{\rtf1\adeflang1025\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\adeff0\deff0\stshfdbch0\stshfloch0\stshfhich0\stshfbi0\deflang1033\deflangfe1033\themelang1033\themelangfe0\themelangcs0{\fonttbl{\f0\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f1\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604020202020204}Arial;}{\f2\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1{\*\panose 02070309020205020404}Courier New{\*\falt Courier New};}
{\f3\fbidi \froman\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05050102010706020507}Symbol{\*\falt Symbol};}{\f10\fbidi \fnil\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05000000000000000000}Wingdings{\*\falt Wingdings};}
{\f10\fbidi \fnil\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05000000000000000000}Wingdings{\*\falt Wingdings};}{\f42\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Tahoma;}{\f43\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0606020202030204}Arial Narrow;}
{\f44\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040602050305030304}Book Antiqua;}{\f45\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0502040204020203}Segoe UI;}
{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0302020204030204}Calibri Light;}{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f46\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f47\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f49\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f50\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f51\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f52\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f53\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f54\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f56\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Arial CE;}{\f57\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial Cyr;}{\f59\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Arial Greek;}
{\f60\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial Tur;}{\f61\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Arial (Hebrew);}{\f62\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Arial (Arabic);}{\f63\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Arial Baltic;}
{\f64\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Arial (Vietnamese);}{\f66\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 Courier New CE{\*\falt Courier New};}{\f67\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 Courier New Cyr{\*\falt Courier New};}
{\f69\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 Courier New Greek{\*\falt Courier New};}{\f70\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 Courier New Tur{\*\falt Courier New};}{\f71\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset177\fprq1 Courier New (Hebrew){\*\falt Courier New};}
{\f72\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset178\fprq1 Courier New (Arabic){\*\falt Courier New};}{\f73\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 Courier New Baltic{\*\falt Courier New};}{\f74\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset163\fprq1 Courier New (Vietnamese){\*\falt Courier New};}
{\f466\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Tahoma CE;}{\f467\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Tahoma Cyr;}{\f469\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Tahoma Greek;}{\f470\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Tahoma Tur;}
{\f471\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Tahoma (Hebrew);}{\f472\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Tahoma (Arabic);}{\f473\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Tahoma Baltic;}{\f474\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Tahoma (Vietnamese);}
{\f475\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 Tahoma (Thai);}{\f476\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Arial Narrow CE;}{\f477\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial Narrow Cyr;}{\f479\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Arial Narrow Greek;}
{\f480\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial Narrow Tur;}{\f483\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Arial Narrow Baltic;}{\f486\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Book Antiqua CE;}{\f487\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Book Antiqua Cyr;}
{\f489\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Book Antiqua Greek;}{\f490\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Book Antiqua Tur;}{\f493\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Book Antiqua Baltic;}{\f496\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Segoe UI CE;}
{\f497\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Segoe UI Cyr;}{\f499\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Segoe UI Greek;}{\f500\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Segoe UI Tur;}{\f501\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Segoe UI (Hebrew);}
{\f502\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Segoe UI (Arabic);}{\f503\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Segoe UI Baltic;}{\f504\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Segoe UI (Vietnamese);}
{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri Light CE;}{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Light Cyr;}{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Light Greek;}
{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Light Tur;}{\fhimajor\f31533\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Calibri Light (Hebrew);}{\fhimajor\f31534\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Calibri Light (Arabic);}
{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Light Baltic;}{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri Light (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\fhiminor\f31573\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Calibri (Hebrew){\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31574\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Calibri (Arabic){\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese){\*\falt Calibri};}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;
\red255\green255\blue0;\red255\green255\blue255;\red0\green0\blue128;\red0\green128\blue128;\red0\green128\blue0;\red128\green0\blue128;\red128\green0\blue0;\red128\green128\blue0;\red128\green128\blue128;\red192\green192\blue192;}{\*\defchp \fs22 }
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{\author Jackie Lindsay}{\operator Kym Freriks}{\creatim\yr2021\mo1\dy8\hr11\min38}{\revtim\yr2021\mo1\dy8\hr11\min38}{\printim\yr2006\mo10\dy30\hr15}{\version2}{\edmins0}{\nofpages34}{\nofwords12966}{\nofchars73911}{\*\company Cabinet Office}
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\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs35\insrsid11141330 PAGE  }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs35\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid810865 2}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
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\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f2\fs24\insrsid11141330 [2006]UKPC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f2\fs24\insrsid15427345  47}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f2\fs24\insrsid11141330\charrsid1449300 
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Christian & Ors v. The Queen (The Pitcairn Islands ) [2006] UKPC 47 (30 October 2006)
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8131517 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11234470 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid14575592 Privy Council Appeal No}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\insrsid10517184  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid2095 109/2005}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid8131517\charrsid11408365 
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11234470 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs24\insrsid2095 (1) Steven Raymond Christian
\par (2) Len Calvin Davis Brown
\par (3) Len Carlisle Brown
\par (4) Dennis Ray Christian
\par (5) Carlisle Terry Young
\par (6) Randall Kay Christian\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs24\insrsid9319248 \tab \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs24\insrsid10517184 \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs24\insrsid2822738 
\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid12800202\charrsid12800202 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid2095 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid8131517\charrsid12800202 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx7200\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11234470 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid8131517\charrsid11408365 v.
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\i\fs22\insrsid16212913\charrsid11408365 Respondent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid16212913 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid8395901\charrsid11408365 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8131517\charrsid11408365 FROM
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8131517 
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\ab\af1\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs27\expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid3824254 COURT OF APPEAL OF}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs27\expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid8395901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs27\expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid2095 THE PITCAIRN ISLANDS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs27\expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid3824254 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li360\ri0\widctlpar\tx7020\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid11234470 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8395901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12800202\charrsid11408365 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12800202  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af43\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f43\fs28\insrsid12800202\charrsid11408365 JUDGMENT OF THE LORDS OF THE JUDICIAL
\par COMMITTEE OF THE PRIVY COUNCIL
\par 
\par Delivered the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af43\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f43\fs28\insrsid16018371 30}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af43\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f43\fs28\super\insrsid16018371\charrsid16018371 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af43\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f43\fs28\insrsid16018371  October 2006}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af43\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f43\fs28\insrsid12800202\charrsid11408365 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8131517 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8131517\charrsid11408365 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8131517  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx7020\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8131517\charrsid11408365 Present at the hearing:-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid8131517 
\par 
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\fs28\insrsid8131517\charrsid9766449 Lord }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid3824254 Hoffmann}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid8395901 
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\par \tab Lord }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095 Steyn
\par \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid3824254 Lord }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095 Hope of Craighead}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid3824254 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095 \tab Lord Carswell}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid3824254 
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\fs28\insrsid8131517\charrsid9067354 
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx-720\tx1800\tx2340\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid16329392 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid14627651 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs28\insrsid8395901 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af44 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f44\expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid15630219 Delivere}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af44 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f44\expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid218326 d by }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af44 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f44\expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid218326 Lord }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af44 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f44\expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid3824254 Hoffmann}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af44 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f44\expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid2822738 ]}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af44 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f44\expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid3824254 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af44 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f44\expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid16346212 
\par 
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\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 
This is an appeal by special leave from the Pitcairn Court of Appeal (Henry P, Barker and Salmon JJA) affirming the convictions of the six appellants by the Pitcairn Supreme Court on charges of rape, indecent assault and incest. The issues upon which leav
e
 was given do not concern the merits of the convictions but relate to the validity of the laws creating the offences and the question of whether the bringing of the prosecutions was an abuse of process. At the hearing before the Board, however, leave was 
sought to appeal on two further matters concerning respectively the elements of the crime of rape and the judge\rquote s approach to the evidence. Their Lordships will deal with these applications later.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid16346212\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 Pitcairn is a small and remote island in the South Pacific between New Zealand and Chile.  It was occupied in 1790 by a group of mutineers from HMAV }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 Bounty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141  and some Polynesian men and women. In 1856 the small population removed itself to Norfolk Island but
 a few families returned two or three years later and re-established themselves. In the nineteenth century the forms of government were rudimentary, consisting of rules drawn up locally or with the assistance of the commanding officers of ships of the Roy
al Navy which made infrequent visits.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid16346212\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 In 1893 Her Majesty in Council made the Pacific Order in Council to provide a system of government for British settlements in the Pacific. The Order was made under the British Settlements Act 1887, which gave pow
er to establish \'93all such laws and institutions\'94 as might appear to Her Majesty in Council to be \'93necessary for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid16018371 peace}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid16346212\charrsid16018371 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141  order and good government of Her Majesty\rquote s subjects and others within any British settlement.\'94  A \'93British settlement\'94
 was defined as any British possession \'93which has not been acquired by cession or conquest\'94 and which did not have its own legislature.
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\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 
Article 6(1) of the Order provided that, until otherwise directed by the Secretary of State, jurisdiction should be exercised only over certain islands which did not include Pitcairn, but article 6(2) gave the Secretary of State power to direct that other
 British settlements in the Pacific should be added. In 1898 the Secretary of State directed that the Order should apply to Pitcairn.  The direction was therefore a statement by the Crown that Pitcairn was a British settlement.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11995096 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid11995096\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 5.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 The Order set up a High Commissioner\rquote s Court for the Western Pacific with criminal and civil jurisdiction.  Article 20 provided that such jurisdiction should be exercised \'93so far as circumstances admit\'85
upon the principles of and in conformity with the substance of the law for the time being in force in and for England.\'94 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11995096 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid11995096\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 6.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 The application of the Pacific Order in Council to Pitcairn was revoked by the Pitc
airn Order in Council 1952, which provided that the Governor of Fiji should also be Governor of Pitcairn and some neighbouring uninhabited islands (\'93the Islands\'94) and have power to make laws for the \'93peace order and good government\'94
 of the Islands. A savings clause provided that until the Governor made other provision, the jurisdiction of the High Commissioner\rquote 
s Court and the law which it applied should continue in force. Other provision was made by Judicature Ordinance 1961, which replaced the jurisdiction
 of the High Commissioner with that of the Supreme Court of Fiji.  The Ordinance also dealt with the law to be applied in Pitcairn:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11995096 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid11995096\charrsid8264141 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\qj \li720\ri720\sb60\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid11995096 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 7.\tab Subject to the provisions of section 8 of this Ordinance the substance of the law for the time being in force in and for
 England shall be in force in the Islands.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid11995096\charrsid8264141 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 8.\tab 
All the laws of England extended to the Islands by this Ordinance shall be in force therein so far only as the local circumstances and the limits of local jurisdiction permit and subject to any existing or fut
ure Ordinance and for the purpose of facilitating the application of the said laws it shall be lawful to construe the same with such formal alterations not affecting the substance as to names, localities, courts, offices, persons, moneys, penalties and ot
herwise as may be necessary to render the same applicable to the circumstances.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 7.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 
The independence of Fiji in 1970 meant that new provision had to be made for the governorship of Pitcairn.  The Pitcairn Order 1970, made in exercise of the powers vested in Her Majesty by the 1887 Act \'93or otherwise\'94
 replaced the 1952 Order and provided for a Governor appointed by Her Majesty with the same power, in section 5(1), to make laws for \'93the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid16018371 peace}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid11995096\charrsid16018371 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141  order and good government of the Islands\'94.  By section 5(3), all such laws made by the Governor were to be \'93
published in such manner and at such place or places in the Islands as the Governor may from time to time direct.\'94   The Governor made the Judicature Ordinance 1970, which repealed the 1961 Ordinance and created a S
upreme Court having the same jurisdiction in Pitcairn as the High Court of Justice in England.  Section 14 dealt with the law which the Supreme Court was to apply:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11995096 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid11995096\charrsid8264141 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\qj \li720\ri720\sb60\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid11995096 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 (1)\tab 
Subject to the provisions of the next succeeding subsection the common law, the rules of equity and the statutes of general application as in force in and for England at the commencement of this Ordinance shall be in force in the Islands.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid11995096\charrsid8264141 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 (2)\tab All the laws
 of England extended to the Islands by the last preceding subsection shall be in force therein so far only as the local circumstances and the limits of local jurisdiction permit and subject to any existing or future Ordinance and for the purpose of facili
t
ating the application of the said laws it shall be lawful to construe the same with such formal alterations not affecting the substance as to names, localities, courts, offices, persons, moneys, penalties and otherwise as may be necessary to render the sa
me applicable to the circumstances.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 8.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 
This Ordinance was duly published in accordance with section 5(3) and was in force at the time when the offences were committed.  The appellants were charged under provisions of the Sexual Offences Act 1956, which wa
s a law of general application in force in England at the time of the commencement of the Ordinance.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11995096 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid11995096\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 9.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 The first point taken by the appellants is that the 1970 Ordinance was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 ultra vires}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141  the 1887 Act, either because Pitcairn was never a British possession at all or, alternatively, because it had been acquired by cession and was therefore outside the definition of a \'93British settlement\'94
. In support of the first argument, Mr Cook QC proposed to take their Lordships to the history of the island to demonstrat
e that the islanders never acknowledged allegiance to the Crown. Their Lordships declined to investigate this question because it appears to them that the legal status of the island as a British possession is concluded by successive statements of the exec
utive, starting with the direction of the Secretary of State in 1898 and ending with the making of the 1970 Order in Council. In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 The Fagernes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141  [1927] P 311, 324, Atkin LJ said:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11995096 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid11995096\charrsid8264141 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\qj \li720\ri720\sb60\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid11995096 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 \'93What is the territor
y of the Crown is a matter of which the Court takes judicial notice. The Court has, therefore, to inform itself from the best material available; and on such a matter it may be its duty to obtain its information from the appropriate department of Governme
nt. Any definite statement from the proper representative of the Crown as to the territory of the Crown must be treated as conclusive.\'94
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 10.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 This is not the occasion on which to explore the limits of this doctrine, but their Lordships consider that the pre
sent case falls squarely within it.  For over a hundred years Pitcairn has been administered by the Crown as a British possession and whatever its history or the inclinations of its people may have been, it is unthinkable that the Judicial Committee of He
r Majesty\rquote s Privy Council would not accept an executive statement affirming it to be part of the territory of the Crown.  The directions of 1898 and the Orders in Council of 1952 and 1970 are statements of this kind.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11995096 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid11995096\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 11.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 The argument that the Crown acquir
ed Pitcairn by cession is a novel one. Cession by whom? The notion of cession contemplates a transfer of sovereignty by one sovereign power to another.  So, for example, by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, Gibraltar was ceded to Great Britain by the Kingdom
 of Spain. In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\i\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 Sammut v Strickland}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs20\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 [1938] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141  AC 678}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 
 the Privy Council recognised the possibility of a cession by the people of a territory (in that case, Malta during the Napoleonic Wars) who had assumed sovereign authority over themselves.  But the analogy wi
th the people of Pitcairn seeking the protection of the Crown seems to their Lordships somewhat far fetched.  In any case, the question appears to their Lordships to be quite academic, since there is no doubt that the power of the Crown to legislate for a
 conquered or ceded possession is more extensive than its power to legislate for a settled colony: see Blackstone\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\i\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 Commentaries}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141  (4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\super\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 
 ed 1770) at p. 107.  As the 1970 Ordinance was made under the powers vested in Her Majesty by the 1887 Act \'93or otherwise\'94, it is valid whether Pitcairn was settled or ceded.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 12.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 Mr Cato submitted next for the appellants that the language of section 14 of the 1970 Ordinance was too imprecise to incorporate the 1956 Act as part of the law of Pitcairn. What was a statute \'93
of general application\'94?  And there could be much dispute over whether }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 \'93local circumstances\'94
 made it appropriate for the law to apply.  But this language has been used in legislation for British overseas possessions for many years without causing any difficulty.  As Sir Kenneth Roberts-Wray said in his book on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs28 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 Commonwealth and Colonial Law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141  (1966}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid16018371 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid11995096\charrsid16018371 , at p 545:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid16018371 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11995096 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid11995096\charrsid8264141 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\qj \li720\ri720\sb60\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid11995096 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 \'93It has been in use for m
any decades, it has been the subject of judicial interpretation, it does not appear to have given the courts serious trouble, and it has much the same effect as the common law rule. So a change of formula may do more harm than good.\'94
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 13.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 Similar language was considered by the Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs18\i\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 Nyali Ltd v Attorney-General}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs20\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 [1956] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141  1 QB 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 
, where Denning LJ said (at p. 17) that the task of making qualifications to English law to suit the circumstances of overseas territories called for wisdom on the part of their judges.  But he described it (at p. 16) as a \'93wise provision\'94
 and did not suggest that it was incapable of application.  Their Lordships think that there can be no doubt that the 1956 Act is an act of general application and that there are no local 
circumstances which make it inappropriate to apply the provisions about rape, indecent assault and incest.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11995096 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\insrsid11995096\charrsid8264141 

\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 14.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 Mr Cato also submitted that the phrase \'93the substance of the law for the time being in force in and for England\'94 in section 7 of the 1961 Ordinance and the \'93statutes of general application\'94
 in section 14(1) of the 1970 Ordinance did not incorporate the criminal law. He contrasted this language with section 20 of the 1893 Order in Council, which referred expressly to
 civil and criminal jurisdiction.  Their Lordships think that there is nothing in this point. \'93The law\'94 obviously means the whole of the law and \'93statutes\'94
 means all statutes. Indeed, if it did not incorporate the criminal law, it is hard to see how, by the same process of reasoning, it could have incorporated the civil law.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11995096 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\insrsid11995096\charrsid8264141 

\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 15.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 Mr Cato also submitted that, at the time when the offences were committed, the 1956 Act and all other English statutes creating indictable offences failed the test of suitability 
to local circumstances because until the creation of the Pitcairn Court of Appeals by the Pitcairn Court of Appeal Order 2000, there was no right of appeal against a conviction by the Supreme Court.  In their Lordships\rquote 
 opinion, the right of appeal is a qu
estion of procedure which has no connection with the applicability of the substantive law.  If there is a need for a right of appeal (as to which their Lordships express no opinion) that requirement arises at the time of conviction. The Australian case of
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\i\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 Quan Yick v Hinds}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs20\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 
(1905) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141  2 CLR 345}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141  concerned a special kind of English offence (being deemed to be a \'93
rogue and a vagabond\'94) in which an appeal to Quarter Sessions was an essential part of the machinery for enforcing that law. The High Court decided that 
it could not apply in New South Wales, where there was no court of Quarter Sessions. It is however no authority for the general proposition that no English criminal statute can be incorporated into the law of a British overseas settlement until there is a
 right of appeal.  Indeed, until 1907 there was no right of appeal in England either.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11995096 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\insrsid11995096\charrsid8264141 

\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 16.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 Mr Perry, for the appellant Carlisle }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\insrsid11995096\charrsid16018371 (Terry)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\insrsid11995096\charrsid8264141  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 Young, submitted that the 1956 Act could not apply because it had not been pub
lished in accordance with section 5(3) of the 1970 Order in Council.  But that subsection applies to laws made by the Governor in the exercise of his powers under section 5(1).  Under that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid16018371 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\insrsid11995096\charrsid16018371  the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 
 Governor made the 1970 Ordinance, which was duly published, but obviously not the 1956 Act. Mr Perry submitted that in the peculiar circumstances as they existed on Pitcairn, section 5(3) should be read as applying not only to laws made by the Governor b
u
t also to any laws incorporated by an Ordinance as part of the law of Pitcairn.  Quite apart from the fact that this is not what section 5(3) says, their Lordships think that such a construction would be quite unrealistic. Section 14(1) incorporates not o
nly statutes but also the common law and the rules of equity, which hardly admit of \'93publication\'94.  It is true that if, contrary to Mr Cato\rquote 
s argument, Pitcairn was a British settlement, the settlers would have taken the rules of common law and equity to the island without the need for express legislation. Nevertheless, the Ordinance purports to incorporate them. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11995096 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\insrsid11995096\charrsid8264141 

\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 17.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 Furthermore, if section 5(3) is to be read as requiring publication of incorporated statutes, the same construction must have applied to sec
tion 5(3) of the 1952 Ordinance. At that time, English statutes applied to Pitcairn by virtue of the 1893 Pacific Order in Council.  Assuming that Order to have been validly made and applied to Pitcairn, as their Lordships think it was, there is no disput
e about the validity of its incorporation of English law. At the time of the Judicature Ordinance 1961, therefore, the substance of English statute law applied to the island. But Mr Perry\rquote 
s submission is that once the Governor, by that Ordinance, exercised 
his power to bring the application of the 1893 Order in Council to an end, English statute law ceased to apply except in so far as each statute was subsequently published on the island. Their Lordships think it unlikely, in the absence of express language
,
 that such a result was intended. And so far from there being express language, the result can be achieved only by a bold process of implication into the language of the 1952 and 1970 Orders.  For these reasons, which are the same as those of the Court of
 Appeal (see paragraphs 34 to 37) their Lordships reject the submission.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11995096 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\insrsid11995096\charrsid8264141 

\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 18.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 Their Lordships pass to the alternative ground of appeal, that the prosecution wa
s in all the circumstances an abuse of the process of the court.  The chief reasons put forward are that the Sexual Offences Act 1956 had not been published in the island and that the rudimentary policing of the inhabitants gave the impression that Englis
h law would not be enforced, but there were other grounds such as delay and inequality of arms.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11995096 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid11995096\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 19.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\i\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 Regina v Latif}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs20\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 [1996] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141  1 WLR 104, 112-113}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 
 Lord Steyn said that a judge had power to stay a criminal prosecution on broad considerations of \'93the integrity of the criminal justice system\'94 when there has been an abuse of process which \'93amounts to an affront to the public conscience\'94
.  In exercising this discretion, it was necessary for the judge to weigh in the balance \'93the public }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid16018371 interest }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\fs28\insrsid11995096\charrsid16018371 in ensuring}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\insrsid11995096\charrsid8264141  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 that t
hose who are charged with grave crimes should be tried\'94 and the competing public interest in not conveying an impression that \'93the end justifies the means\'94.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11995096 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\insrsid11995096\charrsid8264141 

\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 20.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 The Supreme Court was referred to the principle stated in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\i\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 Latif}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141  and invited to exercise its discretion to stay the proceedings. It examined all the grounds with great care and declined to do so.  The Court of Appeal re-examined those grounds and concluded (at paragraph 150):

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11995096 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid11995096\charrsid8264141 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\qj \li720\ri720\sb60\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid11995096 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 \'93Even viewed cumulatively, the alleged gro
unds for abuse of process do not militate against a fair hearing. The proceedings were instituted and prosecuted in accordance with the true purpose of criminal proceedings, that is, to hear and determine the charges against the accused and to assess puni
shment of those found guilty. The appellants did not show that they will suffer serious prejudice if the proceedings were allowed to proceed.\'94
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 21.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 In support of the exercise of its discretion, the Supreme Court made certain findings of fac
t. Their Lordships set out those which they consider to be the most important:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11995096 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid11995096\charrsid8264141 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\qj \li720\ri720\sb60\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid11995096 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 \'93[108]\tab \tab 
When considering the material placed before us as a whole, we are satisfied that the evidence establishes that at all relevant times Pitcairn was a developed society in which rape and various sexual offending were known to be criminal.  There is no reason
 to doubt that this knowledge of rape extended to sexual offending generally, including indecent assault and incest.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid11995096\charrsid8264141 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 [110]\tab \tab We find that English administration of justice over Pitcairn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid936618\charrsid16018371 Island}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid936618\charrsid8264141  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 was not a paper administration operating in an occasional and ad
 hoc way, but a reality when considering how civil and criminal disputes were dealt with throughout the 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\super\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141  century.
\par 
\par [118]\tab \tab We do not accept the suggestion that Pitcairn may in some way be an anarchic or lawless society. Over the years the roles of the I
sland Police officer and the Island Magistrate have frequently been of high profile and the law, and enforcement of the law, has loomed large in Pitcairn affairs.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s25\ql \li720\ri720\sb60\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 22.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 The findings on knowledge of the criminality of rape, indecent assault and incest were 
upheld by the Court of Appeal (see paragraphs 114 and 115) which went on to say:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11141330 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid11141330\charrsid8264141 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\qj \li720\ri720\sb60\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid936618 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 \'93
[116] Faced with this factual situation it becomes unreal to contend that it was unfair or unjust to commence these prosecutions because the 1956 Act or a summary of its provisions had not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid16018371 been }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid936618\charrsid16018371 separately}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid936618\charrsid8264141  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 published locally. There was never any contention that the appellants, or any of them, did not or could not reasonably have known that the allegations against them constituted serious criminal offending\'85
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid936618\charrsid8264141 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 [117]\tab Counsel for the appellants also relied on an absence of knowledge of the penalties provided by t
he 1956 Act. While we agree that the penalty factor is something to be taken into account in the overall assessment, we do not see it as having any significant effect on the present argument. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid16018371 It }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid936618\charrsid16018371 was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141  self-evident that for rape a substantial term of imprison
ment would be available to the sentencer\'85The other maximum penalties of two years\rquote  imprisonment could not be regarded as unforeseeable.\'94
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 23.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 The findings on policing were similarly upheld.  The Crown conceded that the standard of policing had been \'93varia
ble, to say the least\'94 but the Court of Appeal said:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8264141 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid8264141\charrsid8264141 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\qj \li720\ri720\sb60\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid5396717 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 \'93[134]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid936618\charrsid16018371 \'85w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid16018371 e see}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 
 at best no prejudice to the accused of a sufficient weight as to stay the prosecution on abuse of process on this ground.  The lack of an English police presence did not mean that the app
ellants could not and did not receive fair trials.  Lack of policing could not possibly immunise serious offenders from prosecution.\'94
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 24.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 Their Lordships would accept that the fact that a law had not been published and could not reasonably have been know
n to exist may be a ground for staying a prosecution for contravention of that law as an abuse of process. It is however unnecessary to discuss the philosophical basis or legal limits of such a principle because, in the light of the concurrent findings of
 
fact and the agreement of both the lower courts as to the exercise of what on any view is a discretion, their Lordships think that it is an impossible task to persuade the Board to interfere.  They can find no error of principle in the way in which the di
scretion was exercised and on the facts as found would have exercised it in the same way.  These were serious offences and the balance to which Lord Steyn referred in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 Latif}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141  comes down firmly in favour of bringing them before a court of justice.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5396717 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid5396717\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 25.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 
That leaves the subsidiary grounds upon which it was submitted that the prosecutions should have been stayed.  One was the delay which occurred between the time when the accused were first notified that they might be charged and the time when they were in
d
icted.  The main period of delay (between a year and two years) was caused by the need to determine a venue for the trials and appoint Supreme Court judges to conduct them.  This required a diplomatic agreement between the United Kingdom and New Zealand, 
f
ollowed by primary legislation by the New Zealand Parliament.  These arrangements were, all things considered, carried through with remarkable speed but the appellants say that it all took a good deal longer than it would have done if the necessary instit
utions had already been up and running when the charges were first investigated.  That is no doubt true, but the Supreme Court found that the delay had n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid16018371 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid5396717\charrsid16018371 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141  caused prejudice to the fairness of the trials and although there was for a year or so uncertainty ab
out when and where the appellants would be tried, their Lordships agree with both of the lower courts that the period was nowhere near long enough to make the prosecutions an abuse of process. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5396717 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid5396717\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 26.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 Finally, the appellants argued that (1) the legislation passed after the appellants had been charged to establish a suitably fair trial procedure and a right of appeal \'93compromised the appearance of even-handed justice
\'94 and suggested inequality of arms (2) the Supreme Court judges should have come from the Unit
ed Kingdom rather than New Zealand and the new laws should have been based on United Kingdom rather than, as they were, on New Zealand models (3) the appellants were prejudiced by the appointment of a Public Defender some time after the appointment of a p
u
blic prosecutor, resulting in a period before the trial when there was inequality of arms.  It is hard to take any of these points seriously. There is no dispute that the new legislation made the trial and appeal process fair. There is no suggestion of an
y lack of competence on the part of the judges or a restriction on the Governor\rquote s power of appointment on grounds of nationality.  And there is no dispute that the Public Defender had all the time he required to prepare the defences.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5396717 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid5396717\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 27.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 Finally, their Lordships consider the two applications which were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid16018371 made }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15937894\charrsid16018371 
for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid16018371 special}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 
 leave to appeal.  The first was on a point which had been considered by the Court of Appeal, namely whether on a charge of rape under the 1956 before it was amended in 1976,
 it was necessary to prove that non-consensual intercourse was accompanied by force or the threat of force.  The Court of Appeal said that the authorities against the existence of this requirement were overwhelming and it is unnecessary for their Lordship
s to repeat the citation of those authorities by the Court of Appeal.  They agree and refuse leave.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5396717 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid5396717\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 28.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 The second application was on behalf of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid6168629\charrsid16018371 Terry}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 
 Young on a ground not raised in the Court of Appeal, namely that the trial judge, who sat without a jury,
 should have said expressly in her reasons for judgment that she had cautioned herself that telling lies is not necessarily an admission of guilt.  Otherwise, it was said \'93she may have treated lies as an implied admission of guilt\'94
. Their Lordships do not 
accept that this was necessary. The law requires, as a matter of caution, that a jury of lay persons should be warned about how lies should be treated.  A judge requires no such warning and it is unnecessary that she should encumber her reasons with expre
ss statements that she has avoided all the fallacies into which untutored persons may lapse.  Unless the contrary appears from the reasons for judgment, it is assumed that she did so.  In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs18\i\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 R v }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\i\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 Thompson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs20\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 [1977] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141  NI 74, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 83  Sir Robert Lowry CJ, in a passage whi
ch has since been frequently cited in appeals from trials by a judge alone in Northern Ireland:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15937894 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\insrsid15937894\charrsid8264141 

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\qj \li720\ri720\sb60\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid15937894 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 \'93
[The judge] has no jury to charge and therefore will not err if he does not state every relevant legal proposition and review every fact and argument on either side.  His duty is not as in a jury trial to instruct laymen as to every relevant aspect of the
 
law or to give (perhaps at the end of a long trial) a full and balanced picture of the facts for decision by others. His task is to reach conclusions and give reasons to support his view and, preferably, to notice any difficult or unusual points of law in
 order that if there is an appeal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid16018371 it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\insrsid15937894\charrsid16018371 can}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid16018371  be seen how his view of the law inform}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\insrsid15937894\charrsid16018371 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid16018371 
 his approach to the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141  facts.\'94
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s25\ql \li0\ri720\sb60\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 Their}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141  Lordships refuse leave.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 29.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid2095\charrsid8264141 Their Lordships will humbly advise Her Majesty that the appeals should be dismissed.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs28\insrsid16346212\charrsid8264141 Judgment by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 Lord Woolf
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs28\insrsid15937894\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 30.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid15937894 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
I have had the advantage of reading in draft the opinion of the Board prepared by my noble and learned friend Lord Hoffmann and I am in agreement that the appeals should be dismissed for the reasons he gives. I have also had advantage of reading the j
udgment of my noble and learned friend Lord Hope of Craighead.  I shared Lord Hope\rquote s concerns about the issue involving the appellants\rquote 
 lack of knowledge of the provisions of sections 1 and 14 of the Sexual Offences Act 1956. However with the assistance of the additional facts that Lord Hope has set out so clearly in his judgment I am able to briefly set out my views on this issue. 

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 31.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid15937894 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 The circumstances of these appeals are most unusual. The six appellants are a significant proportion of the tiny populat
ion of the South Pacific Island of Pitcairn. The island is still today very difficult to access and it remains remote from the rest of the world.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15937894 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 32.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid15937894 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 This created immense challenges for everyone who has been involved in these proceedings. The proceedin
gs in the courts below involved an immense amount of research and study by those representing both the prosecution and the appellants. In addition, detailed investigations had to be made by the Kent Police into the complaints made by certain of the island
e
rs of inappropriate sexual behaviour on the part of the fellow islanders, including the appellants. The whole history of the government of the island since it was occupied in 1790 following the mutiny on the Bounty had to be investigated. A broad range of
 
esoteric legal issues had to be considered and then the cases for the prosecution and the defence had to be presented before the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeals and the Privy Council. Infinite care appears to have been taken by all those involved to e
n
sure that the investigation and the proceedings were conducted fairly. It is very much to the credit of the authorities, the legal representatives of the parties and those responsible for arranging the hearings in the courts below and before us that matte
r
s were handled so well. Clearly this involved the expenditure of considerable resources and I commend those who were responsible for making the resources available. From my reading of the voluminous papers it has meant that every issue which could be rais
e
d on behalf of the appellants has been fully canvassed and justice has been done. It is reassuring that such care has been taken to achieve justice for a small community of limited means. I also commend the detailed and careful judgments of the Supreme Co
urt and the Court of Appeal. They enabled their Lordships to deal with the hearing of the appeals more expeditiously than had been expected. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15937894 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 33.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid15937894 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 This is true of the issue as to whether the courts below were correct to find on the facts and by 
relying on the doctrine of act of state that Pitcairn is a British possession. In my view the evidence that Pitcairn is and was at all relevant times a British possession was overwhelming and so I agree with Lord Hoffmann, that for the purposes of determi
ning these appeals, it is not necessary to explore the limits of the act of state doctrine. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid943001\charrsid11626088 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid11626088 h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid943001\charrsid11626088 ere}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141  this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid11626088\charrsid16018371 is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid16018371 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
ot the position, in my view it would be necessary to carefully re-examine the authorities including those cited by Lord Hoffmann which support the con
tention that an act of state is to be regarded as conclusive on issues as to the status of alleged British possessions overseas. Recent developments, mainly in relation to judicial review have demonstrated a greater willingness on the part of the courts t
o
 scrutinise the use by the Crown of prerogative powers and so far the limits, if any, of the courts power of review has not been clearly determined. So today it can no longer be taken for granted that the courts will accept that there is any action on the
 part of the Crown that is not open to any form of review by the courts if a proper foundation for the review is established. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15937894 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15937894\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 34.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid15937894 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 Having made those preliminary remarks I turn to the issue about which I was primarily concerned, namely the fact that the Se
xual Offences Act 1956 was never promulgated on Pitcairn.  I start with the fact that the offences in respect of which the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid16018371 ap}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 pellants were charged, indicted and convicted were offences under sections 1 or 14 of that Act.  This being the position it was ess
ential for the Crown to establish that the Act was in force on Pitcairn at the time of the alleged offences. If the Act was not then in force this is fatal to these convictions. In my view having been indicted or tried on the statutory offences of rape an
d indecent assault the appellants could not be convicted of common law or other offences of a similar nature.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15937894 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 35.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid15937894 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 In view of this, there are two questions that have to be answered positively if the convictions are to stand. They are:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15937894 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15937894\charrsid8264141 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-567\li1571\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1571\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls18\adjustright\rin0\lin1571\itap0\pararsid943001 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
Was the Sexual Offences Act 1956 part of the law of Pitcairn at the time of the offences?
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-567\li1571\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1571\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls18
\pnrdate648737736\pnrstart0\pnrxst1\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrstop4\pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2
\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr1\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0
\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36\adjustright\rin0\lin1571\itap0\pararsid943001 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
Were the appellants sufficiently aware of nature of the offence of rape and indecent assault charged respectively under sections 1 and 14 of the Sexual Offences Act 1956 to justify prosecuting them on the charges on which they were convicted?
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid943001 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 36.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid15937894 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 Mr David Perry, who represented Carlyle Terry Young, advanced an argument that the Sexual 
Offences Act never became part of the law of Pitcairn. This was based on article 5 (3) of the Pitcairn Order in Council 1970 that was made under the British Settlements Acts of 1887 and 1952. His argument was adopted by the other }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid16018371 ap}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 pellants. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid943001 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 37.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid15937894 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 Lord Ho
pe sets out the legislative history fully in his judgment. Briefly, article 5 (1) of the Pitcairn Order 1970 (the same is true of the earlier Order of 1952) gave the Governor power to make laws for the peace, order and good government of the Island. Artic
le 5 (3) requires laws made by the Governor to be published in such manner and in such place or places in the Island as the Governor may from time to time direct. As result of article 5 (4) a law comes into operation on the date on which it is published. 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid943001 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 38.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid15937894 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 In the case of the Judicature Ordinance 1970 section 14 provided that \'93the common law, the rules of equity and the statutes of general application as in force in and for England at the commencement of this ordinance
\'94 were to be in force in the Island 
so far only as local circumstances permit.  The earlier legislation made similar provision for the incorporation of the laws of England.  Mr Perry, correctly in my view, does not dispute that an incorporation by a general reference of this nature is permi
s
sible.  There was a specific offence under section 88 of the Pitcairn Ordinance of 1966 of having unlawful sexual intercourse but no legislation dealing with offences as serious as rape or indecent assault.  And so, as there is nothing that would make off
ence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid16018371 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
 set out in sections 1 and 14 of the Sexual Offences Act inappropriate to the circumstances in Pitcairn, sections 1 and 14 of the Sexual Offences Act 1956 were as a result of the general words capable of being made part of the law in force in Pitcairn 
at the relevant times.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid943001 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 39.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid15937894 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
However, Mr Perry relies on the fact that that the Act of 1956 was never published on Pitcairn so he submits sections 1 and 14 never came into force on Pitcairn. I have no hesitation in agreeing with Lord Hoffmann and Lord Hope, that Mr Perry\rquote 
s submission that article 5 of the Pitcairn Order 1970 (and the 1952 Order) required all the laws of England or at least the Sexual Offences 1956 to be published on the Island before they came into force on the Island is incorrect. The prop
er interpretation of article 5 is that what are required to be published are the Judicature Ordinance and not all the laws of England incorporated by reference. This answer accords with the language of the Orders. In addition it is the only practical answ
er, if the Orders were to operate in a practical manner. The corpus of English law could not realistically be published on Pitcairn and even if it was attempted to achieve this by having, for example, all the volumes of Halsbury\rquote 
s Laws and Statutes gathering dust on the island, this would not be more than a meaningless gesture and not what the Orders intended. The first of the two questions I identified above is, accordingly, answered positively.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid943001 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 40.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid15937894 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
The issues raised by the second question are not so straight forward. The   more general argument advanced in the courts below and relied upon by Mr Perry is not a matter of interpretation. It is based on the principle that it is a requirement of almost e
v
ery modern system of criminal law, that persons who are intended to be bound by a criminal statute must first be given either actual or at least constructive notice of what the law requires. This is a requirement of the rule of law, which in relation to t
h
e criminal law reflects the need for legal certainty. As the Supreme Court in its judgment of 24th May 2005 recognised (para.155) governments must ensure adequate publication or at least reasonable access to the criminal laws which they wish to enforce.  

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid943001 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 41.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid15937894 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
 I have no difficulty with the generality of this freestanding argument, but in my view it has no application on the facts to the present appeals. I say this despite the fact that on the findings of the Supreme Court it is clear that the appellants w
ere probably unaware of the terms of the Sexual Offences Act or even that there was legislation of that name or the sentences that could be imposed for those offences. They were aware, however, that their conduct was contrary to the criminal law. The comm
unity of Pitcairn may be small in numbers and isolated but it is not the appellants\rquote 
 contention that rape and indecent assault was conduct which was regarded as being other than criminal on Pitcairn. Furthermore, while the precise terms of the 1956 Act had 
not been published on the island, the fact that there were offences such as rape and possibly indecent assault which had to be dealt with by the Supreme Court because they required greater punishment than was possible otherwise was generally known. In add
ition, the Supreme Court came to the conclusion (paragraph 145) that \'93Pitcairn Islanders have had free access to information about }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid16018371 
their laws through the Government Advisor, the Commissioner and Legal Advisor\'94. This was because the Supreme Court was left in no doubt that \'93the British Administrators recognised and appreciated that because of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141  Pitcairn\rquote s physical isolation and small population, the law significantly affected each individual\rquote s life and therefore dealt with even minor matters\'85if asked to assist. 
All Pitcairn Islanders had access to the law\'94
 (paragraph 147). The Court of Appeal was unimpressed by this finding (paragraph 108), but it appears to be justified by the evidence and of the greatest significance. As Lord Bridge of Harwich pointed out in this context in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs28 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 Grant v Borg}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141  [1982] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid16018371 
1 WLR 638, 646, if information is accessible, a defendant is deemed to know of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
 it. This must be the appropriate approach. The problems of obtaining knowledge of the contents of the law in Pitcairn are not the same as those
, for example in a very different society such as England but in both there are problems. The sheer volume of the law in England, much of which would be inapplicable and have no application to Pitcairn, creates real problems of access even to lawyers unle
s
s they are experts in the particular field of law in question. The criminal law can only operate on Pitcairn, as elsewhere, if the onus is firmly placed on a person, who is or ought to be on notice that conduct he is intending to embark on may contravene 
the criminal law, to take the action that is open to him to find out what are the provisions of that law. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13041886 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 42.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid15937894 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 The Supreme Court (at paragraph 96 of the judgment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid16018371 of 24}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\super\insrsid1715907\charrsid16018371 th}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141  May 2005) correctly raised the question whether the \'93degree of publication\'94
 together with the other factors to which the Court referred in their judgment accords knowledge that is sufficient to alert the appellants to the fact that rape, indecent assault and incest are crimes punishable, if committed on the island, under English
 law. While the appellants needed to know that rape and indecent assault were contrary to the criminal law, they did not need to know of the precise provisions of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid16018371 sections 1}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141  and 14 of the Sexual Offences Act 1956 which produced this result. It was sufficien
t that they could have obtained detailed information relating to the Act if they had wanted to do so. Obtaining that information could be a more protracted exercise on Pitcairn because of its inaccessibility, but the fact that information could be obtaine
d suffices to make the appellants responsible for their conduct.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13041886 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 43.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid15937894 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 The argument on lack of publication therefore is defeated by the findings of the Supreme Court as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid16018371 to t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 he knowledge of the islanders and availability of information if it was wanted. Lord
 Hope also regards as being critical the fact that the 1956 Act was not creating in sections 1 and 14 new offences. He is right, that rape and indecent assault were not new offences so far as English law is concerned but I am not sure why this assists. Ev
en though the antecedents of those sections included like offences this does not alter the fact that the prosecution was based on the 1956 Act and the appellants would not be any more aware of the position under the earlier Act or at common law. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13041886 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 44.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid15937894 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
The absence of the required knowledge as to the criminality of their actions and inaccessibility of information could be an appropriate basis for an allegation of abuse of process. Abuse of process should however be reserved for cases where it would }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid16018371 be an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141  
affront to justice for the person concerned to be prosecuted. To prosecute an individual for an offence of which he has no means of knowing the details is capable of being such a departure from the requirements of due process as to justify the prosecution
 being stayed. However, it is of the essence of an argument based on the lack of due process that the individual concerned would if the prosecution proceeded be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid16018371 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 reated unjustly and in this sense prejudiced. As in this case the appellants suffered no prejud
ice in view of their state of knowledge an argument based on abuse of process would not be established. It may be the case that the argument under this head could be freestanding and not based on abuse of process. However if this be so the need for prejud
i
ce would still be a requirement. The great majority of criminal offences require mens rea. If you do not know and are not put on notice that the conduct with which you are charged was criminal at the time you are alleged to have committed the offence, it 
can be the case that you do not have the necessary criminal intent. Whether or not this is the situation will very much depend on the facts and in this developing area of criminal law it is undesirable to generalise.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13041886 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 45.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid15937894 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 I would dismiss these appeals. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15937894 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab0\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i\fs28\insrsid16346212\charrsid8264141 Judgment by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
Lord Hope of Craighead
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 46.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
The judgment of the Board has been given by Lord Hoffmann.  But I have been much more troubled by some of the questions raised by these appeals than the way he has dealt with them in his judgment might be thought to
 indicate.  So I should like to explain in my own words why, in the end, I have come to be of the opinion that the appeals should be dismissed.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 47.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 In order to set the scene for what I wish to say I must first deal more fully with the facts.  The circumstances which gave rise to these prosecutions are highly unusual \endash  almost certainly unique in the Board
\rquote s experience.  They raise some fundamental issues about the rule of law in remote communities and about the responsibilities of the colonial power which 
seeks to exert its authority over them.  I agree with all that Lord Hoffmann has said in his judgment on the question whether the Judicature Ordinance 1970 was ultra vires the British Settlements Act 1887.  In my opinion the evidence shows that Pitcairn w
as established }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid16018371 by settlement.  As para 800 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid16018371 6 Halsbury\rquote s Laws of England}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid16018371  (4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\super\insrsid1715907\charrsid16018371 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid16018371  ed, 2003}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141  Reissue) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid16018371 puts it,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
 every colony must be assigned to one or other of two classes, either (1) settled or (2) conquered or ceded.  This is a classification of law, and once
 made by practice or judicial decision it will not be disturbed.  Much interesting historical research has been laid before us.  But, as long standing practice has established Pitcairn\rquote 
s status as a settled colony, it must be held to be irrelevant to the issue of classification raised in these appeals.  I agree that the Governor had legislative authority to enact laws for the peace, order and good government of Pitcairn. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 48.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 But the vesting of legislative authority in the G
overnor is one thing.  The manner of its exercise is quite another.  It is this aspect of the case that I have found much more difficult.  As I shall show in my account of the facts, the central question is whether sections 1 and 14 of the Sexual Offences
 
Act 1956, a United Kingdom statute, were in force on Pitcairn at the time when the offences were committed.   Let me not mince words.  This case is about child sexual abuse on a grand scale.  The extent to which it was practised on Pitcairn is deeply dist
urbing.  Conduct of that kind cannot be regarded as other than criminal and deserving of punishment.  But abhorrence at the nature of these crimes must not blind us to the rule of law.  Thomas Hobbes, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 Leviathan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141  (1651), Ch 31, para 3, made this point as clearly as anyone when, having declared in Ch 30, para 20 that a good law is \'93
withal perspicuous\'94, he wrote:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11298410 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid11298410\charrsid8264141 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\qj \li720\ri720\sb60\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid11298410 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \'93
To rule by words, requires that such words be manifestly made known; for else they are no laws: for to the nature of laws belongeth a sufficient, and
 clear promulgation, such as may take away the excuse of ignorance; which in the laws of man is but of one only kind, and that is, proclamation, or promulgation by the voice of man.\'94
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11298410 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 49.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 The issue on which I wish to concentrate, then, is whether the legi
slative technique that was adopted by the Governor was sufficiently well adapted to conditions on Pitcairn for it to be possible for us to say that the 1956 Act was in force there at the relevant time, with the result that the Supreme Court had jurisdicti
on to entertain the charges that were laid against the appellants under the statute.  I agree with the way Lord Hoffmann has disposed of the other issues in these appeals.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s38\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai0\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\fs28\ul\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 The offences
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 50.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 I mu
st now set out the offences of which the six appellants were convicted in greater detail.  This needs to be done to reveal the extent of the problem which lay beneath the surface when an allegation of rape was brought to the attention of the Foreign and C
o
mmonwealth Office in 1996 and Kent Police were asked to provide personnel to investigate the allegation.  Following an investigation which was conducted on Pitcairn by two officers of Kent Police in September 1996 it was decided that there was insufficien
t evidence to prosecute the suspect for the offence of rape. But he had admitted consensual intercourse with the complainant on six occasions before and after her 12}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\super\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 th}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141  birthday.  This was contrary to section 88 of the Justice Ordinance 1966, which makes it 
an offence on Pitcairn for any male person to have carnal knowledge with a female child of or over the age of 12 years.  It was also contrary to section 5 of the Sexual Offences Act 1956, assuming it to be part of the laws of Pitcairn, under which it is a
n offence for a man to have sexual intercourse with a girl under the age of thirteen.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 51.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 For the reasons explained by Paul Treadwell, the legal adviser to the Governor of Pitcairn, in his letter to the first secretary in the British High Commission in We
llington dated 5 January 1997, it was decided that the suspect should be formally cautioned but not prosecuted for these offences.  Section 88 of the Justice Ordinance 1966 does not prohibit intercourse with a girl below the age of 12 years.  So it was de
c
ided to draft an indictment under sections 5 and 6 of the Sexual Offences Act 1956.  But Mr Treadwell thought it fair to assume that the offender was unaware of the terms of these provisions of the 1956 Act and of the very substantial penalties attaching 
t
o them.  Furthermore no United Kingdom statutes were available to the public on Pitcairn.  It was a moot point whether they would be understandable by members of the public, even if they were.  As he put it, the decision not to prosecute was taken out of 
concern for the current state of the criminal law on Pitcairn, and for its implications for the liberty of Her Majesty\rquote s subjects on the island.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 52.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 There had never been any British police presence on Pitc
airn until the arrival of the Kent Police in 1996.  So, following this investigation, it was decided that a police officer should be sent to Pitcairn for a three month tour of duty to train and support the existing Island officer who up until then had the
 sole responsibility of policing the island.  WPC Gail Cox was selected for this duty and she made her first visit to Pitcairn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid16018371 
in October 1997.  It was as a result of her painstaking investigation under}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141  very difficult circumstances that the extent of the ch
ild sexual abuse being practised on the island was revealed and the prosecutions brought that have led to these appeals.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 53.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 Four of the appellants were convicted of rape on counts brought against them under section 1 of the Sexual Offences Act 1956.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11298410 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid11298410\charrsid8264141 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri340\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1516\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\adjustright\rin340\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11298410 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 Len Carlyle Brown (\'93Len Brown\'94
), who was born in March 1926, was convicted of two offences of rape committed between January 1969 and June 1972 when he was aged between 42 and 46, on each of which he was sentenced to 2 years imprisonment.  The complain
ant, who was the same individual in both cases, was aged between 15 and 18 years when the offences were committed against her.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri340\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin340\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11298410 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid11298410\charrsid8264141 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri340\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1516\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\adjustright\rin340\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11298410 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
Stevens Raymond Christian, who was born in January 1951, was convicted of four offences of rape committed against one comp
lainant between September 1964 and October 1968 when he was aged between 13 and 17 and she was aged between 11 and 15 years, on each of which he was sentenced to 2 years imprisonment.  He was also convicted of one offence of rape committed between Februar
y 1972 and February 1973 when he was 21 or 22 against a different complainant who was 12 or 13 years old, for which he was sentenced to 3 years imprisonment. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri340\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin340\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11298410 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid11298410\charrsid8264141 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri340\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1516\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\adjustright\rin340\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11298410 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 Carlisle Terry Young (\'93Terry Young\'94
), who was born in October 1958, was convicted of repeatedly raping the complainant between December 1977 and December 1981 when he was 19 to 23 and she was aged between 12 to 15 years, for which he was sentenced to 5 years imprisonment.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri340\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin340\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11298410 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid11298410\charrsid8264141 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (d)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri340\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1516\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\adjustright\rin340\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11298410 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 Randall Kay
 Christian, who was born in March 1974, was convicted of four offences of rape committed between September 1994 and October 1996 when he was 20 to 22 and the complainant, who was the same individual in all four cases, was aged between 10 and 12 years, on 
each of which he was sentenced to 6 years imprisonment.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li284\ri340\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin340\lin284\itap0\pararsid11298410 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 54.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 Three of the appellants were convicted of indecent assault on counts brought against them under section 14 of the 1956 Act. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11298410 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid11298410\charrsid8264141 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri340\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin340\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1993187 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
Dennis Ray Christian pleaded guilty to one count of indecent assault under section 14 of the Sexual Offences Act 1956 and two counts of incest between February 1972 and March 1974 when he was aged 15 to 17 and the complainant was 12 to 14 years old, for w
hich he was sentenced to 300 hours of community work and placed under supervision for two years. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1993187 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li720\ri340\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin340\lin720\itap0\pararsid1993187 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri340\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin340\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1993187 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 Len Calvin Davis Brown (\'93Dave Brown\'94
), who was born in October 1954, pleaded guilty to two offences of indecent assault under section 14 of the 1956 Act against one complainant and one against another which were committed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid16018371 between January 1986 and January 1987 when he was aged 31 to 32 and the complainants w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 ere aged 14 and 15 at the time of the offenc
es.  He was found guilty on a further six counts of indecent assault between December 1989 and December 1991 when he was aged 35 to 37 and the complainant was aged between 13 and 15 years.  The Public Prosecutor conceded that the conduct in relation to fo
u
r other counts of indecent assault which were proved against him came within section 88 of the Justice Ordinance 1971, with the result that those counts were dismissed as they were out of time.  For the offences of which he was convicted he was sentenced 
to 400 hours of community work and placed under supervision for two years.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri340\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx1080\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin340\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1993187 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid11298410\charrsid8264141 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri340\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin340\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1993187 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 Carlisle Terry Young was convicted of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid16018371 six}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141  counts of indecent assault under section 14 of the 1956 Act in addition to that of rape}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid16018371 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
The indecent assaults were committed against three different complainants between December 1972 and December 1991 when he was aged 14 to 33.  In one case the complainant was only 5 years old when he began to touch her.  In all the other cases the complain
ants were under 15 years old.  He was sentenced to six months imprisonment on the indecent assault charges, to be served concurrently with the sentence of 5 years on the charge of rape.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri340\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx1080\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin340\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1993187 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid11298410\charrsid8264141 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (d)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri340\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin340\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1993187 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 Randall Kay Christian was convicted of four counts of indecent ass
ault under section 14 of the 1956 Act committed between October 1998 and February 1999 when he was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid16018371 24}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
 and the complainers were aged 14, for which he was sentenced to 12 months imprisonment to be served concurrently with his sentence of six years for rape.   
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri340\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin340\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1993187 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 55.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 Some indication of the scale of the sexual abuse
 that was found to have been perpetrated on Pitcairn can be gathered from the ages of the men who were engaging in this practice and the dates between which the offences were committed that were found to have been proved.  The ages of the perpetrators ran
ge from 13 in the case of Stevens Christian to 46 in the case of Len Brown.  The offences were committed between September 1964, more than 38 years before the charges in these proceedings were laid in Pitcairn Magistrate\rquote 
s Court in April 2003, and February 
1999.  Between them the appellants were convicted on thirty counts, several of which involved a course of conduct that was repeated many times over against the same complainant.  It is impossible to believe that the appellants were not aware that what the
y
 were doing was wrong.  The Supreme Court was satisfied, after considering the material placed before it, that at all relevant times Pitcairn was a developed society in which rape and sexual offending generally was known to be criminal: para 108 of its ju
dgment of 24 May 2005 as to promulgation of laws and related issues.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 56.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 But the fact that this scale of offending, of which the offences that have been proved in this case was almost certainly the tip of the iceberg, was tolerated for so long in such a
 small, isolated and closely knit community is an indication of the poor state of supervision exercised over its affairs by the colonial authorities.  To put the scale of offending into context it should be noted that the population of Pitcairn in 1964 wa
s 90, of whom 34 were men and 13 were girls under 16: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 A Guide to Pitcairn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
, Revised edition, 1970, Appendix 1.  By 1989 it had fallen to 55, of whom 18 were men and 9 girls under 16: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 A Guide to Pitcairn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 , 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\super\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141  edition, 1990, Appendix 1.  On the figures that th
e Board has been given it appears that the appellants comprise about a third of the adult male population of Pitcairn.  Further proceedings }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid16018371 are}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141  currently in progress against three men in New Zealand.  It is scarcely credible that the population of the isla
nd as a whole was unaware of what was going on.  The Supreme Court, after studying the evidence in great detail in its judgment on the promulgation of laws and related issues, concluded that in a community the size of Pitcairn issues of law and order and 
of punishment could not have escaped the notice of the community at large, including youths as they grew up: para 129.  Nevertheless no steps were taken to deal with these offences until Kent Police began their investigation.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s38\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai0\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\fs28\ul\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 The development of the Island\rquote s legal system
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 57.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
The Board was provided with a wealth of material about the history and social conditions on Pitcairn from the date when it was first settled to the present day, all of which was considered by the judges in the Supreme Court and in the 
Court of Appeal with great care and attention to detail.  It is impossible to summarise this material in a few paragraphs, and I shall not attempt to do so.  But a few points which stand out from the rest must be mentioned to provide the necessary backgro
und.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 58.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
Pitcairn, which is one of four widely scattered islands comprising the Islands of Pitcairn, is one of the most remote communities in the world.  It lies approximately midway between New Zealand, some 3,000 miles to the west, and Chile
, some 4000 miles to the east.  Pitcairn is the only one of the islands in the group that is inhabited.  The nearest inhabited island lies in the Gambia Archipelago, some 300 miles to the north-west.  It is also very small, but quite high and rugged.  It 
i
s about two and a half miles long and one mile wide, extending to about 1100 acres.  Much of the land slopes steeply to a peak of 1,140 feet, and only about 39 per cent of the island is comparatively flat and arable.  Consequently, although the soil is fe
rtile and it has a favourable climate, the island has never been able to sustain a population of more than about 200 people.  In recent years the population has declined sharply as islanders seek their fortunes elsewhere, particularly in New Zealand  

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 59.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
When Pitcairn was settled in about 1790 by 9 male Bounty mutineers, who were well aware that the Admiralty would seek to bring them to justice, and the 19 Polynesians (13 women and 6 men) they brought with them it was deliberately chosen as a place where 
they could avoid detection.  It remained isolated from the rest of civilisation for nearly two centuries.  The shoreline is steep and rocky and there are no harbour or port facilities.  Nor are there facilities for any type of aircraft.  Until about 1985 
the islanders had no means of communicating with the outside world, other than by transacting with visiting ships, except by radio using the Morse code.  They had no operative internal legal system for almost all the period of the island\rquote 
s habitation other than a local island magistrate assisted by two assessors, none of whom had any legal training.  Apart from one small book of Pitcairn laws, no legal texts, statutes or law reports were available on the island until about 1997.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 60.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 From tim
e to time however various measures affecting Pitcairn have been passed in the exercise of the authority conferred on Her Majesty in Council by section 2 of the British Settlements Act 1887 and the authority given to it to delegate the power of making laws
 
under section 3.  The history was reviewed in detail by the Supreme Court in its judgment on the promulgation of laws and related issues.  It is unnecessary to repeat all but a few of these details.  The Pacific Order in Council 1893 applied English law t
o
 a defined area in the Western Pacific which did not include Pitcairn.  It conferred jurisdiction to deal with offences committed within that area on the Court of the High Commissioner for the Western Pacific in Fiji.  In 1898, following the murder of Cla
r
a Warren and her one year old daughter on Pitcairn Island by Harry Christian, the 1893 Order was extended to include the area in which Pitcairn is located so that he could be put on trial for these crimes.  A new legal code and rules of procedure for the 
High Commissioner\rquote 
s Court was introduced by the Pitcairn Island Government Regulations 1940.  It provided, among other things, for the election, powers and procedures of a Council for the island and for the conduct of cases before the Island Court.  All cas
es not within the jurisdiction of the Island Court were to be heard and determined by the High Commissioner\rquote s Court for the Western Pacific in Fiji.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 61.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 The Pacific Order in Council 1893 was revoked by the Pitcairn Order in Council 1952 which provided th
at the Governor of Fiji was to be the Governor of Pitcairn.  Section 5(1) of the 1952 Order provided that it was to be lawful for the Governor to make laws for the peace, order and good government of the Pitcairn Islands.  Section 5(2) provided that, with
o
ut prejudice to the generality of the power conferred by subsection (1), the Governor was to have power to constitute a court in and for the islands with such jurisdiction as he might think fit.  Section 5(3) provided that all laws made in the exercise of
 that power conferred by the Order were to be published in such manner and at such place or places in the Islands as he might from time to direct and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid16018371 section 5(4) provided}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141  that every law was to come into force on the date when it was published.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 62.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 The Judicature Ordinance 1961 terminated the Pitcairn jurisdiction of the High Commissioner\rquote 
s Court for the Western Pacific, conferred jurisdiction over Pitcairn on the Supreme Court of Fiji and constituted a Subordinate Court for the Pitcairn Islands in addition to the Chief Magistrate\rquote 
s Court constituted by the Pitcairn Island Government Regulations 1940, which was to be presided over by a magistrate.  By sections 7 and 8 of the 1961 Ordinance the substance of the law for the time being in force for the t
ime being in and for England was declared to be in force in the Pitcairn Islands, but so far only as the local circumstances and the limits of the local jurisdiction permitted.  At first sight this appears to be a general importation of the whole of Engli
sh law into Pitcairn, subject to that proviso.  But its primary purpose, as indicated by its title, was to confer jurisdiction on the Supreme Court, to constitute an intermediate court \'93and for matters relating thereto.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 63.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 On 14 April 1966 the Justice O
rdinance 1966 was enacted by the Governor of Pitcairn relating to the administration of justice and the preservation of order on the Islands.  It provided for the constitution of an Island Court, which was to comprise an Island Magistrate to be assisted b
y two assessors.  It was to have jurisdiction in both criminal and civil matters.  But the maximum penalty that it could impose in the exercise of its criminal jurisdiction was a fine of \'a3
25 or 100 days imprisonment, and it was not to hear or determine proc
eedings for any offence unless the complaint relating to it was brought within six months after the time when the matter of the complaint arose.  Part X of the Ordinance contains a series of what may be described as local offences dealing with a variety o
f matters such as contempt of court, perjury, assault, disorderly conduct and stealing.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 64.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 Among the offences in Part X of the 1966 Ordinance is section 88, which provides:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11141330 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid11141330\charrsid8264141 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\qj \li720\ri720\sb60\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid11298410 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \'93
Any male person who shall have carnal knowledge of any female child of or over the age of twelve years shall be guilty of an offence and liable to imprisonment for a hundred days.\'94 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 Section 1 provides that the word \'93child\'94 means any person who is under th
e age of 15 years.  Section 82, which provides that a person who without lawful excuse assaults another person shall be guilty of an offence and is liable to a fine not exceeding ten pounds, contains this proviso:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid11298410\charrsid8264141 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\qj \li720\ri720\sb60\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid11298410 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \'93Provided that if such assault is of such
 an aggravated nature, either by reason of the youth, condition or sex of the person assaulted or by reason of the nature of the weapon used or the violence with which the assault has been committed, that in the opinion of the Court such penalty is inadeq
uate the court may substitute for such penalty a fine not exceeding twenty five pounds or imprisonment for any period not exceeding one hundred days.\'94
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 65.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 When Fiji became an independent state in 1970 the administration of the Pitcairn Islands
 was transferred to New Zealand.  The Pitcairn Order 1970 was made by Her Majesty in Council in the exercise of the powers conferred by the British Settlements Act 1887 and 1952.  It revoked the Pitcairn Order in Council 1952, but without prejudice to the
 
continued operation of any laws made thereunder and having effect as part of the law of the Islands immediately before the appointed day: section 3(2).  Section 4 of the Order provided that there was to be a Governor of the Pitcairn Islands appointed by H
e
r Majesty.  In practice the Governorship of Pitcairn has been conferred on the holder of the office of High Commissioner for the United Kingdom in Wellington.  Section 5(1) provided that the Governor was to have power to make laws for the peace, order and
 
good government of the Islands.  Section 5(2) provided that, without prejudice to the generality of the power to make these laws, he was to have power, by any such law, to constitute courts for the Islands with such jurisdiction as he might think fit.  Se
ction 5(3), repeating the equivalent provision in the 1952 Order, provided:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11298410 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid11298410\charrsid8264141 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\qj \li720\ri720\sb60\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid11298410 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \'93
All laws made by the Governor in the exercise of the powers conferred by this Order shall be published in such manner and at such place or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid6239520 places in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141  the Islands as the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid6239520 Gov}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 ernor may from time to time direct.
\'94
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 66.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
In 1970, in the exercise of the powers conferred on him by the 1970 Order the Governor of Pitcairn made the Judicature Ordinance 1970.  It repealed the Judicature Ordinance 1961 which conferred jurisdiction on the Supreme
 Court of Fiji, and created in its place a Supreme Court for the Pitcairn Islands with all the powers, jurisdiction and authorities of the High Court of Justice in England which was to be deemed duly constituted notwithstanding any vacancy in the office o
f any judge.  It continued the jurisdiction of the Island Magistrate\rquote 
s Court.  Sections 7 and 8 of the 1961 Ordinance to the effect that the law for the time being in force in England were to be in force in the Islands so far only as the local circumstances
 and the limits of local jurisdiction permit were re-enacted by section 14.  But section 14(1) was more specific than the 1961 Ordinance had been as to what these laws were.  It provided that the laws that were to be in force in the Islands were to compri
se:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11298410 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid11298410\charrsid8264141 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\qj \li720\ri720\sb60\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid11298410 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141  \'93
the common law, the rules of equity and the statutes of general application as in force in and for England at the commencement of this Ordinance\'94.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11298410 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 67.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 The Supreme Court was
 provided with evidence showing the steps that were taken to publish, among other measures, the Judicature Ordinances 1961 and 1970.  The Judicature Ordinance 1961 was forwarded to the Chief Magistrate on Pitcairn under cover of a letter written on the di
r
ections of the Governor which requested that one copy of it be published on the public notice board and that the date of publication be notified by radio.  By telegram dated 9 October 1961 the Chief Magistrate confirmed that it had been published on the n
otice board on 8 October 1961.  The Magistrate confirmed by telex that the enactment of the Judicature Ordinance 1970 on 27 October 1970 was followed by its publication on the notice board on 4 March 1971.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 68.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 There had therefore been proper publication
 of the making of these Ordinances, as required by the Pitcairn Order in Council 1952 and the Pitcairn Order 1970.  But the Supreme Court accepted in para 95 of its judgment as to promulgation of laws and related issues that at no time during the currency
 of the accused\rquote s offending was English law itself published on the Islands.  None of the relevant statutes or legal texts were sent to the island.  Nor had any publications such as Halsbury\rquote 
s Laws of England been provided.  There is no evidence that anyone on Pitcairn was aware of the provisions of sections 1 and 14 of the Sexual Offences Act 1956 prior to the commencement of the police investigation in 1996. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 69.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 The position as to the promulgation of the Justice Ordinance 1966, which contained the serie
s of local laws already referred to, was markedly different.  In March 1965 a draft of the Ordinance was discussed on Pitcairn with the Island Council.  Among other matters the law as to sexual offending was discussed.  In a letter dated 22 November 1965 
t
he Council were advised in general terms that if there was any matter not covered by the law of Pitcairn the law of England could be invoked.  They were also advised that the wording of section 88 had been left as the Council in March had wanted it but th
a
t they should remember that, as English law also applied, a male who had carnal knowledge of a female child under the age of 12 would be liable to be prosecuted under the English law of rape.  At a meeting of the Island Council on 8 December 1965 the Gove
r
nment Adviser, who chaired the meeting, read through the draft ordinance.  A motion that it be approved was accepted.  On 10 December 1965 a telegram was sent from the Magistrate to the Commissioner reporting to him that it had been approved in full by th
e Council.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 70.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
The situation throughout the period of offending can therefore be summarised in this way.  All the formal steps that were needed to provide a workable legal system in the exceptional circumstances of Pitcairn had been take
n before September 1964 when the first of the series of offences was committed.  The orders that provided for the setting up of that system had been duly promulgated.  The wording of the Justice Ordinance 1966, which set out the local offences that were t
hought at the time to be appropriate for Pitcairn, was discussed in detail with the Island Council before the Ordinance was enacted by the Governor.  But no steps were taken to bring to the notice of the Island\rquote 
s Council or its inhabitants, other than in the most general way, any of the laws of England that might be invoked on Pitcairn to deal with any serious criminal matter not covered by the Ordinance.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s38\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai0\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\fs28\ul\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 The prosecution
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 71.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 The offence of rape was known to the common law of England long before it was pro
vided for by statute.  So too was the offence of assault with all its aggravations, including that of indecency.  It was not until they were made statutory offences by sections 48 and 52 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861, which sections 1 and 14
 of the 1956 Act replaced, that the common law offences fell out of use in England.  The settlers of Pitcairn took the common law with them when they decided to settle there.  As Blackstone, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 Commentaries on the Laws of England}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 , 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\super\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141  ed 1770}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid6239520 , Vol 1, p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141  107, puts it:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11298410 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid11298410\charrsid8264141 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\qj \li720\ri720\sb60\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid11298410 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \'93\'85
 it hath been held that if an uninhabited country be discovered and planted by English subjects, all the English laws then in being, which are the birthright of every subject, are immediately there in force.\'94 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s25\ql \li720\ri720\sb60\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
So these offences, like murder, were already common law crimes on Pitcairn long before they were made statutory offences in England.  But the decision was taken to prosecute the appellants under the English statute, not under the common law.
\par 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 72.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 It appea
rs too that many of the offences of which the appellants were convicted under the 1956 Act could have been charged against them under the Justice Ordinance 1966, although the sentences that could have been imposed would of course have been much more lenie
n
t and questions would have arisen as to whether the prosecutions were out of time.  The offences of which they were convicted under section 14 of the 1956 Act could have been charged against them as aggravated assaults contrary to section 82 of the Ordina
nce.  Seven of the twelve offences of rape of which they were convicted could have been brought against them under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid6239520 section 88 of the Ordinance,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141  as in those cases the complainers were all of or over the age of twelve years.  No complaint on the grounds of no
n-promulgation or abuse of process could have been made if these offences had been prosecuted in the Islands Court under the 1966 Ordinance.  But the decision was taken to prosecute all but a handful of these offences under the 1956 Act.  How did this com
e about?
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 73.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
Reference is made in the written case for Stevens Christian and Len Brown to the documentary evidence that was before the Supreme Court as to discussions that took place in correspondence between the Governor of Pitcairn and the Foreign and C
ommonwealth Office (\'93the FCO\'94
) in London about the action that ought to be taken when the first of these offences came to light.  In a letter to the FCO dated 16 December 1999 the Governor noted that the sentences that were available under the existing law
s in Pitcairn (under the Justice Ordinance 1966) were quite inadequate to the seriousness of the offences.  In a letter to the Deputy Governor dated 29 April 2000 Paul Treadwell, the legal adviser, said that the public interest required that such serious 
o
ffences against the person should be detected and punished, even though the destruction that might result within the tiny island community seemed incalculable.  He also mentioned that there were obvious reasons for searching for a path of compromise, amon
g
 which was the fact that it was possible to attribute a degree of responsibility for the unbridled sexual licence of Pitcairn men over past generations to the absence of any meaningful civil authority and actual system of justice representing the guidance
 and supervision of the colonial power.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 74.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 In a further letter to the FCO dated 1 May 2000 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid6239520 Acting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
 Governor expressed concern as to whether it would be practicable or desirable to investigate a whole raft of offences going back many years when, given the timescale, it would be difficult to treat everyone even-handedly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid6239520 .  She}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141  also acknowledged the validity of Paul Treadwell\rquote s suggestion that the situation was partly of the colonial power
\rquote s own making:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11298410 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid11298410\charrsid8264141 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\qj \li720\ri720\sb60\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid11298410 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \'93
There is no civil authority on the island.  Governors, Deputy-Governors and Commissioners reside 3000 miles away in New Zealand, visit irregularly and for short periods of a few days only.  The schoolteacher (from New Zeal
and) doubles as the Government Adviser.  But is not viewed by the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid6239520 islanders as being in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
 a position of real authority.  We rely on a local Police Officer \endash  who is related to every member of the community they serve \endash  to uphold the law which, until we began 
a comprehensive review with the assistance of the Good Government Fund (in 1998), was in any case unworkable.  Recent media reports have underlined the islanders\rquote 
 views on their remoteness from the UK.  Perhaps, therefore, it is not altogether surprising that if the community does not see the laws as applicable to them.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s25\ql \li720\ri720\sb60\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid6239520 She}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
 concluded however that all the allegations had to be investigated thoroughly, and that if, as had been suggested, the line of offending that had been revealed was a cultural trait, an end had to be put to it once and for all.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid11298410\charrsid8264141 
\par 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 75.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
Suggestions that the offenders should be offered an amnesty were rejected and the matter was put into the hands of the public pros
ecutor.  One can infer that the decision to bring these prosecutions under the 1956 Act was reached out of a desire to deal even-handedly with all the offenders, and to root out the cultural trait once and for all by seeking convictions under legislation 
t
hat would enable sentences to be imposed that gave full weight to the gravity of the crimes that had been committed.  These were laudable aims.  But they give rise to an important and difficult issue as to whether the law under which the offenders were to
 be prosecuted had been sufficiently promulgated in Pitcairn for it to be permissible for them to be dealt with in this way.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s38\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai0\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\fs28\ul\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 Incorporation by reference
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 76.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 The method that was chosen to make laws for Pitcairn by means of the Judicature Ordinance 1970 was
 incorporation by reference, in the most general terms, of all the statutes of general application in force in England at the commencement of the Ordinance but only so far as local circumstances permit.  The problem does not lie in the meaning of the word
s that were used in section 14 to bring this about.  Sir Kenneth Roberts-Wray, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 Commonwealth and Colonial Law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 , 1966, p 545 said that if the phrase \'93statutes of general application\'94 were to be offered as a novelty to a legislative draftsman today he would dis
claim responsibility for its consequences unless it were defined.  But he acknowledged that it had been in use for many decades, that it does not appear to have given the courts serious trouble and that it has much the same effect as the common law rule b
y which the English law taken by the settlers is both the unwritten law (common law and equity) and the statute law in force at the time of settlement: see p 540.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 77.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 A survey of cases in New Zealand and Pacific countries of decisions where this criteri
on for a source of law has been considered has revealed that, without exception, all the statutes in question applied to matters other than the criminal law: Tony Angelo and Fran Wright, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 Pitcairn: sunset on Empire? }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 (2004) NZLJ 404, 405.  The writers of thi
s note suggest that one reason for this is perhaps to be found in the principles of legality, due process and the protection of human rights.  I agree that these principles must not be overlooked, but I do not think that they justify excluding the whole o
f
 the criminal law from the generality of the phrase.  A more likely reason is the other one that they give, which is that the usual practice was for a colony to have its own criminal law so resort to the criminal law of England was unnecessary.  The Sexua
l Offences Act 1956 is a public general Act which extends to the whole of England and Wales without qualification.  In my opinion it is a statute of general application within the meaning of section 14 of the 1970 Order.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 78.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 As for the qualification in section 14(2) that the law thus imported was to be in force only so far as \'93local circumstances\'94
 permit, Sir Kenneth Roberts-Wray said at pp 544- 545 that this amounted to no more than the rounding off of a common law rule and t
hat all the circumstances are to be taken into account including the local relevance or otherwise of circumstances in England which explain a particular law.  In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\i\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
Nyali Ltd v Attorney-General}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141  [1957] 1 QB 1, 16}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141  Lord Denning, speaking about the common law, sa
id that this qualification was a wise provision, and that it should be liberally construed as a recognition that the common law cannot be applied in a foreign land without considerable qualification:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\fs28\insrsid1715907 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007926 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1007926\charrsid8264141 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\qj \li720\ri720\sb60\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid11298410 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \'93Just as with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid6239520 
an English oak, so with the English common law.  You cannot transplant it to the African continent and expect it to retain the tough character which}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid1007926  it has}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141  in England.\'94
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par How statutes of general application in force in England are to be qualified in the lig
ht of local circumstances is less clear.  Sir Kenneth notes at p 548 that in a few cases the uncertainty has been reduced by legislative intervention locally.  But none of these problems affect the provisions of the Sexual Offences Act 1956 which were inv
o
ked in this case.  As I have said, it is a statute of general application.  While some of the sections that it contains such as those about abduction and the keeping of brothels might have no relevance on Pitcairn, that is not so in the case of the sectio
ns under which these prosecutions were brought.  There are no circumstances either locally on Pitcairn or in England which require the provisions of either section 1 or section 14 to be qualified in any way. 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s38\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai0\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\fs28\ul\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 The promulgation issue
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 79.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
Mr Perry, who appeared for Carlisle Terry Young only but whose argument on this issue was adopted by counsel for the other appellants, said that he was not attacking the principle of incorporation by reference.  This was, he said, a legitimate device, sub
j
ect always to the requirement of legal certainty.  His point was that Pitcairn was a wholly exceptional case, and that it was unreasonable to expect an island community of about 50 people to absorb the entirety of a legal system designed to meet the needs
 
of more than 50 million people in England and Wales.  He also submitted that, as the Governor was required by article 5(3) of the Pitcairn Order 1970 to publish all laws made by him in the exercise of the powers conferred on him by the order and the date 
w
hen every such law is to come into operation was to be the date when it was published, publication was an essential requirement of each any every law that he chose to enact for Pitcairn.  So the fact that the 1956 Act had never been published even in summ
ary form on Pitcairn meant that sections 1 and 14 of the Act were not in force in the islands when these offences were committed.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 80.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 The question whether, as a matter of form, the requirements of article 5(3) of the 1970 Order were satisfied is relativel
y easy to answer.  As the Court of Appeal pointed out in paras 37 and 38 of its judgment of 2 March 2006 on abuse of process and the conviction appeals, these requirements extend not just to statutes of general application but also to the common law and t
o
 the rules of equity which are not susceptible to publication in the way that this argument contemplates.  Furthermore the laws that are to be published are those made by the Governor.  The law which he was seeking to make by means of the Judicature Ordin
a
nce 1970 was really no more than declaratory of the existing situation at the commencement of the Order.  He was not making new laws but was providing for the continuation of existing laws, many of which had been part of the law of Pitcairn since the earl
iest days of the settlement.  It was his own law that he was required to publish, not all the law that he was incorporating by reference.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 81.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 But meeting the formalities that the 1970 Order lays down is one thing.  Satisfying the principles on which the r
ule of law is founded is another.  It is here that this method of legislating in the exceptional circumstances of Pitcairn seem to me to be highly questionable.  There is no evidence that the Governor ever applied his mind to the question whether it was a
p
propriate to apply the Sexual Offences Act 1956 to Pitcairn, and if so which parts of it were appropriate for application there and which were not.  Of course it can be said that the method of legislating that he chose to adopt made it unnecessary for him
 
to do this.  But it is one thing for this well-established method of legislating to be used in circumstances, such as in New South Wales or New Zealand, where ample resources existed for finding out what the law was and for obtaining advice about it in ca
se of doubt.  It is quite another to use it in the circumstances of a tiny, remote and isolated community like Pitcairn, where at the relevant time these resources were entirely absent.  As Lord Diplock observed in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs18\i\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 Fothergill v Monarch Airlines Ltd }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs20\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 [1981]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141  AC 251, 279,
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141  elementary justice requires that the rules by which the citizen is bound should be ascertainable by reference to sources that are accessible.  In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs28 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\i\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 R v }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\i\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 Rimmington}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs20\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid6239520 [2005]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid6239520  UKHL 63; [2006] 1 AC 459, 482}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 , para }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 33 Lord Bingham of Cornhill said:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\insrsid1715907 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007926 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\insrsid1007926\charrsid8264141 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\qj \li720\ri720\sb60\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid11298410 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \'93
There are two guiding principles: no one should be punished under a law unless it is sufficiently clear and certain to enable him to know what conduct is forbidden before he does it; and no one should be punished for any act which was not clearly and asce
rtainably punishable when the act was done.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s25\ql \li720\ri720\sb60\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
 requirement of ascertainability is an essential component of the rule of law.  But in the case of statutes of general application in force in England, as the Governor should have known, it was incapable of being met on Pitcairn
\par 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 82.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
The use of this method for legislating about the criminal law in the circumstances of Pitcairn is made all the more unsatisfactory in the light of the steps that were taken when the Judicature Ordinance 1966 was under preparation
 to ensure that all its provisions were understood and were acceptable to the Island Council as representing the whole community on the island.  The differences between penalties for committing the offences described in sections 82 and 88 of the 1966 Ordi
n
ance and those which apply to the overlapping offences described in sections 1 and 14 of the 1956 Act are substantial.  The fact that no attempt was made to reconcile the terminology of the 1966 Ordinance with that of the 1956 Act, or to explain the circu
mstances in which the more severe penalties laid down in the Second Schedule to the 1956 Act would be invoked in place of those provided for by the Ordinance is a further ground for unease.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s38\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai0\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\fs28\ul\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 The turning point
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 83.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
These considerations would have led me to conclude that it was an abuse of process for these prosecutions to be brought under sections 1 and 14 of the 1956 Act, but for one fact which in the end has persuaded me that the use of these provisions can be rec
onciled with the principles of legality.  It is to be found in the language of sections 48 and 52 of the 1861 Act, from which these sections were derived.  Section 48 of the 1861 Act provides:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007926 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1007926\charrsid8264141 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\ql \li720\ri720\sb60\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \'93Whosoever shall be convicted of the crime of rape shall be gui
lty of a felony, and being convicted thereof shall be liable, at the discretion of the court, to be kept in penal servitude for life or for any term less than three years, or to be imprisoned for any term not exceeding two years, with or without hard labo
ur.\'94
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 Section 52 of the 1861 Act provides:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1007926 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1007926\charrsid8264141 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\ql \li720\ri720\sb60\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \'93
Whosoever shall be convicted of any indecent assault upon any female, or of any attempt to have carnal knowledge of any girl under twelve years of age, shall be liable, at the discretion of the court, to be imprisoned for any term not exceeding two years.
\'94
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 84.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs26\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
It can be seen from the way these provisions are worded that they were not creating new crimes.  They assume that the crimes of rape and of indecent assault already exist, as indeed they did as they were a
lready known to the common law. They were building on the common law to this extent only, that they were prescribing the penalties that were to attach to these offences.  Sections 1 and 14 are differently worded, but their function was to identify 
\endash  as was necessary in the days when the 1956 Act was passed \endash 
 which of the offences it contained was or was not a felony and to provide, when read together with section 37 and the Second Schedule, for the prosecution and punishment of these offences.  They did not
 create new crimes, any more than the 1861 Act had done.  The offences mentioned in sections 1 and 14 can therefore be traced back directly to the common law.  There is an air of unreality about the objection that the appellants were disadvantaged by the 
fact that the provisions of sections 1 and 14 of the 1956 Act were not ascertainable on Pitcairn.  This case is quite unlike }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\i\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 R v }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs18\i\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid6239520 Rimmington}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid6239520  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs20\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid6239520 [2006] 1 AC 459}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid6239520 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
 where the objection was to the enlargement of the common law crime of causing a public nuisance.  Here we are dealing with conduct }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\fs28\insrsid6239520 which}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141  the common law has regarded as criminal for centuries, and the appellants cannot have been in any doubt that what they were doing amounted to criminal conduct.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 85.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 Thi
s feature of the legislation makes it possible to reconcile the failure to promulgate the fact that the 1956 Act was to be part of the laws of Pitcairn with the principle of legality.  The islanders brought the common law of England with them when they se
t
tled there.  Rape and indecent assault were part of the criminal law of the island long before the Justice Ordinance 1966 and the Judicature Ordinances 1961 and 1970 were enacted.  No objection could have been taken on the ground of lack of promulgation i
f
 the prosecution of the appellants had been brought under the common law.  The only practical difference that resulted from bringing the prosecutions under the statute was as to the sentences that were available.  But the effect of the statute was simply 
to replace the common law, under which there was no limit to the length of any sentence that could be imposed, by the statutory maxima.  Substitution of the statutory system for the common law which leaves everything to the judge\rquote 
s discretion works in favou
r of the accused, not against him.  This reduces the risk of any unfairness.  It is not possible to detect any unfairness in the sentences imposed on any of the appellants, which were not challenged in the Court of Appeal. My noble and learned friend Lord
 
Woolf is not sure why this assists: see para 14. The answer, I suggest, is to be found in the point which he makes in the next paragraph. We are dealing here with acts which were wrong in themselves. So I do not think that it was an affront to justice for
 them to be prosecuted for such acts under the statute.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 86.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 It would have been open to question whether these convictions could have been sustained on the ground that the offences were contrary to the common law and that it was unnecessary to proceed un
der the statute.  As a general rule the prosecutor is tied to the ground that he chooses to fight on.  If he decides to prosecute under a statute, it is not open to him to ask for a conviction under the common law unless the statute in question provides f
o
r this as an alternative.  But I do not need to resolve this issue as I have concluded, although not without difficulty, that as sections 1 and 14 of the 1956 Act were not creating new crimes it was open to the prosecutor to bring the prosecutions under t
he statute notwithstanding its lack of promulgation.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 87.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi-360\li1980\ri0\widctlpar
\tx720\jclisttab\tx1980\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1980\itap0\pararsid16346212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs28\insrsid1715907\charrsid8264141 I wish finally to associate myself with all that Lord Woolf has said about the way in which these proceedings were conducted by both sides and by the courts below. I also pay tribute to 
the careful way in which the papers were prepared both in hard copy and electronically for our use by both sides in these appeals, and to the conspicuous fairness and sensitivity with which these proceedings have been conducted throughout by the Public Pr
osecutor.
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\ab0\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\fs28\insrsid7694257\charrsid8264141 
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