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{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}
{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}
{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
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{\*\defchp \f31506\fs22 }{\*\defpap \ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 }\noqfpromote {\stylesheet{\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
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\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16655811 
\par 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16655811\charrsid15677588 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16191601 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15677588\charrsid15677588 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15677588 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15677588\charrsid15677588 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid15677588\charrsid15677588 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15677588\charrsid15677588 
\par 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid15677588 GOVERNMENT OF GUAM}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid15677588\charrsid15677588 ,
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15677588 Plaintiff-Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15677588\charrsid271537 ,
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid15677588\charrsid15677588 v.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15677588\charrsid271537 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid15677588 EVELYN O\rquote KEEFE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid15677588\charrsid15677588 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid15677588 
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\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid815203 J.M.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid15677588\charrsid15677588  Torres}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid815203  Estate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid15677588 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid15677588\charrsid15677588 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15677588 Defendant-Appellee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15677588\charrsid271537 .
\par 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid15677588\charrsid15677588 OPINION
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15677588 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid8151398 Filed:  May 8, 2018}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid8151398\charrsid8151398 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15677588\charrsid15677588 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid16191601 Cite as: 201}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid8458892 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid15677588\charrsid14637041  Guam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid3172348 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15677588\charrsid14637041 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15677588\charrsid271537 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16191601 Supreme Court Case No.:  CVA16-001}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15677588\charrsid271537 
\par Superior Court Case No.:  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16191601 CV1378-10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15677588\charrsid271537 
\par 
\par 
\par Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam
\par Argu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15677588 ed and submitted on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16191601 February 28, 2017}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15677588\charrsid271537 
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15677588 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15677588\charrsid271537 
\par \ltrrow}\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow\ts11\trqc\trgaph120\trrh1665\trleft-120\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid16655811\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4860\clshdrawnil \cellx4740\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4500\clshdrawnil \cellx9240\pard\plain \ltrpar
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid14361637 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31503 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs35\ul\dbch\af31501\insrsid16191601\charrsid1211950 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 Appearing for Plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31503 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs35\ul\dbch\af31501\insrsid15677588\charrsid1211950 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 -Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af31503 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs35\b\dbch\af31501\insrsid15677588\charrsid9191800 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 :
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid16191601 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16191601 David Highsmith, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16191601 Esq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16191601 
\par Assistant Attorney General
\par Office of the Attorney General
\par Litigation Division
\par 590 S. Marine Corps Dr., Ste. 706
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid14361637 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16191601 Tamuning, GU 96913}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15677588\charrsid16597833 \cell }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31503 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs35\ul\dbch\af31501\insrsid15677588\charrsid1211950 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 Appearing for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31503 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs35\ul\dbch\af31501\insrsid16191601\charrsid1211950 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 Defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31503 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs35\ul\dbch\af31501\insrsid15677588\charrsid1211950 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 -Appellee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31503 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs35\b\dbch\af31501\insrsid15677588\charrsid15954787 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15677588\charrsid15954787 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid16191601 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16191601 Joseph C. Razzano, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16191601 Esq.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16191601 Joshua D. Walsh, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16191601 Esq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16191601 
\par Civille & Tang, PLLC
\par 330 Hernan Cortez Ave., Ste. 200
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16191601\charrsid11346367 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid14361637 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2050307\charrsid271537 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15677588\charrsid271537 
\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow\ts11\trqc\trgaph120\trrh1665\trleft-120\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid16655811\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb
\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4860\clshdrawnil \cellx4740\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4500\clshdrawnil \cellx9240\row }\pard \ltrpar
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15677588 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16655811 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16655811 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15677588 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15677588\charrsid271537 BEFORE: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4935427 KATHERINE A. MARAMAN}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15677588\charrsid271537 , Chief Justice; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4935427 David A. Wiseman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15677588 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4935427  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15677588 Justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4935427  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf17\insrsid1465718 Pro Tempore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15677588 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4935427 
John }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1465718 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15676853 hos}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4935427 . Brown, J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15677588 ustice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4935427  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf17\insrsid1465718 Pro Tempore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15677588\charrsid271537 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15677588 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15677588 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4935427\charrsid4935427 MARAMAN, C.J.:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid15677588\charrsid4935427 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4935427 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11823201 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11823201 [1]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11823201 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080 Plantiff-Appellant Government of Guam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11289241 (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8458892 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11289241 Government\'94) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080 appeals from a final judgment granting a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 25(a)(1) of the Guam Rules of Civil Procedure (\'93GRCP\'94) filed by Defendant-Appellee Evelyn O\rquote Keefe, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2294442 on behalf of the heirs of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7811940 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080 state of J.M. Torres}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8268369 
 (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8458892 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8268369 Estate\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080 . 
 The Government argues that the trial court erred by misinterpreting the applicable rules of procedure and abused its discretion by dismissin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11289241 g the case with prejudice.  O\rquote Keefe }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080 argues that the dismissal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2294442 with prejudice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080 was warranted because the Government failed to meet the app}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2294442 licable procedural requirements.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14118891   For the reasons below}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8458892 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14118891  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7230799 we affirm.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4935427 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5199615 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31503\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 I.  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16191601 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11823201 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11823201 [2]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11823201 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080 The Government }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7941040 brought suit against }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14557345 Evelyn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7941040 O\rquote Keefe in 2010 to q}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3427061 uiet title to certain property }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7941040 and request}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2631588 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7941040  declaratory}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8458892  relief}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16077545 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13507905\charrsid1465718 In its Complaint}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13972399\charrsid1465718  and Amended Complaint}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13507905\charrsid1465718 , the Government named O\rquote Keefe as defendant \'93
on behalf}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13507905  of the heirs of the J.M. Torres Estate.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9124277 Record on Appeal (\'93RA\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9124277\charrsid1465718 , tab 1}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9124277  at 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9124277\charrsid1465718  (Compl. Cancellation Instrument, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9124277 Aug}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9124277\charrsid1465718 . 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9124277 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9124277\charrsid1465718 , 2010) (the \'93Complaint\'94); RA, tab 94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9124277  at 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9124277\charrsid1465718  (Am. Compl. Cancellation Instrument & Declaratory J., Nov. 7, 2013) (the \'93Amended Complaint\'94).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13507905 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11823201 [3]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11823201 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13507905 O\rquote Keefe passed away }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1465718 on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13507905 October }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10643181 21}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605100 , 2013.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13507905   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11289241 Counsel for O
\rquote Keefe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13507905  filed a Suggestion of Death}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid263265\charrsid263265  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid263265 on Nov}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10643181 
ember}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid263265  13, 2013}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13507905 , notifying the Government and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605100 the court of O\rquote Keefe\rquote s passing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13507905   The Government took no action in the litigation for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1465718 more than thirteen months after}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid263265  the Suggestion of Death}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1465718  was filed,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2703386  at which time }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid263265 it moved to substitute Geraldine T. Gutierrez as defendant in place of the deceased O\rquote Keefe. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7811940  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid263265 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13507905  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid263265 trial court did not rule }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2294442 on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid263265  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2178932 this motion, as it was outstanding when}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2294442  the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2703386 
parties drafted a tentative stipulation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15995032 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2703386 Gutierrez }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15995032 would be substituted as defendant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2703386 in place of O\rquote Keefe.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15995032   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11289241 Although the parties signed this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15995032  stipulation}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11289241  and filed it with the court clerk, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11800107 the court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11289241 never}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15995032  signed }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11800107 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15995032 t.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11289241 Almost one month after}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2703386  th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1465718 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2703386  stipulation, the Government }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15995032 entered }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2171932 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15995032 
Notice of Intention to Take Default}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2703386 .  In response, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2178932 O\rquote Keefe\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11289241  counsel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2703386  withdrew }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2178932 from}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11289241  the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11228326 stipulation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15995032 
 and moved to dismiss}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2703386  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15995032 on the grounds that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2703386  the Government failed to substitute }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11228326 a proper defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2703386  within 90 days from the time O\rquote Keefe\rquote s death was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15995032 entered }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11228326 
on the record,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2703386  as required by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2178932 GRCP 25(a)(1). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14811364 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11823201 [4]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11823201 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14811364 In}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2171932  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14811364 
moving to dismiss,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2171932  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11289241 counsel for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2178932 O\rquote Keefe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2703386  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2171932 argued }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12987650 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14885050 the Government}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12987650  brought its}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14885050  suit }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2178932 against O\rquote Keefe personally and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14885050 not in her capacity as the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12133741 administrator}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14885050  of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8268369 Estate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605100 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14515535   The Government}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11878971  did not provide any detailed reason why its suit was initially captioned as if it were against O\rquote Keefe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13507905  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11878971 personally, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13507905 other than to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11878971 concede}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13507905  that there were \'93some mistakes made}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2171932 \'94
 in the pleadings.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10880431 Transcript (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13507905 Tr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10880431 \'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13507905  at 7-8 (Mot. Hr
\rquote g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10880431 , Oct. 29, 2015}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13507905 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid147027 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11823201 [5]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11823201 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2171932 In opposition to the Motion to Dismiss, the Government}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11878971 
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2171932 conceded it did not substitute O\rquote Keefe }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11878971 within }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5533982 90 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11878971 days.  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2171932 RA, tab 114 at 2 (Opp\rquote n Mot. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2171932\charrsid4879147 Dismiss, Sept. 16, 2015) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2127434\charrsid4879147 \'93It is}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2127434  true that no motion to substitute Ms. Gutierrez was filed within ninety days as Rule 25(a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2127434\charrsid11804249 ) may or may not require . . . .\'94).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080\charrsid11804249 The Government }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2127434\charrsid11804249 argued}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080\charrsid11804249  Gutierrez was automatically substituted as }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11804249\charrsid11804249 defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1448882 , notwithstanding the way its case was initially ple}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5533982 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1448882 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5533982 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1448882 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080\charrsid11804249  based on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080  her status as}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12133741  administrator}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080  of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8268369 Estate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8458892 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4357080  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8458892  A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080 lternatively}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15863151 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8458892  the Government asserted}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080  that the trial court had discretion to extend the 90-day deadline}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8458892 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8458892 that it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080 should have done so to satisfy the purpose of Rule 25 and achieve the most equitable outcome. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080\charrsid7617204 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11823201 [6]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11823201 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2178932\charrsid7617204 O\rquote Keefe\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2127434\charrsid7617204 
 counsel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080\charrsid7617204  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10290124\charrsid7617204 responded by arguing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080\charrsid7617204 
that Gutierrez was not automatically substituted because such substitution applied only t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2178932\charrsid7617204 o \'93public officials}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080\charrsid7617204 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7617204\charrsid7617204  under GRCP 25(d)(1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6382577  and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7617204\charrsid7617204  the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080\charrsid7617204 
Government filed suit against O\rquote Keefe personally}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6382577 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6382577\charrsid6382577  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6382577  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6382577\charrsid7617204 RA, tab 115 at 2-7 (Reply Opp\rquote n Mot. Dismiss, Oct. 7, 2015)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5533982 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6382577   Moreover, O\rquote Keefe argued, the Government failed to}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080\charrsid7617204  qualify for discretionary relief from the 90-day deadline }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7617204\charrsid7617204 under GRCP 6(b) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4357080\charrsid7617204 because it did not make a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2178932\charrsid7617204  showing of \'93excusable neglect}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3427061\charrsid7617204 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2178932\charrsid7617204 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080\charrsid7617204   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6382577 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4357080\charrsid5854495 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14811364\charrsid7617204   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15812698\charrsid7617204 During the course of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14811364\charrsid7617204  litigating}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14811364 
 the Motion to Dismiss, neither party set forth any argument as to whether the dismissal should be with or without prejudice.  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11823201 [7]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11823201 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080 The trial court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14811364 granted O\rquote Keefe\rquote 
s Motion to Dismiss for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080 failure to comply with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3427061 GRCP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14811364  25(a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8660614 (1)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14811364  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10290124 for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16077545  failure to show}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14811364 
 excusable neglect under GRCP 6(b) that would otherwise operate as an exception to GRCP 25(a).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs34\super\insrsid4357080 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s32\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16410338 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs34\super\insrsid10505119 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119  The trial court also denied the Government\rquote s parallel motion for summary judgment without reach}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5533982 
ing the merits of that motion.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3427061 However, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16077545 trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3427061\charrsid11222110  failed to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1452503\charrsid11222110 address whether}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15812698\charrsid11222110  the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3427061\charrsid11222110 dismissal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1452503\charrsid11222110 was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605100  with or without prejudice. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3427061\charrsid11222110  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1644377\charrsid11222110 Thereafter, O\rquote Keefe\rquote s counsel drafted a proposed judgment dis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1452503\charrsid11222110 missing the case with prejud}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10119391\charrsid11222110 ice and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1407026\charrsid11222110  sent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1452503\charrsid11222110  this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13064003 proposed}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1452503\charrsid11222110  judgment to the Government, which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6382577 then }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1452503\charrsid11222110 objected to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16077545 the prejudicial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1452503\charrsid11222110  characterization of dismissal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs34\super\insrsid6710895\charrsid11222110 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s32\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16410338 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs34\super\insrsid10505119 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119  We note }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5533982 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9136316 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10505119  oral argument and in its Motion to Enter Judgment, the Government concede}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5533982 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119  that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2900861 
 it received a copy of this proposed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119  judgment from O\rquote Keefe\rquote s counsel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7012440  prior to its filing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9136316 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9136316  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9136316 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10505119 ee }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10505119\charrsid6710895 RA, tab 121 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119 at 1-2 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119\charrsid6710895 (Mot. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119 Enter J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4012563 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10236036 , Dec. 4, 2015}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3430325 ).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1644377\charrsid11222110  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13309962\charrsid11222110  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid131412 Counsel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid621940\charrsid13309962  submitted th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11222110 is proposed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid621940\charrsid13309962  judgment with the clerk of the court, which was timestamped }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13309962\charrsid13309962 as received on December 2, 2015}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1452503\charrsid13309962 .}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1644377  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1452503  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13309962 Two days later, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1452503 the Government }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1644377 filed a Motion to Enter Judgment requesting that the case be dismissed without prejudice.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1644377\charrsid1452503 The court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15812698 did not address }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16077545 the Government\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15812698  motion or hear any argument on how dismissal should be characterized when }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11222110 it entered }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1644377\charrsid1452503 final }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11222110 dismissal,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3427061\charrsid1452503  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15812698 with prejudice}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11222110 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15812698 on December 9, 2015}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3427061\charrsid1452503 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1452503\charrsid1452503  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080\charrsid1452503  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1452503\charrsid1452503 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080\charrsid1452503  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2127434\charrsid1452503 
Government }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15812698 timely appealed. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5854495 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31503\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 II.  JURISDICTION
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11823201 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11823201 [8]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11823201 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080 This court has jurisdiction over appeals from a final judgment.  48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 1424}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5533982 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080 1(a)(2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8402025  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080 (Westlaw through Pub. L. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3427061 115}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5533982 -140}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3427061 201}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8402025 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080 )); 7 GCA 
\'a7\'a7 3107(b), 3108(a) (2005).
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5854495 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31503\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 III.  STANDARD OF REVIEW
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11823201 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11823201 [9]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11823201 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5784874\charrsid3109828 As a threshold}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5784874  matter, we note that because }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4012563 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5784874 Guam Rules of Civil Procedure are generally derived from}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12610782 , although not identical to,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5784874  the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (\'93FRCP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2770525 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5784874 ), federal decisions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8277613 that }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5784874 constru}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8277613 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5784874  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8277613 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5784874 
federal counterparts to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4012563 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8277613 Guam Rules of Civil Procedure}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5784874  are persuasive authority.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8402025 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2770525  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5784874 People v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5784874\charrsid5784874 Quitugua}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5784874\charrsid5784874 , 2009 Guam 10 \'b6 10. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5784874 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6888282 [10]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6888282 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6382577 We review t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080\charrsid5784874 he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080  trial court\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080\charrsid7631144 interpretation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080  of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3427061 GRCP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2316508 25(a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6382577 de novo }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6382577 as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080  a question of law.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15812698 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16254216\charrsid5114015 Unicorn Tales, Inc. v. Banerjee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16254216\charrsid5114015 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16254216 138 F.3d 467, 469 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8402025 2d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16254216  Cir. 1998)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13533009  (ci}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7012440 ting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4357080\charrsid9916973 Barlow v. Ground}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080\charrsid9916973 , 39 F.3d 231, 233 (9th Cir. 1994)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7012440 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1601619  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6888282 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6888282 [11]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6888282 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6382577 We review f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080 actual findings relevant to the application}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2316508  of GRCP 25(a) for clear error.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3492913 Guam R. Civ. P. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2316508 52(a) (\'93Findings of fact . . . shall not be set aside unless clearly erroneous}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13533009  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2316508 . . . .\'94); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2316508 see}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8402025  also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2316508  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16254216 Unicorn Tales, Inc.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16254216 , 138 F.3d at 469 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4357080 Barlow}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080 , 39 F.3d at 233}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080\charrsid5114015 )}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16254216 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080\charrsid2107997 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6888282 [12]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6888282 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6382577 We apply an abuse of discretion standard in reviewing t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080 
he trial court\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080\charrsid7631144 decision}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080  to dismiss}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15563516  with prejudice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4357080  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080\charrsid15563516 for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080  failure to comply with procedural requirements under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3427061 GRCP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080  25(a)(1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4012563 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4357080 See Kaubisch v. Weber}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080 
, 408 F.3d 540, 543 (8th Cir. 2005) (reviewing trial court\rquote s decision not to extend }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5784874 FRCP }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080 25(a)(1) time }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15563516 
period for abuse of discretion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16525112 );}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15563516 cf. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7631144\charrsid7631144 
Park v. Kawashima}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7631144\charrsid7631144 , 2010 Guam 10 \'b6 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7631144\charrsid7631144  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7631144  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16254216 citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16254216 Guam Hous. & Urban Renewal Auth. (GHURA) v. Dongbu Ins. Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16254216 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16254216  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16254216 2002 Guam 3 \'b6 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8210299 14}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7631144 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10965783\charrsid10965783  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10965783 (reviewing GRCP 41(b) dismissal with prejudice for abuse of discretion)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1601619   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid86227 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6888282 [13]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6888282 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10965783 When applying the abuse of discretion standard}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid86227 , }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4199565 we will not reverse }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid86227 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15427848 trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7631144 \rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15427848  decision }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8210299 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15427848 unless }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7631144 we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15427848  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8210299 have a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15427848  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8210299 \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15427848 
definite and firm conviction that the court below committed a clear error of judgment in the conclusion it reached upon }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15105404 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15427848 weighing of the relevant factors.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15105404 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15427848 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15105404  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15427848  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1787292 
Park}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8210299 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8210299\charrsid7631144  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8210299\charrsid7631144 2010 Guam 10 \'b6 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10965783 8}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8210299\charrsid7631144  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15105404\charrsid15105404 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10290124 Midsea Indus., Inc. v. HK Eng\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10965783 g, Ltd.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8210299 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15105404  199}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10965783 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15105404  Guam }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10965783 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8210299 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15105404  \'b6 4).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15105404\charrsid15105404 \'93
If the trial court does not make specific findings as to each factor, the appellate court reviews \lquote the record independently to determine whether the court abused its discretion.\rquote \'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid15105404\charrsid15105404 Santos}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10965783  v. Carney}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8210299 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15105404\charrsid15105404  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15105404\charrsid15105404 1997 Guam 4 \'b6 5 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15105404\charrsid15105404 In re Eisen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15105404\charrsid15105404 , 31 F.3d 1447, 1451 (9th Cir. 1994))}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15105404 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5784874 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5854495 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31503\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 IV.  ANALYSIS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651601 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6888282 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6888282 [14]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6888282 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4199565 A number of related }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6578684 procedural }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4199565 questions are presented in this appeal.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16127973 First,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1592292  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4199565 we are asked to determine }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1592292 whether}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16127973  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3043273 the trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16127973  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1592292 
misinterpreted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9767697  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3414002 applicable GRCP }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9912586 rules}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3414002 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9767697  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1592292 committed plain error in any factual findings relevant to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1592292\charrsid1592292 application }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1592292 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9912586 such rules}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1592292 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9767697 or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3043273 abused}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9767697  its discretion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1592292  in deciding to dismiss the case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4861614  pursuant to such rules}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1592292 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9767697   Second,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15105404  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4199565 we must decide }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15105404 whether the trial court abused its discretion by }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16127973 dismissing the case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9767697  specifically with prejudice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15105404 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16127973   }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1601619 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2897416 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31503\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2297710 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7478436 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 
.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10290124 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 The \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Di}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16011688 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 
scretion in Dismissing the Case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2294442 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6888282 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6888282 [15]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6888282 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2294442\charrsid2178100 In its Decision and Ord}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3427061 er, the trial court granted O
\rquote Keefe\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2294442\charrsid2178100  motion to dismiss because (1) the Government did not file }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12610782 its}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2294442\charrsid2178100  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9073296 m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2294442\charrsid2178100 otion to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9073296 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2294442\charrsid2178100 ubstitute O\rquote Keefe within the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3492913 90-day deadline set forth in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3427061 GRCP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2294442\charrsid2178100  25(a)(1); (2) O\rquote Keefe was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2294442\charrsid16127973 not automatically substituted }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16127973 pursuant to GRCP 25(d)(1) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2294442\charrsid16127973 because she was \'93not a public official sued in her official capacity\'94; and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2294442\charrsid2178100 
 (3) the Government did not file a motion to enlarge time or otherwise provide}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8660614  evidence of \'93excusable neglect}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2294442\charrsid2178100 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8660614  pursuant to GRCP 6(b).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid2294442\charrsid2178100 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s32\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16410338 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs34\super\insrsid10505119 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119  The trial court also stated that its decision was reached \'93[b]y a preponderance of the evidence.\'94  RA, tab 117 at 7 (Dec. & Ord
er).  This is erroneous because preponderance of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119\charrsid8783599 the evidence is a burden of proof at trial.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10505119\charrsid8783599 See Ukau v. Wang}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119\charrsid8783599 , 2016 Guam 26 \'b6 50.  The correct standard for dismissal under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1523537 GRCP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1523537\charrsid8783599  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119\charrsid8783599 25(a)(1) is derived from th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119\charrsid8783599  rule}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119  itself}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119\charrsid8783599  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1523537 GRCP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1523537\charrsid8783599  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119\charrsid8783599 41(b).  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119 We disregard this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119\charrsid8783599  error }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119 because it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10505119\charrsid8783599 does not affect}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119  our analysis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119\charrsid8783599 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2294442\charrsid2178100   R}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid131412 A, tab 117 at 4-6 (Dec. & Order}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1523537 , Nov. 18,  2015}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2294442\charrsid2178100 ).  We shall address each rationale in turn.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2294442 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6888282 [16]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6888282 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16127973\charrsid10568184 G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6578684\charrsid10568184 
uam Rule of Civil Procedure}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16127973\charrsid10568184  25(a)(1) requires dismissal of an action against a deceased party when substitution of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid753160\charrsid10568184 proper }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16127973\charrsid10568184 party is not made within 90 days of the entry of a suggestion of death on the record}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12415000\charrsid10568184 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6357361\charrsid10568184  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16007082\charrsid10568184 unless the period of time is enlarged pursuant to GRCP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16007082  6(b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12133741 
 or another exception applies}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6357361 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16127973   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16007082 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11624284 Guam R. Civ. P.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16007082  25(a)(1) (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12935684 U}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16007082 
nless the motion for substitution is made not later than 90 days after death is suggested . . . the action }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16007082 shall}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16007082  be dismissed as to the deceased party.\'94
 (emphasis added)); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13378288 Guam R. Civ. P.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16007082  6(b) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12415000 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12935684 [T]}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12415000 he court for cause shown ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6036452 y at any time in its discretion\'94 permit a late filing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12935684 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6036452 ); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16007082 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16007082\charrsid16007082 ee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16007082  also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16007082  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16007082\charrsid12002919 Zanowick v. Baxter Healthcare Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16007082 , 850 F.3d 1090, 1094 (9th Cir. 2017). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12415000  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16127973\charrsid16007082 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16127973  Government concede}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3043273 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16127973  that it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid275963 moved for substitution more than 90 days after the Suggestion of Death was filed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3043273 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12415000 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3422891 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12415000  e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3422891\charrsid6578684 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12415000  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12415000 Appellant\rquote s Br. at }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3422891 4-5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8943122  (Mar. 14, 2016)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12415000 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14361637 Consequently}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3422891 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16127973  we need address }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid753160 only }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16127973 whether an exception}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14361637  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid753160 under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1704405 GRCP 25(d)(1) or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16127973 GRCP 6(b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14361637  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid753160 might apply that would save the case from dismissal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14361637 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16127973 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16127973 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16127973\charrsid7962386 1. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10831755\charrsid7962386  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16127973\charrsid7962386 GRCP 25(d)(1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16127973\charrsid16127973 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6888282 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6888282 [17]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6888282 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2759610\charrsid10568184 Guam Rule of Civil }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2759610\charrsid2759610 Procedure }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11093570\charrsid2759610 25(d)(1) operates as an exception to the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid753160\charrsid2759610 90-day deadline }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid275963\charrsid2759610 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid753160\charrsid2759610  GRCP 25(a).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2759610\charrsid2759610 Rule}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid753160\charrsid2759610  25(d)(1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11093570\charrsid2759610  states, in relevant part:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid753160\charrsid2759610  \'93W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11093570\charrsid2759610 hen a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11093570\charrsid2759610 public officer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11093570\charrsid2759610 
 is a party to an action in an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11093570\charrsid2759610 official capacity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11093570\charrsid2759610  and during its pendency}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11093570\charrsid2178100  dies, resigns, or otherwise ceases to hold office, the action does not abate and the officer\rquote s successor is automatically substituted as a party.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11624284 Guam R. Civ. P.
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11093570\charrsid2178100  25(d)(1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12875400  (emphas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13378288 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12875400 s added)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11093570\charrsid2178100 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11093570 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6888282 [18]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6888282 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2294442\charrsid5195430 The Government }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11093570 asserts}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2294442\charrsid5195430  that O\rquote Keefe was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11093570  a \'93public }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid221059 official}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11093570 \'94 sued in her 
\'93official capacity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2294442\charrsid5195430 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3414002  and that the proper defendant is the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8268369 Estate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3414002 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11093570   Appellant\rquote s Br. at 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3422891 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid221059  10-1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3422891 2}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1986299 ; Appellant\rquote s Supp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13378288 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1986299 . Br. at 3-7 (May 22, 2017).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3414002   }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4413198 Counsel for O\rquote Keefe }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5854495 dispute}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4413198  this assertion, claiming that O\rquote Keefe was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8783599 not a public}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8943122  official, Appellee\rquote s Br. at 17 (Apr. 26, 2016),}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8783599  and that she was sued}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4413198 
 in her personal capacity, not as administ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8783599 rator of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8268369 Estate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8783599 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4413198 
 Appellee\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8783599 Supp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16278835 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8783599 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4413198 Br. at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8783599 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9503231 -3 (May 22, 2017)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4413198 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3414002  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10578424  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15356783 Counsel for O\rquote Keefe }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8783599\charrsid5854495 argue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15356783  that she signed the easement }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15356783\charrsid10578424 license}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15356783  that underlies }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10578424 the present}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15356783  dispute in her personal capacity, not }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8783599 on behalf of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8268369 Estate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12133741 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15356783  that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10578424 O\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8783599 Keefe had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid687924 consistently }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10578424 understood}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15356783 
 the suit }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10578424 to be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8783599  filed against her personally}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12133741 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8783599  and that the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid687924 draft}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8783599  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8783599\charrsid8783599 stipulation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid687924  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8783599\charrsid8783599 that Gutierrez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid687924  would be substituted }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8783599\charrsid8783599 in place of O\rquote Keefe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8783599 
 was merely an accommodation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid687924  to the Government in spite }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid753160 of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid221059 complaint naming O\rquote 
Keefe as defendant in a personal capacity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8783599 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15356783  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid687924  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1986299 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1986299  at 1-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8783599 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1986299 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4413198\charrsid8783599 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6888282 [19]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6888282 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15356783 We }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid687924 do not find it necessary to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15356783  address the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid687924  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15356783 issue of whether O\rquote Keefe was sued in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid687924 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15356783  person}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9440876 al capacity or as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12133741 administrator}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid221059  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12133741 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid221059  the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8268369 Estate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9440876 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid221059 an issue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9440876  the parties dispute at some length\emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3043273 because we find that O\rquote Keefe was not a public officer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11093570 
, thereby making GRCP 25(d)(1) unavailable}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3043273 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4413198  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1592292  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2759610 Rule}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3043273  25(d)(1) is available }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10578424 only }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3043273 to \'93public officers\'94 and is deriv}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3494012 
ed from its federal counterpart}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3043273 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3494012 FRCP 25}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3043273 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11624284 Guam R. Civ. P.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3043273  25}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11938922 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3043273  SOURCE.  The Advisory Committee Notes to the federal rule state that \'93[t]he general term \lquote 
public officer\rquote  . . . comprises Federal, State, and local officers.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5329224 Fed. R. Civ. P.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3043273  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3494012 
25(d) advisory committee\rquote s note to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12875400 1961}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3494012  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3494012\charrsid13269078 amendment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14026807 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6313760  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14026807 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6313760 ccord}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6313760  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14026807 2 Barron & Holtzoff, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14026807\charrsid14026807 Federal Practice and Procedure}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14026807  \'a7 626 (Wright ed. 1961) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6313760 (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6313760\charrsid6313760 Undoubtedly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6313760 [the term]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6313760\charrsid6313760 
 refers to every officer of the United States, or of the District of Columbia, the Canal Zone, a territory, an insular possession, a state, county, city, or other governmental agency, just as did the prior rule}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6313760 .\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14026807  (citation omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6313760 ).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11935679 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14840970 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1787292 n }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11935679 opinion explaining the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1793268 purpose of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11935679  Rule 25(d), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14840970 the Eighth Circuit explained that \'93[s]uch a statute was needed because the Supreme Court had ruled, in a number of cases, that actions brought against public officers to compel personal performance of their official duties could }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11938922 not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14840970  be continued as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14840970\charrsid1787292 against their successors, even though the successors consented.\'94  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14840970\charrsid1787292 Fleming v. Goodwin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14840970\charrsid1787292 , 165 F.2d 334, 337 (8th Cir. 1948) (collecting cases); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid14840970\charrsid1787292 accord}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14840970\charrsid1787292  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14026807\charrsid1787292 Barron & Holtzoff, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14026807\charrsid1787292 
supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14026807\charrsid1787292 , \'a7 625}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14840970\charrsid1787292 .  Rule 25(d) thus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14840970  plainly applies \'93
to all actions brought by public officers for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14840970 government}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14840970 , and to any action brought in form against }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4282246 a}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14840970  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14840970\charrsid3234888 named officer, but intrinsically against the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14840970\charrsid3234888 government}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4282246  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14840970\charrsid3234888 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4282246  . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14840970\charrsid3234888 \'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14905931  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4282246 Barron & Holtzoff, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4282246 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4282246 , \'a7 626}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14840970\charrsid3234888  (emphas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10438387 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14840970\charrsid3234888 s added)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12402664\charrsid3234888 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3234888\charrsid3234888   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3234888 The history of Rule 25 thus }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11938922 implies}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3234888\charrsid3234888  that the term 
\'93public officer\'94 as it is used in GRCP 25(a) is meant to encompass }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5070317 only }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3234888\charrsid3234888 
agents of government, such as elected and appointed officials, mayors, and government attorneys, acting in their official capacity.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3234888\charrsid3234888 See generally }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3234888\charrsid3234888 Benjamin Kaplan, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3234888\charrsid3234888 Amendments of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, 1961-1963}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3234888\charrsid3234888 
 (I), 77 Harv. L. Rev. 601, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4282246 608}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3234888\charrsid3234888  (1964) (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4282246 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3234888\charrsid3234888 t was suggested that this language [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3234888\charrsid3234888 i.e.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10438387 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3234888\charrsid3234888 
 the term \'93public officer\'94] might be read restrictively}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4282246  . . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3234888\charrsid3234888 \'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5450273 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5450273 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5450273 63C Am. Jur. 2d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5450273\charrsid6578684 Public Officers and Employees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5450273  \'a7 5 }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4282246 (2018) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5450273 (\'93
The power to exercise some portion of the sovereign functions of government is one of the characteristics, or essential characteristics, of a public office.  Indeed, the power to exercise some sovereign government function has been called the most import
ant characteristic of a public office. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10438387  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5450273 
Some authority holds that the primary, necessary, and fundamental test of a public office is that it should involve the exercise of some portion of the sovereign power of the state.\'94 (collecting cases)).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6888282 [20]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6888282 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14840970 We }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3234888 also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14840970 find}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3494012  support for this definition under the Guam Code: \'93The term }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3494012\charrsid16455141 official}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3494012 
 means any person }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3494012\charrsid4861614 elected to any public office in Guam and any person appointed, with legislative concurrence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3494012\charrsid16455141 or}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3494012\charrsid4861614  by the Guam Legislature, to any }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3494012\charrsid4879147 public}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3494012\charrsid4861614  office}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6556771  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4861614 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3494012  . . .\'94  4 GCA \'a7 13102(a) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14840970 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4879147 
as amended by P.L. 29-020:3 (Oct. 10, 2007}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14840970 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4879147 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14119671  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3494012 (defining }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4861614 the term }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3494012 \'93official\'94 in the context of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4861614 Public Official Disclosure Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3494012 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10648981 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6888282 [21]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6888282 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3494012\charrsid9580686 Here, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid876094\charrsid9580686 O\rquote Keefe}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid876094  was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12133741 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3494012  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12133741 administrator}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6624105\charrsid5450273  of a private}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid858541\charrsid5450273  estate.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15294673\charrsid5450273 She }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13269589 
did not hold public office}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5191941 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13269589  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid858541\charrsid5450273 was not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12610782\charrsid5450273  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid876094\charrsid5450273 serving}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12610782\charrsid5450273  as a public administrator or as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13269589  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5191941 an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid858541\charrsid5450273  agent for any government}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8268369\charrsid5450273 al department, agency}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3504231\charrsid5450273 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8268369\charrsid5450273  or branch}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5450273 , or any other entity with sovereign power.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5450273\charrsid5450273  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid876094\charrsid5450273  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6624105\charrsid5450273 Although }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12131616\charrsid5450273 private administrators}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6624105\charrsid5450273  must }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12932758\charrsid5450273 meet certain }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13269078\charrsid5450273 requirements}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12932758\charrsid5450273  and are granted letters of administration by the court,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12131616\charrsid5450273  similar to public administrators,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12932758\charrsid5450273  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12932758\charrsid5450273 see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12932758\charrsid5450273 15 GCA \'a7\'a7 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5191941 1701-1725, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12932758\charrsid5450273 1801-1821}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10224410  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12932758\charrsid5450273 , t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15294673\charrsid5450273 hat }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid876094\charrsid5450273 fact }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12932758\charrsid5450273 alone does not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15294673\charrsid5450273 convert}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12932758\charrsid5450273  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6578684 private }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15294673\charrsid5450273 administrators of estates}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12932758\charrsid5450273  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9441461 into public officers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid876094\charrsid5450273  for the purposes of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12131616\charrsid5450273 Rule}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid876094\charrsid5450273  25, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9441461 the adoption of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid876094\charrsid5450273 which}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9441461 , as discussed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10438387 above}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9441461 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid876094\charrsid5450273  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9441461 was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid876094\charrsid5450273  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9441461 primarily }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid876094\charrsid5450273 intended to capture individuals }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12131616\charrsid5450273 
that act as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9441461 representatives}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5191941  of the government or some branch or agency thereof}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9441461 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12131616 Th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9441461 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12131616  important distinction between public and private administrators is affirmed in estate caselaw}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5070317 , such that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12131616  \'93[w]hile }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12131616\charrsid12131616 
in many respects the procedure the public administrator follows in many probate matters is the same as that followed by a private administrator, and while it is true that many of his duties could be performed by a private administrator, there are many dis
tinctions between the two.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12131616 \'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12131616\charrsid12131616 In re Miller's Estate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12131616 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15799139 55 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12131616 P.2d 491, 493 (Cal. 1936).  These distinctions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3234888 
indicate that while a public administrator may be viewed as a public officer perfoming an essentially governmental function, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3234888 see id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3234888\charrsid5854495 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3234888  at 494, a private administrator does not act as a representative of government}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15799139 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3234888  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid3234888\charrsid3234888 Ramsay v. Van Meter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3234888 , 133 N.E. 193, 197 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15799139 Ill.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3234888  1921) (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15799139 [T]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3234888 he ordinary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5070317  [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5070317 i.e.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10438387 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5070317  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5070317 private]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3234888  administrator is not an officer within the legal definition of that term but is a mere trustee, acting in a privat
e capacity for private persons}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15799139 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3234888 \'94); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5450273 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid5450273\charrsid5450273 Crews v. Lundquist}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10438387 , 197 N.E. 768, 770-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5450273 71 (Ill. 1935) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10438387 \'93[}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11938922 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5450273  private administrator}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10438387 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5450273 
 acts in a private capacity for private persons and is not an officer within the legal definition of that term. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15799139  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5450273 In the case of admi
nistration by a private person the state has waived the right to administer the estate and is no longer interested therein.\'94).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12131616 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6888282 [22]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6888282 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15294673 As a result, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4677349 we affirm }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15294673 the trial court\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid86227 ruling}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12932758  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3494012 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid86227 
 Rule 25(d) was inapplicable}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3494012  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid86227 because O\rquote Keefe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4677349  was not a \'93public officer.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6624105 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6624105\charrsid2178100 ee }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6624105 RA, tab 117 at 5 (Dec. & Order).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6624105\charrsid2178100  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6624105  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4677349 We find the trial court interpreted }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13269078 Rule 25}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16739308 (d)(1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4677349  correctly and made no erroneous factual findings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13269078  in applying }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11744388 it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13269078 
 to the present case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4677349 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3043273 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2294442 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6357361 2. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10831755  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6357361 GRCP 6(b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6357361\charrsid2178100 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6888282 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6888282 [23]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6888282 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2311252 Guam Rule of Civil Procedure 25(a) mirrors its federal counterpart.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2311252\charrsid2311252 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12263511\charrsid2311252 
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2311252\charrsid2311252 25(a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2311252  provides for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2311252\charrsid2311252  a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12002919\charrsid2311252 90-day deadline}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2311252\charrsid2311252  that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12002919\charrsid2311252  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2311252\charrsid2311252 \'93}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12002919\charrsid2311252 may be extended by Rule 6(b), including after its expiration if the party failed to ac}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16646528\charrsid2311252 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16646528  due to excusable neglect.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12002919 Rule 6(b) works in conjunction with Rule 25(a)(1) to provide the intended flexibility in enlarging the time for substitution.\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13309226  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12002919\charrsid12002919 Zanowick}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8277613 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12002919\charrsid12002919  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12002919 850 F.3d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12415000 at 1094}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12002919  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119 (citation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12995650 s and }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13309226 internal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1581981 quotation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12995650  marks omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12415000 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2311252   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12415000 The Government }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8277613 asserts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12415000  that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8277613 GRCP}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12415000  25 is \'93not intended to bar otherwise meritorious actions.\'94  Appellant\rquote s Br. at 7 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12415000\charrsid12415000 Staggers v. Otto}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10505119  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12415000\charrsid12415000 Gerdau Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12415000 , 359 F.2d 292}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11156983 , 296}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12415000  (2d Cir. 1966)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs34\super\insrsid11156983 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s32\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16410338 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs34\super\insrsid10505119 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119  The facts in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10505119 Staggers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119  provide a useful contrast to the Government\rquote 
s actions in the present case.  In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10505119\charrsid11156983 Staggers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119 , the Second Circuit found that an appellant\rquote 
s motion to substitute under FRCP 25(a)(1) was only two days late because, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10505119 inter alia}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119 
, the appellant was required to obtain permission of a different court before filing the motion.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119\charrsid11156983 359 F.2d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119 at 296}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4601361 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119\charrsid11156983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4601361  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4601361 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10505119\charrsid11156983 ompare id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119\charrsid5854495 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10505119\charrsid11156983 with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10505119\charrsid11156983 Kasting v. Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119 , 196 F.R.D. 595, 601-02 (D. Kan. 2000) (affirming dis
missal where motion to substitute was filed nearly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119\charrsid12995650 nine months}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119 
 after suggestion of death and no reason was offered for the delay).  Here, the Government filed its motion to substitute over one year after the suggestion of death was filed.  RA, tab 117 at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10505119\charrsid15749118 6 (Dec. & Order).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119   There is also no indication that the delay was the result of factors that were not under the Government\rquote s control.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12415000   We agree, but the Government fails to acknowledge that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8277613 GRCP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12415000  25(a) does not stand alone in this regard\emdash it interacts with }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8277613 GRCP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12415000\charrsid8277613  6(b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12402664  in order to provide }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12415000 flexibility}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8277613 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8277613 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13791288\charrsid13791288 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8277613  e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11156983 , 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16739308\charrsid16739308 Staggers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16739308 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16739308\charrsid16739308 359}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16739308  F.2d at 296 }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8277613 (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12415000 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8277613 [1963] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12415000 
amendments of Rules 6(b) and 25(a)(1) provided needed flexibility.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8277613 \'94); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8277613 Zanowick}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8277613 , 850 F.3d at 1094 (explaining 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11156983 role of FRCP 6(b) as mechanism to provide flexibility).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12010257   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605100 Guam Rule}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12020974  of Civil Procedure }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2294442\charrsid2178100 6(b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605125 , in relevant part,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2294442\charrsid2178100  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12010257 operates to imbue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2294442\charrsid2178100  the trial court with discretion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1009115 , upon motion,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2294442\charrsid2178100  to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11357581  extend the expiration}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12010257  of any specified deadline}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11357581  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2294442\charrsid11357581 after the period has expired}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2294442\charrsid2178100  \'93where the failure to act was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11357581 the result of excusable neglect}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1009115  . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11357581 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2294442\charrsid2178100 \'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5181941  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11624284 Guam R. Civ. P.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2294442\charrsid2178100  6(b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11357581 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9440876  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3104059 This }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605125 portion of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3104059 rule }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12010257 thus }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3104059 
requires (1) a motion and (2) a showing that the failure to act was the result of excusable neglect. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11357581  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14431148\charrsid12010257 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6888282 [24]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6888282 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9440876 As to the first }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12610782 requirement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9440876 , the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11357581  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11357581\charrsid2178100 Government did not file a motion to enlarge time}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11357581  as}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12920546  permitted under this provision.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12610782\charrsid2178100 RA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12610782 , tab 117 at 6 (Dec. & Order).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12920546 On this basis alone}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756392 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12920546  the Government did not satisfy the conditions of GRCP 6(b).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756392 
W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12920546 e also find }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4670590 that the Government did not satisfy }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12920546 the second }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12610782 
requirement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12920546  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11168949 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12920546 GRCP 6(b).  T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9440876 h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3104059 e Government }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12610782 contends}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756392  that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3104059  its motion to substitut}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16646528 e Gutierrez for O\rquote Keefe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3104059  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16646528 \'93argued}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12920546  for excusable neglect}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16646528 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12920546  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756392 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12920546 \'93the Defendant did not claim prejudice and the neglect was excusable.\'94}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3104059   Appellant\rquote s Br. at 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12920546 -9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3104059 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11357581\charrsid2178100  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3104059  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid593461 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12920546 he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12610782  sum }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9073296 total }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12610782 of the Government\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12920546  argument }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12610782 for excusable neglect in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756392 
the proceedings below}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4670590  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12920546 consist}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756392 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12920546  of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12610782 the following }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12920546 sentence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756392 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12920546 : \'93Rule 6(b), which authorize}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756392 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12920546  the court to amend the deadlines imposed by other Rules of Civil Procedure, applies to Rule 25.  Thus the court can lengthen the time for compliance with the deadline.\'94
  RA, tab 114 at 3 (Opp\rquote n Mot. Dismiss)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756392  (citations omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1771645 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12585819  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12995650  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid593461 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12585819 he Government}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1771645  does}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3104059  no}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12585819 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3104059  provide a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11168949 ny }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3104059 justification for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12585819 it}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3104059 s failure to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10831755 respond to the Sugges}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11168949 tion of Death for over one year, \'93a delay of far greater magnitude th
an the typically brief delays of a few days or a few weeks generally found to arise from excusable neglect.\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid593461  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11168949\charrsid11168949 Scott v. Vasquez}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11168949 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8996324 No. CV 02-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5181941\charrsid5181941 05296}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5181941 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11168949 2009 WL 87251}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16739308 14, at *2 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5181941 C.D. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16739308 Cal. 2009) (citation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11168949  omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15149584   T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1173 he Government }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11168949 proffer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1771645 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11168949  no }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1771645 factual }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid593461 basis }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9601014 that would justify}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9073296  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3820386 such a delay in responding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1771645 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9073296   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3820386 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9601014 ee }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9601014 Guam R. App. P. 13(a)(9)(A) (\'93[A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12018173 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9601014 rgument . . . must contain . . . }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12018173 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9601014 ppellant\rquote s contentions and the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9601014\charrsid9601014 reasons for them}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12018173\charrsid12018173  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9601014 . . . .\'94) (emphasis added)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3820386\charrsid5854495 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3820386  cf.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3820386\charrsid15149584  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3820386 Millies v. LandAmerica Transnation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3820386 , 372 P.3d 111, 118 n.5 (Wash. 
2016) (en banc) (declining to consider an issue that the appellant supported with insufficient argument).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3820386\charrsid3820386  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15149584  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9073296 Therefore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12585819 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9073296  we affirm the trial court\rquote s interpretation of GRCP 6(b) and its finding that the Government failed to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9073296\charrsid2178100 provide }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9073296 any evidence of \'93excusable neglect.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9073296\charrsid2178100 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9073296  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9073296\charrsid2178100  RA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9073296 , tab 117 at 5-6 (Dec. & Order).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2294442\charrsid9601014 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6888282 [25]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6888282 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1704405 
For the foregoing reasons, we conclude the trial court did not err in interpreting applicable GRCP requirements or in any related findings of fact}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12018173  and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1704405 
 hold the trial court did not abuse its discretion in dismissing the case. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4413198 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\qj \fi-432\li432\ri0\sl480\slmult1\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin432\itap0\pararsid2897416 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31503\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2294442 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7490914 .\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7363872 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8027680 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 he Trial Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7363872 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 Did Not }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8027680 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 Abuse its Discretion in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9912586 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 Dismiss}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8027680 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 ing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid86227 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0  With Prejudice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2304809 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6888282 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6888282 [26]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6888282 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid987946 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12010257  trial court entered }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid987946 final
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12010257  judgment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid987946 dismissing the case with prejudice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid131412 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12010257 
RA, tab 123 (Judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7490914 , Dec. 9, 2015}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12010257 ).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15405257 In doing so, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid131412 he trial}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid131412\charrsid1452503  court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12010257 did not explicitly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid987946 address}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12010257  the}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid131412  Government\rquote s request that the dismiss}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12010257 al be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid131412  without prejudice.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid131412 See }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4605100 id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605100 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4605100 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid131412 RA, tab 121 (Mot. Enter J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8996324 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid131412 ).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1116481 The Government argues the trial court abused its discretion by dismissing with prejudice.  Appellant\rquote s Br. at 12-1}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12018173 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1116481 .  It contends }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10621566 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1116481 the trial court \'93
did not apply the appropriate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1116481\charrsid1116481 factors\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1116481  and that \'93[t]he four [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1116481\charrsid1116481 sic}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1116481 ] factors from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid1116481\charrsid1173 Santos v. Carney}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1116481  . . . weigh heavily in the [Government\rquote s] favor.\'94}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs34\super\insrsid2370535 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s32\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16410338 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs34\super\insrsid10505119 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119  The Government incorrectly states the test in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10505119 Santos }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119 has four factors.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10505119 Santos }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119 incorporates five factors, as discussed be
low.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10505119 Santos}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10505119  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119\charrsid987946 1997 Guam 4 \'b6 5}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2370535   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1116481 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 7; Reply Br. at 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8943122  (May 10, 2016)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1116481 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs34\super\insrsid1116481 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s32\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16410338 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs34\super\insrsid10505119 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119\charrsid12528656 The Government also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119 
contends in its Reply Brief that the original landowners of Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119\charrsid12528656  should not be punished for errors of its counsel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119 
, an argument the Government did not present in its Opening Brief}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119\charrsid12528656 .  Reply Br. at 4, 6.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119 This court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10505119\charrsid12528656  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119 will}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119\charrsid12528656  exercise its discretion to reject issues raised for the first time in a reply brief.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10505119\charrsid12528656 See Guam Greyhound, Inc. v. Brizill}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119 , 2008 Guam 13 \'b6 7 n.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119\charrsid12528656 3.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119   We only note in passing that (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119\charrsid11290891  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119 in making this argument, the Government implicitly concedes t
hat it mishandled the procedural requirements at issue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8996324 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119 
 and (2) neither this argument nor the cases cited by the Government can be stretched to support the proposition that errors of counsel will }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10505119 always}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119 
 be excused whenever a client is adversely affected.  As we held in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10505119 Duenas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15166718  v. Brady}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119 , \'93[a] \lquote 
plaintiff\rquote s entire lack of diligence and attention to the matter\rquote  does not constitute excusable neglect.\'94  2008 Guam 27 \'b6 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15166718 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119  (quoting }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10505119 Martella v. Marine Cooks Stewards Union}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119 , 448 F.2d 729, 729 (9th Cir. 1971)); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10505119 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10505119\charrsid11168865 Wallace ex rel. Wallace v. Novartis Pharm. Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119 , 984 F. Supp. 2d 377, 383 (M.D. Pa. 2013) (\'93
The law is well-established that clients must be held accountable for the acts and omissions of their attorneys.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15166718  (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10505119 ).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1116481   Counsel for O\rquote Keefe respond}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3239224  that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1116481  the trial court has discretion to dismiss }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12010257 with or without prejudice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1116481 and that \'93
[m]any courts dismiss under Rule 25(a)(1) with prejudice where . . . the dismissed party failed to demonstrate excusable neglect.\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8996324  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1116481 Appellee\rquote s Br. at }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12010257 17-18 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3239224 collecting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12010257 cases). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4464382  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3030823 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af0\insrsid2975756 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-360\li1080\ri0\sl480\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid1173\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid2975756 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid2975756 Santos}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2975756  test}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2975756\charrsid1173 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6888282 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6888282 [27]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6888282 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15405257 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15405257 Santos}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15405257 
, we adopted the Ninth Circuit\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4726231  five-facto}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15405257 r test for determing when dismissal is appropriate for failure to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4726231 prosecute under Rule 41(b).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4726231 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4726231 1997 Guam 4 \'b6 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15166718 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4726231 .  The five factors we consider are: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4726231\charrsid4726231 \'93(1) the public\rquote s interest in expeditious resolution of litigation; (2) the court\rquote 
s need to manage its docket; (3) the risk of prejudice to the defendants; (4) the public policy favoring the disposition of cases on their merits; and (5) the availabilit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8402025 y of less drastic sanctions.\'94  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15166718 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4726231\charrsid4726231 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4726231\charrsid4726231 In re Eisen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4726231\charrsid4726231 , 31 F.3d at 1451). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8996324  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4726231 When balancing the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4726231 Santos}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4726231  factors, \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15622431 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4726231 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15622431 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4726231 
ismissal is appropriate if at least four factors favor dismissal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4726231\charrsid4742350 or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4726231  three factors }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15166718 \lquote }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4726231 strongly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15166718 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4726231  support dismissal.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4726231 Guam Dep\rquote 
t of Educ. v. Guam Civil Serv. Comm\rquote n (Somerfleck)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4726231 , 2017 Guam 8 \'b6 10 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15622431 (alteration in original) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8996324 
(emphasis added) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4726231 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1787292 Park}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4726231 , 2010 Guam 10 \'b6 10).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4726231\charrsid15105404 \'93If the trial court does not make specific findings as to each factor, the appellate court reviews \lquote the record independently to determine whether the court abused its discretion.\rquote \'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4726231\charrsid15105404 Santos}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4726231 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4726231\charrsid15105404  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4726231\charrsid15105404 1997 Guam 4 \'b6
 5 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4726231\charrsid15105404 In re Eisen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4726231\charrsid15105404 , 31 F.3d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4726231 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4726231\charrsid15105404  1451)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4726231 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15405257\charrsid4726231 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6888282 [28]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6888282 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15336621 Alluding to our adoption of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15336621 Santos}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15336621 , the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4726231  Government argues that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9136316 the court did not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15336621 
consider the appropriate factors.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9136316 Reply Br. at 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15336621  (\'93The four [sic] factors from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid15336621 Santos v. Carney}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15336621 , supra, weigh heavily in the [Government\rquote s] favor.\'94).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9136316  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15336621  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid987946\charrsid4726231 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4464382\charrsid987946  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15336621 Government }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid814065 does not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15336621 , however,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4075735  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4464382\charrsid987946 address}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10621566\charrsid987946  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4075735 
whether}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid814065  the test }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5651663 appropr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4075735 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5651663 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4075735 tely}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid814065  applies }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15405257 in situations like }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10429237 the present case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15689036 ,
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid484338  where there is a dismissal for failure to substitute under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4075735 a different rule, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid484338 GRCP 25(a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid814065 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs34\super\insrsid4726231 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s32\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16410338 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs34\super\insrsid10505119 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10505119\charrsid6695952 G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2900861 uam Rule of Civil Procedure }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119\charrsid6695952 41(b) governs involuntary dismissal for failure }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10505119 to prosecute or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119\charrsid6695952 to comply with other procedu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119 ral rules\emdash such as GRCP 25(a).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10505119\charrsid6695952 G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11624284 uam R. Civ. P.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119\charrsid6695952  41(b).  It does not require trial courts to dismiss with or without prejudice, but i
nstead contemplates }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119 courts retaining }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119\charrsid6695952 discretion to determine the appropriate sanction, presuming dismissal with prejudice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119 unless the court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119\charrsid6695952 specifie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119\charrsid6695952  otherwise}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10505119 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10505119\charrsid6695952   Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119\charrsid6695952 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10505119\charrsid6695952 
see also In re Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) Prod}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10505119 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10505119\charrsid6695952 . Liab. Litig.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119\charrsid6695952 , 460 F.3d }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119 1217,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119\charrsid6695952  1226}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119\charrsid2370535 (9th Cir. 2006)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3825159  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6043642 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6043642 Santos }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6043642 factors are \'93
not a series of conditions precedent before the judge can do anything, but a way for the district judge to think about what to do}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10505119 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6043642 \'94
 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid814065  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4726231  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4464382 See Santos}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2244548 ,}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4464382  1997 Guam 4 \'b6 4; Appellant\rquote s Br. at 12-13; Reply Br. at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16067232 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4464382 -6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5651663 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4464382\charrsid8660614 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6888282 [29]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6888282 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3030823\charrsid8660614 Rule 25(a) requires dismissal unless}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8660614\charrsid8660614  the court finds }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12010257\charrsid8660614 Rule 6(b) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15405257 (or another }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2244548 exception}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15405257 ) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8660614\charrsid8660614 applicable}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12010257\charrsid8660614 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2911675\charrsid8660614  whereas}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3030823\charrsid8660614  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14577703 the court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3030823\charrsid8660614 Santos}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3030823\charrsid8660614  applie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14577703 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3030823\charrsid8660614  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10621566\charrsid8660614 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3030823\charrsid8660614  five-factor test to determine whether dismissal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14577703 wa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3030823\charrsid8660614 s appropriate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid3030823\charrsid8660614 in the first instance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8660614\charrsid8660614 .  1997 Guam 4 \'b6 5.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3030823\charrsid8660614  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2115596  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4726231 In other words, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3030823\charrsid8660614 Santos }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3030823\charrsid8660614 does not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10621566\charrsid8660614 speak}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3030823\charrsid8660614  specifically to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16147166 whether}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16147166\charrsid8660614  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3030823\charrsid8660614 dismissal should be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16147166 made with or without prejudice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3030823\charrsid8660614 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8660614\charrsid8660614   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2115596 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2900861  id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2900861\charrsid5854495 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2900861  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2115596  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16147166 In general, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2911675\charrsid8660614 Santos}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2911675\charrsid8660614 
 and its progeny}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13047814\charrsid8660614  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2911675\charrsid8660614 address }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2244548 only }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2911675\charrsid8660614 dismissals for failure to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2911675\charrsid10429237 prosecute}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2911675\charrsid4726231  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2911675\charrsid8660614 under GRCP 41(b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6388114 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6388114\charrsid6388114 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6388114  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid6388114\charrsid8660614 Somerfleck}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6388114\charrsid8660614 , 2017 Guam 8 \'b6 10; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6388114\charrsid8660614 United Pac. Islanders\rquote  Corp. v. Cyfred, Ltd.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2244548 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6388114\charrsid8660614  2017 Guam 6 \'b6 20; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6388114\charrsid8660614 Lujan v. McCreadie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6388114\charrsid8660614 , 2014 Guam 19 \'b6 6; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1787292 Park}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6388114\charrsid8660614 , 2010 Guam 10 \'b6 9.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6388114   Unless }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4075735 the court states otherwise}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid871254 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6388114 such dismissals operate as adjudications upon the merits, which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4075735 effectively }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6388114 create prejudice to refiling}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16192767\charrsid8660614 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2911675\charrsid8660614  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16192767\charrsid8660614 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2911675\charrsid8660614 ee }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11624284 Guam R. Civ. P.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid871254  41(b) (\'93
Unless the court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11624284 in its order of dismissal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid871254  otherwise specifies, a dismissal . . . operates as an adjudication upon the merits.\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6388114 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid871254   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13269228 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6888282 [30]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6888282 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid484338 There is no similar precedent in Guam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12398215 covering}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2370535  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10755373 GRCP }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2370535 25(a) and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10755373  GRCP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2370535  6(b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15689036 , and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid484338  both rules}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2370535  are silent on whether dismissal should be with or without prejudice.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2244548 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2244548  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11624284 Guam R. Civ. P.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2370535  6(b), 25(a).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid484338 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5070317 rules }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid484338 are substantively similar to their federal counterpart}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15689036 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid484338 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15689036  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid484338 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11624284 Fed. R. Civ. P.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid484338  6(b), 25(a). }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4075735  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid484338 In 1963, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9253192 he U.S. Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14577703  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9253192 
adopted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14577703  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5651663 amendments to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9658249  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15689036 FRCP }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9658249 25(a) and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15689036 FRCP }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9658249 6(b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid871254  to give courts flexibility}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13269228 
, including }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid805693 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13269228 flexibility}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid871254  to grant dismissals with or without prejudice.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid2370535 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid871254 Zanowick}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid871254 , 850 F.3d at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13269228 1095}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5329224 
 (citation omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13269228 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid871254   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2370535 No}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13269228 
 specific test is laid out in the federal rules for how to characterize }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9658249 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13269228 Rule 25(a) dismissal, and courts have dismissed cases under Rule 25 both }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13269228\charrsid13269228 with prejudice and without prejudice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12398215 , depending on the facts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13269228\charrsid13269228 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13269228 Zanowick}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13269228 , 850 F.3d at 1095 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2244548 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13269228 .5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2244548 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13269228 6 (collecting cases).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2370535 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6888282 [31]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6888282 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2370535 Therefore,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13269228  the Government\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9253192 reference }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13269228 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13269228 Santos}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9658249  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14577703 presents }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13269228 us with the question of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3030823\charrsid8660614 whether }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid871254 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8660614\charrsid8660614  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid410189 five}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8660614\charrsid8660614 -factor }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15689036 Santos }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8660614\charrsid8660614 test}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3030823\charrsid8660614  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15689036 is an appropriate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13269228  guide for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8660614\charrsid8660614  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13269228 determining}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8660614\charrsid8660614  whether a case should be dismissed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8660614\charrsid8660614 with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2370535  or without}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8660614\charrsid8660614  prejudice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2370535  for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8660614\charrsid8660614  failure to substitute }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5070317 pursuant to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2370535  GRCP 25(a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8660614\charrsid8660614 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8664498 
Because no specific test is laid out in the federal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5070317 counterpart}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8664498 , and courts have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8664498\charrsid8664498 
dismissed cases under Rule 25 both with prejudice and without prejudice, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8664498 see}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4726231  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2244548 id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8664498\charrsid8664498 , w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15169883\charrsid8664498 e }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9658249\charrsid8664498 find}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15169883\charrsid8664498  that}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5070317  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15689551 adopting the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15169883\charrsid8664498  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15169883\charrsid8664498 Santos }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15689551 test is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15169883\charrsid8664498  appropriate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8664498\charrsid8664498 on the facts before us}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15689551 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9658249\charrsid8664498  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15169883\charrsid8664498 for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8664498 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8664498\charrsid15689551 sole}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid871254\charrsid8664498  purpose of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15169883\charrsid8664498 determining whether to dismiss with or without prejudice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8664498 under}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15169883\charrsid8664498  GRCP 25(a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15689551  and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9658249\charrsid8664498  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15169883\charrsid8664498 where enlargement under GRCP 6(b) does not otherwise apply.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid871254\charrsid8664498   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15689551 We emphasize our}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8664498  decision to apply }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8664498 Santos }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8664498 should be constru}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15689551 ed narrowly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8664498  and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15169883  should}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid871254  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15169883\charrsid15689551 not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15169883  be }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3820386 read}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15169883  to mean that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15169883 Santos}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15169883  applies to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10648981 evaluate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15169883  whether }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid871254 dismissal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15689551 under}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid871254 
 GRCP 25(a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15169883  is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid871254 an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15169883 appropriate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid871254  sanction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15169883  in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15169883\charrsid871254 first instance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15169883 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9658249 rather, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15169883 that analysis }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15689551 remains}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15169883  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8664498 clearly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15169883 
governed by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9658249  reference to the statutory language of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15169883  GRCP 25(a) and GRCP 6(b).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid871254   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid410189 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6888282 [32]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6888282 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16192767\charrsid16192767 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11804249 trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16192767\charrsid16192767  court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid410189 limited its analysis to applicable procedural rules and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5070317  therefore understandably}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid410189  did}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16192767\charrsid16192767  not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9075650 frame its analysis in light of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid410189  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid410189 Santos}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid410189 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid410189 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid410189 RA, tab 117 (Dec. & Order).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5070317 Informed by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5070317 Santos}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5070317 , we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16192767\charrsid16192767  therefore review the record independently}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5070317  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8027680 to determine whether the trial court abused its discretion in granting dismissal specifically }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8027680\charrsid8419810 with prejudice}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1526081 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10048644   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10048644 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10048644\charrsid10048644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10048644\charrsid15105404 1997 Guam 4 \'b6 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10048644  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4216073 citations }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10048644 omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16192767 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li1872\ri0\sa240\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1872\itap0\pararsid3172348 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15494789 a.\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid6695952\charrsid6695056 The public\rquote s interest in expeditious resolution of litigation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8027680\charrsid6695056  and the court\rquote s need to manage its docket}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid16192767\charrsid6695056 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6888282 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6888282 [33]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6888282 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1526081 \'93The trial court is in the best position to decide when delay in a particular case interferes with the public interest and docket management, and we give deference to its determination}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15487400  of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1526081  the reasonableness of the delay.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1526081 Somerfleck}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1526081 , 2017 Guam 8 \'b6 12 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid28809 quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1787292 Park}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15487400 , 2010 Guam 10 \'b6 19).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4742350 Trial courts \'93
have an inherent power to control their dockets.  In the exercises of that power they may impose sanctions including, where appropriate, default or dismissal.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4742350\charrsid4007645 In re Phenylpropanolamine}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4742350\charrsid16192767 , 460 F.3d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4742350 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4742350\charrsid16192767  122}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4742350 7.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4742350\charrsid16192767  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4742350  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15487400 The record establishes that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3014751 
this has been a lengthy litigation, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10554181 without the trial court having an opportunity to reach}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10554181\charrsid14090602  the merits}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10554181 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10554181 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10554181 RA, tab 117 at 2 (Dec. & Order) (noting initial complaint was filed in 2010 and O\rquote Keefe passed away in 2013). }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15487400  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10554181 Moreover, the Government delayed over one year from the entry of the Suggestion of Death before taking any responsive action.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15487400 It }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid28809 did}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14090602  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid28809 not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15487400  provide justification
 for this delay at trial or on appeal.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3618685 The trial court found that the Government did not \'93present[] sufficient evidence to show that its \lquote failure to act was the result of excusable neglect.\rquote 
\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3618685 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3618685  at 6.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12075491 We find no reason, on the present facts, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3618685 
to disturb the deference }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12075491 we give to this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3618685  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9075650 finding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3618685 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5329224 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3618685 Somerfleck}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3618685 , 2017 Guam 8 \'b6 12}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3014751 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid3014751 cf.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3014751\charrsid3014751  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3014751\charrsid4007645 In re Phenylpropanolamine}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3014751\charrsid16192767 , 460 F.3d }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3014751 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3014751\charrsid16192767  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3014751 1242-43.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3014751  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3618685  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8027680 Therefore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid28809 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8027680  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15237029 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid28809 first }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15237029 two }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid28809 Santos}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid28809  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15237029 factors weigh strongly}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8027680  in favor of finding the trial court did not abuse its discretion in dismissing with prejudice. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6695952 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li1872\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1872\itap0\pararsid6695056 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13116226 b.\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid6695952\charrsid6695056 The risk of prejudice to the defendants
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6888282 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6888282 [34]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6888282 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8027680 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8027680\charrsid11997300 Our case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8027680  law makes clear that \lquote 
once a delay is determined to be unreasonable, prejudice . . . is presumed.\rquote \'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5329224 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8027680 \'b6 15 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1787292 
Park}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8027680 , 2010 Guam 10 \'b6 21)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11298433  (alteration in original)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8027680 .  This presumption, however, is rebutt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15237029 able, if the Government can show the delay was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7813798 excusable }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15237029 and that the Estate was not prejudiced by the delay.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8027680   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15237029 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15237029  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1787292 Park}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15237029 , 2010 Guam 10 \'b6 21
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4742350 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4742350 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4742350\charrsid4007645 In re Phenylpropanolamine}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4742350\charrsid16192767 , 460 F.3d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4742350 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4742350\charrsid16192767  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4742350 1238 (\'93
Prejudice is presumed from unreasonable delay[.]\'94 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4742350 In re Eisen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4742350 , 31 F.3d at 1452-53}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3014751 )).}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5405961 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6888282 [35]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6888282 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11298433 \'93[T]he policy undergirding this factor . . . is that unnecessary delay \lquote 
inherently increases the risk that memories will fade and evidence will become stale.\rquote \'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11298433 Guam Econ. Dev. Auth. v. Affordable Home Builders, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11298433 
, 2013 Guam 12 \'b6 35 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11298433 Quitugua v. Flores}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11298433 , 2004 Guam 19 \'b6 19).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5405961 
Failure to timely substitute without a good reason \'93increases the risk of prejudice from unavailability of witnesses or loss of records.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5405961\charrsid4007645 In re Phenylpropanolamine}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5405961\charrsid16192767 , 460 F.3d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5405961 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5405961\charrsid16192767  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5405961 1234.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10568184 Further, \'93[t]hat the case is an involved, complex case increases the prejudice from the delay.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8146554 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10568184\charrsid16192767  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10568184 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10568184\charrsid16192767  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10568184 1228 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).  Here}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2759610 \emdash in an undoubtedly involved, complicated case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11289908  that defendant is burdened with the costs of litigating}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2759610 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10568184 the Government does not satisfactorily rebut this presumption of prejudice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2759610 , as it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10568184 
 offers no persuasive evidence that the delay was excusable.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10568184 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10568184 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 12-13; Reply Br. at 5.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7754523 This}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14621087  factor weighs strongly in favor of finding the trial court did not abuse its discretion in dismissing with prejudice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5405961  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6695952\charrsid14621087 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li1872\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1872\itap0\pararsid6695056 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6695056 c.\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid6695952\charrsid6695056 The public policy favoring the disposition of cases on their merits
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6888282 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6888282 [36]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6888282 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14621087 \'93Although courts provide necessary procedural rules that bar certain actions from proceeding to final judgment, ideally all cases should find a resolution based on the merits.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid14621087 Lujan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14621087 , 2014 Guam 19 \'b6 22}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14696253  (citation omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14621087 .  Yet}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14696253 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14621087  \'93this factor should not be used defensively as a shield by a passive plaintiff who has failed in his obligation to prosecute the defendants with the vigor expected of a plaintiff.\'94  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14621087 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8078906  \'b6 21 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14696253 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14696253 Guam Econ. Dev. Auth.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14696253 , 2013 Guam 12 \'b6 43) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8078906 (internal quotation marks omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12671061   \'93The
 question is whether the policy of determining cases on their merits justifies the delay and prejudice caused by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8146554 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12671061 the party\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8146554 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12671061  conduct.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12671061 Somerfleck}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12671061 , 2017 Guam 8 \'b6 18 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8146554 (alterations in original) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12671061 (citations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5329224  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12671061 omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12671061\charrsid12671061 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6888282 [37]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6888282 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8078906 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8078906 Lujan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8078906 , we examined what looked, on its face}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7105658 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8078906  to be a long-running action}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7105658 .  However,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8078906  after accounting for understandably appropriate delays\emdash including the assignment and reassignment of seven different trial judges\emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5646182 we found the action, in fact, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8078906 involved a delay that was \'93five months at the very maximum, but more likely only three days.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8078906 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14696253 
2014 Guam 19 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8078906 \'b6 22.  Further, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5646182 we noted that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13197142 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8078906 
the trial court had an opportunity to dispose of th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13197142 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8078906 e] case on its merits in the same time period it took to rule on the motion to dismiss.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8078906 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8078906 \'b6 23.  Thus, we concluded in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8078906 Lujan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8078906  that this factor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5646182 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8078906  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5646182 favoring the disposition of cases on their merits, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8078906 did not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5646182 weigh in favor of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8078906 dismissal.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8078906 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8078906  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8146554  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8078906 In stark contrast, here, after several years of litigating this case\emdash and without }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5646182 giving }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12671061 the trial court}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8078906  an opportunity to dispose of the case on the merits}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12671061 \emdash the Government ultimately failed to substitute a proper defendant pursuant to GRCP 25(a).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10554181   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10554181 Cf. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10554181\charrsid4007645 In re Phenylpropanolamine}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10554181\charrsid16192767 , 460 F.3d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10554181 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10554181\charrsid16192767  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10554181 
1242-43 (holding public policy factor offered little support to plaintiffs where delays ranged from one to three years); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10554181\charrsid10554181 Kasting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8146554 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10554181\charrsid10554181  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10554181 196 F.R.D. at 602 (dismissing where plaintiff waited over nine months after the expiration of the 90-day period). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12671061  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7754523 Therefore, w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5646182 hile this factor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7754523  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5646182 
does not weigh in favor of dismissal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10048644  with prejudice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5646182 , it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12671061  does not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9306153 
ultimately }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12671061 outweigh the prior three factors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5646182 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10048644 each of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12671061 
which weigh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10048644 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12671061  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3807595 strongly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12671061 
in favor of finding the trial court did not abuse its discretion in dismissing with prejudice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4742350 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li1872\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1872\itap0\pararsid8420977 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8420977 d.\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid6695952\charrsid8420977 The availability of less drastic sanctions
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6888282 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6888282 [38]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6888282 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9075650 It is clear that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6296855 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9075650 [t]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6296855 
he trial court is not required to impose lesser sanctions, when the rules do not so provide, and when to do so would encourage neglect and noncompliance with the [GRCP]. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8146554  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6296855 Nor is the trial court required to give a warning of possible dismissal.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6296855 Lujan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6296855 , 2014 Guam 19 \'b6 24 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5646182 citations and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6296855 internal quotation marks omitted).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1704405 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4129286 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1704405 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4129286 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1704405 t is not a per se abuse of discretion for a trial judge to dismiss an action }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1704405\charrsid9306153 
due to a party\rquote s failure to prosecute}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1704405  without issuing advance warnings or lesser sanctions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1704405\charrsid5854495 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1704405\charrsid6296855 \'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1704405\charrsid6296855  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1787292 Park}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1704405 , 2010 Guam 10 \'b6 24 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4129286 (alteration in original) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1704405 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1704405\charrsid6296855 Santos}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1704405 , 1997 Guam 4 \'b6 10).  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13197142 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1704405 he court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13197142  is not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1704405  \'93
required to examine every single alternate remedy in deciding if sanction of dismissal is appropriate.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1704405\charrsid6296855 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1704405  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6296855 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6296855 Anderson v. Air West, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6296855 , 542 F.2d 522, 525 (9th Cir. 1976)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2975756 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6296855 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1704405  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6296855  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1704405 \'93
[T]he reasonable exploration of possible and meaningful alternatives is all that is required.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1704405\charrsid6296855 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1704405  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2975756 citation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6296855  omitted).  \'93A trial court is entitled to say, under proper
 circumstances, that enough is enough and less severe sanctions than dismissal need not be imposed where the record of dilatory conduct is clear.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6296855\charrsid6296855 
Pyramid Energy, Ltd. v. Heyl & Patterson, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6296855\charrsid4742350 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6296855  869 F.2d 1058, 1062 (7th Cir. 1989)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5714752 
 (citations omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7754523  (dismissing with prejudice for failure to prosecute)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5714752 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2975756 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6888282 [39]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6888282 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3807595 Although }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1704405 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3807595  trial court did not explain whether other remedies were available}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1704405 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5714752  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3807595 
its failure to do so is understandable because this case presents us with the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16599415 novel }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3807595 question of whether }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3807595 Santos}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3807595  is an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3807595\charrsid3807595 appropriate guide for determining whether a case should be dismissed with or without prejudice for failure to substitute under GRCP 25(a)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3807595 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16599415   On our independent review of the record,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3807595 
 it appears the Government has only lackadaisically pursued resolution of this case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16599415 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13457938   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13457938 See supra }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13457938 Part IV.B.1.a. (noting length of litigation).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16599415   T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3807595 he inference we draw from the Government\rquote 
s conduct to date is that it prefers focusing on procedural wrangling rather than on reaching a f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16599415 inal disposition on the merits.  In light of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7754523 this conduct}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2975756 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5714752  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16599415 we find }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5714752 
this factor weighs in favor of finding the trial court did not abuse its discretion in dismissing with prejudice. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4129286  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13457938 Cf. Pyramid Energy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13457938\charrsid13457938 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13457938 869 F.2d at 1062.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5714752 Because we find that at least four }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5714752 Santos }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5714752 factors weigh in favor of affirming the trial court\rquote s judgment\emdash and with three of those factors weighing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5714752\charrsid11738924 strongly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5714752  in that direction\emdash we affirm the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14163320 trial court\rquote s decision to dismiss}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5714752  with prejudice. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1667700  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1667700 See Somerfleck}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1667700 , 2017 Guam 8 \'b6 10.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1793151 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li1210\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1210\itap0\pararsid7825416 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7825416 2.\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5714752\charrsid4605100 
The trial court\rquote s decision not to articulate its reasons for dismissing with prejudice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9767697\charrsid4605100 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \li1138\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1138\itap0\pararsid11738924\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3357453\charrsid5714752 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6888282 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6888282 [40]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6888282 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5714752 The Government argues that the trial court \'93
made no attempt to resolve the dispute and proceeded to sign the proposed judgment with no explanation. . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3357453  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5714752 The trial court should articula}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14163320 te the reasons for its decision}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10309097  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14163320 [to dismiss with prejudice]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5714752 .\'94  Appellant\rquote 
s Br. at 14.  We agree that it would have been better practice for the trial court to articulate in its Decision and Order why it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12067375 chose to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5714752 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4007645 ismiss the case with prejudice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5714752  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4007645  \'93[T]rial judges}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4007645\charrsid16192767  should }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4007645 \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4007645\charrsid16192767 articulate the reasons for their decisions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4007645 \rquote \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4007645\charrsid16192767  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4007645  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4007645\charrsid4007645 Hawaiian Rock Prods}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9662407 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid4007645\charrsid4007645  Corp. v. Ocean Hous., Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4007645\charrsid16192767 , 2016 Guam 4 \'b6 29 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4007645 quoting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4007645\charrsid16192767  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4007645\charrsid4007645 Rahmani v. Park}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4007645\charrsid16192767 , 2011 Guam 7 \'b6 65).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4007645  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4007645\charrsid16192767  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5714752 However, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4007645 \'93the trial court\rquote 
s failure to explicitly indicate the basis of a judgment is not itself reversible error where such reasons are clear from the record.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4007645 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4007645 \'b6 31; }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4007645 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4007645\charrsid4007645 In re Phenylpropanolamine}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4007645\charrsid16192767 , 460 F.3d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4007645 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4007645\charrsid16192767  1226 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4007645 (\'93A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4007645\charrsid16192767 lthough it is preferred, it is not re
quired that the [trial] court make explicit findings in order to sho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4007645 w that it has considered these }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4007645\charrsid16192767 
factors and we may review the record independently to determine if the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4007645 [trial]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4007645\charrsid16192767  cou}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4007645 
rt has abused its discretion.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12202663  (citation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4129286 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12202663  omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4007645 )}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3219330 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12067375 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6888282 [41]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6888282 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4007645 Here, none of the applicable procedural rules required }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15091150 
the trial court to issue }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4007645 a written and reasoned decision, and we can conclude that the trial court\rquote s decision not to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15364936 address}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15364936\charrsid15364936  the Government}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15364936 \rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15364936\charrsid15364936  Motion to Enter Judgment requesting that the case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15364936  be dismissed without prejudice,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15364936\charrsid15364936  RA, tab 121 (Mot. Enter J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4129286 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15364936 
), operated as a denial of the motion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15364936\charrsid15364936   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15364936 Cf. Gov\rquote t of Guam v. Gutierrez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15364936 , 2015 Guam 8 
\'b6 45 (\'93[B]ecause the trial court ruled against the Estate, this court may assume that it denied the . . . motion, even though it did not mention it in the decision and order.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12202663  (citations omitted)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15364936 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3219330 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9075650   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702125 
We have reviewed the record independently and are not persuaded on the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8391478 se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702125 
 facts that the trial court abused its discretion in deciding to dismiss with prejudice without articulating its reasons therefor.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10702125 See Town House Dep\rquote t Stores, Inc. v. Ahn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702125 , 2003 Guam 6 \'b6 27 (\'93A trial court abuses its discretion . . . where the record contains no evidence on which the judge could have rationally based the decision.\'94 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12202663 
citation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702125  omitted)).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10763299\charrsid14163320 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li1152\ri0\sl480\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1152\itap0\pararsid3172348 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11823201 3.\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid14163320\charrsid11823201 GRCP 5 and General Rule 7.1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11738924\charrsid2897416 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6888282 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6888282 [42]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6888282 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14163320 Finally, we address }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5143905 two technical}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11292846 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7697991 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11292846  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid945842 significantly underdeveloped,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5143905  arguments }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid945842 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5143905 
the Government makes with respect to GRCP 5 and General Rule 7.1 (\'93GR 7.1\'94) of the Local Rules of the Superior Court of Guam.  The Government contends, essentially, that the trial court abused its discretion in dismissing the case with prejudice }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16732181 because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5143905 the Estate allegedly violated GRCP 5 by submitting a proposed judgment to the court without a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11292846 
 concomitant motion to enter it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16732181 .  However,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11292846  the Government does not pinpoint exactly which subsection of GRCP 5 it thinks was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14702652 violated.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5143905   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11292846 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5143905 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 13}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10309097 -14
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5143905 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5143905\charrsid11222110 RA, tab 121 at 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5143905 -2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5143905\charrsid11222110 
 (Mot. Enter J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2897416 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5143905\charrsid11222110 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5143905 .  The Government similarly asserts that the Estate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16010222 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5143905 submitted the proposed judgment with no notice to the [Government] and no compliance with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid945842 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5143905 GR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid945842 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5143905  7.1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11292846 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid945842 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11292846  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3357453 again }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11292846 without pinpointing which specific subsection of GR 7.1 is allegedly at issue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5143905 .  Appellant
\rquote s Br. at 14.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14163320 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6888282 [43]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6888282 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13064003 We find these arguments woul}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid945842 d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16732181 not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid945842 alter the result in this case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14702652  because there is nothing in the record indicating GRCP 5 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3807595 or GR 7.1 were}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14702652  violated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid945842 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2897416  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11292846 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16732181 trial court issued its }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11292846 
Decision and Order in response to a motion to dismiss.  The Government was given notice and an opportunity to be heard on that motion and took advantage of that opportunity.  RA, tab 114 at 2-5 (Opp\rquote n Mot. Dismiss); Tr. at 7-8 (Mot. Hr\rquote 
g).  The most generous reading of the Government\rquote s contention is that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16732181 the Estate violated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11292846 
GRCP 5(a), which generally requires court documents to be served upon the parties. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14702652  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14702652 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11624284 Guam R. Civ. P.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14702652  5(a). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11292846  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14702652 Rule 5(a) was not violated because}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1385834 
 the Decision and Order and Judgment were both }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid945842 in fact }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1385834 served upon the Government}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16732181 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1385834  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16732181  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16732181 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1385834 ee }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1385834 RA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2897416 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1385834  tab 118 (Notice of Entry on Docket & Decl. of Mailing, Dec. & Order, Nov. 19, 2015); RA tab 125 (Notice of Entry on Docket & Decl. of Mailing (Judgment), Dec. 10, 2015)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16732181 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11823201 Guam Rule of Civil Procedure }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1385834 5 does not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16732181 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1385834  by its terms}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16732181 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1385834  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid945842 require }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16732181 the court to provide }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid945842 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1385834  second notice or opportunity to be heard before the court enters a final judgment\emdash such an untenable interpretation would give every disappo
inted litigant the right to two hearings for one motion and burden the court\rquote s docket}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13064003 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5070317 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6888282 [44]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6888282 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13064003 Similarly, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14702652 asserting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid945842  that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13064003  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16732181 the Estate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14702652  in some way}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16732181  violated }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13064003 GR 7.1 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13064003\charrsid12067375 is unavailing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13064003 to the Government\rquote s case. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2897416  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11823201 General Rule }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13064003 7.1 deals with motion practice and administ
rative matters of the Superior Court Clerk and has no relevance to the submission of a proposed judgment. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14702652  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14702652 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14702652 GR 7.1. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13064003  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16732181 The s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13064003 
ubmission of a form of proposed judgment is not a proceeding, but the culmination of a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid945842\charrsid6644023 proceeding;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13064003\charrsid6644023  hence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16732181\charrsid6644023 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13064003\charrsid6644023  we do not find GR 7.1 particularly relevant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6644023   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13064003 
Further, the Government }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16732181 did not take}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13064003  any action to be relieved of the final judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16732181 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13064003  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid945842 as allowed by GRCP 60(b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6644023 , even though it had opportunity to do so}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid945842 
.  We find the Government\rquote s lack of diligence cannot be mitigated by resort to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6644023  these }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid945842 technical}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3807595  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3357453 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6644023  inapplicable procedural rules}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3807595 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15427848 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5854495 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31503\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4357080 \hich\af0\dbch\af31501\loch\f0 V.  CONCLUSION
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6888282 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6888282 [45]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6888282 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1116481 For the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1116481\charrsid15364936 foregoing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1116481  reasons}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid945842 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1116481  we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4357080\charrsid4861614 AFFIRM }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4357080\charrsid4861614 the trial court\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4861614 judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15364936  dismissing the case with prejudice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4861614 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2107997 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3884946 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3430325 
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