{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\deff0\stshfdbch0\stshfloch0\stshfhich0\stshfbi0\deflang1033\deflangfe1033{\fonttbl{\f0\froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f1\fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604020202020204}Arial;}
{\f2\fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1{\*\panose 02070309020205020404}Courier New;}{\f5\fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1{\*\panose 02070409020205020404}Courier;}{\f38\froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times;}
{\f40\froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020404030301010803}Garamond;}{\f43\fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604030504040204}Verdana;}{\f48\fnil\fcharset0\fprq0 MS Sans Serif{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f49\fnil\fcharset0\fprq0 MS Serif;}
{\f50\fscript\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 030f0702030302020204}Comic Sans MS;}{\f193\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\f194\froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\f196\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\f197\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\f198\froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\f199\froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\f200\froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\f201\froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\f203\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Arial CE;}{\f204\fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial Cyr;}{\f206\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Arial Greek;}{\f207\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial Tur;}
{\f208\fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Arial (Hebrew);}{\f209\fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Arial (Arabic);}{\f210\fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Arial Baltic;}{\f211\fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Arial (Vietnamese);}{\f213\fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 Courier New CE;}
{\f214\fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 Courier New Cyr;}{\f216\fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 Courier New Greek;}{\f217\fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 Courier New Tur;}{\f218\fmodern\fcharset177\fprq1 Courier New (Hebrew);}
{\f219\fmodern\fcharset178\fprq1 Courier New (Arabic);}{\f220\fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 Courier New Baltic;}{\f221\fmodern\fcharset163\fprq1 Courier New (Vietnamese);}{\f573\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times CE;}{\f574\froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times Cyr;}
{\f576\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times Greek;}{\f577\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times Tur;}{\f578\froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times (Hebrew);}{\f579\froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times (Arabic);}{\f580\froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times Baltic;}
{\f581\froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times (Vietnamese);}{\f593\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Garamond CE;}{\f594\froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Garamond Cyr;}{\f596\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Garamond Greek;}{\f597\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Garamond Tur;}
{\f600\froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Garamond Baltic;}{\f623\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Verdana CE;}{\f624\fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Verdana Cyr;}{\f626\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Verdana Greek;}{\f627\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Verdana Tur;}
{\f630\fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Verdana Baltic;}{\f631\fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Verdana (Vietnamese);}{\f693\fscript\fcharset238\fprq2 Comic Sans MS CE;}{\f694\fscript\fcharset204\fprq2 Comic Sans MS Cyr;}
{\f696\fscript\fcharset161\fprq2 Comic Sans MS Greek;}{\f697\fscript\fcharset162\fprq2 Comic Sans MS Tur;}{\f700\fscript\fcharset186\fprq2 Comic Sans MS Baltic;}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;
\red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;\red255\green255\blue0;\red255\green255\blue255;\red0\green0\blue128;\red0\green128\blue128;\red0\green128\blue0;\red128\green0\blue128;\red128\green0\blue0;\red128\green128\blue0;
\red128\green128\blue128;\red192\green192\blue192;}{\stylesheet{\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext0 Normal;}{
\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\keepn\widctlpar\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\f1\fs2\lang1033\langfe1033\kerning36\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext1 heading 1;}{
\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sa60\keepn\widctlpar\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\v\f1\fs2\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext2 heading 2;}{
\s3\ql \li0\ri0\sa60\keepn\widctlpar\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\v\f1\fs2\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext3 heading 3;}{
\s4\ql \li0\ri0\sa60\keepn\widctlpar\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\v\f1\fs2\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext4 heading 4;}{
\s5\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\widctlpar\faauto\outlinelevel4\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \i\f1\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext5 heading 5;}{\*\cs10 \additive \ssemihidden Default Paragraph Font;}{\*
\ts11\tsrowd\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tscellwidthfts0\tsvertalt\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\cgrid\langnp1024\langfenp1024 \snext11 \ssemihidden Normal Table;}{\s15\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 
\f43\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext15 footnote text;}{\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext16 footer;}{
\s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext17 endnote text;}{\s18\ql \fi-360\li360\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext18 List;}{\s19\qc \li0\ri0\sb480\sa60\keepn\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\f1\fs32\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext19 Title;}{
\s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \i\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext20 Body Text;}{\s21\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext21 Body Text Indent;}{\s22\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext22 Body Text 3;}{
\s23\qc \li0\ri0\sb480\sa60\keepn\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\f1\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext23 subtitle;}{\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\b\f40\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext24 bodyh1;}{\s25\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f40\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext25 bodyh2;}{
\s26\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \i\f40\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext26 bodyh3;}{\s27\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 
\f43\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext27 bodyl1;}{\s28\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0 \f43\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext28 
bodyl2;}{\s29\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0 \f43\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext29 bodyl3;}{
\s30\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 \f43\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext30 bodyn1;}{\s31\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0 
\f43\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext31 bodyn2;}{\s32\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0 \f43\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext32 
bodyn3;}{\s33\ql \fi-720\li2880\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2880\itap0 \f43\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext33 bodyn4;}{
\s34\ql \fi-720\li3600\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin3600\itap0 \f43\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext34 bodyn5;}{\s35\ql \fi-720\li4320\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin4320\itap0 
\f43\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext35 bodyn6;}{\s36\ql \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f43\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext36 bodyp1;}{
\s37\ql \li720\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 \f43\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext37 bodyp2;}{\s38\ql \li1440\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0 
\f43\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext38 bodyp3;}{\s39\ql \li2160\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0 \f43\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext39 bodyp4;}{
\s40\ql \li2880\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2880\itap0 \f43\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext40 bodyp5;}{\s41\ql \li3600\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin3600\itap0 
\f43\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext41 bodyp6;}{\s42\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext42 casedate;}{
\s43\ql \li425\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0 \i\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext43 casesreference;}{\s44\ql \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext44 casesrefintroduction;}{\s45\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext45 
casesreftitle;}{\s46\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f48\fs48\cf11\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext46 casetitle;}{
\s47\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa360\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext47 catchwords;}{\s48\qr \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\b\fs36\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext48 citation;}{\s49\ql \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext49 counsel;}{
\s50\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext50 counseltitle;}{\s51\qc \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext51 court;}{\s52\qr \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \i\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext52 curadvvult;}{
\s53\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f48\fs32\cf11\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext53 decisionnumber;}{\s54\ql \li0\ri0\sb544\sa181\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \cbpat1 
\f1\fs28\cf11\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext54 divider;}{\s55\ql \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext55 facts;}{
\s56\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f43\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext56 footnote;}{\s57\ql \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0 
\f38\fs18\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext57 footnotes;}{\s58\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 \f43\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext58 
headnotel1;}{\s59\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0 \f43\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext59 headnotel2;}{
\s60\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0 \f43\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext60 headnotel3;}{\s61\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 
\f43\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext61 headnoten1;}{\s62\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0 \f43\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext62 
headnoten2;}{\s63\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0 \f43\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext63 headnoten3;}{
\s64\ql \fi-720\li2880\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2880\itap0 \f43\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext64 headnoten4;}{
\s65\ql \fi720\li3600\ri0\sb240\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin3600\itap0 \b\f43\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext65 headnoten5;}{\s66\ql \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\f43\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext66 headnotep1;}{\s67\ql \li720\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 \f43\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext67 
headnotep2;}{\s68\ql \li1440\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0 \f43\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext68 headnotep3;}{\s69\ql \li425\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0 
\i\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext69 headnotereference;}{\s70\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext70 
headnotet1;}{\s71\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext71 headnotet2;}{\s72\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\v\f1\fs2\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext72 hidden;}{\s73\ql \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext73 holdings;}{
\s74\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext74 holdingstitle;}{\s75\qc \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\b\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext75 judges;}{\s76\ql \fi423\li999\ri0\sb141\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin999\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext76 judgmentact1;}
{\s77\ql \li999\ri720\sb141\sl283\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin999\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext77 judgmentact1end;}{
\s78\ql \fi-567\li2268\ri720\sb141\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin2268\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext78 judgmentact2;}{
\s79\ql \fi-567\li2835\ri720\sb141\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin2835\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext79 judgmentact3;}{\s80\ql \li566\ri0\sb141\sl283\slmult1
\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin566\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext80 judgmentcatchwords;}{\s81\ql \fi-3401\li3401\ri0\sb396\sl283\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin3401\itap0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext81 judgmentcatchwordstitle;}{\s82\qr \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext82 
judgmentdate;}{\s83\qr \li0\ri0\sb71\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext83 judgmentdateofjudgment;}{\s84\ql \fi-1700\li2268\ri0\sb74\sl283\slmult1
\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2268\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext84 judgmentevidence;}{\s85\qc \li0\ri0\sb480\sa360\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\b\fs36\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext85 judgmentheading;}{\s86\ql \fi-3401\li3401\ri0\sb74\sl283\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin3401\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon0 \snext86 judgmentheading0;}{\s87\ql \li0\ri0\sb85\sl283\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext87 judgmentheading1;}{
\s88\ql \li0\ri0\sb85\sl283\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext88 judgmentheading1para;}{\s89\qr \li0\ri0\sb141\sl283\slmult1
\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext89 judgmentjudges;}{\s90\ql \fi-3968\li4535\ri0\sb74\sl283\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin4535\itap0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext90 judgmentlawyers;}{\s91\qc \li0\ri0\sb283\sl283\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon0 \snext91 judgmentnameofcase;}{\s92\qr \li0\ri0\sb567\sa283\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext92 judgmentnumber;}{
\s93\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \v\fs12\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext93 judgmentpagenumber;}{\s94\ql \li1440\ri0\sb141\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext94 judgmentquote1;}{\s95\ql \li1440\ri850\sb141\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin850\lin1440\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext95 
judgmentquote2;}{\s96\ql \fi-567\li1440\ri0\sb141\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext96 judgmentquotenumbered1;}{
\s97\ql \fi-567\li1700\ri0\sb141\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1700\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext97 judgmentquotenumbered2;}{
\s98\ql \fi-567\li2268\ri0\sb141\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2268\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext98 judgmentquotenumbered3;}{\s99\ql \li0\ri0\sb284\sl283\slmult1
\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext99 judgmentreasonsforjudgment;}{\s100\ql \fi-3401\li3401\ri0\sb396\sl283\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin3401\itap0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext100 judgmentrepresentation;}{\s101\qr \li0\ri0\sb71\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext101 
judgmentserialnumber;}{\s102\ql \li720\ri0\sb141\sl283\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext102 judgmenttextend;}{\s103\ql \fi-566\li566\ri0\sb141\sl283\slmult1
\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin566\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext103 judgmenttexthanging;}{\s104\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb141\sl283\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext104 judgmenttextparas;}{\s105\ql \fi-3401\li3401\ri0\sb396\sl283\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin3401\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon0 \snext105 judgmenttitleofcourt;}{\s106\qc \li0\ri0\sb180\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs32\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext106 jurisdiction;}{
\s107\ql \li425\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0 \i\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext107 legislationreference;}{\s108\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext108 legislationrefintroduction;}{\s109\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon0 \snext109 legislationreftitle;}{\s110\qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext110 list1;}{
\s111\qc \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext111 matternumber;}{\s112\qc \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\i\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext112 matternumber0;}{\s113\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext113 normalpara;}{
\s114\ql \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext114 notes;}{\s115\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext115 notestitle;}{\s116\ql \li425\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0 \i\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext116 otherreference;}{
\s117\ql \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext117 otherrefintroduction;}{\s118\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext118 otherreftitle;}{\s119\ql \li0\ri0\sb180\sa300\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f43\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext119 
outcome;}{\s120\ql \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext120 para;}{\s121\ql \li1440\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext121 para1;}{\s122\ql \li2160\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext122 para2;}{
\s123\ql \li2880\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2880\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext123 para3;}{\s124\ql \li3600\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin3600\itap0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext124 para4;}{\s125\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f38\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext125 paragraph;}{
\s126\qc \li0\ri0\sa160\keepn\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext126 picture;}{\s127\qc \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext127 place;}{\s128\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f2\fs18\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext128 proforma;}{
\s129\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f48\fs32\cf11\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext129 reportcitation;}{\s130\ql \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext130 representation;}{\s131\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext131 solicitor;}{
\s132\qc \li2880\ri2880\sb720\sa480\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin2880\lin2880\itap0 \f49\fs28\cf11\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext132 startfootnotesdivider;}{
\s133\qc \li2880\ri2880\sb720\sa480\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin2880\lin2880\itap0 \f49\fs28\cf11\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext133 startjudgementdivider;}{
\s134\ql \fi-567\li1701\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1701\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext134 style1;}{\s135\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext135 titlepara;}{\s136\ql \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext136 titles;}{\*\cs137 
\additive \cf1 \sbasedon10 footnote reference;}{\*\cs138 \additive \super \sbasedon10 endnote reference;}{\*\cs139 \additive \b\cf13 \sbasedon10 catchwordstopic;}{\*\cs140 \additive \f50\cf15 \sbasedon10 graphicplaceholder;}{\*\cs141 \additive \b 
\sbasedon10 judgename;}{\*\cs142 \additive \f43\cf1 \sbasedon10 normal1;}{\*\cs143 \additive \b\f5\cf16 \sbasedon10 pagenum;}{\*\cs144 \additive \strike\cf6 \sbasedon10 msodel;}}{\*\latentstyles\lsdstimax156\lsdlockeddef0}{\*\pgptbl {\pgp\ipgp2\itap0\li0
\ri0\sb0\sa0\brdrt\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf1 }{\pgp\ipgp0\itap0\li0\ri0\sb0\sa0}}{\*\rsidtbl \rsid9052760\rsid10779932\rsid12729631}{\*\generator Microsoft Word 11.0.6359;}{\info{\title Unreported National Court Decisions}{\author Ken Richardson}
{\operator Ken Richardson}{\creatim\yr2004\mo8\dy22\hr11\min56}{\revtim\yr2004\mo8\dy22\hr11\min56}{\version2}{\edmins0}{\nofpages1}{\nofwords1272}{\nofchars7256}{\*\company ACIL Australia Ltd}{\nofcharsws8511}{\vern24703}}
\widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\noxlattoyen\expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\formshade\horzdoc\dgmargin\dghspace180\dgvspace180\dghorigin1701\dgvorigin1984\dghshow1\dgvshow1
\jexpand\viewkind5\viewscale100\pgbrdrhead\pgbrdrfoot\splytwnine\ftnlytwnine\htmautsp\nolnhtadjtbl\useltbaln\alntblind\lytcalctblwd\lyttblrtgr\lnbrkrule\allowfieldendsel\nojkernpunct\rsidroot10779932\newtblstyruls \fet0\sectd 
\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\pgbrdropt32\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3
\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}
{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain 
\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\keepn\widctlpar\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp2 \b\f1\fs2\lang1033\langfe1033\kerning36\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid10779932 Unreported National Court Decisions
\par }\pard\plain \s72\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp2 \v\f1\fs2\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid10779932 N463 - The State v Samson Jangau }{\insrsid10779932 
\par }\pard\plain \s53\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp2 \f48\fs32\cf11\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid10779932 N463
\par }\pard\plain \s106\qc \li0\ri0\sb180\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp2 \fs32\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cf1\insrsid10779932 PAPUA NEW GUINEA}{\insrsid10779932 
\par }\pard\plain \s51\qc \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp2 \fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cf1\insrsid10779932 [NATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE]}{\insrsid10779932 
\par }\pard\plain \s46\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp2 \f48\fs48\cf11\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid10779932 THE STATE
\par V
\par SAMSON JANGAU OF TABELE, E.S.P.
\par }\pard\plain \s127\qc \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp2 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cf1\insrsid10779932 Wewak}{\insrsid10779932 
\par }\pard\plain \s75\qc \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp2 \b\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cf1\insrsid10779932 Kaputin J}{\insrsid10779932 
\par }\pard\plain \s42\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp2 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cf1\insrsid10779932 3-4 April 1984}{\insrsid10779932 
\par }{\cf1\insrsid10779932 9 April 1984}{\insrsid10779932 
\par }\pard\plain \s85\qc \li0\ri0\sb480\sa360\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp2 \b\fs36\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cf1\insrsid10779932 JUDGMENT}{\insrsid10779932 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp2 \f43\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs141\b\f0\fs22\cf1\insrsid10779932 KAPUTIN J}{\fs20\cf1\insrsid10779932 :\~ The accused stands trial up
on indictment of a charge that he on the 10th day of February, 1983, at Tabele in Papua New Guinea, unlawfully killed one Ronda Jau, contrary to s.302 of the }{\fs20\ul\cf1\insrsid10779932 Criminal Code}{\fs20\cf1\insrsid10779932 .}{\insrsid10779932 

\par }{\fs20\cf1\insrsid10779932 The accused person raises the defence of accident, under s.24 of the }{\fs20\ul\cf1\insrsid10779932 Criminal Code}{\fs20\cf1\insrsid10779932 , which reads:}{\insrsid10779932 
\par }\pard\plain \s31\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\ipgp2 \f43\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\cf1\insrsid10779932 \'9324.\~\~\~ Intention: Motive}{\insrsid10779932 
\par }\pard\plain \s32\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\ipgp2 \f43\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\cf1\insrsid10779932 (1)\~\~\~\~\~
 Subject to the express provisions of this Code relating to negligent acts and omissions, a person is not criminally responsible for:}{\insrsid10779932 
\par }\pard\plain \s33\ql \fi-720\li2880\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2880\itap0\ipgp2 \f43\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\cf1\insrsid10779932 (a)\~\~\~\~\~
 an act or omission that occurs independently of the exercise of his will; or}{\insrsid10779932 
\par }{\fs20\cf1\insrsid10779932 (b)\~\~\~\~\~ an event that occurs by accident.}{\insrsid10779932 
\par }\pard\plain \s32\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\ipgp2 \f43\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\cf1\insrsid10779932 (2)\~\~\~\~\~
 Unless the intention to cause a particular result is expressly declared to be an element of the offence constituted, in whole or part, by an act or omission, the result intended to be caused by an act or omission is immaterial.}{\insrsid10779932 
\par }{\fs20\cf1\insrsid10779932 (3)\~\~\~\~\~ Unless otherwise expressly declared, the motive by which a person is induced:}{\insrsid10779932 
\par }\pard\plain \s33\ql \fi-720\li2880\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2880\itap0\ipgp2 \f43\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\cf1\insrsid10779932 (a)\~\~\~\~\~ to do or omit to do an act; or}{\insrsid10779932 

\par }{\fs20\cf1\insrsid10779932 (b)\~\~\~\~\~ to form an intention}{\insrsid10779932 
\par }\pard\plain \s39\ql \li2160\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\ipgp2 \f43\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\cf1\insrsid10779932 is immaterial in so far as regards criminal responsibility.\'94}{
\insrsid10779932 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp2 \f43\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\cf1\insrsid10779932 Th
e State called Dokas Jau, the mother of the deceased child, who was an eye witness, and the father of the deceased child who was not an eye witness. Both gave sworn testimonies for the State\rquote 
s case. The defence called the accused who also gave evidence on oath. The father of the deceased was called mainly as to the issue of death. However, as there was no dispute as to this, I should not really go into the father\rquote 
s evidence in detail. So what we have is the evidence of the mother, as against that of the acc
used. Allegations were made by the defence that the evidence of Dokas should not be accepted because, as the mother of the deceased, she would naturally be very upset at the death of her child, and would try to make her evidence so as to secure a convicti
o
n. That could be true. However, the witness was not cross-examined on this aspect. In any case this was a question of motive to which I have to apply the objective test in assessing whether, in fact, her evidence could be suspect. In any event it could eq
ually be said that the accused may have had the same motive to frame evidence to suit his case. Again this would be a question of fact.}{\insrsid10779932 
\par }{\fs20\cf1\insrsid10779932 In regard to the State witness, Dokas, I have no reason at all to doubt her credibility. She spoke well, her demeanour wa
s very good and, further, if she had any motive to lie, it would have been evident in the vigorous cross-examination that she withstood quite well. She was consistent in her evidence throughout. I accept her as a truthful witness and would therefore rely 
o
n her testimony. As for the defence witness, I would be hesitant to place greater weight on his evidence because, apart from his demeanour which is doubtful to some extent, there were major inconsistencies in his evidence which I will later come to when I
 analyse the evidence and make my finding of facts. Such would also taint his credit-worthiness and make his evidence doubtful. In other words, the inconsistencies therein were such as to destroy the defence\rquote s own case.}{\insrsid10779932 
\par }{\fs20\cf1\insrsid10779932 In this case the accused was trying t
o hit his niece, Helen Kame, by way of chastisement with a piece of coconut branch (pangal) for refusing to go with him to work in the garden that morning. Helen had gone to sit on a bed on the verandah of a house with Dokas and her child (deceased), who 
was one year old then. The verandah was waist high. The incident happened at about 7.00 o\rquote 
clock in the morning of the day in question. There are some disputes as to how these people were sitting on the bed and as to how many of them there were. It was raise
d in cross-examination of the State witness that the accused said there was another woman there also, together with Helen, Dokas and the child. I find that there was no other person there apart from Helen, Dokas and the child. If there had been the defenc
e
 should have called her as it would have been of assistance to the defence case. In any case, this was the first time this was raised. Dokas, whom I have held to be an honest witness, did not know of any other person there at the time. It must be that thi
s
 was a recent invention. Anyway the defence evidence is that there was another woman who was sitting at the front side of the bed facing the direction from which the accused was coming. She was with Helen on the front side of the bed. Dokas and the child 
w
ere sitting on the opposite side of the bed which was at the back. The accused had not seen Dokas and her daughter at the back as both were obscured by Helen and the unknown woman. As he approached them, he swung the stick sideways from the left at Helen.
 
She ducked, and moved backwards to avoid the force of the stick. The accused missed Helen and the stick landed on the child who received the full impact of it and fell unconscious immediately thereafter. She died about an hour later. The accused said the 
first time he knew about the presence of the child was when the stick struck her.}{\insrsid10779932 
\par }{\fs20\cf1\insrsid10779932 The defence is that, under the circumstances, the defence of accident in either leg of s.24 should succeed in that it was unintended and unforeseen and, further, that as the m
other was not seen there, it raised the greater possibility that the child was not expected to be there. Be that as it may, there are other features of this part of the evidence that have to be considered. First, the piece of stick used was about three fe
e
t long, three-quarters of an inch in diameter, and of medium weight. If the accused had stood on the ground, as he did, and swung the stick, it would not have reached the child on the other side of the bed as it would have fallen short. This is if it were
 
true that the child was at the other side of the bed, as according to the defence evidence. However, somehow during submissions by counsel it was suggested that the child was in the middle of the bed between that unknown woman and Dokas. Should I accept c
ounsel\rquote s statement as evidence? Absolutely not. It is not evidence. What then shall I believe? I reject the version that the defence attempts to establish as the true account and I find the following facts.}{\insrsid10779932 
\par }{\fs20\cf1\insrsid10779932 Dokas and her baby and Helen were the only ones pr
esent and sitting on the bed. There was no other woman there. The three were facing the direction from which the accused was coming. Dokas and Helen saw him coming towards them. They knew he was coming as he had, earlier that morning, twice sent his son t
o
 fetch Helen, but Helen had refused to go. As he was approaching them he could clearly see them, including the child, as they were sitting abreast, Dokas on the right, the child in the middle and Helen on the left. There was no way that the child could no
t have been seen. There was nothing in between that could have obscured visibility.}{\insrsid10779932 
\par }{\fs20\cf1\insrsid10779932 As to the immediate circumstances of the striking of Helen, and how she reacted, there is no greater divergency between the two versions. What I find is that as the accused 
struck Helen sideways from the left she ducked and moved frantically backwards to avoid the blow. He missed Helen and the stick caught the child. This is more consistent with what would have occurred in reality under the circumstances as described here. T
he evidence of Dokas, in fact, establishes it.}{\insrsid10779932 
\par }{\fs20\cf1\insrsid10779932 The defence of it being an accident therefore fails. Even though the act of striking was unintended, it could easily have been foreseen, under the circumstances, by the accused, and such an event could easily h
ave been foreseeable by an ordinary person. In order for the defence under s.24 to succeed the three elements must exist: }{\fs20\ul\cf1\insrsid10779932 Timbu-Kolian v. R}{\fs20\cf1\insrsid10779932  (1967-68) P. & N.G.L.R. 320 and }{
\fs20\ul\cf1\insrsid10779932 The State v. Kaiwa Iasumi}{\fs20\cf1\insrsid10779932  (unreported) judgment No. N163 dated 14 August 1978. In th
e instant case only one element is present. I hold, therefore, that the State has negatived the whole defence of accident.}{\insrsid10779932 
\par }{\fs20\cf1\insrsid10779932 The defence is simply caught by the fact that the accused acted with reckless indifference under the circumstances.}{\insrsid10779932 
\par }{\fs20\cf1\insrsid10779932 For the reasons which I have stated, I am satisfied that the State has proved its case beyond reasonable doubt. I find the accused guilty of the charge and convict him accordingly.}{\insrsid10779932 
\par }{\fs20\cf1\insrsid10779932 Lawyer for the State: L. Gavara-Nanu, Public Prosecutor}{\insrsid10779932 
\par }{\fs20\cf1\insrsid10779932 Counsel: Mr I. Brown with Mr L. Lausi}{\insrsid10779932 
\par }{\fs20\cf1\insrsid10779932 Lawyer for the Accused: N. Kirriwom, Public Solicitor}{\insrsid10779932 
\par }{\fs20\cf1\insrsid10779932 Counsel: Mr S. Liosi}{\insrsid10779932 
\par }\pard\plain \s54\ql \li0\ri0\sb544\sa181\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1 \cbpat1 \f1\fs28\cf11\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\fs24\cf0\insrsid10779932 \~}{\insrsid10779932 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp2 \fs20\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\cf0\insrsid10779932 
\par }}