Illingworth submits that the following statement, contained in the Governor\rquote 
s letter, was misleading:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li720\ri567\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
If you do not advise us that you wish to take this opportunity, a Land Allocation Title will not be issued to you, the land will not be subject to tax }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
and you will cease to be the lawful owner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li720\ri0\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 (Mr Illingworth\rquote s emphasis)
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [123]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 In my view, the Governor\rquote 
s letter does not contain any material misstatement.  It would be unduly f
ormalistic to require a letter sent to lay people on an island with no ready access to legal services to explain the nuances of the proposed reforms at a time when the Ordinances that had enacted the 2000 reforms had been made over six years beforehand.  
As at 7 November 2006, the suspension date had already been notified.  The law would (irrespective of the Governor\rquote s letter) have taken its natural course.  To say that \'93you will cease to be the lawful owner\'94
 is, in context, not a material mis-statement of the true position which, strictly, would have been: \'93you will cease to hold a freehold interest in the land\'94
.  I do not consider that the Crown conduct issue has any impact on the constitutional points that Mr Illingworth has advanced.  I disregard it.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [124]\tab}
Notwithstanding the significant legal differences between freehold and leasehold interests under English law, I find that the community on Pitcairn was content with the new system because the main reasons for its introduction had been met.  That state o
f affairs is hardly surprising in a community of about 50 people.  There is no market for land in Pitcairn.  Whatever the legal constraints may have been, in the context of the Island Council\rquote s position as notional landlord}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab 
See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid14635457 paras }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref133404891 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003300330034003000340038003900310000000200bf}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [43]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  and }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref133500125 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003300330035003000300031003200350000006e0300}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [114]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid14635457 above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
 and the required composition of the Lands Court,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  \tab Land Court Ordinance, s 3(3).  The Lands Court consists entirely of Pitcairn residents.  The proviso to s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 3(3) deals with the inevitable conflicts of interest that arise in a population of about 50.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
 the reality in a community such as Pitcairn is that most problems will
 be resolved at a social (as opposed to a strictly legal) level.  Leaving to one side the Inheritance deprivation issue, I find that the 2000 reforms represented a proportionate response to the problem that was troubling Pitcairners, both on island and ov
erseas.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [125]\tab}
While those conclusions mean that it is strictly unnecessary for me to consider whether art}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
21 of the Constitution has retrospective effect, for completeness, I deal briefly with that issue.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [126]\tab}I have considered whether the 2000 reforms
 could be interpreted in a manner that required their validity to be tested against art}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
21 of the Constitution.  That would involve using clause 5 of the 2010 Order or s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
26 of the Constitution to achieve that end.  I have concluded they cannot, and I express my reasons for reaching that view briefly.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [127]\tab}
While clause 5(1) of the 2010 Order contemplates existing laws being construed in a manner that brings them into conformity with the Constitution, there is an express qualification to that proposition: \'93so far as possible\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  \tab See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 
 REF _Ref132095862 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330032003000390035003800360032000000000304}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374 [90]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   The same qualification appears in s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 26 of the Constitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  \tab See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 
 REF _Ref132268565 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310033003200320036003800350036003500000000009d}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374 [92]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   If I were to apply art}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 21 of the Constitution in the manner suggested by Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
Illingworth, it would be necessary (in relation to the 2000 reforms) for the legislation to be rewritten substantially.  No longer would I be conducting an exercise in interpretation.  Rather, I would be drafting alternative legislation.
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref133497395}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [128]\tab}
For those reasons, leaving to one side the Inheritance deprivation issue, I am satisfied that the 2000 reforms did not infringe what became the art}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 21 rights.{\*\bkmkend _Ref133497395}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 (e)\tab 
The Inheritance deprivation issue
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref133497567}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [129]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 My Stage 1 judgment establishes that the 2000 reforms took away Len\rquote 
s right to leave the house land (whether in freehold or leasehold form) to whom he pleased.  Rather, house land was to pass by operation of law in terms of the statutory formula.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref131838844 \\r \\h  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330031003800330038003800340034000000000300}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [25]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   The best way of illustrating the effect of that holding is to reverse the 
order in which Len and his late wife Thelma died.  Had Len left the house land to Clarice in a will that spoke before Thelma died, Clarice could not have inherited the house land because s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 5(1) of the Land Tenure Reform Ordinance required it to pass, by operation of law, to Thelma, as surviving spouse.{\*\bkmkend _Ref133497567}  
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref133486469}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [130]\tab}Although, in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Marckx v Belgium,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 Marckx v Belgium}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  [1979] ECHR 2.  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  Ms Marckx\rquote s application was based primarily on Articles 8 and 14 of the Convention (Right to Family Life 
and Freedom from Discrimination respectively), the European Court of Human Rights also considered whether the unfavourable consequences of the proposed law were contrary to Article 1, Protocol No 1 of the Convention.  After referring to that provision, th
e Court continued:{\*\bkmkend _Ref133486469}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri567\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 63.\tab \'85 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri567\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \'85
 By recognising that everyone has the right to peaceful enjoyment of his possessions, Article 1 [of Protocol No. 1] is in substance guaranteeing the right of property.  This is the clear impression left by the words \'93possessions\'94 and \'93
use of property\'94 (in French: \'93biens\'94, \'93propri\'e9t\'e9\'94 \'93usage des biens\'94); the \'93travaux pr\'e9paratoires\'94, for their part, confirm this unequivocally: the drafters continually spoke of \'93right of property\'94 or \'93
right to property\'94 to describe the subject-matter of the successive drafts which were the forerunners of the present Article 1 [Protocol No. 1].  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
Indeed, the right to dispose of one\rquote s property constitutes a traditional and fundamental aspect of the right of property}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  \'85 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri567\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \tab (Emphasis added)
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [131]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
There is a question whether the Inheritance deprivation occurred at the time that the 2000 reforms were enacted, at the suspension date, the date on which Len\rquote s will took effect (on Len\rquote 
s death) or when my Stage 1 judgment (August 2022) held that Len\rquote s will did not achieve his purpose of leaving the house land to Clarice.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [132]\tab}
The temporal issue is important.  If this aspect of deprivation took effect after 2010, either by reference to the date on which the will spoke or the date of my Stage 1 judgment in August 2022, no question of retrospectivity would arise.  Article}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
21 of the Constitution would directly apply.  The temporal issue was helpfully addressed in the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Blec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af309 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f309\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 ic\'ec v Croatia.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid2954711 Blec}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af309\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f309\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid2954711 ic\'ec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid2954711  v Croatia }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid2954711 [2006] ECHR 207.  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref133499014}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [133]\tab}The Court, in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Blec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af309 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f309\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 ic\'ec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 , 
considered whether a deprivation of property that had occurred before the Convention became part of the law of Croatia could be subject to a claim under Article 1 of Protocol No 1 of the Convention.  The Court said:{\*\bkmkend _Ref133499014}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri567\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 70.\tab 
The Court reiterates that, in accordance with the general rules of international law \'85, the provisions of the Convention do not bind a Contracting Party in relation to any act or fact which took place or
 any situation which ceased to exist before the date of the entry into force of the Convention with respect to that Party (see, for example, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Kadik\u807\'b8is v. Latvia }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 (dec.), no. 47634/99, 29 June 2000).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li720\ri567\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \'85
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri567\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 72. \tab 
Accordingly, the Court is not competent to examine a
pplications against Croatia in so far as the alleged violations are based on facts having occurred before the critical date. However, the question of whether an alleged violation is based on a fact occurring prior or subsequent to a particular date gives 
rise to difficulties when, as in the present case, the facts relied on fall partly within and partly outside the period of the Court\rquote s competence.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [134]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 The alleged violation in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Blec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af309 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f309\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 ic\'ec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
 involved termination of a tenancy under Croatian law.  A termination o
f the type in issue could only be achieved through an order made by a court of competent jurisdiction.  After a series of hearings and appeals, the Supreme Court reversed the decision of a lower court and terminated the tenancy.  The Supreme Court\rquote 
s judgment was given on 15 February 1996, before Croatia acceded to the Convention.  Later, the Constitutional Court upheld the Supreme Court\rquote s judgment.  That decision was made after accession to the Convention.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [135]\tab}A majority of the Grand Chamber of the Europe
an Court of Human Rights took the view that the date of the Supreme Court\rquote s judgment prevailed for the purposes of determining whether a relevant Convention right had been breached during a period that Croatia was bound by the Convention.  
{\*\bkmkstart _Ref132885670}The majority of the Grand Chamber (consisting of 11 members of the Court) explained:{\*\bkmkend _Ref132885670}
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 84. The Court observes that for a tenancy to be terminated under Croatian law there had to be a court judgment upholding the claim of the provider of the flat to
 that end. The tenancy was terminated from the date on which such a judgment became }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 res judicata }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \'85. In the present case, that judgment was given on 18 January 1994 by the Zadar Municipal Court. However, since it was subsequently reversed by the Zadar County Court\rquote 
s judgment of 19 October 1994, it became }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 res judicata }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 on 15 February 1996 when the Supreme Court, by its own judgment, reversed the County Court\rquote s judgment. Therefore, it was at that moment \endash  neither before nor afterwards 
\endash  that the applicant lost her tenancy.
\par 
\par 85. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 It follows that the alleged interference with the applicant\rquote s rights lies in the Supreme Court\rquote 
s judgment of 15 February 1996. The subsequent Constitutional Court decision only resulted in allowing the interference allegedly caused by that judgment \endash  a definitive act which was by itself capable of violating the applicant\rquote s rights 
\endash  to subsist. That decision, as it stood, did not constitute the interference. Having regard to the date of the Supreme Court\rquote s judgment, the interference falls outside the Court\rquote s temporal jurisdiction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 .
\par 
\par 86. As to the applicant\rquote s argument that the termination of her tenancy resulted in a continuing situation \'85, the Court reiterates that the deprivation of an individual\rquote 
s home or property is in principle an instantaneous act and does not produce a continuing situation of \'93deprivation\'94 in respect of the rights concerned (see, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 inter alia}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Malhous v. the Czech Republic }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
(dec.) [GC], no. 33071/96, ECHR 2000-XII, and, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 mutatis mutandis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af301\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f301\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Ostoji\'e6 v. Croatia }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 (dec.), no. 16837/02, ECHR 2002-IX). Therefore, the termination of the applicant\rquote s tenancy did not create a continuing situation.
\par 
\par 87. The only remaining issue to be examined is whether the Constitutional Court\rquote s decision, in particular its refusal to quash the Supreme Court\rquote s judgment, was in itself inconsistent with the Convention.
\par 
\par 88. In the light of the conclusion that the interference occurred prior to the critical date (see paragraphs 84-85 above), the applicant\rquote 
s constitutional complaint should be regarded as the exercise of an available domestic remedy. It cannot be argued that the Constitutional Court\rquote s refusal to provide redress, that is, to quash the Supreme Court\rquote 
s judgment, amounted to a new or independent interference since such obligation cannot be derived from the Convention \'85
\par 
\par (Emphasis added)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [136]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 The six dissenting Judges all took issue with the view that the decis
ion of the Supreme Court should be regarded as having triggered the Convention right, as opposed to that of the Constitutional Court.  In their view, final determination was not reached until the Constitutional Court had given its decision.  It is an immu
table principle of European Community law that domestic remedies must be exhausted before Convention claims can be made.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [137]\tab}All Judges in the Grand Chamber agreed that termination of the applicant
\rquote s tenancy occurred not with the actions of the landlord but with the subsequent confirmation of a court.  Applying that principle to the facts of the present case, Olive can point to a violation of art}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 21 of the Constitution that occurred after 4 March 2010, when the Constitution came into force.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [138]\tab}Recourse 
to the courts in this case has been required because inheritance, one of the intended pillars for the 2000 reforms, was not adequately addressed.  In my view, there was no actual deprivation until such time as Len\rquote 
s expressed wish that the house land be inherited by Clarice was not given effect.  When probate was originally granted, this Court did not resolve whether Clarice could or could not take the property; rather, that question was left for the Lands Court.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  \tab See para [3] of the probate order, set ou
t at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  REF _Ref132270671 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003300320032003700300036003700310000000002ea}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 [4]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
  It was not until my Stage 1 judgment that an affirmative finding was made that the gift of the house land under the will was inoperative.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [139]\tab}It is arguable that the Inheritance deprivation occurred at the time of Len
\rquote s death.  The rationale for that view is that, in the absence of any living spouse or dependents, Len\rquote s interest in the house land ceased and it was for the Lands Court to reallocate the land.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab 
See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref134087210 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003300340030003800370032003100300000000200ea}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [27]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  and fn }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  NOTEREF _Ref134164918 \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330034003100360034003900310038000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 31}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   That meant that there was no interest in the house land that Clarice could inherit.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  \tab See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  REF _Ref134087210 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330034003000380037003200310030000000040047}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374 [27]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
  Although, I consider that the stronger argument is that the deprivation occurred when my Stage 1 judgment was given, there is no need to resolve the point because both Len\rquote 
s death occurred and my judgment was given after the Constitution came into force.  For that reason, {\*\bkmkstart _Ref133497577}there is no need to reconcile the majority and dissenting opinions in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Blec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af309 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f309\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 ic\'ec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab 
See paras }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref133499014 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330033003400390039003000310034000000000109}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [133]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \endash }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref133497577 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003300330034003900370035003700370000000203fe}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [139]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   On either view, the breach occurred after the Constitution came into force.  It is therefore actionable on an application to this Court under art}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 25(1) of the Constitution.{\*\bkmkend _Ref133497577}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Conclusions
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref133401283}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [140]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 For those reasons, I have concluded:{\*\bkmkend _Ref133401283}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 The Governor\rquote 
s decision on 31 October 2006 to promulgate a suspension date of 1 December 2006 was not vitiated by any failure on behalf of the Commission to complete work required by s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 3 of the Land Tenure Reform Ordinance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab See paras }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref131841687 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003300310038003400310036003800370000006e00ea}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [40]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \endash }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref133497100 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330033003400390037003100300030000000004700}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [62]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   As a result, the 2000 reforms were not rendered invalid by reason of the Governor\rquote s decision to promulgate the suspension date on 31 October 2006.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab 
See paras }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref133400908 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330033003400300030003900300038000000000002}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [49]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \endash }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref133497100 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330033003400390037003100300030000000000009}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [62]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b)\tab}
Enactment of the 2000 reforms was not repugnant to English law.  No declaration should be made under s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
2 of the Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865 (UK) that the three Ordinances making up the 2000 reforms are \'93void and inoperative\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab See paras }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref133240848 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310033003300320034003000380034003800000000ea00}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [63]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \endash }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref133488871 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003300330034003800380038003700310000000200fd}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [80]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 c)\tab}
Because the Constitution does not operate retrospectively, enactment of the 2000 reforms and promulgation of a suspension date of 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 December 2006 did not operate as an unconstitutional deprivation of Len\rquote s freehold interest in the house land at the time the Land Allocation Title was issued on 1 December 2006.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab 
See paras }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref133497384 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330033003400390037003300380034000000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [106]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \endash }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref133497395 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330033003400390037003300390035000000040903}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [128]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 d)\tab}Implementation of the 2000 reforms did operate as a deprivation of Len\rquote 
s right to leave his house land to whom he pleased by will.  This deprivation took effect either on Len\rquote s death or on 18 August 2022 (Pitcairn) when my Stage 1 judgment was delivered.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab 
See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref133497577 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310033003300340039003700350037003700000000fe00}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [139]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-320\slmult0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Disposition
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref133401294}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [141]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
The proceeding is adjourned to a date to be fixed by the Registrar to deal with all questions of relief.  These will include:{\*\bkmkend _Ref133401294}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Final disposition of Olive\rquote s application for Letters of Administration w
ith Will Annexed, Blackie CJ\rquote s order of 20 December 2019 having been revoked by my Stage 1 judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 
Christian v Lands Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  [2022] PNSC 1, at paras [102] and [103] set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref133497852 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330033003400390037003800350032000000000201}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [28]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927   This includes any orders required to reappoint Olive as Len\rquote s personal representative and the collection of any information relating to the extent of estate assets.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b)\tab}Relief sought in consequence of my finding that the 
constraint imposed on the right of a landowner to leave house land by will amounted to a breach of s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
21 of the Constitution.  The relief sought will be limited to that required to meet the nature of the breach.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 c)\tab}Any other questions of relief (whether cos
ts or otherwise) that counsel wish to raise, including any orders that might be required in relation to the Lands Court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab Ibid, at para [104], set out at para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref133497852 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310033003300340039003700380035003200000000bc00}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [28]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [142]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 The Registrar is directed to forward a copy of this judgment to Mr Fletcher, as }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 amicus curiae}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
.  The Registrar shall ask Mr Fletcher to speak to the four potentially affected persons (and any others whom he considers might be affected by th
is judgment) to ascertain whether any of them wish to be heard on questions of relief.  If so, a memorandum shall be filed and served in accordance with the directions below.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid10764374 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 \tab See para }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  REF _Ref134164975 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100330034003100360034003900370035000000020000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374 [144]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\binfsxn260\binsxn260\psz9\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2621627\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10764374  below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [143]\tab}
The Registrar is directed to allocate a relief hearing of one half day on a date convenient to all counsel and myself but before 28 July 2023.  If any difficulties in fixing a date were to arise, the Registrar sh
all convene a Zoom conference to address those matters promptly.  I make it clear that, unless there are extremely good reasons for extending the time further, I expect the final relief hearing to take place no later than the end of July 2023.
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref134164975}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [144]\tab}
To facilitate a prompt hearing on questions of relief, I direct:{\*\bkmkend _Ref134164975}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
Mr Fletcher shall file and serve a memorandum indicating the points (if any) on which he wishes to be heard as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 amicus curiae }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 on behalf of the four potentially affected persons.  That memorandum shall be filed and served no later than 2 June 2023.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b)\tab}
Mr Illingworth shall file and serve submissions indicating the relief sought no less than 15 working days prior to the allocated hearing.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 c)\tab}The Attorney-General shall file a
nd serve submissions within 10 working days of the relief hearing.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 d)\tab}
Mr Fletcher shall file and serve submissions within five working days of the hearing.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 e)\tab}
The Attorney-General shall prepare, file and serve a bundle of relevant documents for the relief hearing.  That shall be filed and served by midday on the working day prior to the hearing date.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [145]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 All questions of costs are reserved.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [146]\tab}
I thank both counsel for their assistance at the hearing.  Again, without in any way denigrating the assistance given by Mr Illingworth, I wish to pay tribute to the quality of Ms}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9267603\charrsid3696927  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Kelly\rquote s submissions and her frank acceptance, on behalf of the Attorney-General, of the need to consider the Colonial Laws Validity Act, even though it had not been pleaded.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qr \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-320\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 _________________________
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqr\tx8647\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764374 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10764374\charrsid3696927 Paul Heath
\par Chief Justice
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1972231\charrsid3696927 
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