{\rtf1\adeflang1025\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\adeff0\deff0\stshfdbch0\stshfloch31506\stshfhich31506\stshfbi31506\deflang1033\deflangfe1033\themelang5129\themelangfe0\themelangcs0{\fonttbl{\f0\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f0\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\f37\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset128\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604020202020204}Arial Unicode MS;}{\f40\fbidi \fnil\fcharset0\fprq0{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}TimesNewRomanPSMT{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f41\fbidi \fnil\fcharset0\fprq0{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f42\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset128\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}@Arial Unicode MS;}
{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0302020204030204}Calibri Light;}{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f352\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\f353\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\f355\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\f356\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\f357\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\f358\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\f359\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\f360\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\f352\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\f353\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\f355\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\f356\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\f357\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\f358\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\f359\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\f360\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\f724\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS Western;}{\f722\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS CE;}{\f723\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS Cyr;}
{\f725\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS Greek;}{\f726\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS Tur;}{\f727\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS (Hebrew);}
{\f728\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS (Arabic);}{\f729\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS Baltic;}{\f730\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS (Vietnamese);}
{\f731\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS (Thai);}{\f774\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS Western;}{\f772\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS CE;}{\f773\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS Cyr;}
{\f775\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS Greek;}{\f776\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS Tur;}{\f777\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS (Hebrew);}
{\f778\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS (Arabic);}{\f779\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS Baltic;}{\f780\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS (Vietnamese);}
{\f781\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS (Thai);}{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri Light CE;}
{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Light Cyr;}{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Light Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Light Tur;}
{\fhimajor\f31533\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Calibri Light (Hebrew);}{\fhimajor\f31534\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Calibri Light (Arabic);}{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Light Baltic;}
{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri Light (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}
{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}{\fhiminor\f31573\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Calibri (Hebrew);}
{\fhiminor\f31574\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Calibri (Arabic);}{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}
{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;
\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;\red255\green255\blue0;\red255\green255\blue255;\red0\green0\blue128;\red0\green128\blue128;\red0\green128\blue0;\red128\green0\blue128;\red128\green0\blue0;\red128\green128\blue0;\red128\green128\blue128;
\red192\green192\blue192;\ctextone\ctint191\cshade255\red64\green64\blue64;\ctextone\ctint255\cshade255\red0\green0\blue0;}{\*\defchp \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129 }{\*\defpap \ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 }\noqfpromote {\stylesheet{\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \snext0 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid12870525 Normal;}{\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink15 \sunhideused \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid14186677 heading 2;}{\*\cs10 \additive 
\ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority1 Default Paragraph Font;}{\*\ts11\tsrowd\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3\tsvertalt\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv 
\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31506\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 \snext11 \ssemihidden \sunhideused 
Normal Table;}{\*\cs15 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs26\lang0\langfe2057\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\langnp0\langfenp2057 \sbasedon10 \slink2 \slocked \spriority9 \styrsid14186677 Heading 2 Char;}{
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\sbasedon0 \snext16 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid10243184 Number;}{\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb600\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx851\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext16 \spriority0 \styrsid12870525 Subheading;}{\s18\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext18 \slink19 \sunhideused \sqformat \styrsid7757702 footnote text;}{\*\cs19 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs20\lang0\langfe2057\langnp0\langfenp2057 \sbasedon10 \slink18 \slocked \styrsid7757702 Footnote Text Char;}{\*\cs20 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super \sbasedon10 \sunhideused \sqformat \styrsid7757702 footnote reference;}{
\s21\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb120\sl-320\slmult0\widctlpar\tx709\tx1134\tx1418\tx1701\tx1985\tx2268\tx2835\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 \snext21 \spriority0 \styrsid10769683 Transcript;}{\s22\qj \li709\ri662\sb240\widctlpar\tx1276\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin662\lin709\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \sbasedon24 \snext22 \sautoupd \slink23 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid9927685 Sue Quote;}{\*\cs23 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ai0\af0\afs18\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs18\cf17\lang0\langfe1025\kerning2\langnp0\langfenp1025 \sbasedon25 \slink22 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid9927685 Sue Quote Char;}{\s24\ql \li862\ri862\sb200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin862\lin862\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf17\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink25 \sqformat \spriority29 \styrsid14819150 Quote;}{\*\cs25 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\kerning2 
\sbasedon10 \slink24 \slocked \spriority29 \styrsid14819150 Quote Char;}{\s26\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa240\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \snext27 \slocked \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid14819150 JDI Subheading;}{\s27\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 
\snext27 \slocked \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid14819150 JDI Number;}{\s28\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa240\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \sbasedon26 \snext28 \spriority0 \styrsid14819150 JDI Subheading 2;}{
\s29\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \snext29 \shidden \ssemihidden \styrsid9582434 Revision;}{\*
\ts30\tsrowd\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3\tsvertalt\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 \sbasedon11 \snext30 \spriority39 \styrsid872359 Table Grid;}
}{\*\listtable{\list\listtemplateid1753635294{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03[\'00];}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0 \s27\jclisttab\tx709 }
{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'01);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0 \fi-708\li1275\jclisttab\tx1275\lin1275 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2
\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'02);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0 \fi-709\li2126\jclisttab\tx2126\lin2126 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'03);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0 \fi-363\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'04);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0 \fi-357\li1797\jclisttab\tx1797\lin1797 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\'03(\'05);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0 \fi-363\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0 \fi-357\li2517\jclisttab\tx2517\lin2517 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}
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\fbias0 \fi-357\li3237\jclisttab\tx3237\lin3237 }{\listname ;}\listid2}{\list\listtemplateid550036640{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03[\'00];}{\levelnumbers\'02;}
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\b0\i0\fbias0 \fi-709\li1418\jclisttab\tx1418\lin1418 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'02);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0 \fi-708\li2126
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\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid872359\charrsid872359 \trowd \irow2\irowband2\ltrrow
\ts30\trgaph108\trleft0\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid872359\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind108\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3686\clshdrawnil \cellx3686\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4881\clshdrawnil \cellx8567\row \ltrrow
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid872359\yts30 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359\charrsid872359 \cell Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359\charrsid872359 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359\charrsid872359 \trowd \irow3\irowband3\ltrrow
\ts30\trgaph108\trleft0\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid872359\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind108\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3686\clshdrawnil \cellx3686\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4881\clshdrawnil \cellx8567\row \ltrrow
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid872359\yts30 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid872359\charrsid872359 AND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359\charrsid872359 \cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid872359\charrsid872359 THE KING}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359\charrsid872359 \cell 
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359\charrsid872359 \trowd \irow4\irowband4\ltrrow
\ts30\trgaph108\trleft0\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid872359\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind108\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3686\clshdrawnil \cellx3686\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4881\clshdrawnil \cellx8567\row \ltrrow
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid872359\yts30 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359\charrsid872359 \cell Respondent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359\charrsid872359 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359\charrsid872359 \trowd \irow5\irowband5\ltrrow
\ts30\trgaph108\trleft0\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid872359\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind108\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3686\clshdrawnil \cellx3686\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4881\clshdrawnil \cellx8567\row \ltrrow
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid872359\yts30 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid872359\charrsid872359 \cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359\charrsid872359 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359\charrsid872359 \trowd \irow6\irowband6\ltrrow
\ts30\trgaph108\trleft0\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid872359\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind108\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3686\clshdrawnil \cellx3686\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4881\clshdrawnil \cellx8567\row \ltrrow
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid872359\yts30 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid872359\charrsid872359 Hearing:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359\charrsid872359 \cell 13 October 2024 on Pitcairn Island (via AVL)\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1
\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359\charrsid872359 
\trowd \irow7\irowband7\ltrrow\ts30\trgaph108\trleft0\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid872359\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind108\tblindtype3 \clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3686\clshdrawnil \cellx3686\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4881\clshdrawnil 
\cellx8567\row \ltrrow}\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid872359\yts30 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359\charrsid872359 \cell 14 October 2024 New Zealand\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359\charrsid872359 \trowd \irow8\irowband8\ltrrow
\ts30\trgaph108\trleft0\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid872359\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind108\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3686\clshdrawnil \cellx3686\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4881\clshdrawnil \cellx8567\row \ltrrow
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid872359\yts30 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359\charrsid872359 \cell \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359\charrsid872359 \trowd \irow9\irowband9\ltrrow
\ts30\trgaph108\trleft0\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid872359\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind108\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3686\clshdrawnil \cellx3686\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4881\clshdrawnil \cellx8567\row \ltrrow
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid872359\yts30 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid872359\charrsid872359 Coram}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359\charrsid872359 :\cell Young P\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1
\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359\charrsid872359 
\trowd \irow10\irowband10\ltrrow\ts30\trgaph108\trleft0\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid872359\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind108\tblindtype3 \clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3686\clshdrawnil \cellx3686\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4881\clshdrawnil 
\cellx8567\row \ltrrow}\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid872359\yts30 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359\charrsid872359 \cell Dobson JA\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359\charrsid872359 \trowd \irow11\irowband11\ltrrow
\ts30\trgaph108\trleft0\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid872359\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind108\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3686\clshdrawnil \cellx3686\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4881\clshdrawnil \cellx8567\row \ltrrow
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid872359\yts30 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359\charrsid872359 \cell Dean JA\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359\charrsid872359 \trowd \irow12\irowband12\ltrrow
\ts30\trgaph108\trleft0\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid872359\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind108\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3686\clshdrawnil \cellx3686\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4881\clshdrawnil \cellx8567\row \ltrrow
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid872359\yts30 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359\charrsid872359 \cell \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359\charrsid872359 \trowd \irow13\irowband13\ltrrow
\ts30\trgaph108\trleft0\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid872359\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind108\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3686\clshdrawnil \cellx3686\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4881\clshdrawnil \cellx8567\row \ltrrow
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid872359\yts30 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid872359\charrsid872359 Counsel:\cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359\charrsid872359 A J Ellis for Appellant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid872359\charrsid872359 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid872359\charrsid872359 \trowd \irow14\irowband14\ltrrow
\ts30\trgaph108\trleft0\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid872359\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind108\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3686\clshdrawnil \cellx3686\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4881\clshdrawnil \cellx8567\row \ltrrow
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid872359\yts30 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359\charrsid872359 \cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359\charrsid872359 K Raftery KC and D E Kelly for Respondent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359\charrsid872359 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid872359\charrsid872359 \trowd \irow15\irowband15\ltrrow
\ts30\trgaph108\trleft0\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid872359\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind108\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3686\clshdrawnil \cellx3686\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4881\clshdrawnil \cellx8567\row \ltrrow
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid872359\yts30 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359\charrsid872359 \cell \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359\charrsid872359 \trowd \irow16\irowband16\ltrrow
\ts30\trgaph108\trleft0\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid872359\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind108\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3686\clshdrawnil \cellx3686\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4881\clshdrawnil \cellx8567\row \ltrrow
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid872359\yts30 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid872359\charrsid872359 Judgment:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359\charrsid872359 \cell 1 November 2024\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1
\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359\charrsid872359 
\trowd \irow17\irowband17\lastrow \ltrrow\ts30\trgaph108\trleft0\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid872359\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind108\tblindtype3 
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3686\clshdrawnil \cellx3686\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4881\clshdrawnil \cellx8567\row }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10769683 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10769683 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10769683\charrsid15432249 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11679508 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10769683\charrsid15432249 ____________________________________________________________________}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10769683 __}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10769683\charrsid15432249 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10769683 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10769683 JUDGMENT OF THE COURT
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11679508 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10769683\charrsid15432249 ____________________________________________________________________
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10769683 __
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10769683 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10769683 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb120\sl-320\slmult0\widctlpar\tx709\tx1134\tx1418\tx1701\tx1985\tx2268\tx2835\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid10769683 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10769683 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12870525 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12870525\charrsid13068311 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10769683 
\par \sect }\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid13702696\sftnbj \pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa240\keepn\widctlpar
\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14819150 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150\charrsid3555342 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc164349707}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc179990278}Introduction{\*\bkmkend _Toc164349707}{\*\bkmkend _Toc179990278} 

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150\charrsid3555342 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [1]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11470127 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14819150\charrsid3555342 This }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 is a second appeal from convictions of the appellant (Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
Warren) on three charges of acting in an indecent manner in a public place.  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa240\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14819150 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc179990279}The offending{\*\bkmkend _Toc179990279} 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [2]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11470127 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
No material objection was taken to the summary of the facts in the judgment of the Chief Justice in the first appeal.  Heath CJ summarised the facts as follows:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs20\super\insrsid14819150 {\*\bkmkstart _Ref179981258}\chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11679508 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs20\super\insrsid14819150 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14819150\charrsid9897351 Warren v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
 [2024] PNSC 1.  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 {\*\bkmkend _Ref179981258}
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\qj \li709\ri662\sb200\widctlpar\tx1276\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin662\lin709\itap0\pararsid15887687 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf17\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid14819150\charrsid925521 [7]\tab The charges were heard in the Magistrate\rquote 
s Court on 6 December 2021.  The Island Magistrate and the Assessors heard oral evidence from two witnesses.  Evidence from a third, a police officer, was read due to the unavailability of the witness for health reasons.
\par [8]\tab The first witness was Mr Nicholas Kennedy. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid7209633\charrsid925521  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid14819150\charrsid925521 
At the time, Mr Kennedy was the Administrator on Pitcairn Island.  He gave evidence by audio-visual link from the United Kingdom.  Mr Kennedy deposed that, just after 6am on 29 January 2020, he and his wife went for a walk.  At about 6
.25am, they reached a point in the road close to Mr Warren\rquote s house.  Mr Kennedy saw Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid872359  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid14819150\charrsid925521 
Warren (from the back) walking fully naked on the road ahead of him.  After seeing Mr Warren, Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid7035232\charrsid925521  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid14819150\charrsid925521 
Kennedy turned around, manoeuvring his wife so she did not see Mr Warren, and walked away.  This evidence formed the basis of the first charge.
\par [9]\tab Ms Nadine Faulkner was the second witness.  She gave evidence that at about 6.00am on 8 June 2020, she was on the deck of her home.  She looked out towards the road and saw Mr Warren naked. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf18\insrsid7209633\charrsid925521  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid14819150\charrsid925521 
She saw him from side on.  During the hearing, counsel for the Crown asked Ms Faulkner if she had anything personally against someone who makes a choice to be a nudist or a naturist.  She responded: \'93Not at all.  You can do that. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid7209633\charrsid925521  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid14819150\charrsid925521 I just don\rquote t want to see it\'94. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid7209633\charrsid925521  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid14819150\charrsid925521 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid7209633\charrsid925521 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid14819150\charrsid925521  Faulkner\rquote s evidence supported the second charge.
\par [10]\tab The third witness was Senior Constable Warrender. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid7209633\charrsid925521  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid14819150\charrsid925521 His statement was read by the Deputy Registrar.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid7209633\charrsid925521  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid14819150\charrsid925521  During 2020, Senior Constable Warrender was the Community Police Officer based on 
Pitcairn Island.  In that capacity, he had interviewed Mr Warren about the incidents on 29 January and 8 June.  He went to Mr Warren\rquote s home, at about 5.50am on 9 June 2020, in an endeavour to \'93deter [him] from repeating the same behaviour\'94
.  At about 6.05am, Senior Constable Warrender saw Mr Warren walking naked, along the road, towards him from a westerly direction.  That behaviour gave rise to the third charge.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [3]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4270741 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Mr}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11470127  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Warren accepted at the trial that: 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s27 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af37\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s27\qj \fi-567\li1276\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx1275\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1276\itap0\pararsid7035232 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 he was the individual observed by the witnesses;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s27 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af37\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (b)\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
his decision to walk naked along the roads was deliberate; and
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s27 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af37\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (c)\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 the road represented a \'93\loch\f0 
\hich\f0 public place\'94\loch\f0  for the purposes of s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 5 of the Summary Offences Ordinance.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs20\super\insrsid14819150 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11679508 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs20\super\insrsid14819150 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150\charrsid10103868 The term \'93
public place\'94 is defined by s 2(1) of the Interpretation and General Clauses Ordinance of 2017 to include \'93every place to which the public are entitled or permitted to have access whether on payment or otherwise\'94.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14819150 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [4]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11299830 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
Those admissions meant that the only issue the prosecution was required to prove was that Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11470127  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Warren\rquote 
s conduct on the three occasions that were the subject of the charges was indeed indecent.  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa240\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14819150 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc179990280}The Magistrate\rquote s Court trial{\*\bkmkend _Toc179990280} }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14819150\charrsid3555342 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [5]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11299830 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
The charges were heard by the Island Magistrate (the Magistrate)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7615712 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
 who is not legally qualified, and two Assessors (also lay people).  Both the prosecution and the defence were represented by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7875344 experienced}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  counsel}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7615712 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  who also appeared on the first appeal and on this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9582434 appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref180392929}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [6]\tab}After hearing the evidenc
e and the closing submissions, the Magistrate and the Assessors adjourned for two hours.  On their return to court, the Magistrate is recorded as stating:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs20\super\insrsid14819150 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11679508 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs20\super\insrsid14819150 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14819150\charrsid12657499 Warren v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 , above n}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359  }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  NOTEREF _Ref179981258 \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310037003900390038003100320035003800000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13857824 1}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid13702696\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 , at [12].  The bolded letters }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7035232 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7035232 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7035232 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7035232 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  were added by the Chief Justice.  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 {\*\bkmkend _Ref180392929}
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\qj \li709\ri662\sb200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin662\lin709\itap0\pararsid7362958 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf17\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid14819150\charrsid925521 [Counsel] thank you very much indeed to both counsel for their submissions today and we\rquote 
ve [namely, the Island Magistrate and the Assessors] carefully considered all of the issues that have been raised by counsel.  The submissions have covered, but not limited to, the following. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf0\insrsid14819150\charrsid925521 [a]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid14819150\charrsid925521  Is there evidence that the behaviour occurred. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\insrsid14819150\charrsid925521 [b]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid14819150\charrsid925521  Was it deliberate. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\insrsid14819150\charrsid925521 [c]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid14819150\charrsid925521  Was there an intention to offend.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\insrsid14819150\charrsid925521 [d]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid14819150\charrsid925521  Is there evidence it took place in a public place. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf0\insrsid14819150\charrsid925521 [e]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid14819150\charrsid925521  Are the occurrences of walking naked on Pitcairn Island considered to be behaving in an indecent manner. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf0\insrsid14819150\charrsid925521 [f]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid14819150\charrsid925521  Is it reasonable to accept walking nake
d in public is a constitutional right provided for under the freedom of expression when there is an overlap of personal rights impeding on another\rquote s.  The requirements that exist in a democratic society are to balance one person\rquote 
s rights with another. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\insrsid14819150\charrsid925521 [g]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid14819150\charrsid925521  Was there a sexual content to the events. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf0\insrsid14819150\charrsid925521 [h]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid14819150\charrsid925521 
 How far would the rights to shock, horrify or offend others be allowable without the act itself becoming illegal.  Having considered all these and other points raised, we move to a verdict.  With regards to the
 verdict.  In accordance with section 32(1) of the Justice Ordinance, at the conclusion of the evidence I require the assessors to state their opinions. 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref179986109}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [7]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-360\slmult0
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11299830 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14819150 The Magistrate then required the Assessors to state their opinions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7615712 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  which were that they both considered Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11470127  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Warren guilty of all three charges.  The Magistrate then pronounced his verdicts.  Being in agreement with the Assessors, he found Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Warren guilty on all of the charges.  His verdicts were accompanied by the statement in relation to each:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs20\super\insrsid14819150 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11679508 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs20\super\insrsid14819150 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14819150\charrsid4015503 Warren v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 , above n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359  }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  NOTEREF _Ref179981258 \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310037003900390038003100320035003800000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13857824 1}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid13702696\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 , at [13].  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 {\*\bkmkend _Ref179986109}
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\qj \li709\ri662\sb200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin662\lin709\itap0\pararsid15887687 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf17\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid14819150\charrsid12911818 The assessors, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\kerning0\insrsid14819150\charrsid12911818 
representing our community, do consider walking }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\kerning0\insrsid14819150\charrsid925521 naked}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\kerning0\insrsid14819150\charrsid12911818  around Pitcairn Is
land on our public roads to be a violation of section 5 of the Summary Offences Ordinance in that it is behaving in an indecent manner, and I agree with them both.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid14819150\charrsid12911818 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [8]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11299830 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
The Magistrate then sentenced Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11470127  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Warren to fines of $50 in respect of each conviction.  
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref179986169}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [9]\tab}On behalf of Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11470127  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Warren, Dr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11470127  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
Ellis had objected to the absence of reasons from the Assessors as to how they had come to their }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1329325 opinions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150   In response}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7615712 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  and with the consent of all involved, one of the Assessors, Mrs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11470127  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Warren, delivered a statem
ent in the following terms:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs20\super\insrsid14819150 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11679508 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs20\super\insrsid14819150 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7362958 Warren v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7362958 , above n 1,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7362958  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7362958 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 t [113].  }}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 {\*\bkmkend _Ref179986169}
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\qj \li709\ri662\sb200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin662\lin709\itap0\pararsid15887687 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf17\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\insrsid14819150\charrsid12911818 Mrs Warren: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid14819150\charrsid12911818 Just so that there}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af40 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\cf0\insrsid14819150\charrsid12911818 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid14819150\charrsid12911818 
s no confusion, I offered to do this.  I had written this down before I even spoke to [the Island Magistrate].  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai0\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid14819150\charrsid12911818 It}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai0\af41 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f41\cf0\insrsid14819150\charrsid12911818 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai0\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid14819150\charrsid12911818 s my opinion that I represent the community and it is my belief that the majority of the community finds Michael}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai0\af41 \ltrch\fcs0 \f41\cf0\insrsid14819150\charrsid12911818 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai0\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid14819150\charrsid12911818 s nude behaviour offensive, embarrassing, and quite disgusting.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\insrsid14819150\charrsid12911818   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid14819150\charrsid12911818 However, if he wants to parade around in the nude, do it at home on his property where no one has to witness it.  That\rquote 
s pretty much all I can say.  It pretty much sums it up.  Thank you. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [10]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11299830 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
The other Assessor declined to provide any explanation for his}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1329325  opinion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 .  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa240\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14819150 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150\charrsid3555342 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc179990281}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc164349708}The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
appeal to the Supreme Court{\*\bkmkend _Toc179990281} }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150\charrsid3555342 {\*\bkmkend _Toc164349708}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [11]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11299830 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
Heath CJ heard the appeal on 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4270741  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 August 2023 (Pitcairn time) and delivered a comprehensive judgment on 9 January 2024 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4270741 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 he New}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7615712  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Zealand dates being one day later).  It is unnecessary in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9582434  this appeal to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 respon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9582434 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  to arguments raised in support of Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11470127  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Warren\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1329325 first }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
appeal where they are not directly relevant to the grounds pursued on the present appeal.  In essence, the Chief Justice rejected grounds of appeal that: 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s27 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\dbch\af37\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s27\qj \fi-566\li1275\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx1275\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls37\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1275\itap0\pararsid8470976 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
it had been necessary for the Magistrate to sum up the case for the Assessors; 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s27 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\dbch\af37\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s27\qj \fi-567\li1276\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1275\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1276\itap0\pararsid3084900 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 there we\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
re inadequate reasons given for the verdicts; 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s27 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\dbch\af37\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (c)\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
the offence of indecent behaviour was unconstitutional; and 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s27 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\dbch\af37\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (d)\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
the verdicts were not justified on the evidence.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [12]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11299830 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
We will traverse the Chief Justice\rquote s reasoning on the issues that are now challenged in the second appeal, in analysing the appellant\rquote s criticisms}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9582434 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14819150   
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa240\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14819150 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc179990282}Jurisdiction for this appeal{\*\bkmkend _Toc179990282} 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [13]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11299830 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
The appeal is brought pursuant to s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 21(1) of the Judicature (Appeals in Criminal Cases) Ordinance (JACCO) which provides for an a
ppeal to this Court from a first appeal in the Supreme Court on a matter of law, but not on a matter of fact or mixed fact and law.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [14]\tab}
The present appeal also sought to challenge the sentence imposed on the three convictions.  A proviso in s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 21(2) of t
he JACCO confines such appeals to cases in which the Court considers the sentence imposed was an unlawful one or passed in consequence of an error of law.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [15]\tab}
The appeal was not lodged within the requisite 28-day period from receipt of the Supreme Court judgment.  Dr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11470127  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
Ellis sought leave to appeal out of time and that application was not opposed.  Accordingly, leave is granted to extend time for commencement of the appeal by the period of approximately a fortnight that was involved.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa240\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14819150 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc179990283}Grounds advanced on the conviction appeal{\*\bkmkend _Toc179990283} 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [16]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11299830 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Dr}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11470127  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Ellis advanced two grounds: 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s27 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af37\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s27\qj \fi-566\li1275\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx1275\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1275\itap0\pararsid8470976 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 first, that the Magistrate had failed to direct the Assessors on relevant q
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 uestions of law and that Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11470127 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Warren was accordingly not given a fair trial; 

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s27 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\dbch\af37\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s27\qj \fi-567\li1276\ri0\sb240\sl-400\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1275\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1276\itap0\pararsid3084900 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 second, that insufficient reasons were given for the guilty verdicts. 

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [17]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11299830 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
In the introduction to his oral submissions on these grounds, Dr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11470127  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Ellis reasonably acknowledged that 
the first was the more substantial of the grounds and that if he failed to persuade the Court on that ground, the prospects for a successful appeal were not promising.  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s28\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa240\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14819150 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc179990284}Was there an obligation to sum up in this case?{\*\bkmkend _Toc179990284} 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [18]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11299830 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Heath 
CJ dealt at some length with the history of the use of Assessors in various Pacific jurisdictions and the nature of their role.  He considered decisions of the Full}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11470127  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14819150 Court of the (then) New}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11470127  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Zealand Supreme Court sitting on appeal from different Pacific juri
sdictions and reasoned why it was not appropriate to adopt the procedure preferred in those cases.  The Chief Justice then surveyed the course of the Magistrate\rquote 
s Court hearing and concluded that there was no binding obligation on the Magistrate in this case to sum up the case to the Assessors, and further that the absence of a summing up did not deprive Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Warren of a fair trial.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [19]\tab}Dr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11470127  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14819150 Ellis accepted, as he had to, that there was no provision in s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 32 of the Justice Ordinance dealing wi
th cases heard by a Magistrate that required the Magistrate to sum up in a trial for the Assessors.  Instead, he submitted that the complexity of the one issue on which they had to opine required that they be given directions in a summing up on the legal 
elements required to be proven as to whether the conduct that was the subject of the charges was indecent.  The aspect that most required direction, on Dr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11470127  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
Ellis\rquote s argument, was that adequate weight had to be given to the right to freedom of expression and t
hat the standard of behaviour preferred by the majority had to be weighed against the rights of the minority to conduct themselves differently, even to an extent that offended or embarrassed the majority who preferred other standards. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7151431 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [20]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Dr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11470127  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Ellis submitted that the procedure adopted by Tompkins}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11470127  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 J in an earlier trial of Mr}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
Warren was a precedent the Magistrate was bound to follow by giving a summing up and written instructions.  That case involved charges of possession of indecent materials.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs20\super\insrsid14819150\charrsid13706164 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11679508 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs20\super\insrsid14819150 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14819150\charrsid15733845 R v Warren}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
 [2016] PNSC 1. }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150   It had been transferred to the Supreme Court for hearing with more serious charges and, with the agreement of counsel, Tompkins}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13706164  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 J sat with Assessors.  Although the indecency charges in that case similarly involved the single issue as to whether the items in question were indecent (here, whether Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13706164  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Warren\rquote s conduct was indecent), the trial occurred in a different jurisdiction along with more complex charges.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7151431 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [21]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
The procedure for Supreme Court trials with Assessors provides in s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 9(3) of
 the Judicature (Courts) Ordinance that the Judge may sum up the evidence.  There is no comparable provision in s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 32 of the Justice Ordinance }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9582434 requiring a summary of the evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  by a Magistrate with Assessors.  It simply requires that the Assessors state their opinion at the conclusion of the evidence. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7151431  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 The Magistrate is only required to give reasons if the verdict is against the opinion of the Assessors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7151431 . 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [22]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13706164  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Raftery}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13706164 \rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
 response for the Crown included the point that the legislative rationale for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9582434 not including an obligation for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  a Magistrate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9582434  to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  provid}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9582434 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  a summing up was to support the continued community involvement in the Islands
\rquote  judicial system.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [23]\tab}Heath}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13706164  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14819150 CJ saw the legislative distinction }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9582434 between the Supreme Court and the Magistrate Court trials }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 as significant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9582434 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13706164  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9582434 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 e agree}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9582434 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150   Generally, the issues in Supreme Court trials will be more complex than}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13589330  those}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  aris}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13589330 ing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  in Magistrate\rquote s Court trials.  Further, they are presided over by legally qualified judges whose competence to analyse the legal issues in a summi
ng up could not, with respect, be expected uniformly of non-legally qualified Magistrates.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [24]\tab}Accordingly, the procedure adopted by Tompkins}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13706164  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 J cannot provide a binding precedent that had to be followed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16516026 by the Magistrate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
in this case.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [25]\tab}More generally, Dr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13706164  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Ellis argued that the absence of directions on the law led to the risk of the Assessors analysing the issue inconsistently with the law.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [26]\tab}Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13706164  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14819150 Raftery\rquote s first response as to the adequacy of the references to the approach the Assessors should ta
ke in considering whether the conduct was indecent was that it was a question of fact not open to challenge on this second appeal under s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 21 of the JACCO.  

\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref179985910}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13589330 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [27]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13589330 Secondly,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13706164  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13589330 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 n the substance of the criticism, Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13706164  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Raftery relied on the thorough analysis undertaken by the Chief Justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13706164 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  who had read the entire transcript of the Magistrate
\rquote s Court proceedings.  The Chief Justice had been satisfied that the issue was adequately canvassed.  In his submissions, Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13706164  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Raftery (who along with Dr}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13706164  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Ellis had been counsel at the trial) summarised the extent of references to the issue in his written submissions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5786813 to this Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 as follows:{\*\bkmkend _Ref179985910} 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li1276\ri-45\sb240\widctlpar\tx1276\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-45\lin1276\itap0\pararsid4022858 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14819150\charrsid10111423 (a) \tab There was extensive reference to the freedom of expression in evidence, legal argument and closing
 submissions, and the relevance of freedom of expression to the offence of indecency, including the need to balance competing rights, and the right to \'93shock, horrify or offend\'94, was extensively canvassed;
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li1276\ri0\sb240\widctlpar\tx1276\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1276\itap0\pararsid4022858 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14819150\charrsid10111423 (b)\tab 
The trial was less than one day, and this was the single issue the court had to determine, and so these issues were canvassed only a short time before the court considered its conclusion;
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li1276\ri0\sb240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1276\itap0\pararsid13857824 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14819150\charrsid13857824 (c)\tab The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10503885\charrsid13857824 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14819150\charrsid13857824 sland Magistrate gave a summary of the issues in the case b
efore the verdicts were taken, which demonstrated that freedom of expression and the need to balance competing rights was centre of mind for him (and by inference the assessors), stating}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid7152737\charrsid13857824 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14819150\charrsid13857824 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1701\ri0\sb120\widctlpar\tx1701\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1701\itap0\pararsid4022858 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14819150\charrsid4022858 
Are the occurrences of walking naked on Pitcairn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1535637\charrsid4022858 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14819150\charrsid4022858 sland considered to be behaving in an indecent manner. }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1535637\charrsid4022858  I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14819150\charrsid4022858 
s it reasonable to accept walking naked in public is a constitutional right provided for under the freedom of expression when there is an overlap of personal rights impeding on another\rquote s.  The requirements that exist 
in a democratic society are to balance one person}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1535637\charrsid4022858 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14819150\charrsid4022858 s rights with another. ... }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1406331\charrsid4022858  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14819150\charrsid4022858 How far would the rights to shock, horrify or offend others be allowable without the act itself becoming illegal.

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [28]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11299830 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Dr}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5786813  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Ellis did not dispute the accuracy of Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5786813  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Raftery\rquote s summa
ry of the references to the issue at the trial.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid15826256 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [29]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10111423 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15826256 The test as to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11410175 
whether indecent behaviour has been made out as an element of a criminal offence does require an assessment of the conduct by reference to community standards.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs20\super\insrsid11410175\charrsid13706164 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11679508 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs20\super\insrsid11410175 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11410175  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11410175\charrsid11013195 R v }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11013195\charrsid11013195 Nazif}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11013195  [1987] 2 NZLR 122 (CA) at 127.  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11013195 
  Those standards have to accommodate respect for the rights of minorities to conduct themselves inconsistently with the standards preferred by the majority.  Directions on the analysis required are reflected in the Magistrate\rquote s summary }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3485136 quoted at }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3485136  REF _Ref180392929 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4270741  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3485136 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0052006500660031003800300033003900320039003200390000000f}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13857824 [6]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid13702696\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3485136  above.  In particular, the elements that are endorsed in the quote by the Chief Justice as }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7152737 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3485136 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7152737 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3485136 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7152737 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3485136 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7152737 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3485136  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7152737 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3485136 h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7152737 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3485136  adequately reflect the law.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [30]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11299830 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 The extent to which the issue was aired with the Assessors renders Dr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid872359  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Ellis\rquote s complaint one of form, rather than substance.  We agree with the Chief Justice that the assessment of whether the admitted conduct was indecen
t was more than adequately defined for the Assessors.  There can be no concern that the absence of a summary of what they had heard on the issue from the Magistrate in any way deprived Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7152737  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Warren of a fair trial.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [31]\tab}The first ground of appeal cannot succeed. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5786813  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 However, before leaving it, there are two further matters that warrant comment.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [32]\tab}First, Dr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5786813  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14819150 Ellis criticised the manner in which Heath}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5786813  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 CJ had analysed the earlier decisions of the Full Court of the New}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5786813  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Zealand Supreme Court.  His particular objection was to the observation by the Chief Justice:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs20\super\insrsid14819150\charrsid13706164 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11679508 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs20\super\insrsid14819150 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14819150\charrsid7815476 Warren v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 , above n}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359  }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  NOTEREF _Ref179981258 \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310037003900390038003100320035003800000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13857824 1}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid13702696\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 , at [56].  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li709\ri662\sb200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin662\lin709\itap0\pararsid1406331 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf17\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid7152737\charrsid12911818 \'85 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid14819150\charrsid12911818 
I consider that the decisions of the Full Court should be reconsidered.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [33]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11299830 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Dr}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5786813  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Ellis characterised this as the Chief Justice embarking on a folly of his own}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7152737 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14819150  because Dr Ellis treated the Chief Justice\rquote s analysis as purporting to overrule the decisions of the Full Court of the New}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5786813  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
Zealand Supreme Court when he had no jurisdiction to do so sitting alone as Chief Justice of the Pitcairn Islands Supreme Court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs20\super\insrsid14819150\charrsid13706164 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s18\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11679508 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs20\super\insrsid14819150 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  \tab The Full Court decisions involved were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14819150\charrsid14421809 Latoatama v Williams }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14819150\charrsid14421809 [1954] NZLR 594, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14819150\charrsid14421809 Re Moke Ta\rquote ala }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150\charrsid14421809 [1956] NZLR 474 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14819150\charrsid14421809 Tangi Puri v R }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150\charrsid14421809 [1967]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150\charrsid14421809 
NZLR 328.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2711564 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [34]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 That characterisation is misconceived. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2711564  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 The Chief Justice was considering the possible application of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2711564 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
uthorities that could have been of persuasive relevance, but which were not binding on him. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2711564  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 After analysing distinguishable features, the Chief}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5786813  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Justice decided, because of differences in the criminal trial procedures in those other jurisdictions, that they were not usefully adopted for Pitcairn. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2711564  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 There can be no suggestion that the reasoning on this point involved any relevant error.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2711564 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [35]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 The second matte
r to comment upon was raised by Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5786813  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Raftery in his submissions for the Crown.  In the Chief Justice\rquote 
s judgment, after concluding that the absence of a summing up did not undermine Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5786813  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Warren\rquote 
s fair trial rights, he made observations including the following:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs20\super\insrsid14819150 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11679508 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs20\super\insrsid14819150 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14819150\charrsid7815476 Warren v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 , above n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359  }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  NOTEREF _Ref179981258 \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310037003900390038003100320035003800000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13857824 1}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid13702696\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 , at [120].  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\qj \li709\ri662\sb200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin662\lin709\itap0\pararsid1406331 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf17\lang5129\langfe1033\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid14819150\charrsid12911818 \'85
 it is important that I emphasise the need, in most criminal case[s], for a summing up or (at least) the provision of an appropriate question trail for the assessors to follow.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [36]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11299830 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Mr}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5786813  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Raftery suggested that the Chief Justice\rquote s consideration}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5786813  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
of summary trial procedure for Pitcairn may have been influenced by a sequence of unusually complex trials conducted there.  He submitted that the generality of criminal matters determined in the Magistrate\rquote s Court have been \endash 
 and he suggested will continue to be \endash  straightforward matters such as whether a defendant charged with assault did in fact hit the complainant.  Charges that are 
more complex legally are likely to be heard in the Supreme Court, where different procedures (including specific provision for the pros}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12321213 p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
ect of a summing up) will apply.  Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5786813  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Raftery respectfully suggested that the Chief Justice\rquote s reference to \'93most criminal cases\'94
 at the outset of his observation might more appropriately refer to \'93some\'94 criminal cases}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5786813 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  and that is a modification of the Chief Justice\rquote 
s observation that we would endorse.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [37]\tab}It is important to have continued community involvement in summary
 trials in Pitcairn, without legally qualified participants. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15357296  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
The burden imposed on a non-legally qualified Magistrate to sum up to Assessors is, with respect, likely to be unrealistic in some contexts and could be both unnecessary and potentially unhelpful.  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s28\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa240\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786813 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc179990285}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc164349709}Inadequacy of reasons for verdicts{\*\bkmkend _Toc179990285} }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150\charrsid3555342 {\*\bkmkend _Toc164349709}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [38]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11299830 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
The second ground of appeal was that the Chief Justice was wrong to dismiss the appellant\rquote s criticism that there was a breach of an obligation either on the M
agistrate or the Magistrate and Assessors to provide reasons for the verdicts.  The Chief Justice had treated himself as bound by the Court of Appeal judgment in an earlier appeal by Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Warren, where the Court found the trial was not rendered unfair or in breach of Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Warren\rquote 
s constitutional right to freedom of expression by the absence of reasons.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs20\super\insrsid14819150\charrsid5786813 {\*\bkmkstart _Ref179985726}\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11679508 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs20\super\insrsid14819150 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14819150\charrsid8202243 Warren v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  [2016] PNCA 1 at [39].  }}
{\*\bkmkend _Ref179985726} }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  Dr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Ellis\rquote 
s narrow point was that the Chief Justice wrongly treated himself as bound to follow the conclusion of the Court of Appeal in Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5786813  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Warren\rquote 
s earlier appeal because the circumstances of that trial were, on his submission, materially different from the trial in the present case.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [39]\tab}More broadly, Dr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13452661  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Ellis referred to the decision of the European Court of Human Rights in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14819150\charrsid13452661 Taxquet v Belgium}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
 as recognising a need for reasons to afford a fair trial, so that the accused and the public are able to understand the verdict, that being a vital safeguard against arbitrariness.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid14819150\charrsid13452661 
\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11679508 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs20\super\insrsid14819150 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14819150\charrsid6368636 Taxquet v Belgium}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
 [2009] ECHR 2279 and [2010] ECHR 1806 at [90].  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150   Dr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13452661  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Ellis cited }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid14819150\charrsid13452661 Taxquet}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  in the earlier Warren Court of Appeal argument and before the Chief Justice on the first appeal in this case.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [40]\tab}In supporting the Chief Justice\rquote 
s conclusion that no requirement for reasons (or further reasons) were made out, Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13452661  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Raftery submitted that the context of the trial in issue in }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14819150\charrsid13452661 Taxquet}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150\charrsid4270741  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 was materially different.  The case there was factually an
d legally complex, the trial lasted more than two months}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13452661 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
 involving many witnesses and experts giving evidence.  The indictment against the defendant and the jury questions both omitted sufficient information as to the applicant\rquote s involvement in the commis
sion of offences and under the Belgian system there was no provision for an ordinary appeal.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [41]\tab}The Court of Appeal in Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13452661  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Warren\rquote s earlier appeal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13589330 considered the differences between }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13452661 Taxquet}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13589330  and Mr Warren\rquote s case were indeed material}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid13589330 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs20\lang5129\langfe1025\super\langfenp1025\insrsid14819150 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11679508 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs20\super\insrsid14819150 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14819150\charrsid8202243 Warren v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 , above n}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359  }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  NOTEREF _Ref179985726 \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310037003900390038003500370032003600000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13857824 11}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid13702696\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 , at [37]\endash [39].  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14819150   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Those differences were also recognised by the Chief Justice in considering }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14819150\charrsid13452661 Taxquet}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  in this case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14819150 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs20\lang5129\langfe1025\super\langfenp1025\insrsid14819150 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11679508 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs20\super\insrsid14819150 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14819150\charrsid8668286 Warren v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 , above n}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359  }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  NOTEREF _Ref179981258 \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310037003900390038003100320035003800000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13857824 1}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid13702696\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 , at [46].  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14819150  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14819150\charrsid3555342 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [42]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 As Dr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13452661  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Ellis was inclined to agree during oral argument, context is everything.  The trial in the present appeal took less than a day and the single issue was aired extensively}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14819150 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs20\lang5129\langfe1025\super\langfenp1025\insrsid14819150 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11679508 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs20\super\insrsid14819150 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  \tab See citation from Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Raftery\rquote s submissions at }
{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  REF _Ref179985910 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003100370039003900380035003900310030000000ff}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13857824 [27]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid13702696\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  above. }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14819150   
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [43]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
It is unnecessary to decide whether the Chief Justice was indeed bound by the ruling in the earlier Court of Appeal decision on Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13452661  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Warren\rquote 
s complaint about the absence of reasons.  Differences in the mode of trial are less relevant than an evaluation of the context in which the trials proceeded to their conclusion.  In that respect, the two criminal proceedings against Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13452661  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
Warren are materially similar.  He cannot have been left with any reasonable doubt as to the basis on which guilty verdicts were arrived at.  There can be no suggestion of arbitrariness which mot
ivated the European Court to recognise a potential need for reasons.  Nor, notwithstanding Dr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13452661  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Ellis\rquote 
s submissions on the first issue, is there a realistic risk that the Assessors applied an incorrect legal test in determining indecency.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14510941 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [44]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14510941 It is not a 
case in which there were no reasons given, as occurs in criminal trials heard with juries.  Before inviting the Assessors to give their opinions, the Magistrate reviewed the relevant issues, their opinions were expressed in the context of that review}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16516026 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13452661   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16516026 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14510941 he
n the Magistrate delivered his verdicts on each charge, he provided his own reasoning for finding the conduct indecent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5524431 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid9331304\charrsid13452661 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11679508 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs20\super\insrsid9331304 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9331304  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4786656 See }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4786656  REF _Ref179986109 \\r \\h }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4786656 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310037003900390038003600310030003900000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13857824 [7]}}}
\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid13702696\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4786656  above. }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14510941  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4786656  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14510941 Those were adequate to enable observers of the trial, including the defendant, to understand why guilty verdicts were returned. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4786656  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14510941 We agree with the Chief Justice\rquote s analysis on this point, without having regard to Mrs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14510941 Warren\rquote s explanation. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4786656  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14510941 We do that, respecting Dr Ellis\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13452661 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14510941 
 request, explained below.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [45]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 One aspect of Dr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13452661  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Ellis\rquote s submissions on this ground related to the status of the explanation provided by Mrs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13452661  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Warren, one of the Assessors, after the verdicts had been delivered.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid14819150\charrsid13452661 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11679508 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs20\super\insrsid14819150 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  \tab Quoted at }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  REF _Ref179986169 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
{\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310037003900390038003600310036003900000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13857824 [9]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid13702696\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  above. }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6386188   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14819150 In oral submissions, Dr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13452661  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Ellis urged the Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16516026 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14819150  disregard what she had said, in assessing the adequacy of reasons for the verdicts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14819150 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs20\lang5129\langfe1025\super\langfenp1025\insrsid10441872 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11679508 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs20\super\insrsid10441872 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10441872  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11418378 
This submission was contrary to the appellant\rquote s case in the Supreme Court where Dr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11418378 Ellis had relied on M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13452661 r}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11418378 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11418378 Warren\rquote 
s statement as evidencing the imposition of the majority view of what was indecent, without balancing the rights of minorities to freedom of expression.  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14819150   
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [46]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Mrs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13452661  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Warren\rquote s statement }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16516026 was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  made after Dr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13452661  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Ellis raised a concern on delivery of the verdicts that the Assessors should provide their reasons.  After consideration, and with the consent of all involved, Mrs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13452661  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Warren provide}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16516026 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  her explanation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13452661 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  as recorded at }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  REF _Ref179986169 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4270741  \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14819150 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310037003900390038003600310036003900000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13857824 [9]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid13702696\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  above.  Dr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13452661  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14819150 Ellis\rquote s position before us was, in effect, that whilst he had complained about the absence of reasons, and consented to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9840337  the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
 explanation then being given}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1329325  at trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 , the legally correct response to his complaint should have been th
at the verdicts had to rest on the statements already made by the Magistrate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1329325 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13452661   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1329325 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14819150 he response to his complaint should have been for Mrs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13452661  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Warren to decline to provide any explanation, which is what the other Assessor did.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1329325 Without necessarily accepting Dr Ellis\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13452661 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1329325  current criticism,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13452661  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 we have acceded to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1329325  his}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  request to disregard the Assessor\rquote s comments}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1329325 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150   
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [47]\tab}We are not persuaded that the second ground of appeal has any validity.  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa240\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14819150 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc179990286}Sentence appeal{\*\bkmkend _Toc179990286} 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [48]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11299830 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
On the first appeal, Dr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13452661  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Ellis had a
rgued that because the circumstances of the three occasions giving rise to the charges were different, the Magistrate was required to consider them separately and reflect the shades of seriousness in different levels of fine imposed on each.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [49]\tab}The Chief Justice accepted that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14819150 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs20\lang5129\langfe1025\super\langfenp1025\insrsid14819150 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11679508 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs20\super\insrsid14819150 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14819150\charrsid13256010 Warren v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 , above n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid872359  }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150  NOTEREF _Ref179981258 \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600310037003900390038003100320035003800000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13857824 1}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid13702696\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 , at [169].  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14819150 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s22\qj \li709\ri662\sb240\widctlpar\tx1276\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin662\lin709\itap0\pararsid9927685 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150\charrsid12911818 \'85 there is some merit in Dr Ellis\rquote 
 submission that the Island Magistrate ought to have separated out the three offences and addressed each individually \'85
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [50]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11299830 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
However, the Chief Justice immediately went on to state that there was no basis on which he was prepared to interfere with the sentence imposed.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [51]\tab}On this appeal, Dr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8878256  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 Ellis contended that was an error, which ought to be corrected if the conviction appeal failed.  His submissions on the proposed sentence appeal concluded by repeating a submission he had made on the first appeal for: 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s22\qj \li709\ri662\sb240\widctlpar\tx1276\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin662\lin709\itap0\pararsid9927685 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150\charrsid4022858 
A penalty of $25 for the least culpable offence, then $50, then $100, which whilst greater ($175) than $150 sets some rational indicators of what repeat offenders might receive.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [52]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11299830 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
The Chief Justice had a discretion whether to interfere with the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150\charrsid5577433 sentence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
s or not.  They were not unlawful nor could they be challenged as manifestly excessive or in other respects unreasonable.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [53]\tab}The o
nly jurisdiction to entertain a second appeal against sentence is if the sentence imposed was an unlawful one, or was passed in consequence of an error of law.  When asked, Dr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8878256  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14819150 Ellis was not able to identify how the proposed appeal qualified within these narrow grounds.  We are satisfied there is no jurisdiction within the scope permitted by the Ordinance.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [54]\tab}
Even if we were wrong in that conclusion, we, like the Chief Justice, see no basis for interfering with the Magistrate\rquote s discretion to treat each c
onviction the same for sentencing purposes.  In the context of a summary trial, there can be no requirement for dealing individually with each of three occurrences of the same offence, even where the extent of discomfort or embarrassment suffered by those
 observing it might be ranked differently.  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa240\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14819150 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc179990287}Outcome{\*\bkmkend _Toc179990287} 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [55]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11299830 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14819150 
The appeal against conviction is dismissed.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14819150 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [56]\tab}The appeal against sentence is dismissed for want of jurisdiction.  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s27\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14819150 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14819150 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13913983 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13913983 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10243184 ________________________}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13913983 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\sb80\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10243184 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10243184 Justice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1314141 Young}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13913983 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1314141 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1314141 President
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10769683 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10769683 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10644277 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10644277 ________________________
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\sb80\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10644277 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10644277 Justice Dodson
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10769683 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10769683 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10644277 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10644277 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10644277 ________________________
\par Justice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5445178 Dean}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10644277 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10769683 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10644277 
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