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{\operator Gloria J. Duenas-Cruz}{\creatim\yr2018\mo12\dy13\hr11\min1}{\revtim\yr2018\mo12\dy13\hr11\min1}{\printim\yr2018\mo3\dy29\hr17\min37}{\version2}{\edmins0}{\nofpages17}{\nofwords4733}{\nofchars26981}{\*\manager Supreme Court of Guam}
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\f39\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs20\insrsid9848144 People v. Aldan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid9848144 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
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\af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1581891 18}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid9848144 
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\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3288225\charrsid729283 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\insrsid3288225\charrsid6162090 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3288225\charrsid9599675 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3288225 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2960762\charrsid9599675 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\insrsid3288225\charrsid6162090 THE PEOPLE OF GUAM}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\insrsid5515391 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3288225\charrsid729283 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3288225 Plaintiff-Appellee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5515391 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3288225\charrsid729283 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\insrsid3288225\charrsid6162090 v.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3288225\charrsid729283 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\insrsid3288225\charrsid6162090 DENNIS CASTRO ALDAN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\insrsid9050331 
\par aka DANNY CHRISTOPHER CASTRO}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\insrsid5515391 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\insrsid3288225\charrsid6162090 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3288225 Defendant-Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5515391 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3288225\charrsid729283 
\par 
\par 
\par Supreme Court Case No. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3288225 CRA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3288225\charrsid3288225 17-010}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3288225\charrsid729283 
\par Superior Court Case No.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3288225  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3288225\charrsid3288225 CF0244-16}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3288225\charrsid729283 
\par 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\insrsid3288225\charrsid6162090 OPINION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3288225\charrsid729283 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3288225 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\insrsid3760766\charrsid3760766 Filed:  December 13, 2018}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\insrsid3229402\charrsid3760766 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3760766 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\insrsid3229402\charrsid6162090 Cite as: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\insrsid2960762  2018 Guam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\insrsid2955123 19}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\insrsid3229402\charrsid6162090 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3229402\charrsid729283 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3288225\charrsid729283 
\par Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam
\par Argued and Submitted on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3288225 February 19, 2018}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3288225\charrsid729283 
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam
\par 
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\par \ltrrow}\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow\ts31\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid5003857\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 
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\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid4398360 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f39\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1581891\charrsid729283 Appearing for Defendant-Appell}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1581891 ant}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1581891\charrsid729283 :
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1581891\charrsid3288225 Stephen P. Hattori, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1581891\charrsid3288225 Esq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1581891  (briefed)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1581891\charrsid150101 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1581891\charrsid3288225 Theresa G. Rojas, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1581891\charrsid3288225 Esq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1581891\charrsid3288225 
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1581891 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1581891\charrsid150101 argued}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1581891 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1581891\charrsid3288225 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1581891 Public Defender Service Corporation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1581891\charrsid3288225 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1581891 779 Route 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1581891\charrsid3288225 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid2960762 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1581891 Sinajana}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1581891\charrsid3288225 , GU 96910}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1581891\charrsid3288225 \cell Appearing for the Plaintiff-Appell}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1581891 ee}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1581891\charrsid3288225 :
\par Christine }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1581891 S. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1581891\charrsid3288225 Tenorio, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1581891\charrsid3288225 Esq.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1581891\charrsid3288225 Assistant Attorney General
\par Office of the Attorney General
\par Prosecution Division
\par 590 S. Marine Corps Dr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1581891 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1581891\charrsid3288225 , Ste. 801
\par Tamuning, GU 96913}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1581891 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f39\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1581891 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow
\ts31\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid5003857\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb
\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid210245 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3288225\charrsid729283 \sect }\sectd \ltrsect
\margbsxn1440\sbknone\linex0\cols2\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid1266020\sftnbj \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2960762 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3288225\charrsid729283 \column }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid2960762\delrsid2960762\charrsid729283 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3288225\charrsid3288225 \sect }\sectd \ltrsect
\psz1\linex0\headery1440\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid9599675\sftnbj {\headerr \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9599675 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs20\insrsid336878 People v. Aldan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid336878 ,}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid336878\charrsid14642428  201}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid336878 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid336878\charrsid14642428  Guam }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid2955123 19}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid336878\charrsid14642428 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid336878\charrsid9599675 Opinion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid336878 \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid336878\charrsid4485792 Page }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid336878\charrsid4485792  PAGE  \\* Arabic  \\
* MERGEFORMAT }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12990854 2}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid336878\charrsid4485792 
 of }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid336878\charrsid4485792  NUMPAGES  \\* Arabic  \\* MERGEFORMAT }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12990854 17}}}
\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid336878 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\brdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp20 \tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid336878 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid336878 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9599675 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid336878\charrsid4929428 

\par }}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid210245 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid150101 BEFORE: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2955123  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid150101\charrsid12923660 KATHERINE A. MARAMAN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid150101 , Chief Justice; F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid150101\charrsid12923660 Associate Justice; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid150101 ROBERT J. TORRES}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid150101\charrsid12923660 , Associate Justice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid150101 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid210245 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid150101 TORRES, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid150101\charrsid12923660 J.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid150101 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid1266020 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8545333 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3229402 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15933984 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 [1]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3229402\charrsid3229402 Defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3229402 -Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3229402\charrsid3229402  Dennis Castro Aldan a/k/a Danny Christopher Castro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16210073  (\'93Aldan\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3229402\charrsid3229402 
 appeals a final judgment of conviction for (1) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12264346 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3229402\charrsid3229402 heft by receiving a stolen motor vehicle; (2) }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12264346 p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3229402\charrsid3229402 ossession of a schedule II controlled substance; (3) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12264346 u}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3229402\charrsid3229402 nauthorized use of a motor vehicle; (4) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12264346 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3229402\charrsid3229402 
alsifying evidence; (5) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12264346 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3229402\charrsid3229402 mpersonation; and (6) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12264346 f}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3229402\charrsid3229402 raudulent }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12264346 v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3229402\charrsid3229402 ehicle }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12264346 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3229402\charrsid3229402 dentification. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5119437 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 [2]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3229402\charrsid3229402 Aldan alleges}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3566860 , among other things,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3229402\charrsid3229402  that the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3229402 
 trial court erred in giving Jury Instruction 3B, which shifted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3229402\charrsid3229402  the burden of proof by instructing that the defendant\rquote s failure to present evidence can be held against him
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3229402 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1581891  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3566860 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4346634 e }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3566860 conclude}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4346634  that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12264346 the giving of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4346634 Jury Instruction 3B constitutes plain error}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3566860 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3229402  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3566860 
Pursuant to the following opinion, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4346634 we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8482490 vacate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3229402  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3229402 the judgment of conviction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4346634  and decline to reach the additional allegations of error}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3229402 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid210245 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6251095 I. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid1581891  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3229402\charrsid9050348 FACTUAL }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid1581891 AND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid3229402\charrsid9050348  PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15933984 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 [3]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1581891 In March 2016, a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16210073\charrsid13392461 fter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16210073 
 going outside for a coffee break}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348 , Alma }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3087307\charrsid9050348 Buen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3087307 o\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16210073 brother and his girlfriend}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348  discovered }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16210073\charrsid9050348 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1317833 Buen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3087307 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1317833 \rquote s }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348 2010 Toyota Corolla was missing. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1581891  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2955123 
The police put out an All-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348 Points Bulletin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12264346  for the vehicle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 [4]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16210073 About six weeks later}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11277451 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13467620  patrolling officer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11277451  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348 came across a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12264346 Toyota Corolla}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12264346\charrsid9050348  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348 with a suspicious license plate in the parking lot of a game room. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1581891  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348 The vehicle fit the description of the missing car}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4346634 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348  and}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4346634  the license plate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348  was suspicious because it was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4346634  an older design}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348  on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4346634  a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348  newer model car. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1581891  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12921886 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11277451 he patrolling officer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348  discovered that the plates were registered to a Honda CR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1581891 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348 X. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1581891  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13467620 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11277451 patrolling }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13467620 
officer requested backup, and two other officers responded to the request.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2758594  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348 As }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11277451 the officers }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348 entered the game room to investigate, Aldan walked out. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2758594  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11277451 One of the officers approached }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348 Aldan}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13467620 , who identified himself as \'93Daniel Christopher Castro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11277451 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13467620 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11277451  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13467620 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8545333 
Aldan }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348 consented to a pat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15078455 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348 down search}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13467620 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2758594  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8545333 During the search, the officers discovered }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348 a lanyard with car keys and a couple of packets that tested presumptively positive for methamphetamine.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13467620  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2758594  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348 The officers used the car keys to unlock the Corolla with suspicious license plates. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2758594  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348 The officers confirmed that the Vehicle Identification Number (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12264346 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348 VIN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12264346 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348 ) matched the Corolla reported }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2758594 by Bueno as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348 stolen. 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 [5]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348 
Upon determining that the car was stolen, the officers placed Aldan under arrest, orally provided }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9575807 Miranda}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348  warnings, and subsequently interrogated him. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2758594  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348 Aldan informed }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8545333 one of the officers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348  that his girlfriend Maria Cruz from Barrigada gave him the car}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3566860  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8545333 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3566860 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8545333 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6440225 license plate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8545333  was already attached}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2758594  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348 During processing, Aldan\rquote s fingerprints returned a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4346634  match for \'93Dennis Castro Aldan}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3566860 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3566860  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4346634 not Daniel Christopher Castro.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2758594  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348 Aldan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6440225 , however,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348  signed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8545333 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348  custody receipt as \'93Danny C. Castro.\'94 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 [6]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4346634 The case proceeded to trial.  After}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348  the Pe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4346634 ople called their final witness, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348 
defense rested without calling any }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14364432 witness}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2047684 es}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6972191 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 [7]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348 At the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4346634 jury instruction }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348 conference, the prosecutor objected to Instruction 3B\emdash Production of All Evidence is Not Required. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2758594  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348 The original instruction read: \'93
If weak or less satisfactory evidence is offered by the Government, when it appears that stronger and more satisfactory evidence was with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2758594 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348  the power of the Government, the evidence should be viewed with distrust.\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2758594  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1064138 Transcript (
\'93Tr.\'94) at 6 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10885968 Closing Args. & }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1064138 Jury Instrs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10885968 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4392384 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1064138 June 17, 2016}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9574383 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1064138 . }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15078455\charrsid9050348 The prosecutor argued that the instruction should mirror the language of 6 GCA \'a7 8101}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2758594 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15078455\charrsid9050348  upon which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2758594 the instruction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2758594\charrsid9050348  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15078455\charrsid9050348 is based}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2758594 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15078455  and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348  sought to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15078455 replace}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15078455\charrsid9050348  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348 the term }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15078455\charrsid9050348 \'93the Government\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15078455 with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348 \'93any party}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15078455 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348 \'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2758594  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15078455 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348 
he defense did not object}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2758594 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3087307  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15078455 and t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3087307 he court granted the change}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2758594  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3087307\charrsid3087307 After the change, Instruction 3B read in its entirety: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3087307 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid9575807 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3087307\charrsid3087307 
Neither side is required to call as witnesses all persons who may have been present at any of the events disclosed by the evidence, or who may appear to have some knowl
edge of these events, or to produce all objects or documents mentioned or suggested by the evidence. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2758594 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3087307\charrsid3087307 If weaker and less satisfactory evidence is offered by a party, when it appears that stronger and more satisfactory evidence was within the power of a pa
rty, the evidence offered should be viewed with distrust.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3087307 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid8545333 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3087307 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8545333 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14315868 Tr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2047684  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3087307\charrsid3087307 at 75}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14315868  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid606978 
Closing Args. & Jury Instrs.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14315868 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2758594 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12145939  Record on Appeal (\'93RA\'94
), tab 50 (Jury Instr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10885968  No. 3B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12145939 , June 20, 2016)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3087307\charrsid3087307 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15933984 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 [8]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348 During closing arguments, the defense }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1317833\charrsid9050348 maintained}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348  that the prosecutor could have called Maria Cruz to the stand to help determine }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15078455 whether}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348  Aldan actually stole the car. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14493887  Defense counsel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348  also argued }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4346634 \'93that interchangeable names are very common on Guam,\'94 to suggest that Aldan may not have provided false information to police when he identified himself as Danny C. Castro. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14493887  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12145939 Tr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4346634  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4346634 at 42-43}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12145939  (Closing Arg}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid606978 s. & Jury Instrs.)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4346634 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14493887  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4346634 In rebuttal, the prosecutor questioned why }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14493887 Aldan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4346634  did not call his girlfriend Maria Cruz }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7358632 or \'93his mama\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4346634 to confirm his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6972191 story and asked: \'93Why is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4346634 [defense }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14493887 counsel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16210073 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4346634  the person who is making all these theories up and presenting them to you?\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14493887  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4346634 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4346634 at 51-52. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14493887  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5119437 
The prosecutor also highlighted Instruction 3B and stated that it \'93is relevant to this particular offense}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid993885  [of theft]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5119437 .\'94 }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14493887  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5119437 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5119437  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid5119437 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 [9]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348 Aldan was convicted by }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15078455 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9050348\charrsid9050348  jury on all counts of the indictment, and timely appealed his convictions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16210073\charrsid9050348 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid210245 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid9050348 II}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid6251095 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid14493887  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6251095 JURISDICTION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3229402\charrsid9050348 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15933984 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 [10]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3229402\charrsid3229402 This court has jurisdiction over appeals from final judgments of conviction. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14493887  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3229402\charrsid3229402 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 1424-1(a)(2) (Westlaw through Pub. L. 115-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14493887 231}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14493887\charrsid3229402  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3229402\charrsid3229402 (201}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8077552 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3229402\charrsid3229402 )); 8 GCA \'a7\'a7 130.10, 130.15(a) (2005).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid210245 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid9050348 III}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid6251095 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid14493887  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6251095 STANDARD}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3229402\charrsid9050348  OF REVIEW

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15933984 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 [11]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5119437 We review jury instructions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3229402\charrsid3229402  for plain error when no objection was made at trial. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14493887  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3229402\charrsid3229402 See People v. Gargarita}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3229402\charrsid3229402 , 2015 Guam 28 
\'b6 11 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3229402\charrsid3229402 People v. Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3229402\charrsid3229402 , 2012 Guam 8 \'b6 8)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid993885 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14493887   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3229402\charrsid3229402 When considering \'93
whether the proffered instructions accurately stated the relevant law,\'94 we review \'93under a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3229402\charrsid5119437 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3229402\charrsid3229402  standard.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14564343 Gargarita}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14564343 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8545333 
2015 Guam 28}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8077552  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3229402\charrsid3229402 \'b6 12 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3229402\charrsid3229402 
People v. Diego}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3229402\charrsid3229402 , 2013 Guam 15 \'b6 9).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid993885  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14493887  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8077552 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5119437 n reviewing allegations of error, we \'93will no}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16210073 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5119437  address issues unnecessary to the resolution of the case.\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14493887  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5119437 Hemlani v. Hemlani}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5119437 , 2015 Guam 16 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5119437\charrsid3229402 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5119437  33 (collecting cases). }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5119437\charrsid5119437 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid210245 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid9050348 IV}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid6251095 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6635779  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6251095 ANALYSIS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3229402 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8545333 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 [12]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6635415 In this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1668205 case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6635415 , w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6438820 e must address }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5119437 the appropriateness of a jury instruction that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4936162 
tracks the language of a Guam statute. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6635779  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6438820 Specifically, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7358632 we address}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4936162  whether }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7358632 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4936162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6635415 
giving of a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4936162 \'93weaker }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1134729 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4936162 less satisfactory evidence\'94 instruction, }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4936162 see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4936162 Jury Instruction 3B, which tracks almost verbatim 6 GCA \'a7 8101, constitutes plain error }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7358632 in a criminal case }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4936162 by improperly shifting the burden of proof to the defendant and infringing upon his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6635415 c}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4936162 onstitutional rights.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5119437\charrsid4936162 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid993885 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid5843765 A. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid6635779  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3222248 The Giving of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6251095\charrsid5843765 Jury Instruction 3B }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid3222248 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6251095\charrsid5843765 onstitutes }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3222248 P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid6251095\charrsid5843765 lain }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3222248 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6251095\charrsid5843765 rror in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid15012705 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6251095\charrsid5843765 his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3222248 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6635779 ase}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6251095\charrsid5843765 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15933984 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 [13]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2445600 Aldan did not object to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6438820 Jury Instruction 3B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2445600  at trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3566860 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6438820  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15012705  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2445600 Therefore, our analysis is limited to plain error review.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7358632  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15012705  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid7358632 Gargarita}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7358632 , 2015 Guam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7358632\charrsid6949086 28 \'b6 11}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7358632 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2445600  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15012705  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6949086\charrsid6949086 
Reversal under a plain error standard is granted only when: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3222248 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6949086\charrsid6949086 (1) there was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3222248 an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6949086\charrsid6949086 error; (2) the error is clear }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3222248 or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6949086\charrsid6949086  obvious under current law; (3) the error affected substantial rights; and (4) reversal is necessary to prevent a miscarriage of justice or to maintain the integrity of the judicial process.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3222248 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6949086\charrsid6949086  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15012705  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7358632 Id.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3222248  (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3222248 Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3222248 , 2012 Guam 8 \'b6 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15012705 19}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3222248 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7358632  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15012705\charrsid6441403  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6949086\charrsid6949086 The party alleging plain erro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid993885 r has the burden of proving it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3222248  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15012705  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6949086\charrsid6949086 People v. Quitugua}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6949086\charrsid6949086 , 2009 Guam 10 
\'b6 11.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4936162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15012705  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4936162 Under the circumstances of this 
case, we find that Aldan has met this burden}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1712194 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4936162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1712194  W}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4936162 e now examine each element.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6949086\charrsid6949086 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12459757 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid5843765 1.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4488156   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid5843765  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3222248 The giving of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid5843765\charrsid5843765 
Jury Instruction 3B was error.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid5843765 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3566860 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 [14]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6438820 Generally,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2445600  a jury instruction that accurately tracks the language of the statute is sufficient}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12459757  to inform the jury of its duties}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2445600 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1712194  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2445600 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3222248 Diego}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3222248 , 2013 Guam 15 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3222248\charrsid6949086 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3222248  28;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7356116  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7356116\charrsid4401 
People v. Demapan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7356116\charrsid4401 , 2004 Guam 24 \'b6 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2445600 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1712194  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9849328 However, \'93simply tracking the language of the . . . statute will generally not suffice\'94 when the statute does not completely or accurately state the law. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1712194  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9849328 People v. Torres}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9849328 , 2014 Guam 8 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9849328\charrsid6949086 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9849328  27}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15339644  (analyzing the issue under the sufficiency of the language in an indictment)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9849328 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1712194  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16460887\charrsid16460887 Aldan alleges that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2445600 Jury Instruction 3B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10838969 , despite tracking the statutory language}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6771103  of }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6771103 6 GCA \'a7 8101}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10838969 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16460887\charrsid16460887 
 improperly suggested that he had an obligation to refute the prosecution\rquote s evidence. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9898723  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16460887\charrsid16460887 See }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16460887\charrsid16460887 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 14}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid930028  (Oct. 10, 2017)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16460887\charrsid16460887 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9898723  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6771103 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16460887\charrsid16460887 he instruction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6771103 , Aldan contends,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16460887\charrsid16460887 
 essentially gives the jury the impression that uncontroverted evidence presented by the government must be taken as true.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8545333  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9898723  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1902623 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8545333  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16460887\charrsid16460887 at 14. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9898723  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16460887\charrsid16460887 Aldan further argues that this infringes upon his right to remain silent. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9898723  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1902623 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16460887\charrsid16460887  at 15. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9898723  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10838969 He urges us to follow the Oregon Supreme }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6771103 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10838969 ourt }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6771103 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10838969 n this issue.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1902623  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9898723  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1902623 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1902623  at 14.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10838969  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9898723  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16460887\charrsid16460887 The Oregon Supreme Court has held that issuance of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15339644 
the \'93weaker and less satisfactory evidence\'94 jury instruction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16460887\charrsid16460887  is error except in cases where the defendant presents an affirmative defense. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9898723  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16460887\charrsid16460887 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9898723 State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9898723\charrsid16460887  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16460887\charrsid16460887 v. Mains}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16460887\charrsid16460887 , 669 P.2d 1112}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16480575 , 1117}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16460887\charrsid16460887  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16480575 Or. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16460887\charrsid16460887 1983)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16480575  (en banc)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16460887\charrsid16460887 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10838969  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9898723  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7283528 The People respond that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6438820 
since the instruction tracks the language of 6 GCA \'a7 8101, it is not erroneous. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9898723  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6438820 Appellee\rquote s Br. at 19}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid930028  (Nov. 8, 2017)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6438820 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9898723  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10838969 We agree that the rule from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10838969 Mains}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10838969 , and related cases, is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6438820 good law }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15339644 insofar as we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6438820  determine that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10819718 simply }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6438820 tracking statutory language does not insulate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7157923 the \'93weaker and less satisfactory evidence
\'94 instruction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6438820  from claims of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3486380 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6438820 onstitutional error}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10838969 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3566860  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6977650  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3566860 See People v. Cox}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3566860 , 2018 Guam 16 \'b6 41 (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3566860\charrsid3566860 Merel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3566860 y tracking the statute alone is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3566860\charrsid3566860 not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3566860 sufficient to save an otherwise }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3566860\charrsid3566860 constitutionally flawed jury instruction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3566860 \'94).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16460887\charrsid3566860 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15933984 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 [15]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13838100 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13838100 Mains}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13838100 , the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9898723 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13838100 ourt reiterated that \'93the \lquote weaker and less satisfactory evidence\rquote 
 instruction . . . should not be given in criminal cases whether or not the defendant takes the stand, except in those rare instances where because of an asserted defense the defendant has the burden of proof on an issue in the case.\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9898723  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3082088 669 P.2d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13838100  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13838100 at 1117. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9898723  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13838100 The court found no error}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9786564 
 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3082088  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3082088 Mains}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13838100 , however, because the defendant raised a}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15339644  \'93mental disease or defect}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9898723 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15339644 
 defense, which meant that no impermissible burden-shifting occurred.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13838100  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9898723  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid13640455 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9898723\charrsid9898723  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13640455\charrsid9898723  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3082088 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13640455 he Oregon Court of Appeals }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3082088 has }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13640455 
also noted that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15339644 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11553141  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11553141 \'93weaker }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9898723 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11553141 less satisfactory evidence\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11553141  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13640455 instruction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3082088 , limited to evidence offered by the prosecution,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13640455 
 should be given when requested by the defendant and appropriate under the facts of the case. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9898723  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13640455 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9898723 State }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13640455 v. Brock}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13640455 , 633 P.2d 805, 809 (Or. Ct. App. 1981)}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3082088  (en banc)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13640455 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1134729  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12806182 Some jurisdictions conclude that it is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13640455 not error to refuse the instruction in a criminal case even when the defendant has requested it. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1134729  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13640455 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3082088 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid13640455  e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13640455 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11040687 United States v. Berr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11040687 
\'ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11040687 os-Bonilla}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11040687 , 822 F.3d 25, 33-34 (1st Cir. 2016)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13662521 ; }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13640455 Drummond v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1134729 State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13640455 
, 326 S.E.2d 787, 788 (Ga. Ct. App. 1985); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13640455 City of Great Falls v. Morris}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13640455 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9243864 134 P.3d 692}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13662521 , 696}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13640455  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13662521 Mont. 2006)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3087307 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12806182   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10499730 
While we need not determine whether these other exceptions are the law in Guam, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10499730 see infra }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6517720 \'b6 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10499730 , they are helpful to demonstrating how rarely the \'93weaker and less satisfactory evidence\'94 instruction should be given in criminal cases.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10819718\charrsid10499730 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 [16]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144\charrsid16460887 The People respond to }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 Mains}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144  and other cases}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144\charrsid16460887  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 disapproving of the \'93weaker }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1134729 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 less satisfactory evidence\'94 instruction }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144\charrsid16460887 by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 noting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144\charrsid16460887 
 that California case law does not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 state}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144\charrsid16460887  that the instruction should never be given}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144  or that it can only be given against the prosecution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144\charrsid16460887 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1134729 
 Appellee\rquote s Br.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144\charrsid16460887  at 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144  (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9848144\charrsid16460887 People v. Cuff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144\charrsid16460887 , 55 P. 407, 408 (Cal. 1898}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144\charrsid16460887 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2247817  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1134729  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 A close inspection of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 Cuff }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 reveals that this is not true.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9848144\charrsid2247817 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 [17]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 
California, like Guam, has an evidentiary statute upon which the \'93weaker }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1134729 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 less satisfactory evidence\'94
 instruction was based. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid882725  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 Compare}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144  Cal. Evid. Code }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 \'a7 412 (West 2018) (previously codified at Cal. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12989567 Civ. Proc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6441403 . }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 Code \'a7 2061),}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9848144  with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 6 GCA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 \'a7 8101 (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid882725  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid882725 Guam\rquote s original version of the evidentiary statute was, in fact, drawn directly from California.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid882725 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid882725 Guam Code Civ. Proc. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid882725 \'a7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5119544  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid882725 2061 (1970).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10499730  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid882725  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14626372 Nonetheless, d}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 espite the existence of this statutory language, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 Cuff }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 
court disapproved of California\rquote s similar instruction. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5119544  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 55 P. at 408. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5119544  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 The court found that \'93
[t]he danger lurking in these subdivisions of the [statute] is found in the fact that they attempt to deal with the weight and effect of evidence,\emdash matters for the jury, and not matters for legislative action.\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5119544  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5119544  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 Ultimately, the California Supreme Court reversed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5119544 Cuff\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 
conviction, in part, because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5119544 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 trial court had given the \'93weaker }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5119544 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 less satisfactory evidence\'94 instruction. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5119544  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid5119544\charrsid14626372 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9848144  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 at 408-09. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4727117 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid10383945 \page 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15343467 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15343467 [18]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 While t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144\charrsid16460887 he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4727117 Cuff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4727117  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144\charrsid16460887 ourt observed that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 
the California statute allowed for the giving of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144\charrsid16460887 the instruction \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 upon all}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144\charrsid16460887  proper occasions,\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 it also observed that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144\charrsid16460887 \'93}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144\charrsid16460887 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9848144\charrsid16460887 n criminal cases the proper occasions are so few, and the improper occasions are so many, that it were best that they should be given rarely, if at all.\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5119544  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9848144\charrsid16460887 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144\charrsid16460887  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 at 408. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5119544  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144\charrsid7157923 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 Cuff }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7157923 cited}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9848144  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10169863 the exception mentioned in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16187741 People }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 v. O\rquote Brien}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 , 31 P. 45, 48 (Cal. 1892)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16187741 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7157923  as the only proper occasion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16187741  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7157923 
Cuff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7157923 , 55 P.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7157923  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7157923 at 408. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16187741  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4727117 The instruction in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4727117 O\rquote Brien}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4727117  mirrored }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15343467 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4727117 
 provision in former California Civil Procedure Code section 2061 dealing with accomplice testimony; specifically, the instruction provided that \'93
the testimony of an accomplice ought to be viewed with distrust, and the evidence of the oral admissions of a party with caution.\'94  31 P. at 48.  This exact language is found in 6 GCA \'a7 8101(4).  The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4727117 O\rquote Brien}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4727117  court held that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397641 
the instruction was improper in that case because the accomplice was called as a witness for the defense, and that the occasion where it may be proper to give such an instruction }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 is \'93}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144\charrsid16664255 in a case where the witness has been called by the people.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 \'94  31 P. at 48. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397641  Thus, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 O\rquote Brien }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397641 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9397641 Cuff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9397641  limit the use of former section 2061 in criminal cases to the provision regarding accomplice testimony, and only wher
e the accomplice-witness is called by the People.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2698737 As such}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7157923 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9534040 
California case law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9534040  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7157923 does not support the People\rquote s position. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9397641  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7157923 Ultimately, the People\rquote s instructional maneuver }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 
either invites the jury to distrust the defendant\rquote s evidence\emdash or lack thereof\emdash or it draws the jury\rquote s attention to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7157923 defendant\rquote s failure to testify.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9848144 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15933984 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15343467\charrsid15343467 [19]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7157923 Other cases}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2437366  have considered}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7157923 
 and outlined}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2437366  the specific dangers Aldan faced when the \'93weaker }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2698737 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2437366 less satisfactory evidence\'94 instruction was given to the jury. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2698737  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7157923 For example, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6517159 he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13640455 Drummond}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14313804  court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13640455 , in refusing the instruction requested by the defendant, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2437366 highlighted the inherent dangers of the instruction }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7157923 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13640455 caution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3877058 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13640455 
 error in all cases where the instruction is given}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11553141  because}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13640455  \'93
it could place a burden upon the defendants in a criminal case to prove their innocence by best evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14364432 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13640455  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2698737  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14313804 326 S.E.2d at 788}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9243864  (citation omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14313804 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11040687  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2698737  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11040687 
Drummond }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2437366 accurately addresse}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7157923 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2437366  the danger of burde
n-shifting that courts face when giving the instruction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11040687 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2437366  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8201997  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2437366 However, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8201997 while }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2437366 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2437366 Drummond }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2437366 court prohibit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7157923 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2437366 
 the instruction in all criminal cases,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7157923  we are not prepared to extend the prohibition on the instruction as far. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6955318  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2437366 While it may be better practice to avoid the instruction altogether in criminal cases, our focus in this opinion is on the constitutionality of the instruction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13989881  in this case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2437366 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid6517720 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6517720 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6517720\charrsid6517720 [20]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6517720\charrsid6517720 
There may be circumstances where the instruction may not involve constitutionally impermissible burden-shifting.  For example, a modified instruction against the government has been required in some cases when the government spoiled or destroyed evidence.
  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6517720\charrsid6517720 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6517720\charrsid6517720 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6517720\charrsid6517720 
State v. Willits}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6517720\charrsid6517720 , 393 P.2d 274, 276 (Ariz. 1964); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6517720\charrsid6517720 State v. Thomson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6517720\charrsid6517720 , 278 P.2d 142, 149 (Or. 1954) (en banc) (rejected on other grounds in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6517720\charrsid6517720 State v. McLean}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6517720\charrsid6517720 , 468 P.2d 521, 525-26 (Or. 1970) (en banc)) (advising the trial court to avoid the \'93weaker and less satisfactory evidence\'94 instruction on remand to avoid shifting the burden to the defendant). }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12989567  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6517720\charrsid6517720 Additionally, the \'93weaker and less satisfactory evidence\'94 instruction }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5140831 has been permitted }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6517720\charrsid6517720 in criminal cases where}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5861578  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6517720\charrsid6517720 the defendant asserts an affirmative defense for which he or she bears the burden of proof, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6517720\charrsid6517720 see, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6517720\charrsid6517720 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6517720\charrsid6517720 Mains}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6517720\charrsid6517720 , 669 P.2d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12989567 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5861578  1117,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6517720\charrsid6517720  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5140831 and}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5861578  where}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6517720\charrsid6517720  a modified version applying only to the government is given, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6517720\charrsid6517720 see, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6517720\charrsid6517720 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6517720\charrsid6517720 State v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12549016 Patton}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12549016 , 303 P.2d 513, 515 (Or. 1956) (en banc) (cautioning against the giving of the instruction in a criminal case \'93
unless it is limited to the evidence offered by the state\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5861578 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5861578 Brock}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5861578 
, 633 P.2d at 809 (holding that where instruction is limited to evidence offered by the state, defendant\rquote s request for instruction should be granted when there is evidence to support the instruction)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6517720\charrsid6517720 .  We need not and do not reach today the propriety of the instruction in these other scenarios, as they are inapplicable to the case at hand.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15343467\charrsid12549016 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15933984 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984\charrsid6517720 [2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid6517720 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984\charrsid6517720 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15933984\charrsid6517720 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6517720 Since}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14313804\charrsid6517720  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4001670\charrsid6517720 none}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9991565\charrsid6517720  of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14288971\charrsid6517720 potential }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9991565\charrsid6517720 exceptions to the general proh
ibition against this instruction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4001670\charrsid6517720  apply}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6517720 , the error in providing the instruction is even more evident.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12726702\charrsid6517720 In addition to the non-modified version being}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12726702  given, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14171564 Aldan did not assert an affirmative defense}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12726702  or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14171564  request the instruction. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7372409  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16460887\charrsid16460887 Aldan put on no evidence, but merely attempted to argue based on the evidence presented by the People. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7372409  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16460887\charrsid16460887 Even though the jury here may have been informed that Aldan was not required to put on evidence and t}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14364432 he burden is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16460887\charrsid16460887 ultimately on the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7372409 People }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14171564 to prove each element of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3680828 offense}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11553141 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3680828  charged}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16460887\charrsid16460887 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14313804  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14313804 see}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14171564 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14313804  e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14313804 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4209687 Tr. at 68-69, 70}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3680828 , 81-82 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3680828\charrsid15166232 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15166232\charrsid15166232 Closing Args. & Jury Instrs.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3680828 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14313804 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16460887\charrsid16460887  those instructions do nothing to cure the harm from an instruction that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15038005 suggests}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16460887\charrsid15038005  the defendant\rquote s failure to put on stronger or more satisfactory evidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16460887\charrsid15038005 should be viewed with distrust}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16460887\charrsid16460887 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3107540  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7372409  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3107540 Even when viewing the instructions as a whole, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16409200 see Gargarita}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16409200 , 2015 Guam 28 \'b6
 14, we cannot conclude that the jury was properly instructed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3107540  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7372409  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16409200 While the jury was instructed that the government bore the ultimate burden, the \'93weaker }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7372409 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16409200 
less satisfactory evidence\'94 instruction erroneously eased that burden by giving the government a head start over Aldan. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7372409  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid662672 
The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3680828 instruction is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9991565  constitutionally infirm because it violates Aldan\rquote s right to remain silent}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14313804 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14313804  see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14313804 U.S. Const. amend. V; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14313804 Griffin v. California}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14313804 , 380 U.S. 609, 615 (1965) (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4269514 [T]h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14313804 e Fifth Amendment . . . forbids either comment by the prosecution on the accused\rquote s silence or instructions by the court that such silence is evidence of guilt.\'94),}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9991565  and runs afoul of the presumption of innocence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14313804 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14313804 cf. Flores v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7372409 State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14313804 , 89}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3680828 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14313804 
 P.2d 558, 560-63 (Okla. Cr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3680828 im}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14313804 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3680828  App.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14313804  1995) (finding missing presumption of innocence instruction to constitute error)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9991565 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16460887 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 [2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6517720 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9991565 Because the instruction improperly shifted the burden of proof to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11486895 Aldan}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9991565 , it constitutes error. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid395975  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9991565 We must now determine whether the error was clear 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid661927 or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9991565 obvious under current law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid8792375 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid210245 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid5843765 \tab 2. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid395975  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid7890499 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid5843765\charrsid5843765  error was clear and obvious under current law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid5843765 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15933984 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 [2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid6517720 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1266020 The second step of plain }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11486895 error }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1266020 review is to determine whether }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10093913 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1266020 error was clear }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7890499 or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1266020 obvious under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid395975 current law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16460887\charrsid16460887 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2953579 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10383945 \page 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid14971326 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2953579 [A] determination of whether an error is }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8153494 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2953579 clear}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8153494 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2953579  for purposes of the plain error analysis does not require the existence of precedent exactly on point. . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8153494  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2953579 \'93[T]he \lquote plainness\rquote  of the error can depend on well-settled legal principles as much as well-settled legal precedents. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8153494  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2953579 We can, in certain cases, notice plain error in the absence of direct precedent, or even where uniformity among the circuits, or among state courts, is lacking.\'94
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14971326 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14052582 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2953579 People v. Perry}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2953579 , 2009 Guam 4 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2953579 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2953579  32 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8153494 
(second alteration in original) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2953579 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2953579 United States v. Brown}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2953579 , 352 F.3d 654, 664 (2d Cir. 2003); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2953579 see also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2953579  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2953579 Gargarita}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2953579 , 2015 Guam 28 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2953579 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2953579 
 20 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2953579 Perry}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2953579 , 2009 Guam 4 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2953579 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2953579  32).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15933984 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 [2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid6517720 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 First, Aldan\rquote 
s right to bring a constitutional challenge to the statute warrants further elaboration. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4789341  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 We acknowledge the People\rquote 
s position that since Jury Instruction 3B tracks the language of 6 GCA \'a7 8101, any error is not clear and obvious under existing law. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4789341  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 Appellee\rquote s Br.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2247817\charrsid16460887  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2247817\charrsid16460887 at 23.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2247817\charrsid2247817  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4789341  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 
Indeed, we have upheld jury instructions that track relevant statutory language. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4789341  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2247817  e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 
People v. Baluyot}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 , 2016 Guam 20 \'b6 14 (citations omitted); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 Diego}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 , 2013 Guam 15 \'b6 28;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2247817  Demapan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 , 2004 Guam 24 \'b6 20;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2247817\charrsid25993  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 cf. People v. Jones}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 , 2006 Guam 13 \'b6 23.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2247817  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11102651  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 However, m
erely tracking the language of a statute does not shield an instruction from claims of constitutional error. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3555870  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3614132 See Cox}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3614132\charrsid4790397 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3614132 2018 Guam 16 \'b6 41; c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 
f. Class v. United States}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 , 138 S.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3555870  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 
Ct. 798, 803 (2018) (holding that a waiver of the right to appeal in a plea agreement does not waive the right to challenge the constitutionality of the statute of conviction). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3555870  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 It is an elementary principle of American law that statutes inconsistent with the Constitution are void. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3555870  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 Marbury v. Madison}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 , 5 U.S. 137, 180 (1803). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3555870  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 It would be inconsistent with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 Marbury }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 to hold that a statute\rquote 
s language can displace rights guaranteed to a criminal defendant under the Constitution as incorporated by the Organic Act or under the Organic Act itself. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3555870  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 1421b }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2247817\charrsid3229402 (Westlaw through Pub. L. 115-}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14579834 231}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2247817  (2018))}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14579834  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 Nor, in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 Baluyot}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 Diego}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 , or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 Demapan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 
, did this court consider a constitutional challenge to the instruction. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8134771  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 
Those cases involved challenges to instructions as not accurately stating the elements of the crimes charged. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15100040  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 See Baluyot
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 , 2016 Guam 20 \'b6 10; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 Diego}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 , 2013 Guam 15 \'b6 22; }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 Demapan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 , 2004 Guam 24 \'b6 6. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15100040  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 This rule is consistent with our case law on insufficient indictments that track the statutory language. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15100040  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 Torres}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2247817  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 2014 Guam 8 
\'b6 27 (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2247817\charrsid11486895 Therefore, simply tracking the language of the A
ssault with Intent to Commit CSC statute will generally not suffice to set forth all of the elements of the offense, since the statute does not include elements of the underlying assault}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 .
\'94). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15100040  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 Thus, our prior cases do not present any bar to Aldan\rquote s current 
allegation that the statute is unconstitutional as applied.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3881798 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 [2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6517720 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2247817 Second, the constitutional rights Aldan }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16409200 asserts on appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2247817  have been well-entrenched in case law. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15100040  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3881798 Highly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3823148  relevant to this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3881798 second }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3823148 prong of the plain error analysis is the fact that }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3823148 Cuff }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3823148 was decided prior to the turn of the twentieth century. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15100040  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3823148 The current law in California has disapproved of this instruction in criminal cases for over 120 years.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16124696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15100040  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16124696 Other jurisdictions have also disapproved of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9176050  the giving of}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16124696  this instruction in criminal cases. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15100040  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16124696 See, e.g.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16124696 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16124696\charrsid16124696 Drummond}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16124696\charrsid16124696 , 326 }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3614132 S.E.2d at 788}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16124696\charrsid16124696 ;\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16124696\charrsid16124696 Mains
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16124696\charrsid16124696 , 669 P.2d at 1117}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16124696 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3823148  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15100040  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3823148 The notion that the instruction should only \'93rarely\'94 be given is not a new principle of law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3881798  or an area of law that remains unsettled}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3823148 , which potentially excuses error,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3881798  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3881798 see}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5857097 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3881798  e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3881798 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3881798 U}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8546195 nited }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3881798 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8546195 tates}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3881798  v. Salinas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3881798 
, 480 F.3d 750, 759 (5th Cir. 2007) (finding no plain error because the law remain}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11214733 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3881798  unsettled),}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3823148  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10164520 but it is a rule that has been deeply entrenched in the law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3823148  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15100040  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13399970 Due to the long and unequivocal disapproval of the instruction and the lack of \'93proper occasion\'94 here,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11486895  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11486895 see supra }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15100040 Part IV.A.1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11486895 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13399970  the error in Aldan\rquote s case is clear and obvious under current law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11210356 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16460887\charrsid153587 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid153587 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid5843765\charrsid5843765 3. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid15100040  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3215501 The giving of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid5843765\charrsid5843765 Jury Instruction 3B affected Aldan\rquote s substantial rights.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid5843765 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15933984 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15343467 [2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid6517720 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3881798 
The third part of plain error review involves determining whether the error affected the defendant\rquote s substantial rights.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4854168  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15100040  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4854168 A defendant\rquote s substantial rights are impacted when it appears that the error contributes to the verdict obtained. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15100040  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4854168 See Perry}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4854168 , 2009 Guam 4 \'b6 34}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid153587 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8416710 Gargarita}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8416710 , 2015 Guam 28 \'b6 23 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8416710 United States v. Jackson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8416710 , 569 F.2d 1003, 1010 (7th Cir. 1978))}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4854168 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15100040  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4854168 
In plain error review, the defendant bears the burden of proving this prejudice. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15100040  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12583952\charrsid8545333 Quitugua, }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12583952\charrsid8545333 2009 Guam 10 \'b6 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13123836 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12583952\charrsid8545333 1.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3881798  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15100040  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid425711 
The right to remain silent, the presumption of innocence, and the right to a fair trial are all substantial protections enshrined in the Constitution and the Organic Act of Guam. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15100040  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6163829 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6163829  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13123836 U.S. Const. amends. IV-VIII;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid13123836  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13123836 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 1421b;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13123836  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6163829 
Coffin v. United States}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6163829 , 156 U.S. 432}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8546195 , 453}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6163829  (18}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8546195 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13577504 5)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6163829 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15100040  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6163829 A criminal defendant has a right to \'93sit on his hands.\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15100040  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6163829 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8546195 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6163829  e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6163829 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6163829 People v. Milham}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6163829 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8546195 205 Cal. Rptr. 688, 700 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6163829 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8546195 Ct. App. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6163829 1984). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15100040  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7815095 In other words, a}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12930236  fundamental tenet of our criminal justice system is that a defendant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7224135 may put the government to proof of its case and }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12930236 need not put on any evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7224135 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4854168  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11486895  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11486895 See id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7815095  at 699-700.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11486895  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15100040  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4854168 Aldan essentially argues that Jury }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7815095 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4854168 nstruction 3B undermined these fundamental protections and influenced the jury\rquote s verdict by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14095374 inviting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4854168 
its members to distrust his choice not to present evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7224135 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15343467 [2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6517720 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7224135 Aldan sought to put t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10304853 he People to proof}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4854168 
 of their case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10304853 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15100040  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12930236 Aldan did not present any evidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15100040 or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14364432  take the stand in his}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12930236  defense. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15100040  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10304853 His attorney merely presented arguments based on the testimony and evidence solicited during the prosecution\rquote s case-in-chief. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15100040  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4854168 This appears to be a rational choice based on the evidence presented by the People. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15100040  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154324 Much of the evidence was circumstantial. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15100040  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4854168 
As to the intent element of each charge, the jury was required to make significant inferences based on the absence of direct testimony. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2623367  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7436910 For example, on the theft charge, the evidence was a set of keys to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7283528 Corolla}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7436910  found on Aldan\rquote 
s person}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11210356 , which required the jury to infer that Aldan knew the vehicle had been stolen or believed it probably had been stolen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7436910 . }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2623367  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7436910 For the impersonation charge, the evidence was that Aldan simply provided an alias to the police}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2762020 , which required the jury to infer from the circumstances that the identity was false and that the defendant intended to defraud the police. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2623367  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4854168 To make up for its primarily circumstantial case, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154324 People }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4854168 
highlighted Jury Instruction 3B and told the jury to consider that Aldan did not present witnesses. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2623367  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4854168 Tr. at 51-52 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2494956 Closing Args. & Jury Instrs.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4854168 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3080418\charrsid3080418  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2623367  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3080418 Due to the primarily circumstantial nature of much of the evidence, especially related to intent, we are not convinced that the jury\rquote s conclusion was
 not materially altered by the trial court\rquote s instruction that the jury should distrust the defense}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11296119 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3080418 
s evidence or lack thereof, and by extension the defense\rquote s theory of the case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12930236 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15343467 [2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6517720 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4854168 The prosecutor\rquote s heavy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13899521  reli}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4854168 ance}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13899521  on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6756542  Jury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13899521  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6756542 
Instruction 3B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13899521  in his rebuttal closing arguments}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4854168  compounded the error}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13899521 
. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2623367  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8533688 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11154324 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8533688  e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2623367 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8533688  City of Cape Girardeau v. Jones}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8533688 
, 725 S.W.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6756542 2d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8533688  904}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6756542 , 907-08}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8533688  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4926454 Mo. Ct. App. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8533688 1987) (finding that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6756542 
, under plain error review,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8533688  a prosecutor\rquote s statement that a jury should not hold the defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154324 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8533688 \rquote  failure to testify against }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4926454 them }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154324 violated the defendants\rquote 
 Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8533688 ). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2623367  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6756542 
The prosecutor emphasized the instruction and indicated that the defendant should have been able to put witnesses on the stand to support his story. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2623367  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4926454 The prosecutor stated the defendant could have called his girlfriend or \'93his mama\'94 to testify in support of his story.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4926454\charrsid4854168  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2623367  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4926454 Tr. at 51-52 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10759685 Closing Args. & Jury Instrs.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4926454 ). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2623367  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4926454 The prosecutor also accused the defense attorney of \'93making all these theories up.\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2623367  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4926454 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2762020  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2623367  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6756542 While the prosecutor also stated that the defendant was under no obligation to present evidence, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4854168 it is inappropriate for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4926454 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4854168 prosecutor to draw attention to a defendant\rquote s exercise of his right not to testify or present evidence by overemphasizing the defendant\rquote 
s right during argument}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6756542 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4854168  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2623367  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4854168 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4926454 Jones}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6320420 , 725 S.W.2d at 907-08}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4854168\charrsid153587 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6756542  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2623367  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14364432 Mere acknowledg}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10515874 ment of the People\rquote s burden of proof and the defendant\rquote s right to not present evidence does not cure the emphasis placed on the improper instruction and its}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11210356  application by the prosecutor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11210356 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid153587 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 [2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6517720 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13968442 The People rely on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4615072 State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4615072\charrsid13968442  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13968442\charrsid13968442 v. Betts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13968442\charrsid13968442 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13968442 384 P.2d 198}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13968442\charrsid13968442  (Or. 1963)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13968442 , for the proposition that the \'93weaker }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4615072 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13968442 less satisfactory evidence\'94 instruction does not constitute reversible error \'93when the court also instructs . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13968442\charrsid13968442 that the jury can draw no unfavorable inference from the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2128282\charrsid13968442 defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2128282 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2128282\charrsid13968442 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13968442\charrsid13968442 failure to testify.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13968442 \'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4615072  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13968442 Betts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13968442 , 384 P.2d at 203. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4615072  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13968442 While Aldan\rquote s jury was instructed that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10315269 \'93
no inference of any kind may be drawn from the failure of the defendant to testify,\'94 Tr. at 82 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2128282 Closing Args. & Jury Instrs.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10315269 
), we still conclude that the error affected Aldan\rquote s substantial rights because of the different circumstances Aldan faced. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4615072  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10315269 
First, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3950343 even the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3950343 Betts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3950343 
court reminds us that the instruction should not be given unless limited to the government}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8734116 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3950343 s case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8734116\charrsid8734116  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4615072  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8734116 384 P.2d at 202. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4615072  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3950343 Second, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10315269 when read as a whole, the instructions impermissibly ease the government\rquote s burden. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4615072  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10315269 See supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10315269  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10315269 Part IV}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4615072 .A.1.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10315269  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4615072  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8734116 Third}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10315269 , in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10315269 Betts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10315269 
, the evidence against the defendant, who was convicted of negligent homicide with a motor vehicle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8734116 , included}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10315269 
 objective measures such as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3950343 \'93the extent of damage to the automobile, skid mar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8734116 k}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3950343 s and the distance the vehicle travel[ed].\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4615072  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3950343 384 P.2d at 202}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10315269 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3950343  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4615072  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8734116 
The evidence against Aldan was largely circumstantial. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4615072  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8734116 Finally and perhaps most significantly, was the prosecutor\rquote 
s reliance on and emphasis of the improper instruction. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4615072  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8734116 Tr. at 51 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12600648 
Closing Args. & Jury Instrs.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8734116 ). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4615072  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8734116 
The jury was specifically urged to convict the defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9140269  by relying on the instruction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs29\f0\fs24\super\insrsid6320420 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s27\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10383945 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs29\f0\super\insrsid6320420\charrsid6320420 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6320420\charrsid6320420  Depending on the jury\rquote s interpretation of the instruction, the effect could be quite significant. }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4615072  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6320420\charrsid6320420 Some courts have interpreted the instruction as one indicating willful destruction of evidence. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid4615072  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid6320420\charrsid6320420 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid6320420 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid6320420\charrsid6320420  e.g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid6320420\charrsid6320420 ., }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid6320420\charrsid6320420 Pueblo v. Acosta Escobar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6320420\charrsid6320420 , 1 P.R. Offic. Trans. 1196, 1202-03 & n.3 (P.R. 1974).}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9140269  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13968442\charrsid10315269 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15343467 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6517720 30}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10515874 This is not to say that a prosecutor cannot make arguments fairly based on the evidence; but, a prosecutor is not free to draw the jury\rquote 
s attention to a plainly erroneous instruction and comment o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4615072 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10515874  the defendant\rquote s failures related to that instruction. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4615072  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10515874 By drawing attention to the improper instruction\emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4926454 Jury }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7436910 Instruction }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10515874 3B\emdash and specifically citing the evidence that it believed Aldan should have presented, the prosecut
ion emphasized the error. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4615072  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10515874 This contributes to our conclusion that the erroneous instruction affected Aldan\rquote 
s substantial rights. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4615072  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3080418 Instead of respecting Aldan\rquote s choice to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1260708 
not present evidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3080418 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14971326 requiring}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1260708  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3080418 the People to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1260708 satisfy its burden of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3080418 proof, the 
court instructed the jury to effectively distrust the defendant because of this choice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4615072 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3080418 
 and the prosecutor prejudicially overemphasized this instruction. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4615072  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7436910 This }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15552588 likely }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7436910 had a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15552588 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7436910  impact on the outcome. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4615072  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10515874 Because the giving and emphasizing of Jury Instruction 3B affected Aldan\rquote s substantial right}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3080418 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10515874 , we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3502861 conclude he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10515874 
has satisfied his burden under the third prong of the plain error }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3223909 analysis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10515874 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10515874\charrsid7224135 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14052582 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid5843765 4. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4615072  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid5843765\charrsid5843765 Reversal is necessary to maintain the integrity of the judicial process.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid5843765 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8545333 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 [3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid6517720 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10304853 
Reversal for plain error is not mandatory.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10304853  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4615072  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10304853\charrsid10304853 
Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10304853 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15949280\charrsid3229402 2012 Guam 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15949280  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15949280 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15949280\charrsid3229402  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11342704 36 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11342704\charrsid11342704 8 GCA \'a7 130.50(b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3167815  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11342704 ). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4615072  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16460887\charrsid10304853 Plain}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16460887  error re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14052582 versals are}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16460887  discretionary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3080418 , not as a matter of right,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7436910  and should }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16460887 be employed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7436910 only }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16460887 to correct a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11342704 miscarriage }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid210245 of justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16460887  or maintain the integrity of the judicial process. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4615072  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3167815 See i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11342704 d. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3080418 \'b6 37}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12785295 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11342704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4615072  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11342704 
Pursuant to 8 GCA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11342704\charrsid11342704 \'a7 130.50(b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11342704 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14052582 
we have authority to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11342704  correct errors that have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3167815 affected }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11342704 
substantial rights. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4615072  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11342704 See id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11342704 \'b6 36; }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11342704 Jones}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11342704 , 2006 Guam 13 \'b6 47. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4615072  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3167815 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11342704 
eversal may be necessary to maintain the integrity of the judicial process when the trial court fails to properly instruct the jury on fundamental aspects of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3167815 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11342704 crime and evidence. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid621076  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11342704 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid621076 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11342704  e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11342704 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11342704 Jones}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11342704 , 2006 Guam 13 \'b6 48 (citing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15552588  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15552588 United States v. Bear}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15552588 , 439 F.3d 565, 570 (9th Cir. 2006)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11342704 ). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16460887\charrsid11342704 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10383945 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 [3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid6517720 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2311462 
In addition to the likely impact on the outcome, the error}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10564937  here}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2311462  also undermines }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3502861 confidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2311462 in the justice system by eroding fundamental protections related to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10564937 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2311462 burden of proof and a defendant\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11040687 rights and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2311462 responsibilities}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11040687  at trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3087307 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3502861  as well}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3087307  as }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10564937 by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3087307 infringing on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3502861  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10564937 Aldan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3502861 \rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3502861\charrsid3502861 right to remain silent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2311462 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid621076  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2311462 We, therefore, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3080418 determine that }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10564937 the giving of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3080418 Jury Instruction 3B undermined the integrity of the judicial process. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid621076  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3080418 This court will not sanction a jury instruction that directs jurors to doubt the credibility of a criminal defendant simply based on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10564937 
his}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11040687  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3080418 exercise of his right not to present evidence. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid621076  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10564937 The giving of such an instruction }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3080418 undermines public confidence in the fairness of the trial and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3087307 the judicial process as a whole}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2311462 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid621076  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3080418 It}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2311462  is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3080418  difficult, if not impossible, to say that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10564937 Aldan}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3080418  received a fair trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3080418\charrsid3080418  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3080418 based on the application of the \'93weaker }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid621076 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3080418 less satisfactory evidence\'94 instruction in this case and the prosecution\rquote 
s emphasis of it to bolster an otherwise circumstantial case. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid621076  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3080418 Reversal is necessary to protect Aldan\rquote 
s right to a fair trial and protect the institutional and procedural integrity of the judiciary. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid621076  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3080418 
Aldan has satisfied this fourth prong}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10564937  of the plain error analysis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3080418 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108151 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid5843765 B. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid621076  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid5843765\charrsid5843765 We }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3215501 N}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid5843765\charrsid5843765 eed 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3215501 N}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid5843765\charrsid5843765 ot }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3215501 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid5843765\charrsid5843765 each Aldan\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3215501 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid5843765\charrsid5843765 laims of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid3215501 P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid5843765\charrsid5843765 rosecutorial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3215501 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid621076 isconduct}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6251095 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15933984 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 [3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid6517720 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16460887 
Aldan also raises questions of prosecutorial misconduct based on comments made during closing arguments. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid621076  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16460887\charrsid16460887 However, }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid621076 because}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid621076\charrsid16460887  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16460887\charrsid16460887 we are reversing }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3215501 his}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16460887\charrsid16460887  convictions due to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15693100 an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16460887\charrsid16460887 error in the jury instructions, we need not reach the merits of these questions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7436910  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid621076  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3215501 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7436910 Hemlani}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7436910 , 2015 Guam 16 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7436910\charrsid3229402 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7436910  33}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3215501  (citations omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7436910 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7436910\charrsid5521750 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid210245 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid9050348 V. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid621076  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3229402\charrsid9050348 CONCLUSION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3229402 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15933984 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 [3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid6517720 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15933984 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16129480\charrsid16129480 Because it was }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3080418 plain }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16129480\charrsid16129480 error to provide }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15693100 Jury }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16129480\charrsid16129480 Instruction 3B, we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3502861  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid13763576 REVERSE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13763576\charrsid16129480  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16129480\charrsid16129480 the judgment of conviction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3502861  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid3087307\charrsid3087307 REMAND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3502861  for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13763576  a new trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3087307 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16129480 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15667633 
\par }{\*\themedata 504b030414000600080000002100e9de0fbfff0000001c020000130000005b436f6e74656e745f54797065735d2e786d6cac91cb4ec3301045f748fc83e52d4a
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