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{\f37\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}{\f39\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Cambria;}{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0302020204030204}Calibri Light;}
{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}
{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f40\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\f41\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\f43\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\f44\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\f45\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\f46\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\f47\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\f48\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\f60\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 Courier New CE;}{\f61\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 Courier New Cyr;}
{\f63\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 Courier New Greek;}{\f64\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 Courier New Tur;}{\f65\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset177\fprq1 Courier New (Hebrew);}{\f66\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset178\fprq1 Courier New (Arabic);}
{\f67\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 Courier New Baltic;}{\f68\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset163\fprq1 Courier New (Vietnamese);}{\f380\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria Math CE;}{\f381\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Math Cyr;}
{\f383\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Math Greek;}{\f384\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Math Tur;}{\f387\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Math Baltic;}{\f388\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria Math (Vietnamese);}
{\f410\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}{\f411\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\f413\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\f414\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}
{\f415\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Calibri (Hebrew);}{\f416\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Calibri (Arabic);}{\f417\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\f418\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}
{\f430\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\f431\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\f433\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\f434\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}
{\f437\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\f438\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri Light CE;}{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Light Cyr;}{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Light Greek;}
{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Light Tur;}{\fhimajor\f31533\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Calibri Light (Hebrew);}{\fhimajor\f31534\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Calibri Light (Arabic);}
{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Light Baltic;}{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri Light (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}
{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}
{\fhiminor\f31573\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Calibri (Hebrew);}{\fhiminor\f31574\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Calibri (Arabic);}{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}
{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}}
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 Privy Council Appeal No 0013 of 2017}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13189534 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\expnd0\expndtw-3\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13189534 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 JUDGMENT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
\par \ltrrow}\trowd \irow0\irowband0\ltrrow\ts11\trqc\trleft100\trftsWidth3\trwWidth8972\trautofit1\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid13189534\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind100\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth8972\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9072\pard \ltrpar\qc \li80\ri0\sa520\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin80\pararsid13189534 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 Warren (Appellant)\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \~The State (Respondent) (Pitcairn Islands)
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid13189534 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 From the Court of Appeal of the Pitcairn Islands}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \cell 
}\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\ltrrow
\ts11\trqc\trleft100\trftsWidth3\trwWidth8972\trautofit1\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid13189534\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind100\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth8972\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9072\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid13189534 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid13189534 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 before}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 Lord Mance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 Lord Sumption}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 Lord Hughes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 Lord Lloyd-Jones}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 Lord Briggs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \cell }\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \trowd \irow1\irowband1\ltrrow
\ts11\trqc\trleft100\trftsWidth3\trwWidth8972\trautofit1\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid13189534\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind100\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth8972\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9072\row \ltrrow}\trowd \irow2\irowband2\ltrrow
\ts11\trqc\trrh411\trleft100\trftsWidth3\trwWidth8972\trautofit1\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid13189534\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind100\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr
\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth8972\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9072\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid13189534 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 JUDGMENT GIVEN ON}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \cell }\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \trowd \irow2\irowband2\ltrrow
\ts11\trqc\trrh411\trleft100\trftsWidth3\trwWidth8972\trautofit1\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid13189534\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind100\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr
\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth8972\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9072\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid13189534 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \cell }\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \trowd \irow3\irowband3\ltrrow
\ts11\trqc\trrh411\trleft100\trftsWidth3\trwWidth8972\trautofit1\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid13189534\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind100\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr
\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth8972\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9072\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid13189534 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \cell }\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \trowd \irow4\irowband4\ltrrow
\ts11\trqc\trrh411\trleft100\trftsWidth3\trwWidth8972\trautofit1\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid13189534\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind100\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr
\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth8972\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9072\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar\qc \fi-5760\li5760\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin5760\pararsid13189534 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 30 July 2018}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \cell }\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \trowd \irow5\irowband5\ltrrow
\ts11\trqc\trrh411\trleft100\trftsWidth3\trwWidth8972\trautofit1\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid13189534\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind100\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr
\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth8972\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9072\row \ltrrow}\trowd \irow6\irowband6\ltrrow
\ts11\trqc\trrh412\trleft100\trftsWidth3\trwWidth8972\trautofit1\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid13189534\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind100\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr
\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth8972\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9072\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid13189534 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \cell }\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \trowd \irow6\irowband6\ltrrow
\ts11\trqc\trrh412\trleft100\trftsWidth3\trwWidth8972\trautofit1\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid13189534\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind100\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr
\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth8972\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9072\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid13189534 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \cell }\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \trowd \irow7\irowband7\ltrrow
\ts11\trqc\trrh412\trleft100\trftsWidth3\trwWidth8972\trautofit1\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid13189534\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind100\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr
\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth8972\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9072\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid13189534 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 Heard on 15 and 16 May 2018}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \cell }\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \trowd \irow8\irowband8\lastrow \ltrrow
\ts11\trqc\trrh412\trleft100\trftsWidth3\trwWidth8972\trautofit1\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid13189534\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind100\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr
\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth8972\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9072\row }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13189534 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \~
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13189534 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\lbr3\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13189534 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \~
\par \~
\par \ltrrow}\trowd \irow0\irowband0\ltrrow\ts11\trqc\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trautofit1\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid13189534\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb
\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2808\clpadl0\clpadt108\clpadb0\clpadr108\clpadfl3\clpadft3\clpadfb3\clpadfr3\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx2700\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2880\clpadl0\clpadt108\clpadb0\clpadr108\clpadfl3\clpadft3\clpadfb3\clpadfr3\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx5580\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2834\clpadl0\clpadt108\clpadb0\clpadr108\clpadfl3\clpadft3\clpadfb3\clpadfr3\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx8414\pard \ltrpar
\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid13189534 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \cell \~\cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 Respondent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\ltrrow
\ts11\trqc\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trautofit1\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid13189534\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2808\clpadl0\clpadt108\clpadb0\clpadr108\clpadfl3\clpadft3\clpadfb3\clpadfr3\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx2700\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2880\clpadl0\clpadt108\clpadb0\clpadr108\clpadfl3\clpadft3\clpadfb3\clpadfr3\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx5580\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2834\clpadl0\clpadt108\clpadb0\clpadr108\clpadfl3\clpadft3\clpadfb3\clpadfr3\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx8414\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar
\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid13189534 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 Dr Tony Ellis\cell \~\cell Simon Mount QC,\cell 
}\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \trowd \irow1\irowband1\ltrrow
\ts11\trqc\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trautofit1\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid13189534\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2808\clpadl0\clpadt108\clpadb0\clpadr108\clpadfl3\clpadft3\clpadfb3\clpadfr3\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx2700\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2880\clpadl0\clpadt108\clpadb0\clpadr108\clpadfl3\clpadft3\clpadfb3\clpadfr3\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx5580\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2834\clpadl0\clpadt108\clpadb0\clpadr108\clpadfl3\clpadft3\clpadfb3\clpadfr3\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx8414\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar
\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid13189534 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 Graeme Edgeler\cell \~\cell Attorney General\cell 
}\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \trowd \irow2\irowband2\ltrrow
\ts11\trqc\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trautofit1\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid13189534\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2808\clpadl0\clpadt108\clpadb0\clpadr108\clpadfl3\clpadft3\clpadfb3\clpadfr3\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx2700\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2880\clpadl0\clpadt108\clpadb0\clpadr108\clpadfl3\clpadft3\clpadfb3\clpadfr3\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx5580\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2834\clpadl0\clpadt108\clpadb0\clpadr108\clpadfl3\clpadft3\clpadfb3\clpadfr3\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx8414\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar
\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid13189534 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \~\cell \~\cell Kieran Raftery QC\cell }\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \trowd \irow3\irowband3\ltrrow
\ts11\trqc\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trautofit1\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid13189534\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2808\clpadl0\clpadt108\clpadb0\clpadr108\clpadfl3\clpadft3\clpadfb3\clpadfr3\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx2700\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2880\clpadl0\clpadt108\clpadb0\clpadr108\clpadfl3\clpadft3\clpadfb3\clpadfr3\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx5580\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2834\clpadl0\clpadt108\clpadb0\clpadr108\clpadfl3\clpadft3\clpadfb3\clpadfr3\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx8414\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar
\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid13189534 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \~\cell \~\cell Danielle Kelly\cell }\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \trowd \irow4\irowband4\ltrrow
\ts11\trqc\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trautofit1\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid13189534\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2808\clpadl0\clpadt108\clpadb0\clpadr108\clpadfl3\clpadft3\clpadfb3\clpadfr3\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx2700\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2880\clpadl0\clpadt108\clpadb0\clpadr108\clpadfl3\clpadft3\clpadfb3\clpadfr3\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx5580\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2834\clpadl0\clpadt108\clpadb0\clpadr108\clpadfl3\clpadft3\clpadfb3\clpadfr3\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx8414\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar
\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid13189534 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 (Instructed by Alan Taylor & Co Solicitors)\cell \~\cell 
(Instructed by Moon Beever Solicitors)\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
\trowd \irow5\irowband5\lastrow \ltrrow\ts11\trqc\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trautofit1\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid13189534\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb
\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2808\clpadl0\clpadt108\clpadb0\clpadr108\clpadfl3\clpadft3\clpadfb3\clpadfr3\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx2700\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2880\clpadl0\clpadt108\clpadb0\clpadr108\clpadfl3\clpadft3\clpadfb3\clpadfr3\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx5580\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2834\clpadl0\clpadt108\clpadb0\clpadr108\clpadfl3\clpadft3\clpadfb3\clpadfr3\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx8414\row }\pard \ltrpar
\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13189534 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \~
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13189534 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\lbr3\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb780\sa520\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13189534 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
LORD HUGHES AND LORD LLOYD-JONES:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa520\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13189534 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 History of proceedings}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa520\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13189534 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 {\*\bkmkstart _Hlk515888525}1.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
The appellant, Michael Warren, is a resident of Pitcairn Island, the only inhabited island in Pitcairn Islands, a British Overseas Territory in the Pacific Ocean.\~{\*\bkmkend _Hlk515888525}
He appeals against his convictions on 20 charges of possessing child pornography contrary to section 160 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 (UK) and two charges of possessing grossly indecent items contrary to section 8 of the Pitcairn Summary O
ffences Ordinance. On 4 March 2016 he was sentenced by Tompkins J to 20 months}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188  imprisonment on each of the child pornography charges and one month}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 s imprisonment on each of the indecent articles charges, all to run concurrently.
\par {\*\bkmkstart para2}2.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 T
hese proceedings were accompanied below by numerous applications in which it was maintained that, as a result of alleged flaws in the Pitcairn Islands Constitution (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 the Constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 ), failures in administration, deficiencies and impropriety in the appoin
tment of judges, judicial bias and lack of independence and other similar causes, there was systemic constitutional error. The proceedings gave rise to 21 defence applications, 2,000 pages of written submissions, 60 days of oral hearings and 30 judgments.
 
The first Supreme Court judgment on pre-trial issues was delivered by Lovell-Smith J on 12 October 2012 and the second by Haines J on 28 November 2014. Appeals to the Court of Appeal resulted in decisions on 23 October 2015, upholding the pre-trial decisi
ons of the Supreme Court, and on 6 July 2016, upholding the appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 s convictions.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa520\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13189534 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 Scope of the leave to appeal}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa520\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13189534 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 {\*\bkmkstart para3}
{\*\bkmkend para2}3.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
The appellant now appeals to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council as of right under section 25(10) of the 
Constitution. This was confirmed by order of the Court of Appeal under section 25(10) made on 9 December 2016 in accordance with the procedure affirmed in\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 Ross v Bank of Commerce (St Kitts and Nevis) Trust and Savings Association Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \~
{\*\bkmkend para3}[2010] UKPC 28;\~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188  HYPERLINK "https://www.bailii.org/cgi-bin/redirect.cgi?path=/uk/cases/UKPC/2010/28.html" \\
o "Link to BAILII version" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 {\*\datafield 
10d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90bb2000000680074007400700073003a002f002f007700770077002e006200610069006c00690069002e006f00720067002f006300670069002d00620069006e002f00720065006400690072006500630074002e006300
670069003f0070006100740068003d002f0075006b002f00630061007300650073002f0055004b00500043002f0032003000310030002f00320038002e00680074006d006c000000795881f43b1d7f48af2c825dc485276300000000a5ab000300}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 [2011] 1 WLR 125}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 ).
\par {\*\bkmkstart para4}4.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
Section 25 of the Constitution provides in relevant part:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls21\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12216188 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 25.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188  Enforcement of protective provisions
\par {\listtext\tab}(1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
If any person alleges that any of the provisions of this Part has been, is being or is likely to be breached in relation to him or her (or, in the case of a person who is detained, if any other person alleges such a breach in relation to the detained pers
on), then, without prejudice to any other action with respect to the same matter that is lawfully available, that person (or that other person) may apply to the Supreme Court for redress.
\par {\listtext\tab}(2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 The Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction -
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s40\qj \li2160\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls21\ilvl1\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid12216188 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 (a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
to hear and determine any application made by any person in pursuance of subsection (1); \'85
\par {\listtext\tab}and may make such declarations and orders, issue such writs and give such directions as it considers appropriate for the purpose of enforcing or securing the enforcement of any of the provisions of this Part.
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls21\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8264383 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 (3)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
The Supreme Court may decline to exercise its powers under subsection (2) if it is satisfied that adequate means of redress for the breach alleged are or have been available to the person concerned under any other law.
\par {\listtext\tab}\'85
\par {\listtext\tab}(10)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
 An appeal shall lie as of right to the Court of Appeal from any final determination of any application or question by the Supreme Court under this section, and an appeal shall lie as of right to Her Majesty in Council from 
the final determination by the Court of Appeal of the appeal in any such case; but no appeal shall lie from a determination by the Supreme Court under this section dismissing an application on the ground that it is frivolous or vexatious.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa520\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13189534 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 {\*\bkmkstart para5}{\*\bkmkend para4}5.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 Section 25 applies only to matters relating to actual or potential breaches of rights under Part 2 of the Constitution in which it appears. Part 2 is entitled }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 Fundamental Rights and Freedoms of the Individual}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188  and includes in section 8 a rig
ht to a fair trial and in section 11 a right to respect for one}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 s private and family life and one}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 s home. Part 2 is to be distinguished from other Parts including Part 3, The Governor; Part 4, The Executive; Part 5, The Legislature and Part 6, The Administration of Justice.
\par {\*\bkmkstart para6}{\*\bkmkend para5}6.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
It is, therefore, necessary to distinguish between those grounds of appeal for which leave to appeal has been granted under section 25 and those for which special leave is required.
\par {\*\bkmkstart para7}{\*\bkmkend para6}7.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
In the proceedings below the appellant made three relevant applications in the Supreme Court on 19 August 2011, 29 May 2014 and 8 August 2014 respectively, alleging breach of his rights under sections 8 and 11 of the Constitution. Each was both an app
lication pursuant to section 25 of the Constitution and an application for relief in the criminal proceedings, the Supreme Court having jurisdiction over both matters. Those applications were addressed in the Supreme Court by Lovell-Smith J. and Haines J.
 and, on appeal, by the Court of Appeal in its judgment of 23 October 2015.
\par {\*\bkmkstart para8}{\*\bkmkend para7}8.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
The grounds of appeal now relied upon by the appellant are diffuse, amorphous and often overlap with each other. Some 40 grounds in which the appellant
 submits that he has been denied a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal established by law have been grouped together by the appellant in his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 Synopsis of Case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188  under the heading }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 Ground 1, Independence, Impartiality and Nullity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
. The Crown accepts that these grounds fall within the scope of the appeal to this court as of right pursuant to section 25 of the Constitution confirmed by the Court of Appeal, save in those instances where it is sought to advance new grounds on this app
eal for the first time.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa520\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13189534 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
Grounds founded on section 25, Pitcairn Constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa520\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13189534 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 {\*\bkmkstart para9}
{\*\bkmkend para8}9.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
The grounds founded on section 25 are wide ranging and allege a denial of a right to be tried before an independent and impartial tribunal. These gro
unds include (a) the appointment of judges by the Governor who has a conflict of interests; (b) the appointment of judges exclusively from serving and retired New Zealand judges and barristers; (c) failure to pay judges from Pitcairn funds; (d) the use of
 
New Zealand courtroom facilities; (e) appointment of part time judges; (f) specific complaints concerning the appointment of the Chief Justice; (g) specific complaints concerning the appointment of three Court of Appeal judges in 2012; (h) deficiencies in
 the swearing of judicial oaths; and (i) impropriety in a consultation in 2000 concerning the appointment of judges and counsel in the legal system of Pitcairn.
\par {\*\bkmkstart para10}{\*\bkmkend para9}10.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
In her judgment of 12 October 2012, Lovell-Smith J, addressing the fi
rst of the three applications referred to above, considered (at paras 85-88) that the application of section 25 was inappropriate and an abuse of process as the completion of the criminal proceedings and the exercise of any criminal appeal rights were the
 more natural relief available at that time. In her view, dealing with constitutional issues in that venue would unnecessarily complicate the criminal proceedings and might affect the appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 s right to a fair trial, given the factual disputes that would 
arise during the actual trial. Similarly, in his judgment of 28 November 2014, Haines J concluded (at para 309) that insofar as the abuse of process issues raised under the three applications were also characterised as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 constitutional challenges}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188  they were
 to be addressed in the context of criminal proceedings. Because in those proceedings the appellant had an adequate means of redress, there was no need for the court to exercise its powers under section 25.
\par {\*\bkmkstart para11}{\*\bkmkend para10}11.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 In its judgment of 23
 October 2015 the Court of Appeal considered in detail the various grounds of appeal founded on section 25 of the Constitution. It dismissed them all. It then went on to note that those matters were able to be and had been fully addressed within the crimi
n
al proceedings. Had there been any merit in the allegations of breach of the Constitution, a remedy was available within the criminal proceedings by way of the issuance of a stay, or other remedy proportionate to the breach, if that were appropriate. That
 being so, it was an abuse of process for the appellant also to resort to section 25. In this regard the Court of Appeal referred to\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
Harrikissoon v Attorney General of Trinidad and Tobago}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 ,\~{\*\bkmkend para11}[1980] AC 265\~(PC) per Lord Diplock at 268,\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 Chokolingo v Attorney General of Trinidad and Tobago}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \~[1981] 1 WLR 106\~
(PC),\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 Durity v Attorney General of Trinidad and Tobago}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \~[2008] UKPC 59\~and\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 Jaroo v Attorney General of Trinidad and Tobago}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \~[2002] UKPC 5;\~[2002] 1 AC 871\~where Lord Hope observed at para 39:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls21\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12216188 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
Their Lordships respectfully agree with the Court of Appeal that, before he resorts to this procedure, the applicant must consider the true nature of the right allegedly contravened. He must also consider whether, having regard to all the circumstances of
 
the case, some other procedure either under the common law or pursuant to statute might not more conveniently be invoked. If another such procedure is available, resort to the procedure by way of originating motion will be inappropriate and it will be an 
a
buse of the process to resort to it. If, as in this case, it becomes clear after the motion has been filed that the use of the procedure is no longer appropriate, steps should be taken without delay to withdraw the motion from the High Court as its contin
ued use in such circumstances will also be an abuse.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa520\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13189534 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 {\*\bkmkstart para12}12.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 The Court of Appeal noted that, consistently with this passage, section 25(3) of the Constitution allows the Supreme Court to decline to exercise its powers under the section if sat
isfied that adequate means of redress are available under any other law, as, it considered, they were here. It concluded (at para 231):
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls21\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12216188 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
The section 25 applications served no useful purpose other perhaps than providing an appeal as of right to this Court. Lovell-Smith J and Haines J dismissed the applications. We consider they were an abuse of process and uphold their decisions.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa520\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13189534 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 {\*\bkmkstart para13}{\*\bkmkend para12}13.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 The Board agrees with the Court of Appeal that the applications should not have been made under secti
on 25 because, had there been any substance in any of the grounds advanced, adequate means of redress would have been available within the criminal proceedings. The Board further agrees that the making of the section 25 applications was an abuse of proces
s. Accordingly, the Board dismisses the appeal pursuant to section 25(10) for this reason.
\par {\*\bkmkstart para14}{\*\bkmkend para13}14.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
In these circumstances the appellant requires special leave to pursue the grounds of appeal falling within this category. The appellant ha
s not filed a formal application for special leave but, in his case, seeks special leave if it is necessary. The Board has come to the clear conclusion that special leave to appeal should be refused as it is not demonstrated that there is a risk that a se
r
ious miscarriage of justice may have occurred. (Judicial Committee of the Privy Council Practice Direction 3.3.3(b)) First, each of these grounds of appeal considered individually is totally lacking in merit. The Board does not intend to address in this j
udgment each of the grounds in turn but simply adopts the full reasons given by the Court of Appeal in relation to the grounds which were canvassed before it. Secondly, there is no basis for the appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 s submission that the cumulative effect of the alleged breaches demonstrates a }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 systemic constitutional error}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
 rendering the proceedings a nullity. Thirdly, none of the complaints made in these grounds is capable, even if any had been established, of having any bearing at all on the fairness of the appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
s criminal trial. The courts below would have been entitled to dismiss the applications summarily on this basis rather than spend on them the disproportionate time which they were persuaded to devote to them.
\par {\*\bkmkstart para15}{\*\bkmkend para14}15.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 To the extent tha
t the appellant seeks to raise within this category new grounds not argued below, it is sufficient to state that they cannot succeed for the second and third reasons stated above and that special leave to argue them is accordingly refused.
\par {\*\bkmkstart para16}{\*\bkmkend para15}16.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
During the hearing the appellant acknowledged that a passage in Halsbury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 s Laws cited in his written case did not justify the contention there made that there was a duty to publish proposed legislation so that the population could if it wished 
object. He sought and was given permission to lodge additional written submissions citing accurate authority if such could be found. Instead, he lodged ten further pages of argument suggesting, first, that the British Settlements Act 1887 is not in terms 
w
ide enough to authorise retrospective ratification of an invalidly made judicial appointment. The Board can summarily dismiss this suggestion, in the light of the width of the powers conferred by that Act (see para 24, below). His main contention in this 
d
ocument, however, was that the various alleged defects in the appointment of judges ought to have been published. This argument was new and not open to him after the hearing had closed. Moreover, the suggested defects in the manner of the appointment of t
he judges were, for the reasons given by the Court of Appeal and above, irrelevant to the appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 s right to a fair trial. To the extent that he now seeks to rely on the Crown}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 s undoubted duty in criminal cases to disclose material which might undermine i
ts case, the argument is misconceived because (a) the material in question was all known by the time of the trial and (b) it did not, for the reasons given, undermine the Crown case.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa520\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13189534 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
Grounds not founded on section 25, Pitcairn Constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa520\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13189534 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 {\*\bkmkstart para17}
{\*\bkmkend para16}17.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
On behalf of the appellant, Dr Ellis seeks to advance three further grounds of appeal. Ground 2 is entitled }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 Lack of a system of judicial review}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 . Ground 3 is entitled }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 Lack of Democracy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 . Ground 4 relates to the seizure of computer and photogr
aphic images and the removal of the seized material for analysis in New Zealand. The Board will address each in turn and will also make observations on the appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
s submission that the offences contrary to section 160, Criminal Justice Act 1988 do not form part of Pitcairn law.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa520\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13189534 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
Lack of a system of judicial review
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa520\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13189534 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 {\*\bkmkstart para18}
{\*\bkmkend para17}18.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 Dr Ellis explains that, faced with the Crown}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 s submission that a constitutional challenge u
nder section 25 was an abuse of process, on 11 September 2013 he filed an application for judicial review in the civil jurisdiction of the Pitcairn Supreme Court. It pleaded issues which were identical to those already advanced before Lovell-Smith J and H
a
ines J. No substantive progress was made on this application due to uncertainty as to the applicable procedure. In his judgment of 28 November 2014 Haines J considered whether English or New Zealand procedure on judicial review should be followed, a signi
f
icant difference being that English procedure included a requirement of permission to apply for judicial review. Haines J held (at paras 456-466) that by virtue of section 42 of the Pitcairn Constitution UK rules of civil procedure apply in Pitcairn, subj
ect to the limitations in section 42(2), and that the appropriate procedure for judicial review was that of the High Court of Justice of England and Wales. The Court of Appeal in its decision of 23 October 2015 (at paras 233-235}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \~upheld that decision and re
mitted the civil proceeding to the Supreme Court where it was open to the appellant to pursue an application for permission if he still wished to pursue the judicial review.
\par {\*\bkmkstart para19}{\*\bkmkend para18}19.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
Under this ground the appellant submits that
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls21\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12216188 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
The Supreme Court was wrong to rule that English as opposed to New Zealand procedure applies in Pitcairn;
\par {\listtext\tab}(2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 The non-availability of judicial review forced the appellant to bring constitutional challenges;
\par {\listtext\tab}(3)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 The non-ava
ilability of judicial review on Pitcairn is constitutionally offensive and isolates the executive from judicial scrutiny.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa520\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13189534 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 The appellant requires special leave in order to raise this ground.
\par {\*\bkmkstart para20}{\*\bkmkend para19}20.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
Section 42 of the Constitution provides:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls21\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12216188 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188  Subject to subsection (2), the common law, the rules of equity and the statutes of general application as in force in and for England for the time being shall be in force in Pitcairn.
\par {\listtext\tab}(2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 All the laws of England extended to Pitcairn by su
bsection (1) shall be in force in Pitcairn so far only as the local circumstances and the limits of local jurisdiction permit and subject to any existing or future Ordinance, and for the purpose of facilitating the application of the said laws it shall be
 lawful to construe them with such formal alterations not affecting the substance as to names, localities, courts, offices, persons, moneys, penalties and otherwise as may be necessary to render those laws applicable to the circumstances.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa520\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13189534 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 {\*\bkmkstart para21}{\*\bkmkend para20}21.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 The Board refuses special leave on this ground for the following reasons:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls21\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12216188 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
The Court of Appeal was unquestionably correct in its conclusion that, by virtue of section 42 of the Constitution, the procedure of the High Court of Justice of England and Wales was applicable.
\par {\listtext\tab}(2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
Judicial review is available in Pitcairn in appropriate cases. The requirement of leave is a legitimate control whereby only those applications which disclose an arguable case which merits full investigation are permitted to proceed.
\par {\listtext\tab}(3)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
The appellant decided not to take any further steps in the proposed judicial review until all criminal proceedings had been determined. The court acceded to the appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 s request and deferred the case management conference until after the conclusion of the criminal proceedings.
\par {\listtext\tab}(4)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
Judicial review is a remedy of last resort and was not appropriate in these circumstances because there existed an equally effective alternative remedy in the form of applications in the criminal proceedings.
\par {\listtext\tab}(5)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
In any event, the grounds advanced duplicated the constitutional issues raised under section 25 and were totally lacking in merit.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa520\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13189534 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 Lack of Democracy
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa520\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13189534 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 {\*\bkmkstart para22}
{\*\bkmkend para21}22.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 Under Ground 3 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 Lack of Democracy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
, the appellant submits that the Constitution is undemocratic and is, therefore, in breach of the Bill of Rights 1688 which confers guarantees of freedom of election, freedom of speech in Parliament and frequent sittings of Parliament.
 It is submitted that the Constitution is itself unlawful because it contravenes the Bill of Rights and international human rights norms and that, accordingly, all organs of government established under it and all ordinances created under it by the Govern
or are also unlawful. On this basis it is submitted that all arrangements for trials on or pertaining to Pitcairn are unlawful.
\par {\*\bkmkstart para23}{\*\bkmkend para22}23.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
The Pitcairn Constitution Order was made under the British Settlements Act 1887 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 the 1887 Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 ) which provides in section 2:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls21\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12216188 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 2.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 Power of the Queen in Council to make laws and establish courts.
\par {\listtext\tab}It shall be lawful for Her Majesty the Queen in Council from time to time to establish all such laws and institutions, and constitute such courts and office
rs, and make such provisions and regulations for the proceedings in the said courts and for the administration of justice, as may appear to Her Majesty in Council to be necessary for the peace, order, and good government of Her Majesty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 s subjects and others within any British settlement.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa520\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13189534 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 {\*\bkmkstart para24}{\*\bkmkend para23}24.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 Setting to one side for present purposes issues as to the justiciability of the matters raised by this ground (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 R (Bancoult) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (No 2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \~
{\*\bkmkend para24}[2008] UKHL 61;\~[2009] 1 AC 453\~per Lord Hoffmann at para 50, per Lord Rodger of Earlsferry at para 109, per Lord Carswell at para 130;\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 R (Misick) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \~
[2009] EWCA Civ 1549 per Laws LJ at para 18),
 the short answer to this proposed ground is that it is clearly established that the 1887 Act permits the Crown to set up a non-representative legislature which might otherwise be contrary to the Bill of Rights. In\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 Sabally and N}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 Jie v Attorney General}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \~[1965] 1 QB 273 at p 294 Lord Denning MR observed:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls21\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12216188 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
When English folk settled in a colony (as distinct from conquest or cession) they took their English law with them, that is to say, the common law and the statute law as it existed at that time. They took wit
h them, too, the Crown prerogative, in this sense, that the Crown could give them a representative legislature in which they elected their own representatives: but the Crown could not impose on the settlers a legislature on which they were not represented
.
 It could not impose on them a non-representative legislature. The usual practice in a settled colony was for the Crown to issue a Royal Commission providing for a governor and council and an assembly elected by the people. The assembly, with the consent 
of the governor and council, had legislative authority over the colony. A good instance will be found set out in the case of Newfoundland, which was a settled colony, in\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
Kielley v Carson-Kent\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 (1842) 4 Moo PCC 63, 84-6.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
Thenceforward the legislative authority could only be exercised by the assembly or by any Act of Parliament of Great Britain: see the case of Jamaica discussed by Lord Mansfield in\~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188  HYPERLINK "https://login.westlaw.co.uk/maf/wluk/app/document?src=doc&linktype=ref&context=18&crumb-action=replace&docguid=I116BBEF0E57111DAB242AFEA6182DD7E" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 {\*\datafield 
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64006f00630075006d0065006e0074003f007300720063003d0064006f00630026006c0069006e006b0074007900700065003d00720065006600260063006f006e0074006500780074003d003100380026006300720075006d0062002d0061006300740069006f006e003d007200650070006c00610063006500260064006f
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\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 Campbell v Hall}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \~(1774) 1 Cowp 204, 212-214.}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \~There were, however, some settled colonies for which a representative legislature was unsuitable. The population was too sparse: the inhabitants too little educated. Such were the Falkland Islands and the
 colonies on the West Coast of Africa, including the Gambia. For these colonies it was desirable to set up in those days a non-representative legislature; and as the Crown could not do it by its prerogative for a settled colony, Parliament intervened so a
s to enable the Crown to do it by statutory authority. It passed Acts in 1843 and 1860, which were repealed and replaced by the\~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
 HYPERLINK "https://login.westlaw.co.uk/maf/wluk/app/document?src=doc&linktype=ref&context=18&crumb-action=replace&docguid=I20722260E44811DA8D70A0E70A78ED65" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 {\*\datafield 
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00630067007500690064003d004900320030003700320032003200360030004500340034003800310031004400410038004400370030004100300045003700300041003700380045004400360035000000795881f43b1d7f48af2c825dc485276300000000a5ab000300}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 British Settlements Act, 1887}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
. Under these Acts the Crown had power to, and did, appoint a governor to legislate with a nominated council but no elected assembly. This was the form of legislature in the Colony of the Gambia until recent times. It was a 
non-representative legislature constituted under the\~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
 HYPERLINK "https://login.westlaw.co.uk/maf/wluk/app/document?src=doc&linktype=ref&context=18&crumb-action=replace&docguid=I20722260E44811DA8D70A0E70A78ED65" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 {\*\datafield 
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\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 British Settlements Act, 1887}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 , and nothing else.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa520\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13189534 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 {\*\bkmkstart para25}25.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 The population of Pitcairn is approximately 50 persons of whom fewer than 40 are adults.
\par {\*\bkmkstart para26}{\*\bkmkend para25}26.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
The Bill of Rights is not entrenched legislation nor does it impose any manner and form restriction on subsequent legislation. Accordingly, reliance on authorities such as\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 Attorney General for New South Wales v Trethowan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \~{\*\bkmkend para26}[1932] AC 526\~
(PC) is misplaced.
\par {\*\bkmkstart para27}27.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 The appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
s reliance on international instruments is similarly misplaced. Here, the appellant relies on articles 1, 73 
and 75, UN Charter, on articles 1 and 25, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and on article 3, Optional First Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 ECHR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 ). Neither ECHR nor the First Protocol has been extended to Pitcairn.
 None of the provisions relied on by the appellant has been implemented into domestic law in Pitcairn.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa520\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13189534 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
The applicability of section 160 Criminal Justice Act 1988
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa520\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13189534 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 {\*\bkmkstart para28}
{\*\bkmkend para27}28.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
The Court of Appeal dealt with section 160 at paras 114 to 120 of its judgment of 23 October 2015. It correctly rejected two separate arguments, no longer advanced, (a) that section 160 was not a statute of general application and (b) that the maximum sen
t
ence prescribed by itself demonstrated that local circumstances took section 160 outside section 42 of the Constitution. At paras 118-119 it concluded that there is no basis for the proposition that section 8 of the Summary Offences Ordinance was intended
 
completely to cover the field of child pornography. The Board agrees with both its conclusions and the reasons there given. Since it is possible that the argument advanced to the Board was put a little differently from the way it had been before the Court
 of Appeal, the Board adds simply the following.
\par {\*\bkmkstart para29}{\*\bkmkend para28}29.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
The argument now advanced runs as follows:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls21\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12216188 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
Until November 2000 the English Criminal Justice Act 1988, section 160 (possession of indecent photograph of a child) was a summary only offence.
\par {\listtext\tab}(2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
It became an either-way offence with significantly enhanced maximum sentence as a result of amendment by the Criminal Justice and Courts Services Act 2000, enacted in November 2000.
\par {\listtext\tab}(3)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 The Governor would have been aware of the change to English law.
\par {\listtext\tab}(4)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 Section 8 of the Summary Offences Ordinance covers an offence of possession of an indecent photograph of a child.
\par {\listtext\tab}(5)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 So, in promulgating the Summary Offences Ordinance in Dec
ember 2000 in the same terms as before the Governor must have made a deliberate choice to retain the section 8 offence in preference to the newly changed English offence.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa520\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13189534 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 {\*\bkmkstart para30}{\*\bkmkend para29}30.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 This is not tenable.
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls21\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12216188 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
The re-promulgation of the Summary Offences Ordinance was simply to repeat legislation which had existed in Pitcairn for many years.
\par {\listtext\tab}(2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
Doing so by no means tells one that the Governor was turning his back on section 160, as newly amended. On the contrary, the 
newly amended statute of general application in England would apply in Pitcairn under section 42 of the Constitution. If, as the defendant asserts, the Governor is to be taken as being aware of the change to section 160, it follows that he would expect it
 to apply to Pitcairn under section 42.
\par {\listtext\tab}(3)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
Section 8 of the Summary Offences Ordinance had not for years been a comprehensive provision for indecent material or for child pornography. Ever since 1978 there had been, in an English statute of ge
neral application, the Protection of Children Act 1978, section 1, an enhanced offence of taking an indecent photo of a child, which was indictable and carried a substantial prison sentence. Anyone who committed that offence would normally also commit the
 
offence of possessing the resultant photograph and thus the offence under section 8 of the Summary Offences Ordinance. Indeed, since 1994 (when amended by the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 section 84(2)(a)) the Protection of Children Act offe
nce had included\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 making}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \~such a photo, which expression includes downloading from the internet. (See\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 R v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 Bowden\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 {\*\bkmkend para30}[1999] EWCA Crim 2270\~(10 Nov 1999).) Long before the 2010 Constitution confirmed the position by section 42, English statutes of general ap
plication applied in Pitcairn in the absence of clear reasons why they could not.
\par {\listtext\tab}(4)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
Re-promulgating section 8 tells nobody anything except that the Governor wished to continue also to cover possession of indecent material which is not the subject of more serious offences.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa520\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13189534 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 The search warrant
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa520\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13189534 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 {\*\bkmkstart para31}31.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
The appellant challenged the validity of the issue of the search warrant and its execution on a large number of grounds. They included (a) the jurisdiction of the island magistrate an
d his suggested lack of independence, (b) the grounds on which it was sought, (c) an asserted lack of independence in the police officer making the application, (d) an asserted lack of candour or good faith in the application, (e) breach of the appellant}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 s
 right to respect for his private and family life and home (section 11 of the Constitution), (f) asserted excessive seizure of material which on examination turned out to be unconnected to the offences charged, and (g) removal of the exhibits to New Zeala
nd for examination.
\par {\*\bkmkstart para32}{\*\bkmkend para31}32.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
The Court of Appeal dealt seriatim with these challenges at paras 142 to 224 of its judgment of 23 October 2015. The Board agrees with its conclusions and with the reasons given for them. Special leave to appeal on this ground is, accordingly, refused.

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa520\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15949625 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 {\*\bkmkstart para33}
{\*\bkmkend para32}33.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15949625  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
It should, however, be added that even if there had been any of the suggested irregularities in the issue or execution of the search warrant, it would not follow that the evidence of the contents of the appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 
s computer would thereby have become inadmissible. In English law, the admissibility of evidence depends in the first instance on its relevance. Irregularity or illegality in the obtaining of evidence does not result in automatic inadmissibility: see\~}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 Kuruma, son of Kaniu v The Queen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \~{\*\bkmkend para33
}[1955] AC 197,\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 Jeffrey v Black}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \~[1978] QB 490,\~
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 R v Sang}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \~[1980] AC 402
, and a great many other cases. Prosecution evidence may of course be excluded if its effect on the trial would be unfair: this has been the rule since at least\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 Noor Mohammed v The King}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 \~
[1949] AC 182 and it now has statutory endorsement in section 78 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. But the test of exc
lusion is not the nature of any irregularity in obtaining the evidence, but rather the extent of any unfairness caused thereby. The Board did not understand counsel for the appellant to differ from those very well-established propositions. In the present 
case, no argument has at any stage been presented which could have justified the exclusion of the hard evidence of the contents of the appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid399798\charrsid12216188 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13189534\charrsid12216188 s computer, and in due course he admitted possession of the material. For this additional reason, the several ch
allenges to the search warrant could not, even if they had been made out, have availed the appellant in the criminal trial, nor could they affect the safety of his conviction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1972231\charrsid15949625 
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