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\rsid15553597\rsid15611577\rsid15618738\rsid15624215\rsid15673785\rsid15736528\rsid15736940\rsid15740546\rsid15745557\rsid15750279\rsid15808805\rsid15822373\rsid15822662\rsid15825789\rsid15864333\rsid15885566\rsid15941967\rsid15954787\rsid16007714
\rsid16014838\rsid16016119\rsid16022226\rsid16075528\rsid16084422\rsid16133902\rsid16144533\rsid16192796\rsid16209820\rsid16211123\rsid16257328\rsid16261995\rsid16264944\rsid16281292\rsid16332750\rsid16345655\rsid16394676\rsid16395218\rsid16411879
\rsid16449555\rsid16455174\rsid16458813\rsid16466471\rsid16521000\rsid16526633\rsid16536824\rsid16539566\rsid16597833\rsid16611761\rsid16647422\rsid16651523\rsid16670780\rsid16678695\rsid16712643\rsid16720500\rsid16738002}{\mmathPr\mmathFont34\mbrkBin0
\mbrkBinSub0\msmallFrac0\mdispDef1\mlMargin0\mrMargin0\mdefJc1\mwrapIndent1440\mintLim0\mnaryLim1}{\info{\title 2018 Guam 7}{\subject People v. Martin, CRA15-039}{\author Supreme Court of Guam}{\operator baleimatuku_l}{\creatim\yr2018\mo6\dy14\hr16\min42}
{\revtim\yr2018\mo6\dy15\hr13\min45}{\printim\yr2018\mo6\dy14\hr10\min55}{\version5}{\edmins2}{\nofpages26}{\nofwords6977}{\nofchars39772}{\*\manager Judiciary of Guam}{\*\company Government of Guam}{\nofcharsws46656}{\vern57433}}{\*\xmlnstbl {\xmlns1 htt
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\asianbrkrule\rsidroot16611761\newtblstyruls\nogrowautofit\utinl \fet0{\*\wgrffmtfilter 2450}\ilfomacatclnup0{\*\ftnsep \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3022440 \chftnsep 
\par }}{\*\ftnsepc \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3022440 \chftnsepc 
\par }}{\*\ftncn \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3022440 
\par }}{\*\aftnsep \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3022440 \chftnsep 
\par }}{\*\aftnsepc \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3022440 \chftnsepc 
\par }}{\*\aftncn \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3022440 
\par }}\ltrpar \sectd \ltrsect\psz1\linex0\headery1440\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid11368314\sftnbj {\headerr \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar
\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs20\insrsid8155156 People v. Martin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid8155156 , 201}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid15673785 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid8155156  Guam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid11368314 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid8155156 , Opinion\tab \tab Page}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid8155156\charrsid15736528  }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\fs20\insrsid8155156\charrsid15736528  PAGE }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid16411879 24}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\fs20\insrsid8155156\charrsid15736528  of }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\fs20\insrsid8155156\charrsid15736528  NUMPAGES }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid16411879 26}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\fs20\insrsid8155156 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\ql \li0\ri0\sl-120\slmult0\widctlpar\brdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp20 \tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\fs20\insrsid8155156\charrsid15736528 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8155156 
\par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}
{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8
\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s3\qc \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\insrsid16611761 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\insrsid16611761\charrsid478042 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\qc \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\lang1033\langfe0\langfenp0\insrsid16712643 THE PEOPLE OF GUAM}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 ,
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tx7879\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1852164 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1852164 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 Plaintiff-Appellee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1852164 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\qc \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 v.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\qc \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\lang1033\langfe0\langfenp0\insrsid16712643 PETRUS JUNIOR MARTIN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 ,
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16611761 Defendant-Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12718934 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12718934\charrsid271537 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12718934 Supreme Court Case No.:  CRA15-039}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12718934\charrsid271537 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12718934\charrsid271537 Superior Court Case No.:  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12718934 
CF0679-11}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12718934\charrsid271537 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\qc \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 OPINION
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\qc \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14178907 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid14178907 Filed:  June 14, 2018}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid14178907\charrsid14178907 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid4668376 Cite as: 201}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid15673785 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid16611761\charrsid14637041  Guam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid11368314 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid16611761\charrsid14637041 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par 
\par Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam
\par Argu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16712643 ed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4668376 and submitted on August 17, 2016}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5196340\charrsid271537 
\par \ltrrow}\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow\ts11\trqc\trgaph120\trrh1665\trleft-120\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid15954787\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4860\clshdrawnil \cellx4740\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4500\clshdrawnil \cellx9240\pard \ltrpar
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15282631 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 Appearing for Defendant-Appellant:

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15954787 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9598002 Peter C. Perez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15954787 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15954787 Esq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15954787\charrsid15954787 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9598002 Law Office of Peter C. Perez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15954787 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9598002 238 Archbishop Flores St., Ste. 802
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15954787 Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid16597833 \cell }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15282631 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs16\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid16611761\charrsid15954787 Appearing for Plaintiff-Appellee:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid15954787 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15954787 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9598002 Marianne Woloschuk}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15954787 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15954787 Esq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15954787\charrsid15954787 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9598002 Assistant Attorney General
\par Prosecution Division
\par 590 S. Marine Corps Dr.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9598002 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9598002 Tamuning, GU 96913}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15954787 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15282631 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 \cell }\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow
\ts11\trqc\trgaph120\trrh1665\trleft-120\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid15954787\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4860\clshdrawnil \cellx4740\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4500\clshdrawnil \cellx9240\row }\pard \ltrpar
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12718934 \page }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 BEFORE: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5837548 ROBERT J. TORRES}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 , Chief Justice; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16611761\charrsid271537  Asso}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2383497 ciate Justice;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5837548 KATHERINE A. MARAMAN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2383497 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 Associate Justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid5837548 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4348431 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\fs22\super\insrsid8155156\charrsid986944 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid8155156\charrsid986944  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8155156\charrsid5208133 
The signatures in this opinion reflect the titles of the Justices at the time this matter was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5208133 argued.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16611761\charrsid9598002 CARBULLIDO, J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16611761 .:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3217293 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6762284 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6762284 [1]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6762284 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8736964 Defendant-Appellant Petrus Junior Martin appeals from a final judgment convicting him of two counts of First Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct (\'93CSC\'94) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9831739 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8736964 s a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5196340 First }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8736964 Degree Felony) and three counts of Second Degree CSC (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9831739 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8736964 s a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5196340 First }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8736964 Degree Felony). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5208133  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8736964 
Martin argues the two counts of First Degree CSC were multiplicitous, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11412255 violated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8736964  double jeopardy, and the trial court abused its discretion by admitting }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7485810 certain }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8736964 hearsay statements.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16209820 In supplemental briefing, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7933697 Martin }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7485810 also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7933697 argues that there is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7933697\charrsid10698796 insufficient evidence to sustain }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7485810\charrsid10698796 all the counts of which he was convicted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5990225\charrsid10698796 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10698796 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6762284\charrsid10698796 [2]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6762284\charrsid10698796 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9511213\charrsid10698796 For the reasons that follow, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid541031\charrsid10698796 we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10698796\charrsid10698796 affirm the final judgment entered by the trial court. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15021056 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14181851 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5990225\charrsid5990225 I.  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid3217293\charrsid5990225 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5990225 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6762284 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6762284 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10698796 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6762284 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6762284 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5898441 The People\rquote s initial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5775733 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5898441 
ndictment alleged two charges of First Degree CSC, one charge of Second Degree CSC, and one charge of Felonious Restraint against two defendants: Alaph Mounik and Petrus Junior Martin.  The People entered a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5775733 
superseding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5898441  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5775733 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5898441 ndictment removing the charge of Felonious Restraint and modifying the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5775733 First Degree and Second Degree }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5898441 CSC charges }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15166552 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5775733  two charges}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5898441  with multiple counts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5775733 , rather than separate charges for each count}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5208133 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14310831 After Martin
\rquote s trial began,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14310831\charrsid14310831  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14310831 a P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5898441 lea Agreement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14310831 
 was reached with Mounik}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5898441 .  The People entered }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15166552 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5898441  third and final charging document, the Amended }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5208133 Superseding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5898441  Indictment, removing Mounik as a defendant and maintaining the charges against Martin: two counts of First Degree CSC and three }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5208133 counts of Second Degree CSC.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7674901 After the People\rquote s case-in-chief, Martin\rquote s counsel moved for judgment of acquittal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8678392 based on }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7674901 insufficient evidence with respect to the third count of Second Degree CSC only.  Tr. at 13-14 (Jury Trial, June 30, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid95077   The court denied the motion.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid95077 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid95077  at 19.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7674901   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5898441 The jury retur}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14310831 ned a verdict of guilty on all }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5208133 five counts.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7674901   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7674901\charrsid8223537 After the verdict, Martin\rquote 
s counsel did not renew his motion for judgment of acquittal or move for judgment of acquittal with respect to any other counts.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7674901   Tr. at 14-15 (Jury Trial, July 9, 2014). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5208133  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5898441 The court held three sentencing hearings prior to enterin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5208133 g its Judgment and Sentence.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5898441 
The court ultimately sentenced Martin to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5208133 twenty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5898441  years\rquote  incarceration for each count of First Degree CSC to run consecutively and five years\rquote 
 incarceration for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9649348 each }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7938988 count of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5898441  Second De}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7938988 gree CSC}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5208133  to run concurrently. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5898441  Judgment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5898441\charrsid1796914 
was entered.  Martin did not initially file a timely appeal but moved for reentry of judgment. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5208133\charrsid1796914  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5898441\charrsid1796914 Judgment was reenter}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5208133\charrsid1796914 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4864459 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5208133  and Martin timely appealed. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5898441  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5898441\charrsid9505399 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007848 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6762284 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10698796 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6762284 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6762284 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5898441 The charges at issue in this case stem from an incident where a minor, M.R., accord
ing to testimony at trial, was abducted and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2189476  sexually assaulted by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5898441  three }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12997887 men}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5898441 .  Of the three }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8678392 accused}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2456129  males}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5898441 , one was a minor, I.M., and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7485810 the second, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7894284 Mounik}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7485810 , accepted a plea agreement.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5898441 
The third, Martin, is the Defendant-Appellant in this case.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8661306 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6762284 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10698796 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6762284 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6762284 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5898441 At trial, the Peop}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7938988 le called a number of witnesses}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14051468 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5898441  including}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14051468 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5898441  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7538574 M.R.\rquote s father}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14051468 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5898441  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7938988 Dr. William Weare, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5898441 M.R.\rquote s examining physician at th}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7938988 e Healing Hearts Crisis Center}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14051468 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5898441  and Guam Police Department (\'93GPD\'94) Officer Pet}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7538574 er Paulino}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7485810 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5898441 Dr. Weare\rquote s medical evaluation report}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7485810  was also submitted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5898441 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9505399 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8736964 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5990225\charrsid5990225 II.  JURISDICTION
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5990225 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6762284 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6762284 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10698796 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6762284 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6762284 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8736964\charrsid7674901 This court has appellate jurisdiction over this matter pursuant to 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 1424-1(a)(2) }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16192796\charrsid7674901 (Westlaw through Pub. L. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10772153\charrsid7674901 115}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16192796\charrsid7674901 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6491578 173}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14826421\charrsid7674901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16192796\charrsid7674901 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10772153\charrsid7674901 201}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14826421 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16192796\charrsid7674901 ));}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8736964\charrsid7674901  7 GCA \'a7\'a7 3107 and 3108(a) (2005); and 8 GCA \'a7 130.15(a) (2005).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5990225 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11368314 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5990225\charrsid5990225 III.  STANDARD OF REVIEW
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6762284 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6762284 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10698796 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6762284 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6762284 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8736964 A claim that an indictment has resulted in multiplicitous convictions is reviewed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid8736964\charrsid8736964 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8736964 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8736964\charrsid8736964 United States v. Stewart}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8736964 
, 420 F.3d 1007, 1012 (9th Cir. 2005) (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8736964\charrsid8736964 United States v. Vargas-Castillo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8736964 , 329 F.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8866359 
3d 715, 718-19 (9th Cir. 2003)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8736964 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9909381   A double jeopardy claim likewise presents a question of law that we review }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid9909381\charrsid9462034 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9909381 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9909381 People v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9909381\charrsid9462034 Quenga}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9909381 , 2015 Guam 39 \'b6 8 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9909381\charrsid9462034 People v. San Nicolas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9909381 , 2001 Guam 4 \'b6 8).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8736964 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6762284 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10698796 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6762284 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6762284 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid95077\charrsid11367611 Where a defendant has raised the issue of sufficiency of the evidence by a motion for judgment of acquittal, we review the trial court\rquote s denial of the motion }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid95077\charrsid11367611 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid95077\charrsid11367611 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid95077\charrsid11367611 People v. Song}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid95077\charrsid11367611 
, 2012 Guam 21 \'b6 26.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14826421 At trial, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12473532\charrsid11367611 Martin }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8678392 raised sufficiency of the evidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12473532\charrsid11367611 only with respect to one count of Second Degree CSC, which would therefore raise the question of whether plain error review applies to the remaining four counts.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid12473532\charrsid11367611 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16738002\charrsid11367611 People v. Quitugua}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16738002\charrsid11367611 , 2009 Guam 10 \'b6 10 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3620885\charrsid11367611 citation omitted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16738002\charrsid11367611 ) (applying plain error review when issue was not raised at trial).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12473532\charrsid11367611 
  We decline to reach this question, however, because we find the evidence sufficient even if we apply }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid861162 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12473532\charrsid11367611 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12473532\charrsid11367611  standard to all the counts that Martin presently contests, as discussed further in Part IV.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11367611\charrsid11367611 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8678392 
 of this opinion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12473532\charrsid11367611 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9710294\charrsid11367611  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12473532\charrsid11367611 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11367611 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11367611 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10698796 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11367611 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3237916\charrsid11367611 We review for plain error where no objection to the admission of evidence is made at trial. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15470418  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3290498\charrsid11367611 People v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3237916\charrsid11367611 Mendiola}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3237916\charrsid11367611 , 2014 Guam 17 \'b6
 23 n.2 (citation omitted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4988855\charrsid11367611 ); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4988855\charrsid11367611 see}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3237916\charrsid11367611  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5208133\charrsid11367611 also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3620885\charrsid11367611 8 GCA \'a7 130.50(a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2436633  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3237916\charrsid11367611 .
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12473532\charrsid11367611   We have previously summarized plain error review as \'93highly preju
dicial error.  We will not reverse unless (1) there was an error; (2) the error is clear or obvious under current law; (3) the error affected substantial rights; and (4) reversal is necessary to prevent a miscarriage of justice or to maintain the integrit
y of the judicial process.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12473532\charrsid11367611 Quitugua}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12473532\charrsid11367611 , 2009 Guam 10 \'b6 11 (citations omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9462034 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6762284 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6762284 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10698796 10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6762284 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6762284 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9462034 Evidentiary decisions, such as the admission of evidence over a hearsay objection, are reviewed for abuse of discretion.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15618738   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15618738 People v. Perez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15618738 , 2015 Guam 10 \'b6 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357498 19 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15618738 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14554630 quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15618738 People v. Roten}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15618738 , 2012 Guam 3 \'b6 13)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9462034 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8143343 An abuse of discretion is \'93that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10624711 \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8143343 
exercised to an end not justified by the evidence, a judgment that is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts as are found.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10624711 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8143343 \'94  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13793747 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8143343  (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\i\insrsid8143343 People v. Evaristo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\insrsid8143343\charrsid9135141 ,
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8143343\charrsid9008611  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8143343 1999 Guam 22 \'b6 6).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11368314 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5990225\charrsid5990225 IV.  ANALYSIS
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11368314 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9511213\charrsid9511213 A.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9909381 
Martin Waived }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7485810 His Objection }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12979410 that the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7485810  Indictment Was Multiplicitous}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid9317722 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6762284\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6762284 [1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10698796 1}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6762284 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6762284 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11214246\charrsid4482502 Title 8 GCA \'a7 65.15 requires a defendant to raise an objection to a}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7080446 n }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11214246\charrsid4482502 indictment prior to trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7080446 
, except where the objection is that it fails to show jurisdiction or to charge an offense}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11214246\charrsid4482502 .  8 GCA \'a7 65.15(b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1683  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11214246\charrsid4482502  (\'93The following shall be raised prior to trial: . . . (b) Defenses and objections based on defects in the indictment . . . .\'94); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid880590\charrsid4482502 accord}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11214246\charrsid4482502  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11214246\charrsid4482502 Fed. R. Crim. P. 12(b)(3)(B)(ii) (\'93
The following . . . objections, . . . must be raised by pretrial motion . . . : . . . (B) a defect in the indictment . . . including: . . . charging the same offense in more than one count (multiplicity) . . . .\'94
).  Failure to raise such an objection in a pretrial motion constitutes }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7080446 waiver}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11214246\charrsid4482502  absent a showing of good cause.  8 GCA \'a7 65.45}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1683  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11214246\charrsid4482502 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11214246\charrsid4482502 see}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid5208133  also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11214246\charrsid4482502  People v. Grajo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11214246\charrsid4482502 
, No. 86-00002, 1987 WL 109393, at *3 (D. Guam App. Div. Feb. 12, 1987) (ruling that defendant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14644196 waived objection to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11214246\charrsid4482502  indictment }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14644196 under 8 GCA \'a7 65.15}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11214246\charrsid4482502  when he failed to raise before trial or show good cause)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14644196 
; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14644196 People v. White}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14644196 , 2005 Guam 20 \'b6\'b6 14-15 (same). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7078370\charrsid4482502  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13201700 This}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13201700\charrsid4482502  court has discretion to review plain errors or defects affecting substantial rights, even when not raised at trial. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5447379  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13201700\charrsid4482502 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13201700\charrsid4482502  8 GCA \'a7 130.50.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13201700 We exercise this discretion \'93sparingly, solely in those circumstances in which a miscarriage of justice would otherwise result.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13201700 People v. Ueki}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13201700 , 1999 Guam 4 \'b6 17 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13201700 United States v. Young}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13201700 , 470 U.S. 1, 15 (1985) (internal quotation marks omitted)).

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7761011\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13201700 [1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10698796 2}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13201700 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7078370\charrsid4482502 Because}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid880590\charrsid4482502  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13370723 
Martin did not raise the issue of a multiplicitous indictment at any time prior to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3670602  appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7078370 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13370723 
 he did not satisfy the mandatory procedural requirements set forth under 8 GCA \'a7\'a7 65.15}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7080446 (b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13370723  and 65.45}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13201700 
, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7485810 in the present case }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13201700 he has failed to provide any }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1796914 good cause for his failure to do so. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7029551  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1796914 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13201700  White}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13201700 , 2005 Guam 20 \'b6\'b6 15-16 (\'93
We hold that failure to raise objections to defects in the indictment or institution of the prosecution in a timely fashion, without good cause, precludes appellate review.\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7080446 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7080446 People v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7080446\charrsid7080446 Diaz}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7080446 , 2007 Guam 3 \'b6 51 (same); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7080446 People v. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7080446\charrsid7080446 Garrido}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7080446 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7080446\charrsid7080446 882 F. Supp. 152, 153 (D. Guam App. Div. 1995}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761011 ) (same).  Therefore we hold Martin waived objection to the indictment by failing to comply with the timeliness requirements of 8 GCA \'a7\'a7 65.15 and 65.45.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13370723\charrsid4482502 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4348431 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9511213\charrsid9511213 B.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11367611 
Consecutive Sentences Did Not Violate Double Jeopardy
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10758028\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10758028 [13]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028 
Martin also argues that \'93[c]onsecutive sentences imposed on multiplicitous counts violates [sic] Double Jeopardy.\'94  Appellant\rquote s Br. at 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9135141  (Apr. 29, 2016)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10758028 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10758028 see also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9135141 Appellant\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028 
Reply Br. at 7-8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9135141  (Aug. 11, 2016)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028 .  As noted }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10624711 above}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028 
, Martin waived his objection to the indictment based on multiplicity, but in order to address his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16261995 double jeopardy }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028 claim, we will address his }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6558990 argument}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028  that the indictment was multiplicitous. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9969863\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 [14]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10758028\charrsid10758028 Title}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502  9 GCA \'a7 1.22 specifically enables charging multiple offenses when a defendant\rquote 
s conduct establishes multiple criminal acts, except under certain enumerated circumstances not implicated here.  9 GCA \'a7 1.22}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502  (\'93When the same conduct of a defendant may establish the commission of more than one offense, the defendant may be prosecuted for each such offense.\'94).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10758028\charrsid11214246 \'93An indictment is multiplicitous if it charges a single offense in more than one count.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid10758028\charrsid11214246 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4348431 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid10758028\charrsid4281456 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4281456  Multiplicity stands in contrast to \'93duplicity,\'94 which describes more than one offense alleged in a single count.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10758028\charrsid4281456 United States v. Davis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4281456 , 306 F.3d 398, 415 (6th Cir. 2002) (citation omitted); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10758028\charrsid4281456 
Quenga}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4281456 , 2015 Guam 39 \'b6 52 (citation omitted).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid11214246   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10758028\charrsid11214246 
United States v. Williams}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid11214246 , 527 F.3d 1235, 1241 (11th Cir. 2008) (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10758028\charrsid11214246 Ward v. United States}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid11214246 , 694 F.2d 654, 660-61 (11th Cir. 1983)); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10758028\charrsid11214246 United States v. Jenkins}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid11214246 
, 313 F.3d 549, 557 (10th Cir. 2002) (\'93Multiplicitous counts are separately charged counts that are based on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028 the same criminal behavior.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10624711\charrsid10624711  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10624711\charrsid11214246 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10624711\charrsid11214246 United States v. McIntosh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10624711\charrsid11214246 , 124 F.3d 1330, 1336 (10th Cir. 1997))}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028 ).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid11214246 Multiplicitous counts \'93
are improper because they allow multiple punishments for a single criminal offense.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 Jenkins}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 
, 313 F.3d at 557 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 McIntosh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 , 124 F.3d at 1336).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10758028\charrsid10758028 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10758028\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10758028 [1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 5}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10758028 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 Where an indictment charges two viola
tions of the same statute for seemingly related conduct, our multiplicity analysis is twofold.  We must first determine \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid11214246 what act the legislature intended as the \lquote 
unit of prosecution\rquote  under the statute}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid11214246 \'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10758028\charrsid11214246 San Nicolas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid11214246 , 2001 Guam 4 \'b6 13 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028 citations omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid6558990 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4348431 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid6558990 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6558990  We note that Martin misframes the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9969863 
application}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6558990  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9969863 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6558990\charrsid6558990  Blockburger v. United States}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6558990\charrsid6558990 , 284 U.S. 299, 304}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6558990  (1932), when he states that \'93[a]n indictment is not multiplicitous if each count or charge requires proof of a fact which the other does not,\'94
 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 17, and then goes on to assert his consecutive sentences for the two counts of First Degree CSC violated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16261995 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6558990 ouble }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16261995 j}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6558990 eopardy, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6558990 see id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6558990  at 20.  As we discussed at some length in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6558990 San Nicolas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6558990 , \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6558990 Blockburger}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6558990  applies only where the defendant is convicted of viol
ating two distinct statutory provisions,\'94 but here Martin was sentenced consecutive}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16261995 ly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6558990  for two counts under the same First Degree CSC statute, \'93
therefore, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6558990 Blockburger}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6558990  test is inapplicable in determining whether consecutive sentences are proper.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6558990 
San Nicolas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6558990 , 2001 Guam 4 \'b6\'b6 11-12.  Because Martin challenges his consecutive sentences imposed for two violations of the same statute, the proper test is the \'93unit of prosecution\'94 test.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6558990 See id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6558990  \'b6 13}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5507138 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5507138 accord }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid13788161 People v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5507138 Afaisen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5507138 , 2016 Guam 31 \'b6 13}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6558990 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028 
  When determining the unit of prosecution, \'93[t]he relevant inquiry is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4540943 \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid5577284 
whether the conduct at issue was intended to give rise to more than one offense under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028 the same [statutory] provision.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4540943 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10758028 \'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid5577284  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10758028 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028 (second alteration in original) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4540943 quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4540943 United States v. McLaughlin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4540943 , 164 F.3d 1, 14 (D.C. Cir. 1998)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid5577284 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502   This inquiry necessarily involves determining whether the alleged violation is statutorily defined as a course of conduct offense.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5507138 See People v. Afaisen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5507138 , 2016 Guam 31 \'b6\'b6 9, 32-34; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5507138 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 9 GCA \'a7 1.22(e) (\'93[A defendant] may not, however, be convicted of more than one offense if . . . the offense is defined as a continuing course of conduct and the defendant\rquote 
s course of conduct was uninterrupted . . . .\'94); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 People v. Quinones}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10758028 779 N.Y.S.2d 131, 132}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502  (App. Div. 2004) (\'93An indictment cannot charge a defendant with more than one count of a crime that can be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13656108  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 characterized as a continuing offense unless there has been an interruption in the course of conduct.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028 
 (citations omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10758028 [1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10758028 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028 \tab We must also determine whether }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid11214246 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 the conduct underlying each violation involves a separate and distinct act.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 United States v. Technic Servs., Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 , 314 F.3d 1031, 1046 (9th Cir. 2002) (citations omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028 ,}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 overruled in part on other grounds by United States v. Contreras}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 , 593 F.3d 1135 (9th Cir. 2010).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028 We}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid11214246  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028 look to the indictment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid11214246 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028 evaluate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10758028\charrsid11214246 whether}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502  the underlying acts, as alleged, were \'93separated in time or are of a significantly different nature.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 State v. Multaler}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11300118 2002 WI 35, \'b6 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5916095 56, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11300118 252 Wis. 2d 54, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 643 N.W.2d 437 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 State v. Eisch}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 , 291 N.W.2d 800, 803 (Wis. 1980))}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid11214246 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 \'93Acts may be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13788161 \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 different in nature}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13788161 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502  even when they are the same types of acts as long as each required }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13788161 \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 a new volitional departure in the defendant\rquote s course of conduct.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13788161 
\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 \'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5916095 \'b6 57}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11300118 quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11300118 State v. Koller}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11300118 , 2001 WI App 253, \'b6 31, 248 Wis. 2d 259, 635 N.W.2d 838}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502   }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 This analysis involves determining \'93whether there was sufficient time for reflection between the acts such that the defendant re-committed himself to the criminal conduct.\'94  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5916095 \'b6 56 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 State v. Hirsch}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 , 410 N.W.2d 638, 641 (Wis. Ct. App. 1987)).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10758028\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 [17}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10758028 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 First }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13788161 D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 
egree CSC is defined, in pertinent part, as follows:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid3437068 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 
(a) A person is guilty of criminal sexual conduct in the first degree if he or she engages in sexual penetration with the victim and if any of the following circumstances exists:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li1440\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid3437068 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 . . . . 
\par (4) the actor is aided or abetted by one or more other persons and either of the following circumstances exists: 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid3437068 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 \tab \tab \tab \tab . . . . 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li2160\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin2160\itap0\pararsid3437068 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 
(B) the actor uses force or coercion to accomplish the sexual penetration.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10758028\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 9 GCA \'a7 25.15(a), (a)(4), (a)(4)(B)}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028  (amended by Guam Pub. L. 32-012:2 (Apr. 11, 2013))}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 .  Sexual penetration is defined as \'93
sexual intercourse, cunnilingus, fellatio, anal intercourse or any other intrusion, however slight, of any part of a person\rquote s body or of any object into the genital or anal openings of another person\rquote s body . . . .\'94  9 GCA \'a7
 25.10(a)(9)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10758028 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 18}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10758028 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6558990 As a threshold matter,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502  we find that the plain language of the statute }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15221128 clearly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 expresses legislative intent to define the unit of prosecution for First Degree CSC as a single act of penetration\emdash \'93however slight\'94\emdash when other stat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15221128 
utory conditions are satisfied.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5507138   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10758028 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10758028 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 19}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10758028 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15221128 In determining whether the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028 
 conduct underlying the separate counts involved separate and distinct acts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15221128 , we look to the indictment:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16449555 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028 Count One
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16449555 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028 On or about the 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\super\insrsid10758028\charrsid8150153 rd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028 
 day of December 2011, in Guam, [Martin] did commit the offense of First Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct, in that he intentionally engaged in sexual penetration with another, to wit: by sexual intercourse with M.R. . . . and [Martin] was
 aided or abetted by one or more other persons and [Martin] used force or coercion to accomplish the sexual penetration, in violation of 9 GCA \'a7\'a7 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid14381040 25.15(a)(4)(ii) and (b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid10758028 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4348431 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid10758028\charrsid4281456 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4281456  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid10758028 Title 9 GCA \'a7
 25.15(a)(4)(ii) has since been renumbered as subsection 25.15(a)(4)(B).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10758028\charrsid861162 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid10758028  Guam Pub. L. 32-012:2 (Apr. 11, 2013).}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16449555 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028 Count Two
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16449555 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028 On or about the 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\super\insrsid10758028\charrsid8150153 rd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028  day of December 2011, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10758028 but at a time different than that alleged in the Third Charge, Count One above}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid10908821 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028 in Gua
m, [Martin] did commit the offense of First Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct, in that he intentionally engaged in sexual penetration with another, to wit: by sexual intercourse with M.R. . . . and [Martin] was aided or abetted by one or more other persons a
nd [Martin] used force or coercion to accomplish the sexual penetration, in violation of 9 GCA \'a7\'a7 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid14381040 25.15(a)(4)(ii) and (b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid10758028 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4348431 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid10758028\charrsid4281456 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4281456  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10758028\charrsid4281456 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10758028 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4281456  note }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15279192 4 and accompanying text}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4281456 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16449555 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028 RA, tab 121 at 1-2 (Am. Superseding Indictment, July 1, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid13438175 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10758028\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10758028 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 20}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10758028 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15221128 We conclude }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 that the co
unts of First Degree CSC allege offenses for separate acts.  The indictment charges two distinguishable acts, separated in time.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502  (distinguishing the counts by alleging second violation occurred \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10758028\charrsid4482502 at a time different }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10758028\charrsid4085110 than that alleged in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4085110 [Count One]\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11801163\charrsid4085110 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid11801163\charrsid4085110 see also Multaler}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11801163\charrsid4085110 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4076652 2002 WI 35, \'b6 56}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11801163\charrsid4085110 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4085110 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4085110\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10758028\charrsid4085110 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid9969863 21}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10758028\charrsid4085110 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758028\charrsid4085110 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4085110\charrsid4085110 
Because First Degree CSC allows for a separate unit of prosecution based on a single separate act of penetration\emdash \'93however slight\'94\emdash and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12997887  the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10758028\charrsid4085110  indictment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4085110\charrsid4085110 alleged two distinct acts of First Degree CSC, we find }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8522567 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8522567\charrsid4085110  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4085110\charrsid4085110 the imposition of consecutive sentences was therefore proper}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9969863 
, because the indictment was not multiplici}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8522567 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9969863 ous}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4085110\charrsid4085110 .  Where \'93
the statute prohibits individual acts . . . then each act is punishable separately,\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4085110\charrsid4085110 San Nicolas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4085110\charrsid4085110 , 2001 Guam 4 
\'b6 23 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4085110\charrsid4085110 United States v.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4085110\charrsid9008611  Johnson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4085110\charrsid4085110 
, 612 F.2d 843, 845-46 (4th Cir. 1979)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8522567 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4085110\charrsid4085110  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4085110\charrsid4085110 Blockburger}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4085110\charrsid4085110 , 284 U.S. at 302).  Therefore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8522567 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4085110\charrsid4085110 
 we affirm the sentence imposed by t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4085110 he trial court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10698796\charrsid4085110 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-403\li403\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin403\itap0\pararsid16449555 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11367611 C.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3764479 
The Evidence Was Sufficient }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8522567 fo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3764479 r }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4354307 Each}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16539566  Count}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1979746  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4354307 of First Degree CSC and Second Degree CSC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9511213 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473532\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6762284 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 22}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6762284 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6762284 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12473532\charrsid10698796 As stated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8522567 above}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12473532\charrsid10698796 , where a defendant has raised the issue of sufficiency of the evidence by a motion for judgment of acquittal, we review the trial court\rquote s denial of the motion }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid12473532\charrsid10698796 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12473532\charrsid10698796 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12473532\charrsid10698796 Song}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12473532\charrsid10698796 
, 2012 Guam 21 \'b6 26.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12473532   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10698796 Solely for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12473532  the sake of argument}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10698796 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12473532  we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11367611 will }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12473532 apply this standard to all counts contested by Martin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11367611 
, even though at trial he moved with respect to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9524369 only }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11367611 one count}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12473532 .  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10698796\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10698796 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 23}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10698796 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6967746 We}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10698796  have stated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9524369 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10698796\charrsid10698796 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid10698796\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid95077 
In determining whether there exists sufficient evidence to sustain a defendant\rquote s conviction, we review the evidence presented at trial 
in the light most favorable to the People and determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9524369 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid95077 This is a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9524369 \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid95077 highly deferential standard of review.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9524369 \rquote \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid95077 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid95077\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid95077 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10698796\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9524369 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid95077 
 (citations omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10698796 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10698796 see also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10698796\charrsid10698796  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10698796\charrsid4482502 People v. Wusstig}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10698796 , 2015 Guam 21 \'b6 9.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid95077   In reviewing a motion for judgment of acquittal, it is not for the court \'93}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11300118 \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid95077 to resolve conflicts in the evidence, to pass upon the credibility of witnesses, to determine the plausibility of explanations, or to weigh
 the evidence; such matters are for the jury.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11300118 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid95077 \'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7428183 Song}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7428183 
, 2012 Guam 21 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid95077 \'b6 29 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11300118 quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11300118 State v. Williams}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11300118 
, 695 N.W.2d 23, 28 (Iowa 2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8783047 ); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8783047 see also People v. Jesus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8783047 , 2009 Guam 2 \'b6 61 (\'93
The appellate court cannot merely substitute its judgment for that of the jury.\'94 (collecting cases))}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10698796 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8783047 In reviewing sufficiency of the evidence, a court is 
\'93concerned with the existence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16261995 or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8783047 non-existence of evidence, not its weight, and this standard remain
s constant even when the People rely exclusively on circumstantial evidence.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8783047 Song}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8783047 , 2012 Guam 21 \'b6 29}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6967746 
 (citations omitted); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6967746 see also Jesus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6967746 , 2009 Guam 2 \'b6 62 (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11300118 [E]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6967746 vidence sufficient to support a guilty verdict may be entirely circumstantial, and the factfinder is free to choose among reasonable interpretations of the evidence.\'94 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6967746 
United States v. Boskic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6967746 , 545 F.3d 69, 85 (1st Cir. 2008))).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3670305\charrsid6967746 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s22\qj \li720\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2369064\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14037134 1.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16539566\charrsid526567 First Degree CSC }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid7289975\charrsid526567 Counts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16539566\charrsid4482502 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6762284\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6762284 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 24}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6762284 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6762284 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3670305\charrsid4482502 As charged, the elements of First Degree CSC are (1) sexual penetr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7554548\charrsid4482502 ation with the victim, (2) aiding or abetting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3670305\charrsid4482502  by another individual, and (3) use of force or coercion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9119578  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid138519  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9119578 9 GCA 
\'a7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1581115\charrsid4482502  25.15(a), (a)(4), (a)(4)(B).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5721991\charrsid4482502 At trial, Martin testified to two instances of penetration}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6967746 , Tr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6891777  at 31}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6967746 -32 (Jury Trial, June 30, 2014), providing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5721991\charrsid4482502 evidence to support the first element of First Degree CSC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15166552\charrsid4482502  for two distinct counts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5721991\charrsid4482502 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12984703\charrsid4482502   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14491073 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10957028\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10957028 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 25}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10957028 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5721991\charrsid4482502 Numerous }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6967746 other }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5721991\charrsid4482502 witnesses testified, including}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6967746 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5721991\charrsid4482502  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2364445  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5721991\charrsid4482502 M.R.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6967746 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5721991\charrsid4482502  her father}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6967746 ;}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5721991\charrsid4482502  her examining physician}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6967746 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5721991\charrsid4482502 police officers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6967746 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5721991\charrsid4482502 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10879149\charrsid4482502 s well as Martin\rquote s accomplices}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6967746 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5721991\charrsid4482502 I.M. and Mounik.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6891777\charrsid4482502   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6891777\charrsid4482502 See gen
erally}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6891777\charrsid4482502 
 Tr. (Jury Trial, June 20, 2014); Tr. (Jury Trial, June 23, 2014); Tr. (Jury Trial, June 24, 2014); Tr. (Jury Trial, June 25, 2014); Tr. (Jury Trial, June 26, 2014); Tr. (Jury Trial, June 27, 2014); Tr. (Jury Trial, June 30, 2014). }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5208133  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6967746 M.R. testified that she was \'93forced\'94 to drink alcohol prior to the rape.  Tr. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid80516 at }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6967746 23:19-20 (Jury Trial, June 27, 2014).  She also testified that she was held down, raped more than once, and had to climb a gate to leave the area.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6967746 Id.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14491073  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid80516 at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14491073 24:8-26:20.  Mounik also testified th
at there was a fence around at least part of the area, and that it was dark at the time.  Tr. at 36:9-11, 37:21-22 (Jury Trial, June 24, 2014).  Mounik further told police that they were holding her legs because \'93she . . . was trying to get up.\'94
  Tr. at 7:10-18 (Jury Trial, June 26, 2014).  I.M. testified that M.R. resisted through the incident, and that she had to be restrained.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14491073 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid14491073\charrsid9008611 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14491073  at 36:1-38:6, 68:1-7, 71:6-14.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14491073\charrsid14425451 There}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14491073 
 was also circumstantial evidence that Martin was never alone at the scene, as he and I.M. left at the same time, as stated in both Martin\rquote s testimony, Tr. at 33:5-16 (Jury Trial, June 30, 2014), and I.M.\rquote 
s testimony, Tr. at 41:4-5 (Jury Trial, June 26, 2014).  Further, there was evidence of a striking extent of debris covering }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14425451 M.R.\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14491073 
lower extremities, including }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10957028 dirt and vegetable foreign}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14491073 
 matter under her clitoral hood and at the opening of the vagina, along with probable leaf material at the cervix, deep inside the vagina.  Tr. at 107:12-15, 108:18-21, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10957028 109:6-8, 109:11-14, 110:1-13 (Ju
ry Trial, June 20, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14491073  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16209820\charrsid14491073 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9831739\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6762284 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 26}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6762284 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6762284 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3670305\charrsid4482502  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10957028 Based on our review of}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10957028  this evidence in the light most favorable to the People, we determine that a rational trier of fact could have found, beyond a reasonable doubt, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9831739 continuing }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10957028 presence of the second and third elements of First Degree CSC\emdash aiding and abetting by another individual and the use of force or coercion\emdash 
with respect to the second count.  Because the evidence sufficient to support a guilty verdict may be entirely circumstantial, and the factfinder is free to choose among reasonable interpretations of the evidence,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10957028\charrsid10957028  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13398446 e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14425451 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13398446  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10957028 Jesus}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10957028 , 2009 Guam 2 \'b6 62 (citation omitted), the fact that this evidence is circumstantial does not undermine its sufficiency.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9831739\charrsid9831739  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9831739  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9969863\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 [27]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9831739 
Martin himself testified to two distinct instances of penetration}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8678392 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9831739  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8678392  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid8678392 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9831739 ee }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9831739 Tr. at 35:24-36:1 (Jury Trial, June 30, 2014).  There was also a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9831739\charrsid9831739  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4085110 separation in time}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9831739\charrsid9831739  between }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9831739 the two distinct }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9831739\charrsid9831739 penetrations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12997887 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2189476  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9969863\charrsid13398446 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid9831739\charrsid13398446 ee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14425451 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9831739\charrsid13398446  e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9831739\charrsid9008611 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9831739\charrsid14425451  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9831739\charrsid13398446 Tr. at 24:8-26:30 (June 27, 2014)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9969863\charrsid13398446 
.  The unit of prosecution allows for separate convictions based on two distinct instances of penetration,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13398446\charrsid13398446  as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13398446  discussed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8678392\charrsid8678392 previously}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13398446  in Part IV.B, and does not violate double jeopardy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8678392 .  This is the case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13398446  even if other elements may be inferred to be satisfied }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10226569 circumstantially }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13398446 at the time the second penetration occurred.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10957028\charrsid9969863 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6762284\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6762284 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 28}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6762284 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6762284 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13398446 
Consequently, we find Martin has not met his burden of showing the evidence at trial was insufficient to sustain convictions on two counts of First Degree CSC.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13398446 Cf. Jesus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13398446 , 2009 Guam 2 \'b6 62.  E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2449146 ven if we were to apply a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2449146 de novo }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2449146 standard of review}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10957028 , we conclude a rational trier of fact could have found, beyond a reasonable doubt, all of the essential elements of First Degree CSC }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9831739 necessary to sustain convictions on}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10957028  two distinct counts.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s22\qj \li720\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9008611\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10578137 2.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16539566\charrsid4482502 Second Degree CSC }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid7289975\charrsid4482502 Counts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16539566\charrsid4482502 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6762284\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6762284 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 29}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6762284 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6762284 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7289975\charrsid4482502 As charged, the elements of Second Degree CSC are (1) sexual contact with the victim, (2) aiding or abetting by another individual, an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9715593\charrsid4482502 
d (3) use of force or coercion.  These elements parallel the elements of First Degree CSC, but instead of sexual penetration, sexual contact is required.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6894886\charrsid4482502   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9715593\charrsid4482502 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6762284 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 30}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6762284 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6762284 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7289975\charrsid4482502 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10311715\charrsid4482502 s stated, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7289975\charrsid4482502 Martin testified to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2568605\charrsid4482502 the two instances of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10311715\charrsid4482502 sexual penetration. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2568605\charrsid4482502  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7802529\charrsid4482502 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7289975 Tr. at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10311715 31-32}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2568605  (Jury Trial, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10311715 
June 30, 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9831739 14). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14513304  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10311715\charrsid4482502 
Because Second Degree CSC is not a lesser included offense of First Degree CSC, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid421278 see People v. Songeni}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid421278 , 2010 Guam 20 \'b6 27; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10311715\charrsid4482502 People }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10311715\charrsid4482502 v. Cummins}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12780454\charrsid4482502 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10311715\charrsid4482502  2010 Guam 19 \'b6 8, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14513304\charrsid4482502 the sexual }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16647422\charrsid4482502 penetration}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14513304\charrsid4482502 , aiding or abetting, and force or coercion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16647422\charrsid4482502  elements}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14513304\charrsid4482502  that were established for }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16209820 two}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14513304\charrsid4482502  of the counts of First Degree CSC can therefore }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16647422\charrsid4482502 
carry over to satisfy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10311715\charrsid4482502  the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16647422\charrsid4482502 requisite}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14513304\charrsid4482502  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10311715\charrsid4482502 element}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16647422\charrsid4482502 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10311715\charrsid4482502  for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8678392 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14513304\charrsid4482502 three}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14183665\charrsid4482502  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2311540\charrsid4482502 charged 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10311715\charrsid4482502 counts of Second Degree CSC. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14183665\charrsid4482502  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10311715\charrsid4482502 
Martin also testified that in his interview with police he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2311540\charrsid4482502 admitted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10311715\charrsid4482502  he had touched the victim\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14183665\charrsid4482502 s breasts.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2311540\charrsid4482502   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10311715 Tr. at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4132992 35-}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10311715 36 (Jury Trial, June 30, 2014).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14183665 Officer Lujan corroborated this statement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2311540  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14183665 testified that Martin }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2311540 admitted to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14183665  touching }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid421278 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14183665 
victim\rquote s breasts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14183665\charrsid2449146 while}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14183665  his accomplices forced themselves on her.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10311715 
Tr. at 51, 67 (Jury Trial, June 23, 2014).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2449146 Even if we were to apply a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2449146 de novo }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2449146 
standard of review, this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14513304\charrsid4482502 testimony reflects }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9831739 sufficient }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2311540\charrsid4482502 
evidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2449146 that a rational trier of fact could find, beyond a reasonable doubt, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14513304\charrsid9831739 all three}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14513304\charrsid4482502  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16647422\charrsid4482502 elements of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9976182\charrsid4482502 Second Degree CSC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7418994\charrsid4482502 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9976182\charrsid4482502 sexual contact, aiding or abetting, and force or coercion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7418994\charrsid4482502 \emdash }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2449146 to support}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14513304\charrsid4482502  three }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9831739 distinct }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9976182\charrsid4482502 counts of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9831739 Second Degree CSC.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1705532\charrsid4482502   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16539566\charrsid16647422 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6762284 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 31}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6762284 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6762284 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2449146 We}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15864333\charrsid9831739  therefore }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4749896\charrsid9831739 affirm }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9831739\charrsid9831739 Martin
\rquote s convictions for all counts of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4749896\charrsid9831739  First Degree CSC and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9831739\charrsid9831739 all}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2449146 
 counts of Second Degree CSC.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16539566\charrsid4482502 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li432\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin432\itap0\pararsid6097297 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10226569 D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9511213\charrsid9511213 .  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4859415 The Trial Court Did Not Commit Reversible Error by Admitting the Testimony}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8223537  of M.R.\rquote s Father}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4859415 
, the Healing Hearts Report, and the Paulino Testimony}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9511213 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13597088 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 32}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13597088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16133902 Martin argues the trial court abused its discretion by admitting impermissible hearsay statements within }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8223537 M.R.\rquote s father\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16133902  testimony, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid421278 Healing Hearts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16133902 
Report, and the Paulino testimony.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid16133902 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4348431 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\fs22\super\insrsid8155156\charrsid4209588 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid8155156\charrsid4209588  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8155156\charrsid5208133 Martin only assigns error generally}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2189476 , asserts that the entire }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9135141 Healing Hearts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2189476 Report is inadmissible}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8155156\charrsid5208133 
 and does not point to specific hearsay statements}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1800523  made by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8223537 M.R.\rquote s father }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1800523 or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8223537 Officer }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1800523 Paulino}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2189476 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8155156\charrsid5208133   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid8155156\charrsid5208133 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1800523 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 22}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid421278 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1800523  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid421278  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid421278 B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1800523 ut see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8155156\charrsid5208133 Guam R. App. P. 13(a)(9)(A) (requiring \'93
citations to the authorities and parts of the record on which the Appellant relies\'94).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16133902   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10683084 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16133902 Appellant
\rquote s Br. at 21}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10683084 -22}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16133902 .  The People argue the statements were admitted under exceptions to the hearsay rule and, in the alternative, admission was harmless }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10490712 or was not plain error}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16133902 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10683084 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16133902 Appellee\rquote s Br. at 32}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8143343 -46}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9135141  (June 28, 2016)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16133902 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 33}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13597088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16133902 
Hearsay is defined as \'93a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6230544 Guam R. Evid. (\'93GRE
\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16133902  801(c).  Hearsay statements are generally inadmissible except as provided under recognized exceptions.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1800523 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16133902 GRE 802.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8143343\charrsid16133902 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-360\li1080\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid7894284 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4859415 1.  The Trial C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid5898441\charrsid5898441 ourt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4859415  Did Not Abuse its Discretion by Admitting the Testimony}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8223537  of M.R.\rquote s Father}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid4859415  under the \'93Excited Utterance\'94 Hearsay Exception}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5898441 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5898441 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8661306 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13597088 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 34}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13597088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8526359 At trial, M.R.\rquote s father testified at some length about his discovery of M.R. the morning foll
owing the incident, and her distraught }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7087638 appearance.  Tr. at 39-40 (Jury Trial, June 20, 2014).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16133902\charrsid4482502 Because the trial court admitted }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8223537 this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16394676  testimony}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8678392  as an excited utterance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16394676  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16133902\charrsid4482502 over Martin\rquote s objection, we review for an abuse of discretion.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16133902 Perez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16133902 , 2015 Guam 10 \'b6 19 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8143343 citations omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16133902 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13597088\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 35}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13597088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid4482502 Under GRE 803(2), \'93ex}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4464822\charrsid4482502 cited utterance\'94 statements are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid4482502 not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4464822\charrsid4482502 considered inadmissible hearsay}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid4482502 .  GRE 803(2).  An excited utterance is defined as \'93[a] stateme
nt relating to a startling event or condition made while the declarant was under the stress of excitement caused by the event or condition.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7894284 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7894284\charrsid9008611 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8661306\charrsid4482502   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid4482502 For a statement to be admitted }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7087638 as an excited utterance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid4482502 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11551022\charrsid4482502 it must }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9913646\charrsid4482502 (1) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11551022\charrsid4482502 describe an \'93event or condition startling enough to cause nervous excitement,\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9913646\charrsid4482502  (2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11551022\charrsid4482502  relate to the startling event, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9913646\charrsid4482502 (3) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11551022\charrsid4482502 \'93be made while the declarant is under the stress of the excitement caused by the event before there is time to contrive or misrepresent.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid4482502  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11551022\charrsid4482502  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8661306\charrsid4482502 Jesus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid4482502 , 2009 Guam 2 \'b6 36 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9913646\charrsid4482502 citations omitted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid4482502 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9203356\charrsid4482502 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid9203356\charrsid4482502 see}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8149199  also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9203356\charrsid4482502  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9203356\charrsid4482502 GRE 803(2)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid4482502 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8661306\charrsid4482502   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid4482502 \'93All three inquiries bear on the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8149199 \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid4482502 ultimate question}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8149199 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7087638  [of] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8149199 \lquote [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7087638 w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8149199 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8661306\charrsid4482502 hether the statement was the result of reflective thought or whether it was a spontaneous reaction to the exciting event.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8149199 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8661306\charrsid4482502 \'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8149199 Jesus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8149199 , 2009 Guam 2 \'b6 36}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249857\charrsid4482502  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid4482502 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9913646\charrsid4482502 United States v. Arnold}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9913646\charrsid4482502 
, 486 F.3d 177, 184 (6th Cir.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13249857\charrsid4482502  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9913646\charrsid4482502 2007)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid4482502 ).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 36}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13597088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15093056\charrsid4482502 The facts underlying the CSC }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12997887 charges }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15093056\charrsid4482502 
at issue in this case clearly establish an event startling enough to cause nervous excitement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8149199 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15093056\charrsid4482502  and M.R.\rquote 
s statements related to that event.  Thus, the first two elements of the excited utterance exception have been satisfied.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 37}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13597088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8661306\charrsid4482502 When assessing whether statements fulfill the third requirement, we may consider various factors, including}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8149199 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8661306\charrsid4482502  but not limited to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8149199 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid4482502  \'93the lapse of time between the startling event an
d the statement, whether the statement was made in response to an inquiry, age/maturity of the declarant, the physical and/or mental condition of the declarant, characteristics of the event, and the subject matter of the statements.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8149199 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid4482502  \'b6 38 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7087638 collecting cases}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8661306\charrsid4482502 ).  \'93[T]here is no precise amount of time between the event and the statement beyond which the statement cannot qualify as an excited utterance.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid8661306\charrsid4482502 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid4482502 \'b6 40 (citation omitted).  \'93[A] victim\rquote s statement made in response to an inquiry does not, without more, negate its spontaneity as an }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid877459\charrsid4482502 \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid4482502 excited utterance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid877459\charrsid4482502 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid4482502 \'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8661306\charrsid4482502 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid4482502 \'b6 43 (citations omitted).  \'93
Describing the declarant\rquote s voice, appearance, demeanor, whether the declarant was crying or appeared frighten, is often sufficient to demonstrate that the declarant was in an excited state.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid8661306\charrsid4482502 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid4482502 \'b6 44 (citations omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1638953\charrsid4482502   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8661306\charrsid4482502 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 38}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13597088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1638953\charrsid4482502 At trial, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8223537 M.R.\rquote s father}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8223537\charrsid4482502  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1638953\charrsid4482502 
testified that he discovered}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1638953  M.R. sometime in the early morning following the incident, around or after 4:00 a.m.  Tr. at 39 (Jury Trial, Jun}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2829765 e }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1638953 20, 2014).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2558006 M.R.\rquote s father\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid67907 testimony}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1638953  indicates that M.R.\rquote 
s statements were made within a matter of hours of the traumatic event.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2558006 M.R.\rquote s father }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1638953 also testified that he discovered M.R. \'93on the path }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid67907 towards the store . . . running,\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid67907\charrsid67907 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1638953 d.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid67907 , indicating}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1638953  that the statements were made before M.R. had a chance to take shelter and collect her thoughts or reflect on the incident.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15093056 Under the present facts, t}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1638953 he passage of a matter of hours does not negate the apparent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15093056  stress and excitement of the event}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1638953 .  Any inquiry }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2558006 M.R.\rquote s father }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1638953 may have made to M.R. does not negate the spontaneity of her statements.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1638953\charrsid4482502 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2829765 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 39}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13597088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2558006 M.R.\rquote s father }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1638953 described M.R. as running \'93like she\rquote 
s running away from somebody,\'94 crying, \'93like somebody\rquote s been beating her up,\'94 with a swollen face and red eyes, shaking, with grass on her person \'93like somebody dragged her,\'94 and her pants inside out.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid1638953 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1638953 at 39-40.  Based on this description, we find that M.R. was sufficiently \'93excited\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7087638 for her statements }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1638953 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7087638 be admissible }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1638953 u}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14581093 nder GRE 803(2).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1638953\charrsid14581093 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13597088\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 40}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13597088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid4482502 The fact that M.R. later re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1529191\charrsid4482502 canted }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14581093\charrsid4482502 certain }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1529191\charrsid4482502 parts of her testimony does}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8661306\charrsid4482502  not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1529191\charrsid4482502 , in itself, render her statements }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6230544\charrsid4482502 inadmissible}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1529191\charrsid4482502 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14581093\charrsid4482502 The trial court is not required to exclude otherwise admissible excited utterance evidence merely because the declarant later recants.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2241659\charrsid4482502 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14581093\charrsid4482502 State v. Young}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14581093\charrsid4482502 , 161 P.3d 967, 973 (}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2635710\charrsid4482502 Wash. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14581093\charrsid4482502 2007)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2635710\charrsid4482502  (en banc)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14581093\charrsid4482502  (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14581093\charrsid4482502 State v. Briscoeray}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14581093\charrsid4482502 
, 974 P.2d 912, 916 (Wash. Ct. App. 1999)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14581093\charrsid4482502   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid4482502 M.R.\rquote 
s subsequent declarations go to the weight of the hearsay statements made under the stress of excitem}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14581093\charrsid4482502 ent, not their admissibility.  Consequently, h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8661306\charrsid4482502 er partial recantation must be weighed by the finder of fact.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8661306\charrsid4482502 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 [41}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13597088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16394676 We therefore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid4482502  hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2558006 M.R.\rquote s father\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8661306\charrsid4482502  testimony under the excited utterance exception.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5898441\charrsid4482502 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-360\li1080\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid7894284 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5898441 2.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5769505 
The Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion by A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14880763 dmitting t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5769505 he Healing Hearts Report under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14880763 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5769505 he \'93Medical Diagnosis\'94 Hearsay E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9511213\charrsid9511213 xception}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9511213\charrsid9511213 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13597088 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 [4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13597088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1055677 Martin }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid290078 argues}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1055677 
 that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9135141 Healing Hearts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1055677 Report }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9135141 (hereinafter, the \'93Report
\'94) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1055677 because \'93[t]he entire }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid290078 . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1055677 Report }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid290078 . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1055677 was impermissible hearsay.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid290078 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4348431 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\fs22\super\insrsid8155156\charrsid4209588 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid8155156\charrsid4209588  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8155156\charrsid2449146 Martin\rquote s argument consists }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2449146\charrsid2449146 primarily of the following }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8155156\charrsid2449146 sentence: \'93The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8155156\charrsid5208133 
 entire Healing Hearts Report offered into evidence during the testimony of Dr. Weare was impermissible hearsay.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8155156\charrsid2369997 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 22.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16394676\charrsid2369997   We would be within our authority to disregard his argument on the basis that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7276644 :
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qj \li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid4348431 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2369997\charrsid2369997 [i]t is not sufficient for a party }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7276644 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2369997\charrsid2369997 simply to announce a position or assert an error and then leave it up to this [c]ourt to discover and rationalize}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2369997 
 the basis for his claims, or unravel and elaborate for him his arguments, and then search for authority to sustain or reject his position.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7276644 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4348431 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2369997 Lamb v. Hoffman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2369997 , 2008 Guam 2 \'b6
 35}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7276644  (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7276644 Wilson v. Taylor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7276644 , 577 N.W.2d 100, 105 (Mich. 1998))}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2369997 
; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2369997 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2369997\charrsid2369997 Millies v. LandAmerica Transnation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2369997\charrsid2369997 ,
 372 P.3d 111, 118 n.5 (Wash. 2016) (en banc) (declining to consider an issue that the appellant supported with insufficient argument);}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2369997\charrsid2369997  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12997887 cf. 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2369997\charrsid2369997 United States v. Dunkel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2369997\charrsid2369997 , 927 F.2d 955, 956 (7th Cir. 1991) (\'93A skeletal \lquote argument\rquote 
, [sic] really nothing more than an assertion, does not preserve a claim.\'94).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2369997   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12997887 For the sake of argument}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1800523 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12997887  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2369997 we address the claim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1800523  because it was argued in some depth at oral argument}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2369997 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1055677   Appellant\rquote s Br. at 22.  The People argue that the Report was properly admitted under the Rule 803(4) exception for statements made for the purpose of medical diagnosis (\'93
medical exception\'94).  Appellee\rquote s Br. at 35-37.  Martin replies}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1464274  that the trial court did not make a finding on the Report\rquote s admissibility under the medical exception }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8678392 or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1464274  expressly apply Rule 803(}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid290078 4)
.  Reply Br. at 9.  Because the Report was admitted over an objection, we review for an abuse of discretion.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid290078 See Perez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid290078 , 2015 Guam 10 \'b6 19 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13507972 citations omitted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16395218 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid290078 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 [4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13597088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306 
Rule 803(4) provides a hearsay exception for \'93
[s]tatements made for purposes of medical diagnosis or treatment and describing medical history, or past or present symptoms, pain, or sensations, or the inception or general character of the cause or external source thereof insofar as reasonably pertinen
t to diagnosis or treatment.\'94  GRE 803(4).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13768871   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14702045 This }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13263730 
exception for statements made for purposes of medical diagnosis or treatment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14702045 is a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1324060 \'93\lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14702045 firmly rooted}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1324060 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14702045  exception}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1324060  to the exclusion of hearsay evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14702045 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1324060 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15282631  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13925827 People v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15282631 Ignacio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15282631 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3171944  10 F.3d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15282631  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13925827 608, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15282631 612 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13925827 (9th Cir. 1993) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15282631 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1324060 citation omitted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15282631 ),}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14702045 
 based on the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15282631 presumption that a patient seeking medical care has a \'93strong motivation to be truthful}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11303273 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15282631 \'94 }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11303273  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11303273 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15282631 d.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15282631\charrsid15282631  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3171944 (quoting Fed. R. Evid. 803(4) advisory committee\rquote s n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15282631 ote}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3171944  to 1972 proposed rules}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15282631 
) (citations omitted); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15282631 see}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3171944  also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15282631  People v. Camacho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15282631 , 2016 Gu
am 37 \'b6 25 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15282631 United States v. Joe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15282631 , 8 F.3d 1488, 1493-94 (10th Cir. 1993)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3171944 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16395218   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6948213 \'93[W]hether a statement is admissible under the medical treatment exception does not depend solely on the intent of the person asking the questions, but also on whether the r
espondent understands herself to be providing information for purposes of medical treatment.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15745557 Ignacio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15745557 , 10 F.3d at 613 n.3.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6948213 \'93[T]he trial court must act as a vigilant gatekeeper to ensure that the GRE 803(4) exception does not become overbroad, especially as applied to multidisciplinary interviews.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid6948213 Camacho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6948213 , 2016 Guam 37 \'b6 30.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid290078 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 [4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13597088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13576289 
During trial, the People moved to admit the Report after laying a foundation for its admission through the testimony of Dr. Weare.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid290078 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13576289 
Tr. at 103-105 (Jury Trial, June, 20, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8867109   Martin objected}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid91328  to the admission of the Report, arguing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2180881 
 that the Report \'93contain[ed]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4680829  hearsay,\'94 \'93was prepared for forensic reasons,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2180881 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4680829  and did not \'93}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4680829\charrsid4680829 fall within a hearsay exception}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4680829 .\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2180881   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2180881 Id. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2180881 at 105.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4680829   The People responded that the statements found within the Report were \'93made for the purposes of medical diagnosis\'94 and therefore admissible.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4680829 Id.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13576289 The court overruled}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4680829  Martin\rquote s objection and admitted the Report}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3288663  without examining individual statements}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13576289 :
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid10625210 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13576289 There is case law to support the fact that even though there are some 
\endash  that there are medical records, particularly with regard to Healing Hearts, or centers that deal both with the medical treatment, which are also \endash  have an element of forensic information, or that are captur
ed for the purposes of prosecution at a later date, that does not then make them inadmissible for purposes of medical records.  So the Court will admit the exhibits into }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid153513 . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13576289 evidence.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid290078 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13576289 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16395218\charrsid16395218   }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16395218 The People then elicited testimony from Dr. Weare regarding the contents of the Report and his examination of M.R.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16395218 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16395218 at 105-12.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4680829\charrsid16395218 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid988829 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 [4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13597088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10827872 The trial court is correct}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid153513  to the extent that case law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15736940  does exist}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid153513  regarding the admissibility of hearsay statements when made in the context of an examination at a multidisciplinary medical treatment center, such as Healing Hearts}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10827872 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid988829   For example, i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid153513\charrsid153513 n }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid153513\charrsid153513 
United States v. Lukashov}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid153513\charrsid153513 , the Ninth Circuit upheld a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12804841 federal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid153513\charrsid153513 
district court ruling that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid153513 certain }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid153513\charrsid153513 hearsay statements made to a social worker}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12804841  during an interview
\emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid153513\charrsid153513 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12804841 the presence of law enforcement\emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid153513\charrsid153513 
when combined with a medical examination at a multidisciplinary medical clinic }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12804841 specializing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid153513\charrsid153513 
 in child abuse, were admissible under the medical exception.  694 F.3d 1107, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12804841 1114-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid153513\charrsid153513 15 (9th Cir. 2012).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12804841   In that case, a victim was interviewed by a social worker and physically examined by a doctor at a facility similar to Healing Hearts.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6425180 See id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid12804841 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12804841  at 1115.  At an evidentiary hearing, the social worker said that \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12804841\charrsid12804841 the purpose of the inter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12804841 view was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5063524 \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12804841\charrsid12804841 to gather information to be used in determining the diagnosis that the physician makes and to }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12804841 make treatment recommendations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid988829 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5063524 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12804841 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid988829   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid988829 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid988829\charrsid988829   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid988829 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12804841 he doctor }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5063524 \'93explained }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12804841 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12804841\charrsid12804841 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12804841 
he physical exam and interview }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5063524 \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12804841\charrsid12804841 go hand-in-hand in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12804841 generating a medical diagnosis.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5063524 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12804841 \'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12804841 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12804841 
  The doctor told the victim that the multidisciplinary facility was \'93a regular doctor\rquote s office\'94 and that the social worker and doctor were going to \'93make sure that [the victim] was healthy.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid12804841 Id.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12804841 The defendant argued}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid342219  that \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid342219\charrsid342219 the purpose of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid342219 [the victim\rquote s] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid342219\charrsid342219 statements to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid342219 [the social worker]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid342219\charrsid342219 
 was to build a case against him rather than to obtain medical diagnosis or treatment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid342219 .\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid342219 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid342219 
 He supported this argument with the fact }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12804841 that the interview was separate from the medical examination, a police officer was present, and the victim used the word \'93evidence\'94 during the interview.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12804841 See id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12804841   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10827872 The Ninth Circuit was unpersuaded by these arguments.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid342219 
The court upheld the finding that the purpose of the victim\rquote s statements was for medical diagnosis and treatment because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8196202 (1) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid342219 
the victim, the social worker, and the doctor believed the interview was a part of the medical process,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8196202  (2) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid342219 the presence of a police officer did not}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8196202  change the medical nature of the evaluations, and (3) mention of the word \'93evidence\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid342219  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8196202 was brief and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7894284 was not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8196202  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7894284 subject to follow up}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8196202 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8196202 Id.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8196202   The court clarified that \'93what matters is that, to [the victim]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8196202\charrsid10827872 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8196202 
[the social worker], and [the doctor]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8196202\charrsid10827872 , the interview took place }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8196202\charrsid10827872 
for the purpose of, and was reasonably pertinent to, medical diagnosis and treatment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8196202\charrsid10827872 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8196202 \'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8196202 Id.}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8196202  (emphasis added) (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8196202\charrsid10827872 Fed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8155156  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8196202\charrsid10827872 R.}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8155156  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8196202\charrsid10827872 Evid. 803(4); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8196202\charrsid10827872 Ignacio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8196202\charrsid10827872 , 10 F.3d at 613 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7367884 & }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8196202\charrsid10827872 n.3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8196202 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8196202\charrsid10827872 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8196202 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13597088 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 [4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13597088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid153513\charrsid153513 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid153513\charrsid153513 People v. Ignacio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid153513\charrsid153513 , the Ninth Circuit }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14702045 held that a doctor\rquote s testimony regarding a victim\rquote s statements was admissible under the medical exception}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7367884 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14702045  but that a social worker\rquote s similar testimony was not because statements made to the social worker were not made for medical treatment. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid153513\charrsid153513  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14702045 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14702045\charrsid153513 10 F.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8155156 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14702045\charrsid153513 d at 613}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14702045 -14}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7210686  (finding statement to social worker inadmissible}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7367884 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7210686  but error was harmless)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14702045 .  In fact, the social worker\rquote s testimony \'93establish[ed]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15736940  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14702045 that he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14702045\charrsid14702045 questioned the child to determine whether he needed to notify Child Protective Services of a case of suspected child abuse}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14702045 .\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14702045 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14702045 at 613.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7538364 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 [4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13597088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13768075 
As required by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12940889 GRE }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13768075 803(4) and emphasized in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13768075 Lukashov}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13768075 
, we look to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11018383 the purpose for which a statement is made }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13768075 and whether that statement is pe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11018383 rtinent to me
dical diagnosis or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13768075  treatment.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6230544 GRE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13768075  803(4); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13768075 see Lukashov}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13768075 , 694 F.3d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11018383 at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13768075 1115}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13768075\charrsid13768075  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13768075 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13768075\charrsid10827872 Fed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6230544  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13768075\charrsid10827872 R.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6230544  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13768075\charrsid10827872 Evid. 803(4); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13768075\charrsid10827872 Ignacio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13768075\charrsid10827872 , 10 F.3d at 613 }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7367884 & }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13768075\charrsid10827872 n.3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13768075 ).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11735850 Our inquiry }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11018383 must not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11735850 place undue emphasis on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13768075  the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2363043 
 identity of the interviewer obtaining a statement or that interviewer\rquote s dual purpose when working at a facility like Healing Hearts.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2363043 See Camacho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2363043 
, 2016 Guam 37 \'b6 29.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13768075  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2363043  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11735850\charrsid12940889 We must}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11735850 
 instead assess each instance of hearsay \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3505846 piece-by-piece, making individual decisions on each [statement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8341034 ] . . . .\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7367884  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2363043\charrsid2363043 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3505846  \'b6 30}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13768871  (alteration in original)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3505846  (citation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11735850 omitted). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3505846  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11735850 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13768871 he court \'93must }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7367884 \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13768871 carefully parse each statement . . . to determine whether [it] is sufficiently trustworthy, focusing on the declarant\rquote 
s motivation to seek medical care and whether a medical provider could have reasonably relied on the statement for diagn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11735850 osing or treating the declarant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7367884 \rquote 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13768871 \'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11735850  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11735850 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13768871 d. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13768871 
(alteration in original) (citation omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11735850  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 48}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13597088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11018383 
After reviewing the Report in its entirety and giving consideration to all relevant evidence in the record, we determine that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13576289 the statements}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16007714  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13576289 made by M.R. to Dr. Weare}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16007714  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11018383 in the Report }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13576289 were made for the purposes of}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13458917 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15736940 and reasonably pertinent to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13458917 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15736940  medical diagnosis or treatment}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13576289 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16007714   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15736940\charrsid11018383 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 49}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13597088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14038670 
The Report itself consists}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14038670\charrsid16007714  of eight forms, containing brief descriptions of M.R.\rquote s statements regarding the cause of her injuries, her symptoms, and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14038670  Dr. Weare\rquote s physical findings.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14038670 See generally }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14038670 
Exs. 44G-R, People v. Martin, CF0679-11 (Healing Hearts Report (Dec. 4, 2011)).  For example, M.R. made statements indicating that she was penetrated by a penis and a finger, Ex. 44H, and physically subdued, Ex. 44I.  M.R. also made statemen}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2363043 ts indicating that alcohol was used}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14038670 
 and a weapon was used to threaten her.  Ex. 44I.  The Report does not, however, indicate that M.R. made any statements with respect to the identities of her assailants.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 [5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 0}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13597088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14038670 
Nothing in the record suggests }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15822662 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14038670 M.R.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15822662 \rquote 
s statements would be made for a purpose other than to obtain medical treatment or diagnosis.  For example, Dr. Weare understood the examination procedure at Healing Hearts to consist of both physical and non-physical examinations intertwined as part of t
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2363043 he same diagnostic undertaking:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15822662 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid262351 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15822662 This exam is a pretty comprehensive exam. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14110472  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15822662 It takes me a minimum of two hours to do it. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14110472  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15822662 I spend half an hour to an hour 
or more talking to the patient about their past medical history, the events that led up to the incident that got them before me.  And details about what had happened.  This lets me focus in on areas that I need to look at, especially when I do the physica
l exam.  And then we do a thorough physical exam, which is the head-to-toe exam where basically we leave no parts untouched.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15822662\charrsid3621182 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5060469 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15822662 Tr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15822662  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15822662 at 102 (Jury Trial, June 20, 2014).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14038670 M.R.\rquote s father testified that he understood }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15822662 her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14038670  examination to be a \'93procedure}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15822662 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14038670 \'94 a \'93check}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15822662 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14038670 \'94 where M.R. would receive \'93some medication . . . to protect her from getting sick}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15825789 . . . .\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15822662 Tr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid14038670  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14038670 at 45-46}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15822662  (Jury Trial, June 20, 2014)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2363043 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15736940 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13597088 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 [5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13597088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15822662 We recognize that the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12459062  stock language appearing on the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4159023  Report}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5973326  itself}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12459062  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15822662 strongly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5973326 
suggests that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4225825 the document was created, at least in part, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5973326 for the purpose of collecting evidence to be used at trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12459062 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5973326   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12459062 For ex}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5996180 ample, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4225825 title of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5996180 Report include}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5973326 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12459062  the terms}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12459062\charrsid12459062  \'93Forensic Medic}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12459062 al Report \endash  Sexual Assault Form.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12459062\charrsid12459062 Ex. 44G, People v. Martin, CF0679-11 (Healing Hearts Report (Dec. 4, 2011))}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12459062 .  The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5996180  cover page include}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5973326 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12459062 
 boxes for the input of a GPD number for the document, the name and badge number of the accompanying law enforcement officer, and the title or name and badge number of the officer present during examination.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid12459062 Id.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12459062\charrsid9391623 Under the heading \'93Patient Consent / Information,\'94 the form state}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5973326\charrsid9391623 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6055711\charrsid9391623  that the signee \'93underst}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5973326\charrsid9391623 and[s]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6055711\charrsid9391623  that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12459062\charrsid9391623 an examiner can with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd4\expndtw20\insrsid12459062\charrsid262351  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd4\expndtw20\insrsid6055711\charrsid262351 . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12459062\charrsid9391623 consent, conduct a separate medical examination }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12459062\charrsid9391623 for evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12459062\charrsid9391623  of s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6055711\charrsid9391623 exual assault at public expense,\'94 that the purpose of such examination}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12459062\charrsid9391623  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6055711\charrsid9391623 \'93}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12459062\charrsid9391623 is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12459062\charrsid9391623 to discover and preserve evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6055711\charrsid9391623  of the assault,\'94
 that the signee \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12459062\charrsid9391623 consent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6055711\charrsid9391623 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5973326\charrsid9391623 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6055711\charrsid9391623 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12459062\charrsid9391623  to a medical examination }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12459062\charrsid9391623 for evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6055711\charrsid9391623  of sexual assault,\'94 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5996180\charrsid9391623 \'93collection }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6055711\charrsid9391623 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid6055711\charrsid9391623 evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6055711\charrsid9391623  may include photographing injuries}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5996180\charrsid9391623 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6055711\charrsid9391623 \'94 and that data may be collected \'93for health and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6055711\charrsid9391623  forensic }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6055711\charrsid9391623 purposes.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6055711\charrsid9391623 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6055711\charrsid9391623  (emphasis added}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6055711 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4225825 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 [5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13597088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4225825 
Nevertheless, our analysis must focus on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7212554 the specific statements made}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4225825  within the Report}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7212554 , the purpose for which th}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4225825 ose individual statements}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7212554  were made, and whether they were reasonably pertinent to medical diagnosis or treatment.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7212554 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14305734 GRE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7212554  803(4);}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7212554  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16144533 see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16144533\charrsid16144533 also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16144533  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7212554\charrsid16144533 Camacho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4225825 , 2016 Guam 37 \'b6
 28.  Here, M.R.\rquote s statements were admissible because they qualified under the Rule 803(4) exception, even}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2363043  if}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4225825  the Report itself }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2363043 was to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4225825  be used for the additional purpose of collecting e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2363043 vidence against potential defendants.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12459062 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 [5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13597088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5060469 
In summary, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13576289 the record reflects that the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5060469  statements made by M.R. found within the Report were made}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13576289  \'93
for purposes of medical diagnosis or treatment.\'94  GRE 803(4).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5060469   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13576289 Her statements described \'93present symptoms, pain, or sensations\'94 as well as the \'93
inception or general character of the cause or external source thereof insofar as reasonably pertinent to diagnosis or treatment.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16144533 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5060469   Thus, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13576289 we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting the Report under the medical diagnosis exception.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li1152\ri0\sa240\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1152\itap0\pararsid16526633 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5898441 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid9511213\charrsid9511213 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8283323 The Trial Court\rquote s Admission of Prior Inconsistent Statements as Substantive Evidence Was Not Plain Error
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13597088 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 [5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13597088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8283323 Martin assigns error to the trial court\rquote s admission of statements made by Mounik through the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15808805 testimony of Officer }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8283323 Paulino }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15808805 (hereinafter, the \'93Paulino }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8283323 testimony}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15808805 \'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8283323 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid8283323 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4348431 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\fs22\super\insrsid8155156\charrsid986944 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid8155156\charrsid986944  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8155156\charrsid2449146 Martin\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12997887 
\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8155156\charrsid2449146 argument}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12997887 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8155156\charrsid2449146  consists}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2449146\charrsid2449146  primarily of the following}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8155156\charrsid2449146  sentence: \'93Officer Paulino\rquote s extensive testimony concerning his interview of Mounik, and the statements Mounik }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8155156\charrsid861162 allegedly made when interviewed, impermissibly disclosed the substance of their conversations.\'94  Appellant\rquote s Br. at 22.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11367611\charrsid861162   }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12997887\charrsid861162 We}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11367611\charrsid861162  would be within our authority to disregard such cursory assertions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15808805\charrsid861162 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11367611\charrsid861162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15808805\charrsid861162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15808805\charrsid861162 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11367611\charrsid861162 ee supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11367611\charrsid861162  n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid861162 ote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid861162\charrsid861162 7 and accompanying text}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12997887\charrsid861162 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12997887  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8283323   Appellant\rquote s Br. at 22.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14305250 
The People argue the Paulino testimony was admissible to impeach the unexpected, inconsistent statements made during Mounik\rquote s direct testimony at trial.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14305250 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14305250 Appellee\rquote s Br. at 38-39, 42.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8283323 Additionally}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14305250 , they argue that this court should adopt the so-called \'93modern rule\'94
 that would allow the testimony to become admissible as substantive evidence.  Appellee\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8283323 Br. 41-43.  Finally, they argue in the alternative}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14305250 
 that admission of the Paulino testimony does not warrant reversal of the conviction because the admission was not plain error.  Appellee\rquote s Br. at 43-46.  In reply, Martin argues the testimony }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2440386 is}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14305250  inadmissible because it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8407520 was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2440386 offered as substantive evidence and does not sa
tisfy GRE 801.  Reply Br. at 9.  Martin also argues in his reply that this court s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14305250 ho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2440386 uld not adopt the \'93modern rule.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14305250   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6315809\charrsid7894284 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8283323\charrsid7894284 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14305250 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2385393 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 [5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13597088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3764479 At trial, Officer Paulino testified as to certain prior inconsistent statements made by 
Mounik during a police interview in which Mounik described the events surrounding the rape.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3764479 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3764479 Tr. at 54-55 (Jury Trial, June 25, 2014).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14305250 Martin did not object to admission of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11288494 Paulin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2440386 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3764479 \rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14305250  testimony.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2440386   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2440386 See generally }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2440386 Tr. (Jury Trial, June 25, 2014); Tr. (Jury
 Trial, June 24, 2014).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14305250 We therefore review for plain error.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13912638 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16526633 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\fs22\super\insrsid8155156\charrsid986944 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid8155156\charrsid986944  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8155156\charrsid5208133 Martin does not include a plain error analysis }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12997887 even though that is the proper standard.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14305250   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14305250 Mendiola}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14305250 
, 2014 Guam 17 \'b6 23 n.2 (citation omitted); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14305250 see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2440386 8 GCA \'a7 130.50}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14305250 (a); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid3372055 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14305250 Quitugua}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14305250 , 2009 Guam 10 \'b6 10 (citation omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid3235786 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13597088 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 [5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13597088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid12216667 
A prior inconsistent statement made by a witness, under oath or in a deposition, is not considered hearsay if the witness is subject to cross-examination regarding the statement.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14305734 GRE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid12216667  801(d)(1)(A); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8661306\charrsid8661306 see}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7974  also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8661306\charrsid8661306 
 United States v. Dietrich}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid12216667 , 854 F.2d 1056, 1061 (7th Cir. 1988) (\'93
If a prior inconsistent statement meets the requirements of Rule 801(d)(1)(A) it may be admitted as substantive evidence to establish the truth of the matter asserted.\'94 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8661306\charrsid8661306 
United States v. DiCaro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid861162 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid7974  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid12216667 772 F.2d 1314 (7th Cir. 1985), }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8661306\charrsid8661306 cert. denied}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid861162 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid7974  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8661306\charrsid12216667 475 U.S. 1081 (1986))}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7974 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid12216667 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 [5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13597088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8661306\charrsid12216667 If a prior inconsistent statement was not mad}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306 e under oath or in a deposition, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid12216667 
extrinsic evidence of the statement may be admitted, for purposes of impeachment, if the witness \'93is aff
orded an opportunity to explain or deny the same and the opposite party is afforded an opportunity to interrogate the witness thereon, or the interests of justice otherwise require.\'94  GRE 613(b).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8264508   }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid12216667 If offered as substantive evidence, extrinsic evidence of prior inconsistent statements will trigger the rule against hearsay.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8661306\charrsid8661306 
See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid12216667 GRE 802; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8025201 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8661306\charrsid8661306 Dietrich}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8661306\charrsid12216667 , 854 F.2d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8025201 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid12216667  1061 (7th Cir. 1988) (\'93
A prior inconsistent statement that does not meet one of the criteria of Rule 801(d)(1)(A) . . . may be used only for the purpose of impeaching the witness.\'94).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8264508   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8661306 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 58}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13597088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8264508 
At trial, the People elicited testimony from Paulino regarding prior inconsistent statements made by Mounik during an unsworn police interview.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12850831 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid609754 
Tr. at 54-55 (Jury Trial, June 25, 2014)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12850831 ; Tr. at 74-84, 88-89 (Jury Trial, June 24, 2014)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8264508 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306 
Paulino testified that during Mounik\rquote s GPD interview, Mounik stated that Martin placed M.R. on the ground where Martin forced himself on her as she cried and pleaded with him to stop.  Tr. at 54-55 (Jury Trial, June 25, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid609754   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306 Paulino also testified that Mounik stated that I.M. and Martin took turns holding M.R.\rquote s legs down }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12997887 during the rape}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306 , that Mounik }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid609754 allegedly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306 
had consensual sex with her afterwards, and that after I.M. and Martin left the scene, Mounik carried M.R.\rquote s unconscious body to a nearby roadway where he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8223537 lay }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8661306 beside her until she awoke and walked away.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1185470 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8223537  at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8661306\charrsid609754  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid16345655 55-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306 57}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid16345655 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid609754   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8661306 Finally, Paulino testified that Mounik stated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid609754 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306 none of the three men wore a condom}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2189476 .  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8661306\charrsid609754 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid609754  at 58.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 59}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13597088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306 
Martin did not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid609754 object to Paulino\rquote s testimony, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid609754\charrsid609754 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8661306\charrsid609754 ee id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid609754 at 52-60, or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306 request a limiting instruction on the admission of Mounik\rquote s prior inconsistent statements.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid609754   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306 Therefore, the prior inconsistent statement testimony was offered as substantive evidence and not for the limited purpose of impeaching Mounik\rquote s prior testimony.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid609754   }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306 Nevertheless, this error does not rise to the level of plain error because the statements admitted did not affect Martin\rquote s substantial rights due to the cumulative nature of the testimony.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4928085   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11288494 For example, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306 I.M. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3764479 also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306 
testified that the men removed M.R.\rquote s clothes while Martin and Mounik restrained her.  Tr. at 33 (Jury Trial, June 26, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4928085   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306 I.M.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3764479  further}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306  testified that he and Mounik held M.R.\rquote s legs while Martin }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12997887 raped the victim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8661306 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid8419533  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8223537  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8661306\charrsid4928085 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306 at 35-40.}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4928085   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3764479 In addition, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306 M.R. testified she was forced int
o the backseat of a car, taken into the jungle, forced to drink alcohol, and raped by I.M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8223537 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306 
 and Martin.  Tr. at 84-86 (Jury Trial, June 26, 2014); Tr. at 7-8, 21-24 (Jury Trial, June 27, 2014).  She testified that I.M. and Martin forcefully removed her clot
hes and took turns raping her while holding her against the ground.  Tr. at 24-25, 50 (Jury Trial, June 27, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4928085   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306 
Taking the cumulative nature of this testimony into account, we are not persuaded that the Paulino testimony of Mounik\rquote s hearsay statements }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15019365 adversely}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306 
 affected the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6230544  integrity of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6230544 judicial process }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306 or Martin\rquote 
s substantial rights.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4928085   Therefore, w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306 e hold that the error to admit extrinsic hearsay evidence of Mounik\rquote s prior inconsistent statements as substa}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8283323 ntive}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306  evidence did not rise to the level of plain error.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8593247   Because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16192796 
we affirm the trial court on the admission of the Paulino testimony}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8593247 , we need not reach the issue of whether }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8223537 this court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8593247 should adopt the \'93modern rule\'94 as espoused by the People.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5898441 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11285214 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5990225\charrsid5990225 V.  CONCLUSION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid5990225 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13597088\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9969863 60}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13597088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13597088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid10698796 For the foregoing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4277936 reasons, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4277936\charrsid4277936 we hold}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4277936  that:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4277936\charrsid4277936  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4277936 (1) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4277936\charrsid4277936 Martin waived }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4277936 his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4277936\charrsid4277936 
objection to the indictment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4277936  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4277936\charrsid4277936 by failing to comply with the timeliness requirements of 8 GCA \'a7\'a7 65.15 and 65.45}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4277936 ; (2) the trial court did not err when it imposed consecutive sentences for each count of First Degree CSC; (3)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4277936\charrsid4277936  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4277936 the evidence was sufficient to convict Martin on each count}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4277936\charrsid4277936  of First Degree CSC and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4277936 each count}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4277936\charrsid4277936  of Second Degree CSC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4277936 ; and (4) the trial court properly admitted the testimony of the victim\rquote s father, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid727223 the Healing Hearts Report, and Officer Paulino\rquote s testimony.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4277936  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4277936\charrsid4277936  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid727223 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4277936 e }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8661306\charrsid10698796 AFFIRM}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8661306\charrsid10698796  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11367611\charrsid10698796 the Judgment of Conviction entered by the trial court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3963786 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4465219 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4465219 
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