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RUBEN and }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14029383\charrsid7549495 MONA S. RUBEN}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7873883\charrsid7549495 , \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15165459\charrsid7549495 Defendant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7278234\charrsid7549495 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15165459\charrsid7549495 -Appellant}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7278234\charrsid7549495 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7873883\charrsid7549495 , \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7873883\charrsid7549495 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7873883\charrsid7549495 {\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft1980\shptop4\shpright6660\shpbottom4\shpfhdr0\shpbxcolumn\shpbxignore\shpbypara\shpbyignore\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz1\shplid1027{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}} {\sp{\sn shapePath}{\sv 4}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fPseudoInline}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxcolumn\dobypara\dodhgt8193\dpline\dpptx0\dppty0\dpptx4680\dppty0 \dpx1980\dpy4\dpxsize4680\dpysize0\dplinew15\dplinecor0\dplinecog0\dplinecob0}}}}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9923750\charrsid7549495 SUPREME COURT NO. }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16022952\charrsid7549495 CV-}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9923750\charrsid7549495 05-0005-GA}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7873883\charrsid7549495 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12654668\charrsid7549495 Superior Court No. 93-1114 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7873883\charrsid7549495 {\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft1980\shptop256\shpright6660\shpbottom256\shpfhdr0\shpbxcolumn\shpbxignore\shpbypara\shpbyignore\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz2\shplid1028{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}} {\sp{\sn shapePath}{\sv 4}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fPseudoInline}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxcolumn\dobypara\dodhgt8194\dpline\dpptx0\dppty0\dpptx4680\dppty0 \dpx1980\dpy256\dpxsize4680\dpysize0\dplinew15\dplinecor0\dplinecog0\dplinecob0}}}}{\b\insrsid7873883\charrsid7549495 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\b\insrsid7873883\charrsid7549495 SLIP OPINION \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\b\insrsid7873883\charrsid7549495 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\b\insrsid7873883\charrsid7549495 Cite as:}{\b\insrsid7549495\charrsid7549495 }{\b\insrsid7873883\charrsid7549495 2008 MP }{ \b\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 22}{\b\insrsid7873883\charrsid7549495 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7873883\charrsid7549495 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7873883\charrsid7549495 Decided }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12654668\charrsid7549495 December}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7873883\charrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 23}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7873883\charrsid7549495 , 2008 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7873883\charrsid7549495 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12342752\charrsid7549495 Jane Mack, Esq.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7873883\charrsid7549495 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6434157\charrsid7549495 Saipan, Northern Marian}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12654668\charrsid7549495 a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6434157\charrsid7549495 Islands}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12654668\charrsid7549495 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3225104\charrsid7549495 for Appellant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7278234\charrsid7549495 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7873883\charrsid7549495 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12342752\charrsid7549495 Michael A. White, Esq., }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6434157\charrsid7549495 Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12654668\charrsid7549495 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6434157\charrsid7549495 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3225104\charrsid7549495 for Appellee}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495\charrsid7549495 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9832359\charrsid7549495 BEFORE:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7873883\charrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4146504\charrsid7549495 Jesus }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9832359\charrsid7549495 C. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4146504\charrsid7549495 Borja}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7873883\charrsid7549495 , Justice}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4146504\charrsid7549495 Pro Tem}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7873883\charrsid7549495 ;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9832359\charrsid7549495 Edward M}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4146504\charrsid7549495 anibusan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7873883\charrsid7549495 , Justice Pro Tem; Timothy H. Bellas, Justice Pro Tem}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9832359\charrsid7549495 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14430413\charrsid7549495 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2574664\charrsid7549495 Borja, J.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7873883\charrsid7549495 :}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7873883 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495\charrsid7549495 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 1\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16669199\charrsid7549495 Appellants}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14620632\charrsid7549495 John A. Ruben}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12981125\charrsid7549495 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12981125\charrsid7549495 John}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12981125\charrsid7549495 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14620632\charrsid7549495 and Mona S. Ruben }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12981125\charrsid7549495 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12981125\charrsid7549495 Mona}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12981125\charrsid7549495 ) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14620632\charrsid7549495 appeal}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16001665\charrsid7549495 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12981125\charrsid7549495 the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14430413\charrsid7549495 trial court\rquote s }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12981125\charrsid7549495 order of February 1, 2005, holding them in contempt of court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16669199\charrsid7549495 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16669199\charrsid7549495 Appellants}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4338869\charrsid7549495 claim that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid415820\charrsid7549495 (1) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4338869\charrsid7549495 they were entitled to court-appointed counsel}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid415820\charrsid7549495 , (2) the order to seek and obtain work was illegal or unconstitutional, and (3) the trial court erred }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16670745\charrsid7549495 in ordering Mona to work when}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid415820\charrsid7549495 John, using marital property, was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16670745\charrsid7549495 already }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid415820\charrsid7549495 paying on the judgment debt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid415820\charrsid7549495 We hold that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7278234\charrsid7549495 Mona was}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12462174\charrsid7549495 entitled}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7632119\charrsid7549495 to court-appointed counsel, the order to seek and obtain wor}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5321221\charrsid7549495 k was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16669199\charrsid7549495 constitutional, and}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7632119\charrsid7549495 the trial court did not err in regard to marital property.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid415820\charrsid7549495 Accordingly,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16670745\charrsid7549495 the trial court\rquote s decision is}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7632119\charrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13373639\charrsid7549495 REVERSED}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2502230\charrsid7549495 in part and}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15151858\charrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13373639\charrsid7549495 AFFIRMED}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2502230\charrsid7549495 in part. W}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13132162\charrsid7549495 e REMAND the case }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2502230\charrsid7549495 to the trial court }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13132162\charrsid7549495 for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3212223 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495\charrsid7549495 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12547785\charrsid7549495 I}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3212223 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495\charrsid7549495 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 2\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2502230\charrsid7549495 John and Mona}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10974811\charrsid7549495 Ruben are husband and wife and live together with their three children.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562\charrsid7549495 A judgment was entered in 1994 jointly and several}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12668939\charrsid7549495 ly against Mona and John after a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562\charrsid7549495 ppellee Bank of Guam (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562\charrsid7549495 BOG}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562\charrsid7549495 ) }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11219319\charrsid7549495 repossessed their car.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11219319\charrsid7549495 Deficiency judgments for the motor vehicle}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562\charrsid7549495 were brought against Mona and John }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2556812\charrsid7549495 individually}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562\charrsid7549495 and later consolidated.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562\charrsid7549495 The origina}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2971676\charrsid7549495 l judgment was for }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562\charrsid7549495 $8,470.83}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2971676\charrsid7549495 , which represented $4,619.91 in principal, $2,970.92 in}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562\charrsid7549495 interest from August 15, 1988 at 12% per annum, $800.00 in attorney\rquote s fees, and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2971676\charrsid7549495 $}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562\charrsid7549495 80.00 in costs.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562\charrsid7549495 As of J}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6579607\charrsid7549495 anuary 29, 2005, John}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562\charrsid7549495 was making payments}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6579607\charrsid7549495 on a prior contempt order}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562\charrsid7549495 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562\charrsid7549495 Mona was required to make her ow}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2971676\charrsid7549495 n payments separately}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562\charrsid7549495 . }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495\charrsid7549495 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886794\charrsid7549495 3}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562\charrsid7549495 On N}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692912\charrsid7549495 ovember 19, 2001, the trial court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562\charrsid7549495 directed Mona to pay the judgment at the rate of $50.00 per}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13653726\charrsid7549495 month.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13653726\charrsid7549495 When she did not}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562\charrsid7549495 , BOG moved for contempt by order to show cause.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562\charrsid7549495 A hearing was held on November 29, 2004, and Mona appeared without counsel.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562\charrsid7549495 She was held in contempt }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10031306\charrsid7549495 for willfully failing to comply }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562\charrsid7549495 by order dated December 6, 2004, and sentenced to 10 days in jail, suspended on the condition that she seek employment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6682\charrsid7549495 The trial court ordered }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562\charrsid7549495 Mona}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6682\charrsid7549495 to register with employment agencies and}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562\charrsid7549495 report back to} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6682\charrsid7549495 the court with ten job applications.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562\charrsid7549495 On December 27, 2004, the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid161223\charrsid7549495 trial }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562\charrsid7549495 court found that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11497875\charrsid7549495 she had substantially complied}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11027126\charrsid7549495 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid161223\charrsid7549495 but }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11027126\charrsid7549495 was }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid161223\charrsid7549495 still }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11027126\charrsid7549495 without work}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11497875\charrsid7549495 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562\charrsid7549495 The }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid161223\charrsid7549495 trial }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562\charrsid7549495 court continued the hearing to January 26, 2005 for Mona to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692912\charrsid7549495 file}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid161223\charrsid7549495 ten more job applications to attempt to find}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562\charrsid7549495 employment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562\charrsid7549495 On January 29, 2005, after Mona appeared and had not made the efforts required to find work, the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid161223\charrsid7549495 trial }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562\charrsid7549495 court entered a further finding o}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9583475\charrsid7549495 f contempt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9583475\charrsid7549495 The contempt order:}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495\charrsid7549495 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562\charrsid7549495 means, if I find that I\rquote ve issued an order, that you have t he ability to perform but you didn\rquote t perform it, and haven\rquote t provided a valid excuse.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562\charrsid7549495 When you are found in contempt the Court can imposed [sic] a jail sentence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562\charrsid7549495 In this case, I don\rquote t want to do that because I don \rquote t think this is the appropriate situation because I know you won\rquote t let this happen a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5117022\charrsid7549495 gain.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2252865 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495\charrsid7549495 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9387353\charrsid7549495 ER}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562\charrsid7549495 at 31.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562\charrsid7549495 By a written order of February 1, 2005 (the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562\charrsid7549495 Order}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562\charrsid7549495 ) based on the January 29 hearing, the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15609987\charrsid7549495 trial }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562\charrsid7549495 court found that Mona knew of the January 7, 2005 order, had the ability to comply and willfully failed to do }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9065774\charrsid7549495 so and held Mona in contempt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10974811\charrsid7549495 Although the trial court warned Mona it could jail her, n}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692912\charrsid7549495 o sentence was imposed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692912\charrsid7549495 I}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562\charrsid7549495 nstead, the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15609987\charrsid7549495 trial court continued the matter to}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562\charrsid7549495 a further hearing on February 23, 2005.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10973811\charrsid7549495 Additional hearings were held on February 23, March 9, March 30, and April 27, 2005.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15609987\charrsid7549495 The }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1314620\charrsid7549495 February 1, 2005, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15609987\charrsid7549495 Order is at issue before us}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562\charrsid7549495 here, not the December 6, 2004 order}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12201752\charrsid7549495 which sentenced Mona to jail.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12668939\charrsid7549495 Throughout}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1314620\charrsid7549495 the proceedings}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12668939\charrsid7549495 , Mona was unrepresented by counsel in this action until she filed the instant appeal.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495\charrsid7549495 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886794\charrsid7549495 4}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13118615\charrsid7549495 This Court has jurisdiction over an appeal from a final order of the Commonwealth Superior Court pursuant to Article IV, Section 3 of the Commonwealth Constitution and Title 1, Section 3102(a) of the Commonwealth Code.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13118615\charrsid7549495 The Order being appealed was entered February 1, 2005 and Mona Ruben filed her appeal on March 1, 2005.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13118615\charrsid7549495 Accordingly, this appeal is timely }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8745702\charrsid7549495 filed }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13118615\charrsid7549495 pursuant to Rule 4 of the Commonwealth Rules of Appellate Procedure.}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid859658\charrsid7549495 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\fs24\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 \chftn }{\fs24\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 \tab However, t}{ \fs24\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 here is a question of whether the order being appealed is final. This issue was not directly raised by the parties. Our general rule regarding finality of judgments is that \'93a decision is not \lquote final\rquote unless it \lquote ends the litigation on the merits and leaves nothing for the court to do but execute the judgment.\rquote \'94 }{\i\fs24\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 Matsunaga v. Matsunaga}{\fs24\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 ,}{ \fs24\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 2001 MP 11 \'b6 13.}{\fs24\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 We have treated imposition of sanctions, when entered as final orders, as final for purposes of appeal}{\i\fs24\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 . Matsunaga } {\fs24\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 at \'b6 14.}{\fs24\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 \par }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13118615 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495\charrsid7549495 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12547785\charrsid7549495 II}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12547785 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495\charrsid7549495 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4593320\charrsid7549495 Entitlement to Court Appointed Counsel}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12547785 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495\charrsid7549495 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886794\charrsid7549495 5}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9387353\charrsid7549495 Appellant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7303829\charrsid7549495 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12065945\charrsid7549495 claim}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6898523\charrsid7549495 that the trial court erred in failing to appoint counsel for Mona}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4537242\charrsid7549495 , an indigent }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3168466\charrsid7549495 faced }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4537242\charrsid7549495 with a possible}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3168466\charrsid7549495 loss of liberty in a civil contempt case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10491191\charrsid7549495 Appellant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12065945\charrsid7549495 s}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7278234\charrsid7549495 cite}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10491191\charrsid7549495 the due process clause of the United States Constitution for the requirement that cour}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13854711\charrsid7549495 ts appoint counsel for indigent}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8932899\charrsid7549495 litigant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13854711\charrsid7549495 s when they}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8932899\charrsid7549495 may lose their physical liberty as a result of litigation.}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid282618\charrsid7549495 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\fs24\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 \chftn }{\fs24\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 \tab The Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution is applicable to the Commonwealth through Section 501(a) of the Covenant to Establish a Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in Political Union with the United States of America, 48 U.S.C. \'a7 1801 note. \par }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4593320\charrsid7549495 We review }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13857402\charrsid7549495 a clai}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7955610\charrsid7549495 m of right to counsel de novo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5586774\charrsid7549495 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9515645\charrsid7549495 Ada v. Sablan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9515645\charrsid7549495 , 1 N.M.I. 415}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14970446\charrsid7549495 , 422}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9515645\charrsid7549495 (1990).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9515645 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495\charrsid7549495 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886794\charrsid7549495 6}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9515645\charrsid7549495 As a threshold matter}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8073047\charrsid7549495 , this Court must }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14950917\charrsid7549495 determin e whether due process demands that counsel be appointed for any litigant subject to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid161038\charrsid7549495 a contemp}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8460686\charrsid7549495 t proceeding brought in the Commonwealth courts}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid161038\charrsid7549495 under 7 CMC \'a74208.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9062789\charrsid7549495 The statute provides:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9515645 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495\charrsid7549495 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9062789\charrsid7549495 If any debtor fails without good cause to comply with any order in aid of judgment made under this chapter, the debtor may be adjudged in contempt as a civil matter, after notice to show cause why the debtor should not be so adjudged and an opportunity to be heard thereon, and upon such adjudication shall be committed to jail until the debtor complies with the order or is released by the court or serves a period fixed by the court of not more than six months in jail, whichever happens first.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9062789 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495\charrsid7549495 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13840510\charrsid7549495 7 CMC \'a7 4208}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8651010\charrsid7549495 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7103852\charrsid7549495 This statute does not directly address}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13840510\charrsid7549495 the right }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7624681\charrsid7549495 to counsel.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7624681\charrsid7549495 It is clear, however, that any debtor who has not complied with an order to pa}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2500432\charrsid7549495 y faces}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2516912\charrsid7549495 potential incarceration}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7624681\charrsid7549495 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2500432\charrsid7549495 The }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8283119\charrsid7549495 United States}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2500432\charrsid7549495 Supreme Court}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8283119\charrsid7549495 has }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2500432\charrsid7549495 generally }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8283119\charrsid7549495 held that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5968351\charrsid7549495 appointment of counsel }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8283119\charrsid7549495 is necessary }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5968351\charrsid7549495 for indigents in civil contempt proceedings if they face}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2516912\charrsid7549495 a possible loss of liberty}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5968351\charrsid7549495 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5968351\charrsid7549495 Lassiter v. Dept. of Social Services of Durham County, North Carolina}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5968351\charrsid7549495 , 452 U.S. 18, 25 (1981).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 {\*\bkmkstart SearchTerm} }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6441940\charrsid7549495 The threat of imprisonment is what}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5968351\charrsid7549495 makes a civil contempt proceeding effective: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5968351\charrsid7549495 {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b419} {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b427}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b419}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b427}[t]he civil label does not obscure its penal nature.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5968351\charrsid7549495 {\*\bkmkend SearchTerm}In re Grand Jury Proceedings,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3297564\charrsid7549495 \~}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5968351\charrsid7549495 468 F.2d 1368, 1369\~(9th Cir. 1972).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1042\dbch\af12\langnp2057\langfenp1042\insrsid9585155\charrsid7549495 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 Due process requires that}{ \lang2057\langfe1042\dbch\af12\langnp2057\langfenp1042\insrsid2979568\charrsid7549495 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1042\dbch\af12\langnp2057\langfenp1042\insrsid1385434\charrsid7549495 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 when one\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s liberty is at stake, the need for the assistance of counsel is beyond question}{\lang2057\langfe1042\dbch\af12\langnp2057\langfenp1042\insrsid6636769\charrsid7549495 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1042\dbch\af12\langnp2057\langfenp1042\insrsid7549495 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1042\dbch\af12\langnp2057\langfenp1042\insrsid6636769\charrsid7549495 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 See }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6636769\charrsid7549495 Sanders v. Shephard}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6636769\charrsid7549495 , 185 Ill. App. 3d 719, 729-30 (1989) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5444400\charrsid7549495 finding }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6636769\charrsid7549495 that due process entitles a civil contemnor to counsel based on }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6636769\charrsid7549495 Lassiter}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6636769\charrsid7549495 and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6636769\charrsid7549495 virtually every}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2979568\charrsid7549495 decision}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2979568\charrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5446223\charrsid7549495 that imposes incarceration}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6636769\charrsid7549495 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5968351 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495\charrsid7549495 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886794\charrsid7549495 7}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16413712\charrsid7549495 The crux of this}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12065945\charrsid7549495 appeal is whether Mona}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4017315\charrsid7549495 was actually }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11156355\charrsid7549495 threatened with imprisonment by the Order.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11156355\charrsid7549495 The initial order whi ch made a finding of contempt and issued a suspended jail sentence is not being appealed here.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12065945\charrsid7549495 Mona }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2451775\charrsid7549495 argues that the trial court\rquote s first finding of contempt}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10170985\charrsid7549495 , which threatened incarceration,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16413712\charrsid7549495 still controls}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2451775\charrsid7549495 , as there was no new Order to Show Cause}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12400317\charrsid7549495 (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12400317\charrsid7549495 OSC}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12400317\charrsid7549495 )}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10170985\charrsid7549495 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12400317\charrsid7549495 The last OSC}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7155177\charrsid7549495 filed against}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16413712\charrsid7549495 Mona was dated October 8, 2004.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16413712\charrsid7549495 T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7155177\charrsid7549495 herefore all subsequent hearings by the trial court were }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2302441\charrsid7549495 continuances of that Order, as the jurisdictional prerequisite of an OSC}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13058491\charrsid7549495 for a new contempt hearing was not satisfied.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8391268\charrsid7549495 We find this argument convincing.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8391268\charrsid7549495 Despite the fact }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12065945\charrsid7549495 Mona }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8391268\charrsid7549495 only received a suspended sentence, the threat of incarceration still }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588936\charrsid7549495 loomed over her head.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid744890\charrsid7549495 See Alabama v. Shelton,}{ \lang2057\langfe1042\dbch\af12\langnp2057\langfenp1042\insrsid9075116\charrsid7549495 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 535 U.S. 654, 674 (2002) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9075116\charrsid7549495 (finding that a}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid744890\charrsid7549495 defendant who receives a suspend}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9519673\charrsid7549495 ed or probated sentence of}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid744890\charrsid7549495 imprisonment has a c}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9075116\charrsid7549495 onstitutional right to counsel}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid744890\charrsid7549495 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7682170\charrsid7549495 The hearings which produced the Order were }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485437\charrsid7549495 a continuation from the initial contempt hearing which issued a suspended sentence.} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485437\charrsid7549495 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4485437\charrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9977075\charrsid7549495 7 CMC }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4928010\charrsid7549495 \'a7 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9977075\charrsid7549495 4208.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15423089\charrsid7549495 The trial court }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3825140\charrsid7549495 noted}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15423089\charrsid7549495 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9977075\charrsid7549495 substantial compliance with the conditions of suspension, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3297564\charrsid7549495 namely the seeking of employ}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180425\charrsid7549495 ment, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid608992\charrsid7549495 at the hearing of December 27, 2004}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3825140\charrsid7549495 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid334778\charrsid7549495 ER at }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8792090\charrsid7549495 25}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15423089\charrsid7549495 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15423089\charrsid7549495 However, this }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12608879\charrsid7549495 does not affect}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180425\charrsid7549495 the contempt order}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid217038\charrsid7549495 \rquote s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180425\charrsid7549495 futur}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3825140\charrsid7549495 e applicability.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3825140\charrsid7549495 When Mona}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180425\charrsid7549495 failed }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid217038\charrsid7549495 to seek employment}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3825140\charrsid7549495 by}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3434974\charrsid7549495 the hearing of January 29, 2005}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid217038\charrsid7549495 , the contempt order }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12136848\charrsid7549495 brought Mona under the authority of the initial OSC, which threatened incarceration. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid334778\charrsid7549495 The trial court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12549197\charrsid7549495 warned Mon}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11994182\charrsid7549495 a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid334778\charrsid7549495 that if}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12549197\charrsid7549495 she is }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12549197\charrsid7549495 found in contempt, the Court can impose a jail sentence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12549197\charrsid7549495 ER }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid334778\charrsid7549495 at }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12549197\charrsid7549495 31.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4017315 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495\charrsid7549495 \par }\pard\plain \s21\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 \fs24\dn4\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886794\charrsid7549495 8}{ \up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 \tab }{\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3290516\charrsid7549495 In contempt proceedings, }{\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4537242\charrsid7549495 some courts hold that }{ \up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3290516\charrsid7549495 constitutional protections, including the right to counsel, }{\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4673923\charrsid7549495 depend on whether the contempt is characterized as civil or criminal. }{\i\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4673923\charrsid7549495 U.S. v. Ayres,}{\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13583503\charrsid7549495 }{ \up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4673923\charrsid7549495 166 F.3d 991, 995\~(9th Cir. 1999)}{\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12609663\charrsid7549495 .}{\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{ \up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12609663\charrsid7549495 There are many decisions parsing the criminal versus the civil nature of contempt proceedings and then making findings about which c}{ \up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7171155\charrsid7549495 onstitutional provisions apply.}{\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\i\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12609663\charrsid7549495 See, e.g}{ \up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12609663\charrsid7549495 ., }{\i\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12609663\charrsid7549495 Hicks v. Feiock}{\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12609663\charrsid7549495 .}{ \up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12609663\charrsid7549495 485 U.S. 624}{\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2692052\charrsid7549495 , 632}{ \up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12609663\charrsid7549495 (1988)}{\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid594453\charrsid7549495 .}{\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{ \up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5135999\charrsid7549495 T}{\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12609663\charrsid7549495 he great majority }{\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5135999\charrsid7549495 of jurisdictions }{ \up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6565170\charrsid7549495 are in line with }{\i\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6565170\charrsid7549495 Lassiter}{\i\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12977515\charrsid7549495 \rquote s }{ \up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12977515\charrsid7549495 holding}{\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12609663\charrsid7549495 that the right to counsel a ttaches for any kind of contempt hearing if there is a possibility of incarceration.}{\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\i\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13127944\charrsid7549495 See generally}{ \up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13127944\charrsid7549495 }{\i\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13127944\charrsid7549495 Autotech Tech. LP v. Integral Research & Dev. Corp.}{ \up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13127944\charrsid7549495 ,}{\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13127944\charrsid7549495 499 F.3d 737, 746-47 (7th Cir.}{\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6303107\charrsid7549495 200}{ \up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12977515\charrsid7549495 7) (holding}{\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13127944\charrsid7549495 that due process requires that one charged with }{ \cs22\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13127944\charrsid7549495 {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b7389}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b7389}contempt}{\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12982614\charrsid7549495 of court has}{ \up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13127944\charrsid7549495 the }{\cs22\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13127944\charrsid7549495 {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b7414}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b7414}right}{ \up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13127944\charrsid7549495 to be represented by }{\cs22\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13127944\charrsid7549495 {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b7419}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b7419}counsel}{ \up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13127944\charrsid7549495 and noting that this principle extends to both criminal and }{\cs22\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13127944\charrsid7549495 {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b7450}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b7450} civil}{\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13127944\charrsid7549495 cases)}{\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14949545\charrsid7549495 ;}{\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11669089\charrsid7549495 }{ \cs23\i\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11669089\charrsid7549495 Washabaugh v. Curtsinger}{\cs23\i\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13710974\charrsid7549495 ,}{\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11669089\charrsid7549495 }{ \cs24\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11669089\charrsid7549495 2008 WL 2312670}{\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11669089\charrsid7549495 }{\cs24\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11669089\charrsid7549495 Ky.}{ \cs24\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13710974\charrsid7549495 }{\cs24\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11669089\charrsid7549495 App.,}{\cs24\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13710974\charrsid7549495 }{ \cs24\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11669089\charrsid7549495 2008}{\cs20\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid89003\charrsid7549495 }{\cs20\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14949545\charrsid7549495 (h}{ \cs20\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid744890\charrsid7549495 olding that whenever imprisonment is a possible outcom}{\cs20\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10044104\charrsid7549495 e of a proceeding , whether in a criminal or civil matter, a}{\cs20\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid744890\charrsid7549495 defendant is entitled to counsel}{\cs15\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid744890\charrsid7549495 )}{ \cs15\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14949545\charrsid7549495 ;}{\cs15\b\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4354506\charrsid7549495 }{\cs23\i\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4354506\charrsid7549495 Caesar v. Horel}{ \cs23\i\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14949545\charrsid7549495 ,}{\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14949545\charrsid7549495 }{\cs24\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4354506\charrsid7549495 Slip Copy, 2008 WL 4670492}{ \up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14949545\charrsid7549495 }{\cs24\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4354506\charrsid7549495 N.D.Cal.,}{\cs24\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14949545\charrsid7549495 }{ \cs24\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2504385\charrsid7549495 2008}{\cs24\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1055682\charrsid7549495 }{\cs24\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14949545\charrsid7549495 (stating that t}{ \cs20\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4354506\charrsid7549495 here is no constitutional }{\cs22\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4354506\charrsid7549495 {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b2840}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b2840}right}{ \cs20\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4354506\charrsid7549495 to }{\cs22\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4354506\charrsid7549495 {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b2842}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b2842}counsel}{ \cs20\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4354506\charrsid7549495 in a }{\cs22\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4354506\charrsid7549495 {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b2845}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b2845}civil}{ \cs20\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4354506\charrsid7549495 case unless an indigent litigant may lose his physical }{\cs22\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4354506\charrsid7549495 {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b2855}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b2855} liberty}{\cs20\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7435650\charrsid7549495 if he loses the litigation}{\cs20\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1055682\charrsid7549495 )}{ \cs20\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2504385\charrsid7549495 .}{\cs16\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3492644\charrsid7549495 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s21\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 \fs24\dn4\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 \chftn }{\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 \tab United States Courts of Appeals conclude that due process requires the appointment of counsel for indigent civil contemnors facing imprisonment. }{\i\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 See Walker}{\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 , 768 F.2d at 1183; }{ \i\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 Sevier v. Turner}{\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 , 742 F.2d 262, 267 (6th Cir. 1984); }{\i\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 Ridgway}{\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 , 720 F.2d at 1413; }{\i\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 United States v. Bobart Travel}{\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 Agency, 699 F.2d 618, 620 (2d Cir. 1982); }{\i\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 United States v. Anderson}{\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 , 553 F.2d 1154, 1155-56 (8th Cir. 1977); }{ \i\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 In re Kilgo}{\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 , 484 F.2d 1215, 1221 (4th Cir. 1973); }{\i\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 United States v. Sun Kung Kang}{\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 , 468 F.2d 1368 (9th Cir. 1972). The majority of state courts have followed }{\i\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 Lassiter}{\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 ;}{\i\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 }{\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 in f act, only the state of Florida does not. }{\i\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 See Andrews v. Walton}{\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 , 428 So. 2d 663, 665-66 (Fla. 1983). None of the above federal appeals courts employ a balancing test to determ ine whether a civil contemnor is entitled to court-appointed counsel. Of the twenty-six state courts that have addressed the issue and held that a due process right to appointed counsel exists, only two have concluded that the trial court should apply a balancing test to determine the right on a case-by-case basis. }{ \i\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 New Mexico v. Rael}{\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 , 642 P.2d 1009, 1103 (N.M. 1982); }{\i\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 Duval v. Duval}{\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 , 322 A.2d 1, 4 (N.H. 1974). We decline to follow this small minority of jurisdictions. \par }\pard \s21\ql \fi-720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 \par }}}{\cs20\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\cs20\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12322188\charrsid7549495 In the absence of oth}{\cs20\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2634835\charrsid7549495 er persuasive authority, we}{\cs20\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12322188\charrsid7549495 look to other jurisdictions for guidance.}{\cs20\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{ \up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12322188\charrsid7549495 7 CMC \'a7 3401; }{\i\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12322188\charrsid7549495 Commonwealth v. Demapan}{\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12322188\charrsid7549495 , 2008 MP 16 \'b6 15.}{\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13710974 \par }\pard \s21\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\up0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495\charrsid7549495 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886794\charrsid7549495 9}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8350360\charrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11342492\charrsid7549495 In the Commonwealth}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4537242\charrsid7549495 , the sole case that deals with}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2781195\charrsid7549495 the right to counsel}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4537242\charrsid7549495 in a similar situation}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2781195\charrsid7549495 is }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8350360\charrsid7549495 Paulis v. Superior Court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8350360\charrsid7549495 , 2004 MP 10.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8350360\charrsid7549495 Paulis}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8350360\charrsid7549495 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5710031\charrsid7549495 involved a similar fact pattern regarding contempt }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8350360\charrsid7549495 with }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid621288\charrsid7549495 a }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5398188\charrsid7549495 different legal argument}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8350360\charrsid7549495 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4537242\charrsid7549495 The }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4537242\charrsid7549495 Paulis }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4537242\charrsid7549495 case}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4537242\charrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4537242\charrsid7549495 involved a petition for a writ of prohibition.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10582015\charrsid7549495 This Court analyzed the case based on the guidelines established in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10582015\charrsid7549495 Tenorio v. Superior Court}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10582015\charrsid7549495 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11348415\charrsid7549495 1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid621288\charrsid7549495 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11348415\charrsid7549495 NMI 1, 9 (1989).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8350360\charrsid7549495 In that case, an unemployed grandmother failed to make payments after a money judgment was entered against her.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8350360\charrsid7549495 She then appeared without counsel at a contempt hearing.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8350360\charrsid7549495 The}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid621288\charrsid7549495 trial c}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8350360\charrsid7549495 ourt sentenced her to three days }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13242076\charrsid7549495 in jail, suspended on the condition }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11863048\charrsid7549495 that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13242076\charrsid7549495 she pay}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8350360\charrsid7549495 $25.00 per month.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11863048\charrsid7549495 She made one payment, and}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8350360\charrsid7549495 the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11863048\charrsid7549495 trial }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8350360\charrsid7549495 court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11863048\charrsid7549495 then}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8350360\charrsid7549495 issued a commitment order on the application of the creditor.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8350360\charrsid7549495 She served three days in jail.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8350360\charrsid7549495 Then she appeared again less than two years later at another contempt hearing without counsel.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8350360\charrsid7549495 She was sentenced to five days in}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12002664\charrsid7549495 jail, }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14550011\charrsid7549495 again }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12002664\charrsid7549495 suspended }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13242076\charrsid7549495 on the condition that she make}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8350360\charrsid7549495 $25.00 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13242076\charrsid7549495 monthly }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8350360\charrsid7549495 payments.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14550011\charrsid7549495 In}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16125664\charrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14550011\charrsid7549495 her }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16125664\charrsid7549495 petitio}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14550011\charrsid7549495 n for a writ of prohibition, she argued }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16125664\charrsid7549495 that because }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16125664\charrsid7549495 she was sentenced to a determinate jail sentence without a purge clause for civil contempt}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12673618\charrsid7549495 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16125664\charrsid7549495 her constitutional rights were violated, citing}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16125664\charrsid7549495 Hicks v. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16125664\charrsid7549495 Feiock, 485 U.S.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11277226\charrsid7549495 624}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15040074\charrsid7549495 , 634}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16125664\charrsid7549495 (1988).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16125664\charrsid7549495 Paulis}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16125664\charrsid7549495 \'b6 31}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11277226\charrsid7549495 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10167092\charrsid7549495 T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16604611\charrsid7549495 his Court determined in }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16604611\charrsid7549495 Paulis}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16604611\charrsid7549495 that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12590882\charrsid7549495 her contempt was civil in nature, and did not require }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12470534\charrsid7549495 th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940459\charrsid7549495 e c}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12849076\charrsid7549495 onstitutional safeguards demanded}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940459\charrsid7549495 in her appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940459\charrsid7549495 Paulis}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2240813\charrsid7549495 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940459\charrsid7549495 \'b6 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940459\charrsid7549495 33.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3360483\charrsid7549495 We held that the trial court did not commit}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12980529\charrsid7549495 clear error in sentencing her to jail for a fixed period of time.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3290516 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495\charrsid7549495 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886794\charrsid7549495 10}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14364986\charrsid7549495 In the present situation}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3307921\charrsid7549495 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14364986\charrsid7549495 the sentence was {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b3014}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b3014}civil in nature}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391073\charrsid7549495 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14364986\charrsid7549495 because it was imposed pursuant to the Commonwealth's {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b3025}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b3025}civil {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b3026}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b3026}contempt statute, which automatically ins}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391073\charrsid7549495 erts a purge clause into}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14364986\charrsid7549495 sentence}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391073\charrsid7549495 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3555300\charrsid7549495 by the language }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3624619\charrsid7549495 shall be committed to jail until the debtor complies with the order}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3307921\charrsid7549495 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14364986\charrsid7549495 7 CMC \'a7 4208.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14364986\charrsid7549495 Under this statute, if a judgment debtor violates an order in aid of judgment, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4812884\charrsid7549495 the deb}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3307921\charrsid7549495 tor}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14364986\charrsid7549495 may be committed to jail until}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3307921\charrsid7549495 he or}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14364986\charrsid7549495 she complies with the order or serves out }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14772964\charrsid7549495 his or }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14364986\charrsid7549495 her sentence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4812884\charrsid7549495 The debtor may free himself or herself upon compliance with the order in aid of judgment because there is a purge clause for every contempt order issued under this statute}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2581115\charrsid7549495 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14364986\charrsid7549495 Hence, a contempt order sentencing a debtor to jail for a fixed amount of time of not more than six months contains an automatic purge clause whereby the debtor can avoid jail by complying with the order in aid of judgment.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15014147\charrsid7549495 While the }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15014147\charrsid7549495 Paulis }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15014147\charrsid7549495 decision did not address}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5595438\charrsid7549495 the right to counsel in civil contempt cases, it did find that these types of consumer debt contempt hearings are civil in nature.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15729520\charrsid7549495 The }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15729520\charrsid7549495 Paulis}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5441587\charrsid7549495 decision}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15729520\charrsid7549495 hold}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5441587\charrsid7549495 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15729520\charrsid7549495 that if a contempt proceeding is civil in nature, which it automatically is under our statute because of the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15729520\charrsid7549495 purge clause,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15729520\charrsid7549495 then the debtor is not entitle}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5441587\charrsid7549495 d to c}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8872187\charrsid7549495 onstitutional protections.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6050550 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495\charrsid7549495 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 11\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16522920\charrsid7549495 However,}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16522920\charrsid7549495 Lassiter}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16522920\charrsid7549495 , and subsequent United States Supreme Court decisions, require}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2177961\charrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5776270\charrsid7549495 the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16522920\charrsid7549495 appointment of counsel for indigents in civil contempt proceedings if they face a possible loss of liberty.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13459030\charrsid7549495 The right to counsel is an established tenet of criminal }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16522920\charrsid7549495 procedure}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5776270\charrsid7549495 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4005159\charrsid7549495 NMI R. Crim. P. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13459030\charrsid7549495 \'a7}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878206\charrsid7549495 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid89003\charrsid7549495 44. Since the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13459030\charrsid7549495 result of most criminal }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4005159\charrsid7549495 prosecutions}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14581160\charrsid7549495 is incarceration, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13459030\charrsid7549495 the same threat in a civil situation}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4605768\charrsid7549495 , such as}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14581160\charrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2385222\charrsid7549495 probationers at revocation hearings}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4605768\charrsid7549495 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8069769\charrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9126005\charrsid7549495 should, and indeed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4856932\charrsid7549495 does,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9126005\charrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2127794\charrsid7549495 require }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14514570\charrsid7549495 appointed }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5599395\charrsid7549495 counsel.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8069769\charrsid7549495 NMI R. Crim. P. \'a732.1(a)(1)(D).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10551335\charrsid7549495 See }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11941724\charrsid7549495 Thompson v. Thompson}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11941724\charrsid7549495 , 559 A.2d 311}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4856932\charrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878206\charrsid7549495 (D.C.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11941724\charrsid7549495 1989) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10551335\charrsid7549495 (holding that}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11941724\charrsid7549495 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11941724\charrsid7549495 [i]t is the actual punishment imposed that}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4731158\charrsid7549495 . . .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11941724\charrsid7549495 determ}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10551335\charrsid7549495 ines the right}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4731158\charrsid7549495 );}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11941724\charrsid7549495 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11941724\charrsid7549495 State ex rel Miller v. Grady,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11941724\charrsid7549495 698 N.W.2d 336}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10837407\charrsid7549495 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878206\charrsid7549495 2005 WL 839409}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10837407\charrsid7549495 \'b6 5}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878206\charrsid7549495 (Iowa}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11941724\charrsid7549495 2005) }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4731158\charrsid7549495 (indicating}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11941724\charrsid7549495 that there is no absolute right to counsel in civil contempt proceedings, but indigent contemnors have the right } {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10837407\charrsid7549495 to counsel }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10837407\charrsid7549495 where imprisonment }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11941724\charrsid7549495 for the contempt is contemplated}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10837407\charrsid7549495 );}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11941724\charrsid7549495 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11941724\charrsid7549495 Mead v. Bachelor}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11941724\charrsid7549495 , 435 Mich. 480 504-5, }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9126005\charrsid7549495 (stating that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4856932\charrsid7549495 in any contempt proceedings . . . }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11941724\charrsid7549495 the court should assess the likelihood that the d}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4856932\charrsid7549495 efendant should be incarcerated . . . }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11941724\charrsid7549495 if the court determines that the defendant is indigent, and the court wishes to reserve the discretionary power to incarcerate the defendant, the court shall appoint an attor}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9126005\charrsid7549495 ney to represent the defendant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9126005\charrsid7549495 ).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11941724\charrsid7549495 The order of December 6, 2004 found Mona in contempt, but the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3214928\charrsid7549495 trial }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11941724\charrsid7549495 court did }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3214928\charrsid7549495 not actually incarcerate Mona;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11941724\charrsid7549495 it suspended her jail sentence on the conditi}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15497980\charrsid7549495 on that she }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15598197\charrsid7549495 seek}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15497980\charrsid7549495 employment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15497980\charrsid7549495 However,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11941724\charrsid7549495 the threat of incarceration was always there if Mona failed to comply with the condition.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14764733 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495\charrsid7549495 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4412307\charrsid7549495 1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1444694\charrsid7549495 2}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4397073\charrsid7549495 Our ruling in this case is distinguishable from that of }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4397073\charrsid7549495 Paulis.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4397073\charrsid7549495 While the }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4397073\charrsid7549495 Paulis }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4726030\charrsid7549495 decision found that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15664601\charrsid7549495 criminal contemnors required counsel}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3155879\charrsid7549495 , }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11957208\charrsid7549495 we did not explicitly state}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3155879\charrsid7549495 that the right to counsel }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3960459\charrsid7549495 is an}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3155879\charrsid7549495 unnecessary }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3960459\charrsid7549495 protection required for civil contempt}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3155879\charrsid7549495 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9044904\charrsid7549495 Moreover, although civil litigants facing actual imprisonment may not }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12345101\charrsid7549495 be }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9044904\charrsid7549495 entitled to the full panoply of due process rights, they are entitled to counsel.}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1669737\charrsid7549495 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\fs24\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 \chftn }{\fs24\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 \tab The United States Supreme Court held that the due process clause does not protect civil contemnors from a burden-shifting rule. }{\i\fs24\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 Hicks v. Feiock}{\fs24\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 , 485 U.S. 624, 631 (1988). Likewise, in }{\i\fs24\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 United Mine Workers v. Bagwell}{\fs24\insrsid2895795\charrsid7549495 , 512 U.S. 821 (1994), the Court held that due process does not entitle a civil contemnor to a trial by jury.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9044904\charrsid7549495 The right to counsel is recognized as unique among the umbrella of due process rights.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9044904\charrsid7549495 See Bowerman v. MacDonald}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9044904\charrsid7549495 , 431 Mich. 1, 13 (1988) (noting that the right to counsel is a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9044904\charrsid7549495 particular and clearly demarcated right}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9044904\charrsid7549495 separate from the full panoply of due process rights); }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9044904\charrsid7549495 Custis v. United States}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9044904\charrsid7549495 , 511 U.S. 485, 496 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3214928\charrsid7549495 1994) (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3214928\charrsid7549495 [f]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9044904\charrsid7549495 ailure to appoint counsel for an indigent defendant [is]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6286\charrsid7549495 a unique constitutional defect}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9044904\charrsid7549495 ).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9044904\charrsid7549495 Finally}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1516837\charrsid7549495 , t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10822609\charrsid7549495 h }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1583117\charrsid7549495 e }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1583117\charrsid7549495 Paulis }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1583117\charrsid7549495 decision states that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1583117\charrsid7549495 [t]he trial court, in the interests of fairness should advise unrepresented litigants in situations similar to Paulis\rquote of their right to appeal or obtain a stay and also of}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1583117\charrsid7549495 the availability of free legal advice at Micronesian Legal Services Corporation or at the Public Defender's office.}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1583117\charrsid7549495 }{ \cs20\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1583117\charrsid7549495 Paulis}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1583117\charrsid7549495 \'b6}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3168063\charrsid7549495 }{ \cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1583117\charrsid7549495 25.}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1583117\charrsid7549495 While this is not mandatory language th at requires counsel, }{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3168063\charrsid7549495 when, }{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1583117\charrsid7549495 taken in conjunction with the }{ \cs20\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1583117\charrsid7549495 Lassiter}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1583117\charrsid7549495 line of cases, we find that extending the right to counsel for such indigents is a tenable }{ \cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3168063\charrsid7549495 next }{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1583117\charrsid7549495 step.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7870992\charrsid7549495 Indeed, this Court used similar reasoning in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7870992\charrsid7549495 Pacific Financial Corporation v. Muna }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7870992\charrsid7549495 distinguishing }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7870992\charrsid7549495 Paulis}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9702300\charrsid7549495 , stating that the right to counsel issue in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9702300\charrsid7549495 Paulis}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9702300\charrsid7549495 is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9702300\charrsid7549495 at most, non-binding dicta.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5335899\charrsid7549495 2008 MP 21 \'b6 12.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10822609\charrsid7549495 Therefore, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6569796\charrsid7549495 in accordance with }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6569796\charrsid7549495 Pacific}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6569796\charrsid7549495 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10822609\charrsid7549495 the right to counsel is to be uniformly extended to indigents in commerci}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10311887\charrsid7549495 al civil contempt proceedings when facing a loss of liberty.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10310110 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495\charrsid7549495 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 13\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10310110\charrsid7549495 As a practical matter, we find that the trial court must }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13701719\charrsid7549495 proactively}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13133893\charrsid7549495 advise contemnors of thei}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13701719\charrsid7549495 r due process right to counsel when their liberty is in danger.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8133879\charrsid7549495 It is the trial court\rquote s duty to inform }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2248012\charrsid7549495 the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15087035\charrsid7549495 contemnor that possible }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6374420\charrsid7549495 contempt }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15087035\charrsid7549495 sanctions }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6374420\charrsid7549495 may include}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4726030\charrsid7549495 incarceration.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2169374\charrsid7549495 At that}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2248012\charrsid7549495 time, the contemnor must be notified that he or she is entitle}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4462360\charrsid7549495 d}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2248012\charrsid7549495 to an attorney, and}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4726030\charrsid7549495 , if indigent,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4462360\charrsid7549495 that court}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11029847\charrsid7549495 appointed counsel is available.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4194608\charrsid7549495 The contempt proceedings }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11029847\charrsid7549495 for an indigent }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4194608\charrsid7549495 can proceed only after }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11752657\charrsid7549495 the assignment of counsel, or }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4194608\charrsid7549495 a waiv}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11752657\charrsid7549495 er of counsel}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11029847\charrsid7549495 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11752657\charrsid7549495 by the contemnor.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2169374\charrsid7549495 In so holding}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6118258\charrsid7549495 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2169374\charrsid7549495 we do not }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6118258\charrsid7549495 inhibit the ability of the trial court to enforce its }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4548526\charrsid7549495 orders;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6118258\charrsid7549495 we merely require that an indigent litigant be afforded the right to representation prior to the enforcement of}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4548526\charrsid7549495 an order imposing}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6118258\charrsid7549495 incarceration.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid525061 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495\charrsid7549495 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9515645\charrsid7549495 The Order to Seek and Obtain Work}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9515645 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495\charrsid7549495 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1444694\charrsid7549495 14}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2495442\charrsid7549495 Appellant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16067322\charrsid7549495 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12065945\charrsid7549495 claim}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2495442\charrsid7549495 that the trial court erred in ordering Mona to seek and obtain gainful employm}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4985808\charrsid7549495 ent in violation of the Thirteen}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2495442\charrsid7549495 th Amendment of the Un}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11736883\charrsid7549495 ited States Constitutio}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16067322\charrsid7549495 n, as well as Commonwealth}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12523397\charrsid7549495 law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12523397\charrsid7549495 T}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11736883\charrsid7549495 he order to work can be construed as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4670825\charrsid7549495 a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11736883\charrsid7549495 payment method authorized by the order in aid of judgment}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12523397\charrsid7549495 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12523397\charrsid7549495 Paulis}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12523397\charrsid7549495 \'b6 29.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12523397\charrsid7549495 C}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5066690\charrsid7549495 ontempt}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12523397\charrsid7549495 is}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5066690\charrsid7549495 within the trial court\rquote s inherent authority}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12523397\charrsid7549495 to enforce its judgments.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12523397\charrsid7549495 1 CMC \'a7}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16067322\charrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12523397\charrsid7549495 3202.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12523397\charrsid7549495 However, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5066690\charrsid7549495 the constitutional implications are more}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4683158\charrsid7549495 troubling}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14499287\charrsid7549495 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16067322\charrsid7549495 The Thirteen}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7082958\charrsid7549495 th Amendment}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3953245\charrsid7549495 prohibits slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime es}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9785368\charrsid7549495 tablished by conviction.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9785368\charrsid7549495 The Thirteen}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3953245\charrsid7549495 th Amendment ap}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9785368\charrsid7549495 plies in the Commonwealth}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14891474\charrsid7549495 through the Covenant.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3953245\charrsid7549495 Covenant \'a7501, P.L. 94-241.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14319364\charrsid7549495 This is an issue of law, reviewed de novo.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid729359\charrsid7549495 Ada}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12454322\charrsid7549495 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9785368\charrsid7549495 1 NM} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12454322\charrsid7549495 I. 415.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14319364 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495\charrsid7549495 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1444694\charrsid7549495 15}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15432426\charrsid7549495 Ever }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9785368\charrsid7549495 since the promulgation of the Thirteenth A}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15432426\charrsid7549495 mendment, t}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9843594\charrsid7549495 he United States Supreme Court has long established that th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14827215\charrsid7549495 ere is a right to labor}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9843594\charrsid7549495 free from compulsory service}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15432426\charrsid7549495 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15432426\charrsid7549495 However, many of the early cases involved attempts to perpetuate slavery by forcing a person to work for a particular employer to repay funds advance}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10778693\charrsid7549495 d}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15432426\charrsid7549495 by that employer.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15432426\charrsid7549495 See Pollack v Williams, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15432426\charrsid7549495 322 U.S. 4 (1944).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12454322\charrsid7549495 Similarly}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15432426\charrsid7549495 , in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15432426\charrsid7549495 United States v. Kozminski}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8283760\charrsid7549495 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15432426\charrsid7549495 the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10832310\charrsid7549495 Supreme C}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15432426\charrsid7549495 ourt made it clear that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15432426\charrsid7549495 [t]he primary purpose of the 13th amendment was to abolish the institution of African Slavery}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6047261\charrsid7549495 and that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6047261\charrsid7549495 the phrase \lquote involuntary servitude\rquote was intended to extend \lquote to cover those forms of compulsory }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13905598\charrsid7549495 labor}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6047261\charrsid7549495 akin to African slavery which in practical operation would ten}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6515004\charrsid7549495 d}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6047261\charrsid7549495 to produce like }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13905598\charrsid7549495 undesirable results.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5767453\charrsid7549495 487 U.S. 931, 942 (1988).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9053211\charrsid7549495 The United States Supreme Court has unambiguously held that the government cannot }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775891\charrsid7549495 compel one man to labo r for another in payment of a debt by punishing him as a criminal if he does not perform the service or pay off the debt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775891\charrsid7549495 Bailey }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid744890\charrsid7549495 v. Alabama}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775891\charrsid7549495 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5007042\charrsid7549495 219 U.S. 219}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1857407\charrsid7549495 , 244}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8794553\charrsid7549495 (1911)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5007042\charrsid7549495 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1857407\charrsid7549495 S}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7937132\charrsid7549495 ee also Pollack v. Williams}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1857407\charrsid7549495 ,}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5571988\charrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5571988\charrsid7549495 322 U.S. 4}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8794553\charrsid7549495 , 18 (1994)}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7937132\charrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1857407\charrsid7549495 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1857407\charrsid7549495 C}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7937132\charrsid7549495 ongress has put it beyond debate that no debtedness warrants a suspension of the right to be free from compulsory service}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7937132\charrsid7549495 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1857407\charrsid7549495 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid729359 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495\charrsid7549495 \par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1444694\charrsid7549495 16}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 \tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1126420\charrsid7549495 Bank of Guam}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6385838\charrsid7549495 counters that this Court\rquote s precedent supports their position}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11945655\charrsid7549495 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11945655\charrsid7549495 In }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8283760\charrsid7549495 t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6385838\charrsid7549495 he }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6385838\charrsid7549495 Paulis}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11945655\charrsid7549495 case, this Court questions}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11945655\charrsid7549495 : }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4093195 \par }\pard \s17\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495\charrsid7549495 \par }\pard \s17\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11945655\charrsid7549495 whether suspending a contempt order on condition that one utilize best efforts to find a job in the modern economy present in the CNMI is clearly akin to the antebellum slavery contemplated by the Thirteenth Amendment. Certainly if }{ \cs22\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11945655\charrsid7549495 {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b2692}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b2692}Paulis}{\cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11945655\charrsid7549495 wished to switch employers to obtain a better job, she would not be prevented by physical force from doing so. Moreover, }{\cs22\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11945655\charrsid7549495 {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b2715}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b2715}Paulis}{ \cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11945655\charrsid7549495 has pointed to no explicit authority whereby the requirement to register with a governmental employment services agency constitutes unlawful involuntary servitude under the Thirteenth Amendment.}{\cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4093195 \par }\pard \s17\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495\charrsid7549495 \par }\pard \s17\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\cs20\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11945655\charrsid7549495 Paulis }{\cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11945655\charrsid7549495 \'b6 5.} {\cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10296590\charrsid7549495 We agree with Bank of Guam.\~ While }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10296590\charrsid7549495 Paulis}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10296590\charrsid7549495 does not clearly state that orders to work in a consumer debt case are or are not involuntary servitude, it questioned that it did.\~}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid815579\charrsid7549495 Furthermore, in the instant case, Mona was not forced to change employers for a better }{ \cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16146999\charrsid7549495 job;}{\cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid815579\charrsid7549495 she simply chose not to follow the trial court\rquote s order to seek work.}{ \cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3239438\charrsid7549495 Appellee cites numerous cases that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12147863\charrsid7549495 order an unemployed judgment debtor to seek employment without constituting involuntary servitude.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16593416 \par }\pard \s17\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495\charrsid7549495 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1444694\charrsid7549495 17}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4601968\charrsid7549495 In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4601968\charrsid7549495 Freeman v.}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2190662\charrsid7549495 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4601968\charrsid7549495 Freeman}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7668703\charrsid7549495 , 397 A.2d 554, 557 (D.C.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4601968\charrsid7549495 1979)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13636819\charrsid7549495 , a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7668703\charrsid7549495 lower}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15418428\charrsid7549495 c}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4601968\charrsid7549495 ourt }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4354637\charrsid7549495 was found to have properly }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4601968\charrsid7549495 ordered a defendant to seek employment so that he could pay a child support obligation}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2844814\charrsid7549495 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2844814\charrsid7549495 Similarly, in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16213870\charrsid7549495 Moss v. Su}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2844814\charrsid7549495 perior Cou}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15418428\charrsid7549495 r}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2844814\charrsid7549495 t,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid424341\charrsid7549495 17 Cal. 4th 396}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8680490\charrsid7549495 , 428}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid424341\charrsid7549495 (Cal. 1998)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2844814\charrsid7549495 , a parent who could not pay child support because he willfully failed to seek and obtain employment could be sanctio}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2190662\charrsid7549495 ned for contempt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13636819\charrsid7549495 The }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2190662\charrsid7549495 appellate}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13636819\charrsid7549495 court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2844814\charrsid7549495 found that requiring a parent to meet his }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2844814\charrsid7549495 fundamental obligation to support a child did not implicate a 13th Amendment violation}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2844814\charrsid7549495 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2844814\charrsid7549495 Id}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15418428\charrsid7549495 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2844814\charrsid7549495 66-7}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16661147\charrsid7549495 . A}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16593416\charrsid7549495 n order to work is acceptable in child or }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5904655\charrsid7549495 spousal support cases}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12025421\charrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12025421\charrsid7549495 because child support is not considered a debt, but a duty, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15418428\charrsid7549495 enforcement}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12025421\charrsid7549495 of that duty does not violate the Thirteenth Amendment\rquote s prohibition against slavery.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12025421\charrsid7549495 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12025421\charrsid7549495 In the interest of J.S.Q.W., }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12025421\charrsid7549495 2004.TX.0007925 \'b6}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2567980\charrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12025421\charrsid7549495 16.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5584010\charrsid7549495 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9589109\charrsid7549495 However}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid407468\charrsid7549495 , the instant case}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9589109\charrsid7549495 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid407468\charrsid7549495 is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9589109\charrsid7549495 of unsecured consumer debt}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid407468\charrsid7549495 , not child support.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12025421 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495\charrsid7549495 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1444694\charrsid7549495 18}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16345449\charrsid7549495 While }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775873\charrsid7549495 consumer debt does not rise to the level of a fundamental obligation to support a child, the rights of creditors ar e substantial.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16345449\charrsid7549495 Contrary to appellant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1525248\charrsid7549495 s}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12065945\charrsid7549495 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1525248\charrsid7549495 assertions, the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid417831\charrsid7549495 order to seek employment is}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1525248\charrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16345449\charrsid7549495 not }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1525248\charrsid7549495 akin to debt peonage}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8340878\charrsid7549495 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2567980\charrsid7549495 which is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8340878\charrsid7549495 the only type of compelled labor that has been characterized as involuntary servitude}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8340878\charrsid7549495 .}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9713259\charrsid7549495 Kozminsk}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8340878\charrsid7549495 i}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8340878\charrsid7549495 ,}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8340878\charrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8340878\charrsid7549495 487 U.S.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11666382\charrsid7549495 at}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5441763\charrsid7549495 943}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7087614\charrsid7549495 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8340878\charrsid7549495 Mona is not forced to work}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5441763\charrsid7549495 for BOG}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7087614\charrsid7549495 to pay her }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6818239\charrsid7549495 debt;}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid417831\charrsid7549495 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7087614\charrsid7549495 he}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16325249\charrsid7549495 merely need}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11666382\charrsid7549495 s to make the effort to apply for}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16325249\charrsid7549495 jobs in compliance with the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11666382\charrsid7549495 o}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8661522\charrsid7549495 rder in }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11666382\charrsid7549495 aid of j}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8661522\charrsid7549495 udgment}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7087614\charrsid7549495 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11666382\charrsid7549495 Any }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10551690\charrsid7549495 similarity}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11666382\charrsid7549495 this situation may have}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7236205\charrsid7549495 with the horrors}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4985808\charrsid7549495 of slavery outlawed by the Thirteenth}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7236205\charrsid7549495 A}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10551690\charrsid7549495 mendment is purely superficial.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7236205\charrsid7549495 Mona can still choose her employer, and}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10431621\charrsid7549495 keep what is necessary }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10551690\charrsid7549495 from her earnings to support}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10431621\charrsid7549495 her family.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid414714\charrsid7549495 The }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10554378\charrsid7549495 United States }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3499081\charrsid7549495 Supreme Court holds}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2578175\charrsid7549495 that}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid414714\charrsid7549495 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid414714\charrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2578175\charrsid7549495 [w]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid414714\charrsid7549495 hen as here, . . . the person claiming involuntary servitude is simply expected to seek employment, if available}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8786822\charrsid7549495 . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3499081\charrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8786822\charrsid7549495 non}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13257393\charrsid7549495 e}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3499081\charrsid7549495 of the aspects of \lquote involuntary servitude\rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8786822\charrsid7549495 which invoke the need to apply a contextual approach to the 13th Amendment analysis }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7144098\charrsid7549495 are }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8786822\charrsid7549495 present.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1407740\charrsid7549495 Moss }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1407740\charrsid7549495 at 416.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2386157\charrsid7549495 Commonwealth }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3499081\charrsid7549495 law }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2386157\charrsid7549495 indicates that}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14686357\charrsid7549495 the trial court has the right to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14686357\charrsid7549495 make s uch order in aid of judgment as is just for the payment of any judgment}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11366510\charrsid7549495 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6777867\charrsid7549495 7 CMC}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11432769\charrsid7549495 \'a7 4206}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6777867\charrsid7549495 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540200\charrsid7549495 The statute further provides that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5836191\charrsid7549495 the court shall }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5836191\charrsid7549495 determine the fastest manner in which the debtor can reasonably pay a judgment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9252167\charrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5836191\charrsid7549495 7 CMC}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13445651\charrsid7549495 \'a7 4205.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13445651\charrsid7549495 This Court will not scrutinize the trial court\rquote s }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14571341\charrsid7549495 deci}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6974139\charrsid7549495 sion-making process during its hearings in aid of judgment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6974139\charrsid7549495 Indeed, to limit the trial court\rquote s ability to enforce its own judgments would severely }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357881\charrsid7549495 cripple its authority, and}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6974139\charrsid7549495 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1126420\charrsid7549495 stymie creditor}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11473946\charrsid7549495 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1126420\charrsid7549495 \rquote legitimate}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11473946\charrsid7549495 collection efforts.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12065945\charrsid7549495 Appellants\rquote }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16455432\charrsid7549495 argument that orders to work would in effect create a debtor\rquote s prison}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1508724\charrsid7549495 is}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3041154\charrsid7549495 unfounded.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10422587\charrsid7549495 Compliance with an order to seek work does not necessarily carry along with it}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15482220\charrsid7549495 a prison sentence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10422587\charrsid7549495 Nowhere in the Commonwealth Constitution is there a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14580476\charrsid7549495 provision prohibiting such orders in aid of j}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15431206\charrsid7549495 udgment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10951971 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495\charrsid7549495 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14319364\charrsid7549495 The Use of Marital Property to}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6832053\charrsid7549495 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14319364\charrsid7549495 Pay the Debt}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14319364 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495\charrsid7549495 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1444694\charrsid7549495 19}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid272448\charrsid7549495 Appellant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12065945\charrsid7549495 s argue}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid272448\charrsid7549495 that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11146620\charrsid7549495 the trial court abused its discretion by ordering Mona into the paid workforce when her husband already works and pays on the debt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid272448\charrsid7549495 We review this issue for an}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15285563\charrsid7549495 abuse of dis}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid272448\charrsid7549495 cretion}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15285563\charrsid7549495 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1734074\charrsid7549495 CF. Milne vs. Lee Po Tin}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5511318\charrsid7549495 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1734074\charrsid7549495 2001 MP 16 \'b6 31.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7213555\charrsid7549495 The trial court abuses its discretion when it bases its ruling on an erroneous view of the law or on a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7213555\charrsid7549495 Commonwealth v. Campbell}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5511318\charrsid7549495 , 4 NMI 11, 17 (1993); }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7213555\charrsid7549495 Chen}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7213555\charrsid7549495 , 2006 MP 14 \'b6 6.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4090074\charrsid7549495 The trial court }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3612298\charrsid7549495 found Mona }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4090074\charrsid7549495 and John}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3612298\charrsid7549495 jointly and severally liable on the debt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4591829\charrsid7549495 As of the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590104\charrsid7549495 January}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4591829\charrsid7549495 29, 2005 revie}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554546\charrsid7549495 w hearing, }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4879033\charrsid7549495 John}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4591829\charrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5462358\charrsid7549495 has paid}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6913575\charrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5462358\charrsid7549495 on }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6913575\charrsid7549495 and remains liable for}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4591829\charrsid7549495 the July 8, 2004 payment order.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554546\charrsid7549495 ER at 29.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12799273\charrsid7549495 NMI law and Chamorro custom do not addr}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554546\charrsid7549495 ess the issue of spousal debt}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13594760\charrsid7549495 in regard to marital assets that satisfy the obligation of both marital partners}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12799273\charrsid7549495 . Therefore, w}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7610892\charrsid7549495 e must look to see whether }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12088230\charrsid7549495 other}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid664671\charrsid7549495 courts have allow}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5000766\charrsid7549495 ed a debt to be imposed on a spouse when the other spouse is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1512449\charrsid7549495 currently paying on it.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7213555 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495\charrsid7549495 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1444694\charrsid7549495 20}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4866022\charrsid7549495 Common law }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170870\charrsid7549495 indicates that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1512449\charrsid7549495 allowing the enforcem}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170870\charrsid7549495 ent of a debt against a married couple}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1512449\charrsid7549495 who a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170870\charrsid7549495 re jointl}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7604153\charrsid7549495 y and severally liable is permissible}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170870\charrsid7549495 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14507358\charrsid7549495 T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1512449\charrsid7549495 he law is careful to preserve spouses\rquote separate property rights, }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14507358\charrsid7549495 so }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid870518\charrsid7549495 a married couple }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1512449\charrsid7549495 can}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid870518\charrsid7549495 not}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1512449\charrsid7549495 be made to function as one person or unit in a circumstance where both are severally}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7604153\charrsid7549495 liable}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1512449\charrsid7549495 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5911646\charrsid7549495 Common law indicates that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7864755\charrsid7549495 three distinct forms of liability attach when a husband and wife incur a }{ \cs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7864755\charrsid7549495 {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b4697}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b4697}debt}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7864755\charrsid7549495 joint and }{ \cs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7864755\charrsid7549495 {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b4700}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b4700}severally}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7864755\charrsid7549495 : the husband becomes liable personally both }{ \cs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7864755\charrsid7549495 {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b4707}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b4707}jointly}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7864755\charrsid7549495 and }{ \cs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7864755\charrsid7549495 {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b4709}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b4709}severally}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7864755\charrsid7549495 ; the wife becomes liable personally both }{ \cs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7864755\charrsid7549495 {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b4716}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b4716}jointly}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7864755\charrsid7549495 and }{ \cs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7864755\charrsid7549495 {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b4718}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b4718}severally}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7864755\charrsid7549495 ; and the }{ \cs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7864755\charrsid7549495 {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b4721}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b4721}marital}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7864755\charrsid7549495 entity, }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7864755\charrsid7549495 i.e.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7864755\charrsid7549495 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7864755\charrsid7549495 the husband and wife as such, becomes }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5911646\charrsid7549495 liable}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7093358\charrsid7549495 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5911646\charrsid7549495 }{ \cs23\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5911646\charrsid7549495 In re Paeplow}{\cs23\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10354986\charrsid7549495 , }{\cs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5911646\charrsid7549495 119 B.R. 610}{ \cs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13177566\charrsid7549495 }{\cs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11287177\charrsid7549495 Bankr}{\cs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5911646\charrsid7549495 .}{ \cs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13177566\charrsid7549495 }{\cs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5911646\charrsid7549495 N.D.}{\cs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13177566\charrsid7549495 }{ \cs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5911646\charrsid7549495 Ind.,}{\cs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13177566\charrsid7549495 }{\cs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11287177\charrsid7549495 1990 (}{ \cs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5911646\charrsid7549495 citing }{\cs20\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10354986\charrsid7549495 Gilbert v. Indiana Bank and Trust Co. of Fort Wayne (In re Gilbert),}{ \cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10354986\charrsid7549495 Bankr. No. FB 76-513, (Bankr.N.D.Ind. September }{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1774313\charrsid7549495 30, 1977)).}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 } {\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14291559\charrsid7549495 It makes no difference that one of the spouses is currently paying on the debt.}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{ \cs20\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13567618\charrsid7549495 Leake v. Rucker (In re Rucker)}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13567618\charrsid7549495 ,}{\cs20\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13567618\charrsid7549495 }{ \cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13567618\charrsid7549495 1995 Bankr. Lexis 1664, }{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8681567\charrsid7549495 12 }{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13567618\charrsid7549495 (holding that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13567618\charrsid7549495 joint and several liability provides a plaintiff with the option to choose to sue one or all of several defendants)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5799304\charrsid7549495 ; }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5799304\charrsid7549495 Household Fin. Corp. v. Smith}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5799304\charrsid7549495 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5799304\charrsid7549495 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5799304\charrsid7549495 70 Wn.2d 401, 403}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4333482\charrsid7549495 (Wash. 1967) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1779086\charrsid7549495 holding that the wages of either spouse of a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4333482\charrsid7549495 married couple jointly and severally liable on a debt}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13567618\charrsid7549495 }{ \cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1779086\charrsid7549495 could be reached to satisfy a judgment).}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4993084\charrsid7549495 Therefore, the trial court did not}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2120859\charrsid7549495 clearly}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4993084\charrsid7549495 err in enforcing the judgment severally against Mona.}{ \cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1912475\charrsid7549495 Appellant}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2120859\charrsid7549495 s}{ \cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1912475\charrsid7549495 \rquote }{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2120859\charrsid7549495 c}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1774313\charrsid7549495 ontentions that the marriage\rquote s zone of privacy}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2120859\charrsid7549495 was intruded upon}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid530831\charrsid7549495 have no be}{ \cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14362555\charrsid7549495 aring on a joint and several}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid530831\charrsid7549495 debt that both parties are liable for.}{ \cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3697169\charrsid7549495 Likewise}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12065945\charrsid7549495 , appellant}{ \cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16602382\charrsid7549495 s}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12065945\charrsid7549495 \rquote }{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16602382\charrsid7549495 arguments as to garnishment and the applicability of 15 U.S.C. \'a7}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1912475\charrsid7549495 }{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16602382\charrsid7549495 1673 }{ \cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14504608\charrsid7549495 were not raised in the trial court, and as such, we cannot hear them now.}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15424562 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495\charrsid7549495 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10570649\charrsid7549495 III}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10570649 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549495 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495\charrsid7549495 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1444694\charrsid7549495 21}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10570649\charrsid7549495 For the foregoing reasons, we hold that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7278234\charrsid7549495 Mona was}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13373639\charrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14813362\charrsid7549495 entitled to court-appointed counsel, the orde}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5321221\charrsid7549495 r to seek and obtain work was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14813362\charrsid7549495 constitutional, and the trial court did not e}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7868866\charrsid7549495 rr in regard to the usa}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1912475\charrsid7549495 ge of marital property to pay}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7868866\charrsid7549495 a joint and several spousal debt}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14813362\charrsid7549495 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11159842\charrsid7549495 Accordin}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12466263\charrsid7549495 gly, the trial court\rquote s decision is}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11159842\charrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13373639\charrsid7549495 REVERSED in part, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12466263\charrsid7549495 and}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13373639\charrsid7549495 AFFIRMED}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12466263\charrsid7549495 in part.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549495 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12466263\charrsid7549495 W}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11159842\charrsid7549495 e REMAND the case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10570649\charrsid7549495 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16022952\charrsid7549495 \par Concurred: \par Manibusan, J.P.T., Bellas, J.P.T. \par }}