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\msmallFrac0\mdispDef1\mlMargin0\mrMargin0\mdefJc1\mwrapIndent1440\mintLim0\mnaryLim1}{\info{\title 2018 Guam 16}{\subject People v. Cox, CRA15-027}{\author Supreme Court of Guam}{\operator Gloria J. Duenas-Cruz}{\creatim\yr2018\mo10\dy12\hr10\min29}
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\par 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\insrsid16611761\charrsid478042 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM
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\insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par 
\par 
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\b\fs28\ulnone\lang1033\langfe0\langnp1033\insrsid10298197 PEOPLE OF GUAM}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 ,
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\insrsid16611761 Plaintiff-Appellee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 ,
\par 
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\b\fs28\ulnone\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 v.
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\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
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\b\fs28\ulnone\lang1033\langfe0\langnp1033\insrsid10298197 AFIO COX}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 ,
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\insrsid16611761 Defendant-Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 .
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\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid265893 Supreme Court Case No.:  CRA15-027}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid265893\charrsid271537 
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\par 
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\b\fs28\ulnone\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 OPINION
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\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11289169 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid11289169 Filed:  October 12, 2018}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid11289169\charrsid11289169 
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid10298197 Cite as: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid8665193 201}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid7621750 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs28\insrsid16611761\charrsid14637041  Guam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid265893 16}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid16611761\charrsid14637041 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par 
\par Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam
\par Argu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16144771 ed and submitted on February 18, 2016}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid949186 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par 
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\clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4860\clshdrawnil \cellx4740\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4500\clshdrawnil \cellx9240\pard\plain \ltrpar
\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid949186 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs16\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 Appearing for Defendant-Appellant:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16144771 James M. Maher}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15954787 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15954787 Esq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15954787\charrsid15954787 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16144771 Law Office of James M. Maher}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15954787 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16144771 238 Archbishop Flores St., Ste. 300
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid16597833 \cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid16611761\charrsid15954787 Appearing for Plaintiff-Appellee:}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid15954787 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid949186 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16144771 Yoav S. Sered}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15954787 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15954787 Esq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15954787\charrsid16670780 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16144771 Office of the Attorney General
\par 590 S. Marine Corps Dr., Ste. 706
\par Tamuning, GU 96913}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15954787 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid949186 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
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\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4860\clshdrawnil \cellx4740\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4500\clshdrawnil \cellx9240\row }\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid949186 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10695399 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid265893 \page 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid949186 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 BEFORE: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 ROBERT J. TORRES}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 , Chief Justice; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537  Asso}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16611761 ciate Justice; KATHERINE A. MARAMAN, Associate Justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs24\super\insrsid7281980 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s22\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid265893 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs24\super\insrsid16275229 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 The signatures in this opinion reflect the titles of the Justices at the time this matter was argued and submitted.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8158129 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid949186 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16144771 MARAMAN, J.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16611761 :
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16144771 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15215914 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15215914 [1]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15215914 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14500691\charrsid14500691 Defendant-Appellant Afio Cox appeals from final judgment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1181797 of conviction }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8616568 on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8616568\charrsid14500691  two}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14500691\charrsid14500691  counts of Vehicular Homicide While Intoxicated (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13790965 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14500691\charrsid14500691 s a Second Degree Felony), two counts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid14500691\charrsid14500691 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s22\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid265893 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs24\super\insrsid16275229 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 There is a discrepancy between the trial documents and the Notice of Appeal regarding the number of counts for the Second Charge, Vehicul\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
ar Homicide (As a Second Degree Felony).  The Notice of Appeal states that Cox was convicted of three counts. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1327603 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Yet the transcripts and the Transmittal of Record reveal that there were in fact only two counts.  For reasons attributable to clerical error, th\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
e two counts are mistakenly numbered as one and three, even though there were in fact only two counts.    }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14500691\charrsid14500691  of Vehicular Homicide (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13790965 a}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14500691\charrsid14500691 s a Second Degree Felony), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6237217 one count of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14500691\charrsid14500691 Driving While Under the Influence}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7175679  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14500691\charrsid14500691 of Alcohol}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7175679  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14500691\charrsid14500691 with Injuries (}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13790965 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14500691\charrsid14500691 s a Third Degree Felony), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6237217 one count of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14500691\charrsid14500691 Driving While Under the Influence of Alcohol with Injuries (BAC) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13790965 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14500691\charrsid14500691 s a Third Degree Felony), }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6237217 one count of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14500691\charrsid14500691 Driving while Under the Influence of Alcohol (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13790965 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14500691\charrsid14500691 s a Misdemeanor), and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6237217  one count of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14500691\charrsid14500691  Driving While Under the Influence of Alcohol (BAC) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13790965 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14500691\charrsid14500691 s a Misdemeanor)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10713275 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14500691\charrsid14500691  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1181797 The convictions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14500691\charrsid14500691 aris}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1181797 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14500691\charrsid14500691 
 out of a single-vehicle accident }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1181797 where}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14500691\charrsid14500691  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1181797 Cox}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14500691\charrsid14500691  was the driver and his passenger died.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16144771 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15215914 [2]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15215914 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11808834 Cox argues on appeal that the trial court\rquote s failure to instruct the jury }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11808834 sua sponte}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11808834  on the justification of self-defense and the court\rquote s instruction }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3749956 regarding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11808834  the presumption of intoxication were plain error.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs24\super\insrsid10577618 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s22\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid265893 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1327603 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs24\super\insrsid16275229 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 At oral argument, Cox conceded that a third issue concerning the trial court\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s limited inquiry into his waiver of the privilege against compelled \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
self-incrimination was not plain error.  Therefore, we need not address it.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10577618  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11808834  The People argue }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1181797 
that the jury was properly instructed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3089694 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13445368   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11808834 For the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10187279 following }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11808834 reasons}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11808834\charrsid4917496 , we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14226300  affirm in part, reverse in part}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4001836 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14226300  and remand for further proceedings.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10577618 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid265893 //
\par //
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid265893 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14500691\charrsid14500691 I.  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14500691 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\keep\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid265893 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15215914 [3]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15215914 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5715090 Cox}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14500691\charrsid14500691  drove his girlfriend Maria Guevarra home after a night out at several bars }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1181797 where}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14500691\charrsid14500691  they consumed alcoholic beverages.  On the way home, the two }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13445368 began arguing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14500691\charrsid14500691 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5715090 Cox}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14500691\charrsid14500691  testified that while he was driving, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5206314\charrsid14500691 Guevarra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14500691\charrsid14500691  punched him }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14111960 twice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14500691\charrsid14500691 , slapped his hands, and yanked the steering wheel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7955421 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14500691\charrsid14500691  causing them to cross two traffic lanes and crash into a power pole on the side of the road.    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5206314\charrsid14500691 Guevarra}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14500691\charrsid14500691  died on impact as the result of a broken neck}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14812574 , an injury consistent with an unexpected collision}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14500691\charrsid14500691 . 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid949186 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15215914 [4]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15215914 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14500691\charrsid14500691 Investigation revealed the car drove straight into the pole}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4001836 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14500691\charrsid14500691  and there were no sk}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7955421 id marks on the road, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13445368 suggesting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1181797 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1181797\charrsid14500691  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14500691\charrsid14500691 the crash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13445368 may have been}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14500691\charrsid14500691  intentional and the driver did not attempt }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7955421 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12800782 slow or stop the vehicle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14500691\charrsid14500691 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14500691\charrsid7955421   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3170743 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8599205 vidence showed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5715090\charrsid7955421 Cox}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8599205 \rquote s blood alcohol }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14100617 concentration }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7281980 level (\'93BAC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8599205 \'94) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14500691\charrsid7955421 after the accident }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7955421\charrsid7955421 was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14500691\charrsid7955421  over the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7689228\charrsid7955421 legal limit of 0.08}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1668086 
%}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7689228\charrsid7955421 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs24\super\insrsid7955421 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s22\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid265893 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs24\super\insrsid16275229 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  The parties stipulated to an exhibit showing a BAC equivalent to 0.106}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13918061 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 %}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 . }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7689228   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14500691 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15215914 [5]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15215914 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7175679 Cox was found guilty of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7689228 multiple}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7175679  counts of Vehicular Homicide and Driving While Under the Influence of Alcohol (\'93DUI\'94).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13133148   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7175679 
The trial court entered final judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13918061 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7175679  and Cox }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8616568 timely appealed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7175679 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13133148   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7175679 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid949186 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13267744\charrsid13267744 II.  JURISDICTION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid13267744 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid949186 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15215914 [6]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15215914 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13267744\charrsid10043431 This court has jurisdiction over }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15931263 appeals from final judgments of conviction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7865220  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16657269  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7865220 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13267744\charrsid10043431  48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 1424-1(a)(2) (Westlaw through Pub. L. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8262035 115-}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12665373 223}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13267744\charrsid13267744  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13267744 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7865220 2018}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13267744\charrsid10043431 ))}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15931263 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13267744\charrsid10043431  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13918061 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 3107, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid869765 3108(b) (2005); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13267744\charrsid10043431 8 GCA \'a7\'a7 130.10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15931263 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13267744\charrsid10043431 130.15(a) (2005).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13267744 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid949186 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13267744\charrsid13267744 III.  STANDARD OF REVIEW}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid13267744 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid949186 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15215914 [7]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15215914 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8799887 We review jury instructions for plain error when no objection was made at trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15931263  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8799887  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid4001836\charrsid4001836 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8799887\charrsid8026833 People v. Gargarita}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8799887\charrsid8026833 , 2015 Guam 28 \'b6 11}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8799887 
 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8799887 People v. Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8799887 , 2012 Guam 8 \'b6 8)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2850511 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2850511 see }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2974066 also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2974066\charrsid2974066 Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2850511 , 2012 Guam 8 \'b6\'b6
 13-18 (explaining why harmless error does not apply when no objection was made).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13445368   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15931263 When considering}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784575  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15931263 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784575 whether the proffered instructions accurately stated the relevant law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13119302 ,\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9784575  we review }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13119302 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784575 under a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9784575 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784575  standard.\'94  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10106550 Gargarita}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10106550 , 2015 Guam 28}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784575  \'b6 12 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9784575 People v. Diego}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784575 , 2013 Guam 15 \'b6 9).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9784575\charrsid13445368 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid949186 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8026833 IV.  ANALYSIS
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid949186 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12667056\charrsid16088391 A.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12680823\charrsid16088391 
The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12667056\charrsid16088391  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4001836\charrsid16088391 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12667056\charrsid16088391 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid12667056\charrsid11667396 ial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4001836 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12667056\charrsid11667396 ourt\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4001836 O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid12667056\charrsid11667396 mission of a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4001836 J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12667056\charrsid11667396 ury }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4001836 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid205300 nstruction on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4001836 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12667056\charrsid11667396 elf-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4001836 D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid12667056\charrsid11667396 efense }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4001836 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12667056\charrsid11667396 as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4001836 N}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid12680823 ot}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12680823\charrsid11667396  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4001836 Plain E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12667056\charrsid11667396 rror}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid8026833\charrsid11667396 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12667056 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15215914 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15215914 [8]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15215914 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5715090 Cox}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12393247\charrsid12393247  argues }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13445368 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12393247\charrsid12393247 the trial court\rquote 
s failure to instruct the jury on a justification of self-defense was plain error.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8471085 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12393247\charrsid12393247 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 3-5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8471085  (Oct. 8, 2015)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12393247\charrsid12393247 .  The People argue t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13445368 hat t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12393247\charrsid12393247 
he trial court did not err because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5715090 Cox}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12393247\charrsid12393247  did not invoke self-defense at trial and presented no evidence to support the justification.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8471085 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12393247\charrsid12393247 Appellee\rquote s Br. at 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8471085 -9 (Nov. 30, 2015)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12393247\charrsid12393247 .  Specifically, the People argue that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5715090 Cox}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12393247\charrsid12393247 \rquote s theory of the case and evidence do not support the \'93
use of force\'94 necessary to qualify for self-defense.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8471085 See i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12393247\charrsid12393247 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12393247\charrsid10311051 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12393247\charrsid12393247  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12393247\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 at 5-6.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12393247\charrsid12393247   }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5715090 Cox}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12393247\charrsid12393247  replies that defensive actions such as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1188160 deflecting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12393247\charrsid12393247  punches may satisfy the definition of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1188160 \'93use of force upon or toward\'94 another person in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12393247\charrsid12393247 self-defense.  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12393247\charrsid12393247 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8484200 Appellant\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12393247\charrsid12393247 Reply Br. at 1-4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8471085  (Dec. 9, 2015)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12393247\charrsid12393247 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12668919   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5715090 Cox}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12393247\charrsid12393247  did not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13445368 request a self-defense instruction at trial and did not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12393247\charrsid12393247 
object to the omission of a self-defense instruction.  Therefore, we review for plain error}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12471630 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8484200 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid12393247\charrsid12393247 Gargarita}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12393247\charrsid12393247 , 2015 Guam 28 \'b6 11}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8799887  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8262035 citation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8799887  omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11742966 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li1152\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1152\itap0\pararsid14043208 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3111251 1.\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6444252\charrsid14043208 
Cox\rquote s self-defense theory does not excuse liability under the elements of the Fifth and Sixth Charges.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid949186 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6444252\charrsid949186 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15215914 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15215914 [9]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15215914 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6444252 U}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7038595\charrsid7038595 nder the Fifth and Sixth Charges, the People }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6444252 prosecuted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6444252\charrsid7038595  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7038595\charrsid7038595 Cox }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6444252 for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6444252\charrsid7038595  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7038595\charrsid7038595 two misdemeanors under 16 GCA \'a7 18102(a) and (b).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4157273 Record on Appeal (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7038595\charrsid7038595 RA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4157273 \'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7038595\charrsid7038595 , tab 59 at 4 (2d Superseding Indictment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9071487 , Oct. 17, 2013}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7038595\charrsid7038595 ); }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7038595\charrsid7038595 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7038595\charrsid7038595 16 GCA \'a7 18102(a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10636432 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7038595\charrsid7038595 (b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10636432  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4157273 as amended by P.L. 30-156:6 (July 8, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10636432 2010}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4157273 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10636432 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7038595\charrsid7038595 .  These two charges require }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6444252 prov}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6444252\charrsid7038595 ing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14569261  only}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6444252\charrsid7038595  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7038595\charrsid7038595 
that Cox operated or was in physical control of a motor vehicle, while }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8484200 either }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7038595\charrsid7038595 under the influence of alcohol}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11076944 , in the case of section 18102(a), or while having a BAC level}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15873469  of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11076944 0.08}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15873469 % or more}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11076944 , in the case of section 18102(b).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7038595\charrsid7038595 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7038595\charrsid7038595  16 GCA \'a7 18102(a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15873469 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7038595\charrsid7038595 (b); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7038595\charrsid7038595 see also People v. Manila}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7038595\charrsid7038595 , 2005 Guam 6 
\'b6 40.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14569261 For}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7038595\charrsid7038595  these }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14569261 misdemeanors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6444252 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7038595\charrsid7038595  Cox\rquote s conduct that served as a basis for his convictions cannot reasonably be justified under a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11076944 ny}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7038595\charrsid7038595  self-defense theory.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7038595   Therefore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4354354 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7038595  the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8999412 question}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14569261  before us}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7038595  is whether a self-defense instruction should have been given with respect to the First, Second, Third and Fourth Charges.

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li1152\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1152\itap0\pararsid14043208 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10169803 2.\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14569261\charrsid14043208 
The failure to instruct on self-defense was not plain error where the defendant did not present a self-defense theory at trial but instead relied on the theory that he did not commit the crime.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid6444252\charrsid14043208 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\qj \li1080\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid14569261\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14569261\charrsid14569261 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15215914 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15215914 [10]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15215914 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055 A court must provide a \'93straightforward and accurate\'94
 instruction on the justification of self-defense where the evidence demands it.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12453055 Gargarita}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055 , 2015 Guam 28 \'b6 21 (citation omitted).  Yet, \'93
[c]ourts are not bound to present every conceivable defense potentially suggested by the evidence.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12453055 People v. Camacho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055 , 1999 Guam 27 \'b6 20 (citing }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12453055 United States v. Span}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055 , 970 F.2d 573, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13128279 576-78}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055  (9th}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13128279  Cir. 1992)); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13128279 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5834412 People v. Root}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5834412 , 2005 Guam 16 \'b6 28 (\'93
[T]he standard is that \lquote an instruction must be given if there is evidence upon which the jury could rationally sustain the defense.\rquote \'94 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13128279 United States v. Jackson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13128279 , 726 F.2d 1466, 1468}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5834412  (9th Cir. 1984)))}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13128279 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8407314 
We have previously declined to find plain error }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055 where a defendant \'93did not present a self-defense theory at trial but instead relied upon the alternative theory that he did not commit the crime.\'94  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13128279 Camacho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13128279 , 199}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13923878 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13128279  Guam 27}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8407314  \'b6 21; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8407314 cf.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8407314  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1859714\charrsid15338138 People v. Barton}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1859714\charrsid13637651 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1859714\charrsid13637651  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1859714\charrsid13637651 906 P.2d 531, 535 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1859714 Cal. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1859714\charrsid13637651 1995)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15338138  (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15338138\charrsid15338138 A trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3285826 \rquote 
s duty to instruct, sua sponte, or on its own initiative, on particular defenses . . . aris[es] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15338138 \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15338138\charrsid15338138 
only if it appears that the defendant is relying on such a defense, or if there is substantial evidence supportive of such a defense and the defense is not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15338138 inconsistent with the defendant\rquote }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15338138\charrsid15338138 s theory of the case.\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15338138 \'94 (quoting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6050362  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3285826 
People v. Sedeno}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3285826 , 518 P.2d 913, 921 (Cal. 1974) (en banc), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3285826\charrsid14289998 overruled on other grounds by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3285826 
People v. Breverman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3285826 , 960 P.2d 1094 (Cal. 1998)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15338138 )); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8407314\charrsid8407314 State v. Kiehl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8407314 , 78 N.E.3d 1226, 1231-34}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13637651  (Ohio Ct. App. 2016)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11871203\charrsid11871203  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11871203 
(finding no instructional error in part because defenses of self-defense and accident were inconsistent)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8407314 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8407314\charrsid8407314 appeal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8154104 denied}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8407314 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13637651  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8407314 87 N.E.3d 221}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13637651  (Ohio 2017)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15338138 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8407314 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15215914 [11]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15215914 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055\charrsid10553569 At trial,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055\charrsid12393247  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055 Cox}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055\charrsid12393247  testified that he and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055\charrsid14500691 Guevarra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12453055\charrsid12393247  were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055 arguing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055\charrsid12393247  inside the vehicle after l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055 
eaving the bar where she worked.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055\charrsid12393247 Tr. at 45-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055 46 (Jury Trial, Oct. 31, 2013}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055\charrsid12393247 ).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055\charrsid12393247  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055 Cox}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055\charrsid12393247  testified }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055 that, during this argument, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055\charrsid12393247 she punched him twice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4133889  and that he held his face at one point}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055\charrsid12393247 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12453055\charrsid12393247 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12453055\charrsid10311051 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12453055\charrsid12393247  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055\charrsid12393247 at 47}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4133889 -48}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055\charrsid12393247 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055 He further testifie
d that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055\charrsid14500691 Guevarra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055  then }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055\charrsid12393247 slapped}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055 
 his hands}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055\charrsid12393247  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8334381 \'93yanked }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8334381 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055 steering}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8334381 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055\charrsid12393247  wheel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8334381 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4283530 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8334381  and that they \'93hit the power pole after she yanked the wheel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4133889 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8334381 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4133889   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12453055 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12453055\charrsid10311051 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055\charrsid12393247  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4133889 at 48.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055 Cox}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055\charrsid12393247  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055 now }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12453055\charrsid12393247 argues}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055  on appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055\charrsid12393247  that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4133889 his}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12453055\charrsid12393247  testimony invoked self-defense and that:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa240\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid12453055 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055\charrsid12393247 The jury could infer that [he] 
believed that the force he used to block his girlfriend\rquote s strikes was necessary to protect his face, that [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055\charrsid14500691 Guevarra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055\charrsid12393247 
\rquote s] strikes were the proximate cause of [him] temporarily releasing his hands from the steering wheel which enabled [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055\charrsid14500691 Guevarra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12453055\charrsid12393247 ] to \'93yank\'94 the steering wheel from his control causing the vehicle to collide with the telephone pole.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12453055 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055\charrsid12393247 Appellant\rquote s Br. at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12453055 3-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055\charrsid12393247 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055  (citations omitted).  Cox}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055\charrsid12393247 
 argues the act of raising his hands to protect his face }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055 constitutes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055\charrsid12393247  the \'93use of force}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055 
 upon or toward}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055\charrsid12393247 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055  another person, a
nd that therefore the trial court committed plain error by failing to  instruct on self-defense pursuant to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055\charrsid12393247 9 GCA \'a7 7.84.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid12453055\charrsid12393247 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12453055 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12453055\charrsid12393247  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12453055 e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12453055 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12453055  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16520615 Appellant\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055 Reply Br. at 1-4.  We are not persuaded.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15215914 [12]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15215914 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055 Cox\rquote 
s testimony and the theory advanced by his counsel indicate that he was claiming that he did not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12453055\charrsid12453055 cause}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055  the accident, but rather tha}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6630358 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055  Guevarra\rquote s actions were the proximate cause of the accident. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid931258  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12453055 During trial, Cox\rquote s testimony, as well as his counsel\rquote s questioning and closing argument, focused on the factual issues of whether Cox attempted to stop and whether Guevarra grabbed the steering wheel\emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12453055\charrsid4995203 i.e.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid931258 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055  issues of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055\charrsid14166434 proximate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055\charrsid5439868  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055\charrsid12668919 cause}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055 \emdash but did not raise any theory of self-defense.  Tr. at 37-38, 41, 43-46 (Jury Tri
al, Nov. 6, 2013); Tr. at 11-14, 21-26, 48, 50, 54-57 (Jury Trial, Oct. 31, 2013); Tr. at 86-95, 106-107, 119-1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13128279 25 (Jury Trial, Oct. 30, 2013).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055 D}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055\charrsid13312907 efense counsel argued at length regarding issues of intoxication, motivation and cause, but never }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13128279 introduced}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12453055\charrsid13312907  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13128279 any}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055\charrsid13312907  issues particular to a self-defense theory.  Tr. at 32-48 (Jury Trial, Nov. 6, 2013); }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12453055\charrsid13312907 cf. United States v. Napue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055\charrsid13312907 
, 401 F.2d 107, 110-12 (7th Cir. 1968) (finding omission of jury instruction was harmless error in light of factual circumstances and counsel\rquote s closing argument); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12453055\charrsid13312907 
United States v. Thom}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12453055\charrsid8542297 as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055\charrsid13312907 , 484 F.2d 909, 912 (6th Cir. 1973) (same).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13128279 
  The pertinent testimony}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12668919  proffered}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13128279  by Cox and other witnesses, and his counsel\rquote s closing arguments, were squarely aimed at negating the element of }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13128279\charrsid67981 proximate cause}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13128279  rather than presenting an affirmative justification}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14623123 
; and the jury was properly instructed with respect to the element of cause. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15338138\charrsid15338138  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15338138\charrsid14623123 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15338138\charrsid15338138  Tr. at 77-78, 81-84 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12461984 Jury Trial, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15338138\charrsid15338138 Nov. 6, 2013).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15215914 [13]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15215914 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13128279 Thus, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055 Cox\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13128279 theory on appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13128279\charrsid2121161 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13128279 that he acted in self-defense}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13128279\charrsid2121161 \emdash }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13128279 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15996088  essentially}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13128279  incompatible with the defense theory he presented at trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13128279\charrsid2121161 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13128279 that he did not commit the crime}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13128279  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12453055 It is inconsistent }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13128279 to say that he did not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055  cause the accident }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13128279 
while simultaneously claiming that he was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055  justified in causing it. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid931258  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12668919 Therefore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid931258 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12668919  we find the trial court did not commit }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15996088 plain}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12668919  error in failing to grant the instruction.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12453055  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12668919  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12453055 See Camacho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12668919 , 1999 Guam 27 \'b6 21; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15996088 cf.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12668919  Jackson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid931258 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12668919  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12668919 
726 F.2d at 1468 (finding no error in failing to give self-defense instruction); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12668919\charrsid12668919 Hall v. United States}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12668919\charrsid12668919 
, 46 F.3d 855, 857 (8th Cir. 1995)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12668919  (same); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15996088\charrsid15996088 State v. Bogenreif}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15996088\charrsid15996088 
, 465 N.W.2d 777, 781 (S.D. 1991)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15996088  (same).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12453055\charrsid12668919 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-446\li446\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin446\itap0\pararsid265893 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12667056\charrsid14233273 B.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10301722   }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2522344 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12667056\charrsid14233273 he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2522344 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12667056\charrsid14233273 rial }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2522344 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12667056\charrsid14233273 ourt\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2522344 J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8938521 ury }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid2522344 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12667056\charrsid14233273 nstruction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8938521 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2522344 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8791253 egarding 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2522344 P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8791253 resumptions of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2522344 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8791253 ntoxication }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2522344 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8938521 ere}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12667056\charrsid14233273  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2522344 P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid12667056\charrsid14233273 lain }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2522344 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12667056\charrsid14233273 rror}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14043208 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15215914 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15215914 [14]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15215914 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13791112\charrsid1125816 \'93The [U}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13791112 nited }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13791112\charrsid1125816 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13791112 tates}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13791112\charrsid1125816 ] Supreme}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13791112  Court has delineated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13791112\charrsid15485289  three t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13791112 
ypes of criminal presumptions: 1) permissive, 2) mandatory rebuttable, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13791112\charrsid15485289 3) mandatory conclusive.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13791112 McL}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid13791112\charrsid15485289 ean v. Moran}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13791112\charrsid15485289 , 963 F.2d 1306, 1308 (9th Cir. 1992) (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid353732\charrsid15485289 Francis v. Franklin}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid353732\charrsid15485289 , 471 U.S. 307,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid353732  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid353732\charrsid15485289 314 & n.2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid353732  (1985)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13791112\charrsid15485289 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5187732 County Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid353732  of Ulster Cty.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid353732\charrsid15485289 
 v. Allen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid353732\charrsid15485289 , 442 U.S. 140, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid353732 157}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7495956  &}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid353732  n.16}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid353732\charrsid15485289  (1979)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7495956 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid353732 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13791112\charrsid15485289   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13791112 A permissive presumption allows\emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13791112\charrsid15485289 but does not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13791112 require\emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13791112\charrsid15485289 the jury to infer proof of an elemental fact from proof of a basic fact and \'93does not shift the burden of production or persuasion to the defendant.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid13791112\charrsid15485289 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13791112\charrsid15485289 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5187732 Ulster Cty.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13791112\charrsid15485289 
, 442 U.S. at 157). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13791112 
 In contrast, a mandatory rebuttable presumption tells the jury that it must find the presumed element upon proof of the basic fact, unless the defendant provides some evidence to rebut the presumed connection between the two facts;
 if the defendant produces such evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7495956 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13791112  then the ultimate burden of persuasion returns to the prosecution.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13791112 
Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13791112\charrsid8542297 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13791112  (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5187732 Ulster Cty.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13791112 , 442 U.S. at 157). }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13791112\charrsid15485289  A mandatory rebuttable presumption}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13791112  is not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13791112\charrsid10233225 per se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13791112  unconstitutional, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16207295 but}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13791112\charrsid15485289  such a presumption }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13791112 may }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13791112\charrsid15485289 create constitutional problem}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13791112 s if it shifts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7495956 to the defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7495956\charrsid15485289  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13791112\charrsid15485289 the prosecution\rquote s burden of persuasion to prove the facts of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13791112 
each element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13791112 See id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13791112\charrsid8542297 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13791112  at 1308-09.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13791112\charrsid15485289 A mandatory conclusive presumption goes a step further and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13791112 removes
 the presumed element from the case after the prosecution has proven predicate facts that give rise to the presumption, effectively eliminating }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13791112\charrsid15485289 the jury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13791112 \rquote s fact-finding role}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13791112\charrsid15485289 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13791112\charrsid2507078 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13791112\charrsid8542297 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13791112  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13791112\charrsid2507078 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13791112  1309 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13791112 Francis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13791112 , 471 U.S. at 314 n.2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13791112 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13791112\charrsid6705712   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13791112 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15215914 [15]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15215914 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9834012\charrsid15485289 Cox argues }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9834012 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9834012\charrsid15485289 the trial court committed plain error }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9834012 with Jury Instructions 6E and 6G. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9656359 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9834012 
He alleges these instructions improperly created a rebuttable presumption not contemplated by 16 GCA \'a7 18103.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9834012\charrsid15485289  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9834012  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9834012\charrsid15485289 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 6-7.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9834012 Jury Instruction 6E stated, in relevant part:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4283627 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\sa240\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid265893 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4283627 The amount of alcohol in the person\rquote s blood . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4283627\charrsid9656359 shall give rise to the following presumptions affecting the burden of proof}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4283627 . . . .
\par If there was . . . 0.08 percent, or more by weight of alcohol in the person\rquote s blood, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4283627\charrsid9656359 it shall be presumed that the person was under the influence of alcohol}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4283627  or under the influence of an alcoholic beverage at the time of the alleged offense.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri720\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid9656359 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4283627 Tr. at 79-80 (Jury Trial, Nov. 6, 2013)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9656359  (emphas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5333611 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9656359 s added).  Jury Instruction 6G stated, in relevant part:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa240\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid265893 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9656359 
In any prosecution arising out of acts involving the driving or operating or [sic] a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol causing bodily injury to a person other than the driver . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid9656359\charrsid9656359 it is a rebuttable presumption }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9656359\charrsid9656359 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9656359  the person with . . . 
0.08 percent, or more by weight of alcohol in his or her blood . . . is under the influence of alcohol if the person had . . . 0.08 percent, or more by weight of alcohol in his or her blood at the time of the performance of a blood or breath test within t
hree hours after driving.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9656359 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9656359\charrsid926651 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9656359\charrsid926651  at 80-81 (emphasis added).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9656359\charrsid9656359   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16207295\charrsid9656359 Cox }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4283627\charrsid9656359 
broadly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4283627  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16207295 posits}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8938521  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13836256 that the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4283627 se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9656359  two}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8938521  instructions constituted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518  plain error because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7686518\charrsid12463761 the language regarding presumptions inaccurately conflated 16 GCA \'a7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8202459 \'a7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518\charrsid12463761  18102 and 18103}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8938521\charrsid12463761 , thereby confusing the jury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8791253\charrsid12463761  as to the burden of proof}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518\charrsid12463761 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8935269 Appellant\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518\charrsid12463761 Reply Br. at 7-8.  Cox }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16389865 essentially }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13699348 argues }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8938521 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7540636 , while}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid949186  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16140630 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518 
statutory }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518\charrsid15485289 presumption}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15943388 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518\charrsid15485289  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7540636 may be}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7540636\charrsid15485289  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8791253 only }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid879385 evidentiary in nature, the jury instructions failed to properly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7540636 allocate the burden of proof and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4133889 thus violated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7540636  his constitutional right to a presumption of innocence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7686518\charrsid15485289 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7686518\charrsid15485289 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518\charrsid8542297 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518\charrsid15485289 The People }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8791253 counter }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10428690 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518\charrsid15485289 the instruction accurately tracked the applicable statutory language and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13909639 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518\charrsid15485289 
 even if erroneous, any error did not prejudice Cox\rquote s substantial rights.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16207295 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518\charrsid15485289 Appellee\rquote s Br. at 9.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13073744 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15215914 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15215914 [16]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15215914 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12536741 Because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518\charrsid15485289 Cox did not object to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16140630 relevant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518\charrsid15485289 
instructions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16389865  at trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13836256 , we review}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7540636  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13836256 for plain error}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518\charrsid15485289 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12536741 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16140630 Gargarita}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16140630 , 2015 Guam 28 \'b6 11 }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16140630\charrsid14813839 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16140630\charrsid14813839 Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16140630 , 2012 Guam 8 \'b6 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1188596 )}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16140630 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13386555 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13836256 o the extent \'93[w]e [are] consider[ing] whether the proffered
 instructions accurately stated the relevant law [then we review] under a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13836256 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13836256  standard.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16140630 Id}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16140630\charrsid8542297 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16140630  at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13836256 12 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13836256 Diego}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13836256 , 2013 Guam 15 \'b6 9). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16140630  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2172080 We }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13836256 review j}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7686518\charrsid4333619 ury instructions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518\charrsid4333619 as a whole rather than in isolation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4995203  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16140630  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7686518 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7686518\charrsid8542297 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13386555  (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid13386555 People v. Jones}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13386555 , 2006 Guam 13 \'b6 28)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2172080 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2172080 see also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7686518\charrsid4333619  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7686518 Estelle v. McGuire}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13386555 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7686518  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7686518\charrsid4333619 502 U.S. 62}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1981695 , 72}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518  (1991) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2172080 (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2172080\charrsid4333619 It is well established that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2172080  the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2172080\charrsid4333619  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2172080 [jury]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2172080\charrsid4333619  instruction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2172080 [s] \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2172080\charrsid4333619 may not be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2172080 
judged in artificial isolation,\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2172080\charrsid4333619  but must be considered in the context of the instructions as a whole and the trial record.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2172080 \'94 }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7686518\charrsid3413365 Cupp v. Naughten}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518\charrsid8542297 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7686518\charrsid1331580  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518\charrsid4333619 414 U.S.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518  141, 147 (1973))}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1331580 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2172080 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8791253  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518\charrsid13532873 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15215914 [17]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15215914 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15943388 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6697956 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15943388 presumptions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6697956 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15943388  referred to in 16 GCA \'a7\'a7 18102 and 18103 have an evidentiary function.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8222724\charrsid8222724   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6697956 Both sections}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8222724\charrsid8222724  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8222724 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8222724\charrsid8222724 enable[] the factfinder to proceed by inferential reasoning from one fact to another.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8222724 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8222724\charrsid8222724  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16140630  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1331580 Commonwealth }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11471117 v. MacPherson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11933749 , 752 A.2d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11471117  384, 389 (Pa. 2000).  Evidentiary tools }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15943388 like}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11471117  this are \'93commonly and often interchangeably known as \lquote inferences\rquote  or \lquote 
presumptions.\rquote \'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11471117 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7746800 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid7746800\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 see generally}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7746800\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  D.E. Evins, Annotation,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid7746800\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 Construction and Application of Statutes Cr\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 eating Presumption or Other Inference of Intoxication }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid2763078\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 from}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid7746800\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Specified Percentages of Alcohol Present in System}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2763078 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid7746800\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16389865\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 16 A.L.R. 3d 748 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid7746800\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (1967).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15215914 [18]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15215914 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16140630 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518\charrsid15485289  United }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518 States Supreme Court has stated:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid7686518\charrsid13768333 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\sa240\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid265893 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518\charrsid15485289 
Inferences and presumptions are a staple of our adversary system of factfinding.  It is often necessary for the trier of fact to determine the existence of an element of the crime\emdash that is, an \'93ultimate\'94 or \'93elemental\'94 fact\emdash 
from the existence of one or more \'93evidentiary\'94 or \'93basic\'94 facts.  The value of these evidentiary device
s, and their validity under the Due Process Clause, vary from case to case, however, depending on the strength of the connection between the particular basic and elemental facts involved and on the degree to which the device curtails the factfinder
\rquote s freedom to assess the evidence independently.  Nonetheless, in criminal cases, the ultimate test of any device\rquote s constitutional validity in a given case remains constant: the device must not undermine the factfinder\rquote 
s responsibility at trial, based on evidence adduced by the State, to find the ultimate facts beyond a reasonable doubt.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid949186 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5187732 Ulster Cty.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518\charrsid15485289 
, 442 U.S. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid353732 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518\charrsid15485289  156 (citations omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518\charrsid10233225 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7686518   Evidentiary presumptions that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518\charrsid15485289 ha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518 ve }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3749433 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7686518 the effect of relieving the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3749433 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11933749 prosecution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3749433 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11933749  of its}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518\charrsid15485289  burden of persuasion beyond a reasonable doubt of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4944124 every }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518 essential element of a crime}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3749433 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518\charrsid15485289  are prohibited as a violation of the Due Process Clause.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7686518\charrsid15485289 Francis}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4944124 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7686518\charrsid15485289  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518\charrsid15485289 471 U.S. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid353732 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6705712  313 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2507078 collecting cases)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6705712 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7686518\charrsid4726361 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15215914 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15215914 [19]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15215914 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6697956 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3281475 he constitutionality of a presumption}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12264918  in a jury instruction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3281475  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6697956 depends on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518  the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518\charrsid10166512 nature of the presumption}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7546629 , which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12460175 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7546629 requires careful attention to the words actually spoken to the jury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518\charrsid10166512 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12460175 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518\charrsid10166512   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2507078 Sandstrom v. Montana}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2507078 , 442 U.S. 510, 514 (1979)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid876737\charrsid10166512  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12460175 citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5187732 Ulster Cty.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12460175 , 442 U.S. at 157-59 & n.16}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518\charrsid10166512 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3169352 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3169352\charrsid3169352 overruled in part on other grounds by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3101713  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2559923 Boyde v. California}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2559923 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2559923\charrsid2559923  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2559923\charrsid2559923 
494 U.S. 370, 380 (1990).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518\charrsid10166512 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6697956 determining the nature of a presumption in an individual case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7686518\charrsid10166512 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3169352 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518\charrsid10166512 
the jury instructions will generally be controlling, although their interpretation may require recourse to the statute involved and the cases decided under it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3169352 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7686518\charrsid10166512   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5187732 Ulster Cty.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid876737\charrsid8542297 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid876737 442 U.S. at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3169352 15}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12003944 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3169352  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid876737 n.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2168028 16; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid2168028 see also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2168028  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2168028\charrsid923071 Brown v.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2567154  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4933653 State}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2168028\charrsid876737 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2168028  910 A.2d 571, 582 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 2006) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518 \'93The [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1981695 U}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3169352 nited }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1981695 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3169352 tates}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10166512  Supreme Court made clear . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518  that the way the jury is instructed concerning a statutory evidentiary presumption is often dispositive of the constitutional challenge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2168028 .\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3169352  (collecting cases)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12003944 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4331711 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2168028   }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6697956 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid876737 ven if a facially constitutional statute}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6697956  supplies the presumption}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid876737 , }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6697956 the jury instruction }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid876737 may nonetheless unconstitutionally }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6697956 apply it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid876737 
as a mandatory conclusive presumption.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid876737 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3169352 , e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3169352 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid876737  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid876737\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 McLean}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid876737\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 963 F.2d at }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2168028\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 1310}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid876737\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (holding }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid2168028\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 jury instruction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid876737\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  was unconstitutional as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid2168028\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid876737\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 mandatory conclusive presumption without reaching issue of constitutionality of statute).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13251449 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15215914 [20]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15215914 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13251449 Cox cites }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12264918 People v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13251449 Demapan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13850801  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13251449 for the proposition that \'93[i]t is plain error when the trial court\rquote 
s instructions inaccurately track the language of the statute.\'94  Appellant\rquote s Br. at 6 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13251449 Demapan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13251449 , 2004 Guam 24).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13251449 Demapan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6697956 , however, should not be read to mean}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13251449  that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13251449 merely tracking stat
utory language}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13251449  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13251449\charrsid7484958 alone}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13251449  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6697956 
determines whether a jury instruction was plain}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12151393  error}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13251449 .  Rather, in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13251449 Demapan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16140630 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13251449 which involved jury instructions regarding the crime o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16140630 f burglary under 9 GCA \'a7 37.20\emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13251449 we stated that the \'93trial court\rquote s instructions on entry with intent accurately tracked the burglary statute }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13251449 and were sufficient for the jury to understand that Demapan\rquote 
s intent to commit theft was to be proven to exist concurrently with his entry}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13251449 \'94 (as such concurrent intent was a required element of burglary).  2004 Guam 24 \'b6 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14448695  (emphasis added)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13251449 .  This italicized language cannot be ignored, as Cox does, because inaccurately tracking statutory language }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13251449\charrsid13182323 alone}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13251449 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6697956 especially}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13251449  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9896511 
when the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13251449 deviations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9896511  are inconsequential}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13251449 \emdash is n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13251449\charrsid13182323 ot}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9896511  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9896511 per se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13251449\charrsid13182323  fatal if the instructions are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13251449 otherwise }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13251449\charrsid2559923 sufficient to inform the jury of its duty to find facts proving the elements of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13251449\charrsid13182323 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9896511 Reversal is required}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10510257  where the defendant\rquote s rights were violated under}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13251449  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13251449\charrsid15624125 the Due Process Clause}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16207295 , which}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13251449\charrsid15624125  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16207295 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13251449\charrsid15624125 protects the accused against conviction except upon proof beyond a reasonable doubt of every fact necessary to constitute the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13251449  crime with which he is charged}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2567154 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13251449 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13251449\charrsid15624125  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6117275  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13251449\charrsid6825822 In re Winship}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13251449\charrsid15624125 , 397 U.S. 358}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13251449 , 364 (1970)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10510257 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7686518\charrsid5452033 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15215914 [21]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15215914 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9896511 Therefore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6117275 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9896511  here we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518  must }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4088347 determine (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14293210 
the nature of the presumption in Guam\rquote s DUI statute, (2) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518 the nature of the presumptions in the contested jury }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3499844 instructions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9896511 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4132348  and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11423677  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4088347 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14293210 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4088347 ) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518 whether those presumptions run afoul of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7686518\charrsid2974066 constit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10166512\charrsid2974066 
utional Due Process protections}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7677930\charrsid2974066 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8791253\charrsid2974066 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li1152\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1152\itap0\pararsid14043208 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16455829 1.\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid9453560\charrsid14043208 Jury Instruction 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4792261\charrsid14043208 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14293210\charrsid14043208  was error.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid4815845\charrsid16455829 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4815845\charrsid949186 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15215914 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15215914 [22]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15215914 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4815845\charrsid949186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
In analyzing the use of presumptions in criminal cases, courts distinguish statutes from the jury instructions derived therefrom, because the constitutional analysis focuses on the way the jury is instructed.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid4815845\charrsid949186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4815845\charrsid949186 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid4815845\charrsid949186 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  McLean}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4815845\charrsid949186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 963 F.2d at 1310.  Courts c\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 onstruing the presumptions in DUI statutes may }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9896511 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 in some cases }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4815845\charrsid949186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 hold }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid9896511 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4815845\charrsid949186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid4815845\charrsid949186 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 statutes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4815845\charrsid949186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  create }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid4815845\charrsid949186 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 permissive}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4815845\charrsid949186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  inferences while }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9896511 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4815845\charrsid949186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 holding }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid4815845\charrsid949186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 jury instructions}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4815845\charrsid949186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4815845\charrsid3161858 derived}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4815845\charrsid4815845 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  therefrom unconstitutionally burden defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4815845\charrsid949186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  as a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid4815845\charrsid949186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 mandatory}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4815845\charrsid949186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  presumption.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid9896511 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4933653 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid9896511 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid9896511\charrsid949186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Brown}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9896511 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 910 A\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .2d at 585 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4815845\charrsid949186 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'93\loch\f0 When a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4815845\charrsid9896511 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
constitutional problem does arise, it is due not to the statute itself, but to an improper jury instruction based on it.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9896511\charrsid9896511 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4933653 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4815845\charrsid949186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9896511 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4815845\charrsid949186 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'93\loch\f0 Indeed, even where statutory language appears to create a mandatory presumption in criminal cases, courts comm\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
\hich\f0 only read the statute as creating only a permissive inference.\'94\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7022405 Barnes v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4933653 People}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7022405 
, 735 P.2d 869, 872-73 (Colo. 1987) (en banc)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7022405 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4815845\charrsid949186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
(citations omitted); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid4815845\charrsid949186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3101713 Salazar v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4011176 State}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3101713 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3101713\charrsid12073003  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3101713\charrsid10425109 505 So.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3101713  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3101713\charrsid10425109 2d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3101713 1287, 1291-92}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3101713\charrsid5452033  (Ala. Crim. App. 1986)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid3101713\charrsid949186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  (\'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
The courts construing this type of [statutory] presumption have consistently held it to be rebuttable and not conclusive. . . .  [B]ut in this case, the court simply failed to explain that this presumption is rebuttable.\'94\loch\f0  (citations omitted))}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3101713 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid4011176 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 People}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid4011176\charrsid949186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid4815845\charrsid949186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 v.\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Roder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid4815845\charrsid949186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 658 P.2d 1302, 1309-13 (Cal. 1983) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4011176 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (en banc) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid4815845\charrsid949186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (holding statutory presumption permissive but instruction applied an unconstitutional mandatory presumption); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid4815845\charrsid949186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Busch v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid4011176 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid4815845\charrsid949186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 547 So. 2d 245, 246 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1989) (\'93\loch\f0 [W]e find the statute per se\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 is not unconstitutional and falls within the prerogative of the legislature. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9896511 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4815845\charrsid949186 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 We do agree, however, that the statute may lead to the use of a jury instruction that is unconstitutional}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4011176 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4815845\charrsid949186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 . . . .\'94\loch\f0  (citations omitted)); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid4011176 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 State}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid4011176\charrsid949186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid4815845\charrsid949186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 v. Tiedemann}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid4815845\charrsid949186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 790 P.2d 340, 341-42\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (Haw. Ct. App. 1990) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1188596 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 same}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4815845\charrsid949186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 );}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid4815845\charrsid949186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid4011176 State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4011176\charrsid5452033  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3101713\charrsid5452033 v.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3101713  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid3101713 Dacey}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3101713 , 418 A.2d 856, 85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7022405 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3101713 -59 (Vt. 1980)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid7022405 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4815845\charrsid949186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1188596 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
same}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4815845\charrsid949186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9453560 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid265893 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid353732 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8850700\charrsid11423677 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8850700 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14293210 Jury Instruction 6E created a mandatory conclusive presumption.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11423677 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15215914 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15215914 [2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2050294 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15215914 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15215914 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15162144 Jury Instruction 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045726 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4283627 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199103  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4283627 in its entirety, reads}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10510257 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid670844   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15162144 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\qj \li720\ri720\sa240\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid265893 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199103 6E, driving while intoxicated, presumptions defined.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9775568 
Upon the trial of any criminal action arising out of acts alleged to have been committed by any person while driving or being in actual physical control of a vehicle }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9775568\charrsid5199103 while under the inf}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6169444 luence of an alcoholic beverage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9775568\charrsid13783758  as charged in the fourth and sixth charge of the indictment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199103 .  

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s25\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\sa240\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid13511610 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199103 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9775568\charrsid13783758 
he amount of alcohol in the person\rquote s blood or breath }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9775568\charrsid5199103 shall give rise to the following presumptions affecting the burden of proof}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199103 .  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9775568 If there was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199103 at the time less than eight one }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9775568 hundredths of one percent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5199103 , 0.08 percent, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9775568 by weight of alcohol in the person\rquote 
s blood, that fact shall not give rise to any presumption that the person was or was not under the influence of an alcoholic beverage, but the fact may be considered with other com
petent evidence in determining whether the person was under the influence of an alcoholic beverage at the time of the alleged offense.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199103 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s25\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\sa240\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid14043208 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9775568 If t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199103 
here was at that time eight one hundredths of one percent, 0.08 percent, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9775568 or more by weight of alcohol in the person\rquote s blood, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9775568\charrsid5199103 
it shall be presumed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9775568  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9775568\charrsid5199103 that the person was under the influence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9775568  of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6169444 alcohol or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6169444\charrsid6169444 under the influence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6169444  of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9775568 
an alcoholic beverage at the time of the alleged offense.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15162144\charrsid8590331 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid949186 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199103 Tr. at 79-80 (Jury Trial, Nov. 6, 2013) (emphas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12090523 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199103 s added); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5199103 see also }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15162144\charrsid6314017 RA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15162144 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15162144\charrsid6314017  tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15162144 79}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9001840  at Instr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12090523 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9001840  No. 6E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15162144\charrsid6314017  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2170262 
Jury Instrs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12090523 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15162144\charrsid13783758 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199103 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs24\super\insrsid7352166\charrsid2974066 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s22\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid265893 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs24\super\insrsid7352166 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7352166 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  The instructions read to t}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9896511 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 he jury in open court parallel in all pertinent respects}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7352166 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  the written copies given to the jurors.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7352166 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Compare }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7352166 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Tr. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7352166\charrsid10043086 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7352166 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 58-86}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7352166\charrsid10043086 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (Jury Trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7352166 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , Nov. 6, 2013}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7352166\charrsid10043086 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11743779 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7352166\charrsid10043086 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7352166 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7352166\charrsid10043086 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 RA, tab 79 (Jury Instr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11743779 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7352166 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , Nov. 7, 2013).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4259923  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6423434  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10510257 The statute}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9896511  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid942348 from which Jury Instruction 6E is derived,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9775568  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid942348 states}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15162144  in relevant part: 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\sa240\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid265893 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8525805 (a)  Upon the trial of any criminal action, or preliminary proceeding in a criminal action, arising out of acts alleged to have been committed by any person while driving or being in actual physical }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8525805\charrsid12725007 control of a vehicle while under the influence of an alcoholic beverage in violation of subsections (b) or (d) of \'a7 18102 of this Chapter, the amount of alcohol in the person}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5773198\charrsid12725007 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8525805\charrsid12725007 s blood at the time of the test as shown by an analysis of that person}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5773198\charrsid12725007 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8525805\charrsid12725007 s blood}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8525805  or breath }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8525805\charrsid5199103 
shall give rise to the following presumptions affecting the burden of proof}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8525805 [:] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15162144 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s25\qj \fi720\li1440\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8542134 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8525805 
(1) If there was at that time less than eight one-hundredths of one percent (0.08%) by weight of alcohol in the person}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5773198 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8525805 
s blood, that fact shall not give rise to any presumption that the person was or was not under the influence of an alcoholic beverage, but the fact may be considered with other competent evidence in determining whether the person was under the influence o
f an alcoholic beverage at the time of the alleged offense.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s25\qj \fi720\li1440\ri720\sa240\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid265893 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8525805 
(2)  If there was at that time eight one-hundredths of one percent (0.08%) or more by weight of alcohol in the person}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4867810 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8525805 s blood, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8525805\charrsid7668239 it shall be presumed that the person was under the influence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8525805  of an alcoholic beverage at the time of the alleged offense.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4867810 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s25\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\sa240\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid265893 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045726 . . . . 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8525805\charrsid9775738 
The provisions of this subsection shall not be construed as limiting the introduction of any other competent evidence bearing upon the question whether the person ingested any alcoholic beverage
 or was under the influence of an alcoholic beverage at the time of the alleged offense.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid949186 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15162144\charrsid8590331 16}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15162144  GCA \'a7 1810}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12208415 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8850700  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13511610  (emphase}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7668239 s added)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15162144 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15084045 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11089432 hile }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15162144\charrsid10502373 Cox\rquote s trial counsel }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12208415 pointed out that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11089432 referring to the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12208415  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15162144 statutory numbering scheme}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15162144\charrsid10502373  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12208415 was problematic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 , he}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15162144  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13783758 did not othe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid670844 rwise object to the presumption}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15162144 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11037065 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15162144\charrsid10502373 Tr. at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12208415 30-3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199103 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15086484 
 (Jury Trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5913647 , Nov. 5, 2013}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4416752 ).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9896511 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6518681  trial court included generic}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid942348  instructions related to the burden of proof, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8401345 see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8401345 Tr. at 61-63 (Jury Trial, Nov. 6, 2013),}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9717248  and to inferences, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8401345\charrsid8401345 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9717248\charrsid8401345 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8401345\charrsid8542297 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8401345\charrsid8401345  at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8401345  70-72, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9896511 but }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9717248 these}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8401345  additional}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9717248  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3161858 instructions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9717248 
did not further explain the burden of proof or the presumptions referred to in Jury Instruction 6E.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid942348 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2050294 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2050294 [24]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2050294 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7668239 Jury Instruction 6E applies a presumption that defendant is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7668239\charrsid13635601 \'93under the influence\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229  if his BAC was 0.08}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11808983 %}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229  or higher.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5003192   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 The following}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9896511  charges required a finding that Cox was intoxicated or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 under the influence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9896511 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5003192\charrsid12725007  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13635601\charrsid12725007 (1) each of the two counts under the First Charge (Vehicular Homicide While Intoxicated (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5913647\charrsid12725007 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13635601\charrsid12725007 s a Second Degree Felony))}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5003192\charrsid12725007 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13635601\charrsid12725007  (2) the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13635601 
 single count under the Third Charge (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13635601\charrsid13635601 Driving While Under the Influence of Alcohol with Injuries (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5913647 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13635601\charrsid13635601 s a Third Degree Felony}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13635601 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13635601\charrsid13635601 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5003192 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13635601  and (3)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13635601\charrsid13635601  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13635601 the single count under the Fifth Charge (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13635601\charrsid13635601 
Driving while Under the Influence of Alcohol (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5913647 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13635601\charrsid13635601 s a Misdemeanor)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8006381 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12725007   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12725007 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12725007  Tr. at 81-82, 83, 84 (Jury Instructions 7A and 7B, encompassing 
First Charge; 7E, encompassing Third Charge; 7G, encompassing Fifth Charge) (Jury Trial, Nov. 6, 2013); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12725007 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12725007 RA, tab 79}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3945399  at Instr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11808983 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3945399  No}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11808983 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3945399 . 7A-7G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12725007  (Jury Instr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11808983 s.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12725007 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14160849   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12008132 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2050294 [25]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2050294 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6047975\charrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 For the First Charge,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8223255\charrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  we note a discrepancy between the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16275229 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 jury instruction}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8223255\charrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  and the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9896511 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 statute}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid8223255\charrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6047975\charrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The two counts under the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid8223255\charrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  First Charge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6047975\charrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  plainly instructed the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid8223255\charrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  jury }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6047975\charrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid8223255\charrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 driving or operating a vehicle while intoxicated was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid8223255\charrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  a required element.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid8223255\charrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid8223255\charrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Tr. at 81-82 (Jury Trial, Nov. 6, 2013); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid8223255\charrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 see also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8223255\charrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  RA, tab 79 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15084045 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 at Instr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid11808983 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15084045 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  No}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid11808983 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid15084045 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15084045\charrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 6B, 7A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15084045 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15084045\charrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  7B }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8223255\charrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (Jury Instr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid11808983 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8223255\charrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16275229 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 However}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8223255\charrsid6047975 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16275229\charrsid16275229 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16275229\charrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 16 GCA \'a7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid11808983 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid16275229\charrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 18111(b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16275229 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8223255\charrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 the statute on which the counts under the First Charge are based}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16275229 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8223255\charrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  requires}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9896511 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  in part }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8223255\charrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 that defendant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9896511 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8223255\charrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 driving a vehicle in violation of \'a7\loch\f0 
 18102 of this Chapter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid11736694 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8223255\charrsid6047975 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid11736694 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8223255\charrsid6047975 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0   16 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  18111(b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid11736694 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8223255\charrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6047975\charrsid6047975 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8223255\charrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  18102 includes both }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid8223255\charrsid6047975 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 per se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8223255\charrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 BAC-based crimes and \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 under the influence\'94\loch\f0 
 crimes.  In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9896511 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 other words, 16 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  18111(b) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8223255\charrsid6047975 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 allows for convictions based on either BAC violations, or dr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14707944 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 iving while under the influence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid8223255\charrsid6047975 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \emdash \loch\f0 assuming the other elements are met\hich\f0 \emdash \loch\f0 but }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Jury Instructions 7A and 7B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8223255\charrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  specifically instructed that driving or operating a vehicle while }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid6047975 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8223255\charrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 intoxicated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6047975 
\loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12008132 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  was the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8223255\charrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12008132 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 pertinent }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8223255\charrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 element for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid9896511 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8223255\charrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  counts under the First Charge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid8223255\charrsid6047975 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8223255\charrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Tr. at 78, 81}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
, 82 (Jury Trial, Nov. 6, 2013).  The fact that the jury was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12008132 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 specifically }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6047975 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 instructed that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12008132 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 dr\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 iving a vehicle while }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid12008132\charrsid1196983 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 intoxicated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  was a required element}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid12008132 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  of the counts under the First Charge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12008132 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 effectively acted as a mechanism to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1196983 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 directly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12008132 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 apply}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Jury Instruction 6E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8223255\charrsid9337797 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12008132 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 to the First Charge counts, because by its terms the presumptions in 6E extended to \'93\loch\f0 any cr\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
iminal action arising out of acts\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  committed by a person \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid12008132\charrsid1196983 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 while intoxicated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid12008132 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 .\'94\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid12008132 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12008132 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Tr. at 79:13-18 (Jury Trial, Nov. 6, 2013)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1196983 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (emphasis added)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12008132 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13635601\charrsid13635601 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2050294 [26]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2050294 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6047975\charrsid5450509 The Second}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6047975 
, Fourth and Sixth Charges were either based on DUI }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6047975 per se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6047975  offenses under section 18102 subsectio
ns (b) or (d), or are based on the Vehicular Homicide offense under section 18111(a), none of which requires proof of being \'93under the influence\'94 or \'93intoxication.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6047975\charrsid8202459 See }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6047975\charrsid8202459 Tr. at 82-84 (Jury Trial, Nov. 6, 2013); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6047975\charrsid8202459 see also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6047975\charrsid8202459  16 GCA \'a7\'a7
 18102(b), (d), 18111(a).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \highlight7\dbch\af37\insrsid6047975\charrsid8223255 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \highlight7\dbch\af37\insrsid6047975 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2050294 [27]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2050294 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12652184 Jury Instruction 6E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid540834  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9717248 does not indicate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11037065  on its face}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9717248  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10055617 the nature of the presumption\emdash 
permissive, rebuttable, or conclusive.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12652184  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9775738  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5913647\charrsid8590331 Tr. at 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5913647 
0-81 (Jury Trial, Nov. 6, 2013).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12652184 Jury Instruction 6E }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10055617 also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1196983 plainly states its}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12652184  presumption }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1196983 affects}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12652184  the \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12652184\charrsid9775738 burden of proof.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9775738   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5913647 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5913647   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9775738 The trial court provided}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid527343  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1196983 no explanation of this phrase}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid527343  or how the presumption}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5003192  should interact}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid527343 
 with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5003192 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid527343  burden of proof.  Jury Instruction 3F }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5318677 contains}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5318677  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5318677\charrsid5318677 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9775738 generic description}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5318677\charrsid5318677  of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid527343\charrsid5318677  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9775738 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid527343\charrsid5318677 inferences}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1985927 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9775738 \'94}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1985927  but we do }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9775738 not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1985927 find th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9775738 at a jury would have found it helpful in r
esolving the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1196983  question of whether the presumption}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1985927  in Jury Instruction 6E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1196983  is permissive}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9775738 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12650527 which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1196983 by its terms }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12650527 affected}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1196983 
 the \'93burden of proof}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1985927 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1196983 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1985927   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5003192 Cf.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid9775738  Barnes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3753914 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9775738  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9775738 735 P.2d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7022405 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9775738  872}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14686399  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9775738 (\'93The term \lquote presumption\rquote  is one of the most ambiguous terms in the legal lexicon.\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13853875 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13853875 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13853875 Tr. at 61-63 (Jury Trial, Nov. 6, 2013) (Jury Instr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3753914 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13853875  3F).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2850511 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2050294\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2050294 [28]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2050294 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9775738 Further, while Jury Instruction 6E generally tracks 16 GCA \'a7 18103}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9526842 (a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9775738 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7022405 it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7022405\charrsid13853875  omits}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12073003  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2828808 any indication of whether the language }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12650527 at the end of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9775738  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9526842 section 18103}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2828808  applies}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9526842 
.  This language states \'93[t]he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9775738\charrsid9775738 
 provisions of this subsection shall not be construed as limiting the introduction of any other competent evidence bearing upon the question whether the person ingested any alcoholic beverage or was under the influence of an alcoholic beverage at the time
 of the alleged offense.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9526842 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs24\super\insrsid12073003 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s22\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid265893 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs24\super\insrsid16275229 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229\charrsid12073003 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
While the word \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 subsection\'94\loch\f0  in this senten}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ce }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4815845 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 could}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16657269 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 be read to imply}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  that that paragraph}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229\charrsid12073003 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  applies solely to section 181\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 03(b)\hich\f0 \emdash \loch\f0 and not section 18103(a)\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16657269 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
such a construction is constitutionally problematic.  That is because to construe the language at the end of section 18103 as limiting the ability of the defendant to introduce competent evidence that might negate the presump\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
tion referred to in section 18103(a) would plainly undermine constitutional due process.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16657269 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16657269\charrsid9380172 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 People v. Cook}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16657269\charrsid9380172 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 1978 WL 13496, at *2 (D.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16657269 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 Guam App. Div. Apr. 21, 1978); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16657269\charrsid9380172 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 see also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16657269 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid16657269\charrsid10425109 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Brown}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16657269\charrsid10425109 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 910 A.2d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16657269 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 at}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16657269\charrsid10425109 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  583}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16657269 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  (\'93\loch\f0 [W]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16657269\charrsid10425109 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 e avoid construing a statute as unconstitutional, if,\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  by any construction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14827446 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16657269\charrsid10425109 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  it can be sustained.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16657269 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'94\loch\f0  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14827446 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
citation and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16657269 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 internal quotation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14827446 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  mark}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16657269 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s omitted)); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16657269 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 McNeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16657269 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 210 P.3d at 430-31.  W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229\charrsid12073003 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 e }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16657269 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 also note that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10428690 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 California Vehicle Code }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10428690 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 contains a provision}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4133889 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  similar to 16 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  18103}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10428690 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4133889 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  yet it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  applies substantially identical \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 language to the entire statutory section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4133889 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , and not just one subsection}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16275229 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Compare}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  Cal. Veh. Code \'a7
\loch\f0 \hich\f0  23610 (West 2017) (originally enacted at Cal. Veh. Code \'a7\loch\f0 \hich\f0  23155) (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229\charrsid1789636 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
This section shall not be construed as limiting the introduction of any other competent evidence bearing upon the question of whether the person ingested any alcoholic beverage or was under the influence of an alcoholic beverage at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the time of the alleged \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 offense.\'94\loch\f0 ), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16275229 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16275229 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  16 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  18103}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229\charrsid1789636 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
\hich\f0 (\'93\loch\f0 The provisions of this subsection shall not be construed as limiting the introduction of any other competent evidence bearing upon the question whether the person ingested any alcoholic beverage or was under the influence 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 of an alcoholic beverage at the time of the alleged offense.\'94\loch\f0 ). }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9526842   16 GCA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13729717 \'a7 18103}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3753914 (b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13729717 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13853875 Jury Instruction 6E failed to include any similar }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1196983 qualification}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16152168 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16152168 see}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13853875  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13853875 Tr. at 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16152168 
9-80 (Jury Trial, Nov. 6, 2013), which would have made it clear that the defendant \'93is entitled to offer \lquote other competent evidence\rquote  relevant to whether he was actually under the influence of alcohol.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7022405 People v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16152168 McNeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16152168 , 210 P.3d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7022405 420, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16152168 430}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7022405  (Cal. 2009)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16152168 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13729717  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2828808 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2050294 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2050294 [29]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2050294 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3083612 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Despite }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1196983 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the statutory language of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid3083612\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 16 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  18103}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3083612 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid1196983 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 creating a permissive inference}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3083612 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid16613079\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13853875 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 conclude}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16613079\charrsid5452033 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Jury Instruction 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid73113\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16613079\charrsid5452033 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  appl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8924889\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ies}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16613079\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3083612 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid275805 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 statute}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid275805\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8924889\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  an impermissible, mandatory }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid16613079\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 presumption}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7746800\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1919723 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7746800\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Although Jury Instruction 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid73113\charrsid5452033 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7746800\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1196983 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 is }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16613079\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 perhaps susceptible to interpretation as a permissive inference, taken as a whole it is at best ambig}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid1196983 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 uous}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16613079\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10435761\charrsid5452033 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 because}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1196983 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16613079\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 told the jury tha
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7746800\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 t upon finding the basic facts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16613079\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 it sha
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ll presume}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10296612\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7746800\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Cox was under the influence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10296612\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid2234273 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Cf.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid1196983 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid10296612\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Roder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid10296612\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 658 P.2d at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2234273 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 13}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid10296612\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2234273 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  (finding jury instruction \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
did not inform the jury that if it found the basic facts it could, but was not required to, infer\'94\loch\f0  that a particular element of the crime was met)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10296612\charrsid5452033 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1919723 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1196983 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 specifically directed}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4815845 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  the jury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1919723 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  that this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid10296612\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  presumption }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10435761\charrsid5452033 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'93\loch\f0 affected}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid10296612\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  the burden of proof}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12151393 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10296612\charrsid5452033 
\loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12151393 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  which is constitutionally troublesome. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16613079\charrsid5452033 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid13853875 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13853875 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Tr. at 79 (Jury Trial, Nov. 6, 2013). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1196983 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2050294 [30]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2050294 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4815845 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Our}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid13853875 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  holding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4815845 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  is also consistent with California\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s interpretation and practice.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7022405 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10296612 California\rquote s DUI statute parallels 16 GCA \'a7 18103}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid73113 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10296612  yet California\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid73113 model jury instructions based thereon }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10296612 are carefully drafted to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10296612 exclude }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid73113 any }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10296612 references to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid73113  the statutory}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10435761  presumptions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10296612 affect}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10435761 ing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10296612  the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7746800 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10296612 burden of proof}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1919723 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7746800 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7280518   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7280518\charrsid14450637 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7280518  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7222638 Cal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3632895 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7222638  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7222638\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Crim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3632895 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7222638\charrsid5452033 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Jury Instr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3632895 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7222638  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2192257\charrsid5452033 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 (\'93\loch\f0 CA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2192257 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 LCRIM\'94\loch\f0 ) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7222638\charrsid5452033 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 2110}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7222638 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3347095 bench notes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12456666  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3347095 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7280518\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Jud}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid11417664 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid7280518\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Council of Cal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid11417664 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3347095 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  201}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14623123 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3347095 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid7280518\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2192257 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7280518\charrsid5452033 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Driving Under the Influence, Cal. Veh. Code \'a7\loch\f0  23152(a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3632895 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid7280518\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid7280518\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid12666594\charrsid12666594 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 People v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid7280518\charrsid13853875 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Milham}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid7280518\charrsid13853875 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 205}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7280518\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Cal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1919723 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7280518\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Rptr. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12666594 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 688,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7280518\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  700 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12666594 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (Ct. App. 1984) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid7280518\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (expressing concern regarding statutory presumptions reflected in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8668500 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 California Jury Instruction 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7280518\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 12.61.1).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2192257   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4815845 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2192257 he pertinent portion of CALCRIM 2110 states}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4815845 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16613079 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa240\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid265893 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2192257 If the People have proved beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant\rquote 
s blood alcohol level was 0.08 percent or more at the time of the chemical analysis, you may, but are not required to, conclude that the defendant was under the influence of an alcoholic beverage at the time of the alleged offense. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid949186 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2192257 CALCRIM 2110}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2192257 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs24\super\dbch\af37\insrsid2192257\charrsid5452033 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s22\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid265893 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs24\super\insrsid16275229 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  The bench notes to CALCRIM 2110 also recognize the problem the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16275229 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Milham }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16275229 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Roder }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 courts were grappling with:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid265893 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229\charrsid11412546 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The bracke}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 ted paragraph that begins with \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229\charrsid11412546 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 If the People have proved beyond a reas
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 onable doubt that the defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229\charrsid11412546 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s blood
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  alcohol level was 0.08 percent\'94\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229\charrsid11412546 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
explains a rebuttable presumption created by statute.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229\charrsid11412546 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
The California Supreme Court has held that a jury instruction phrased as a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229\charrsid73113 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 rebuttable presumption in a criminal case creates an u\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
nconstitutional mandatory presumption}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229\charrsid73113 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8548273 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229\charrsid11412546 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 In accordance with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16275229\charrsid4721955 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Roder}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229\charrsid11412546 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , the instructions have been wr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 itten as permissive inferences.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid265893 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229\charrsid10435761 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 CALCRIM 2110}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15689139 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , bench notes (Jud}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11417664 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15689139 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Council of Cal}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11417664 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15689139 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14623123 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 2018}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15689139 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229\charrsid10435761 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
(internal citations omitted); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16275229 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 see also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid16275229\charrsid12666594 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Roder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229\charrsid12666594 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 658 P.2d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229\charrsid12666594 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  1309-13}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16275229\charrsid12666594 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Milham}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229\charrsid12666594 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 205 Cal. Rptr. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229\charrsid12666594 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  700}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2192257 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   The permissive language expressed by CALCRIM 2110 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4981641 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 contrasts with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5529680 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1196983 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 clearly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5529680 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 mandatory instruction that was expressed by Jury Instructi\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 on 6E. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2192257\charrsid5452033 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li1872\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1872\itap0\pararsid265893 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid353732 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6498278 .\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7280518 Jury Instruction 6E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11423677  runs afoul of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13594822 constitutional due process}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14293210 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid80581 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2050294 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2050294 [31]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2050294 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid73113\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Having found that Jury Instruction 6E }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8668500 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 contained}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid73113\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  a mandatory }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8924889\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 conclusive }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid73113\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 presumption, we turn to the question of whether it violated Cox\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s constitutionally protected presumption of innocence.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid10045944\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 If the charge as a whole is ambiguous, the question is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10560572\charrsid5452033 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'93\lquote }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10045944\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 whether there is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7630606\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10045944\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 reasonable likelihood that the jury has applied the challeng\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ed instruction in a way\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 \hich\f0 
 that violates the Constitution.\'94\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15073286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid10045944\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Estelle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10045944\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7630606\charrsid4333619 502 U.S. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7630606 at 72}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7630606\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10045944\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid7630606\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Boyde}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2567154 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid7630606\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7630606\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 494 U.S. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7352166 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid7630606\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  380}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7352166 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7630606\charrsid5452033 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2850511 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2050294 [32]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2050294 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6446232 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Here, we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid14707944 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  find it reasonably likely a juror would have relied on the presumption in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1530595 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
convicting Cox of the charges affected}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10029608 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  by Jury In\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 struction 6E, which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1530595 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 are the First, Third and Fifth Charges.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1196983 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6446232 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7153872 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 It is likely the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6446232 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  challenged }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid1530595 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 jury instruction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7086802 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7153872 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
would have been understood to create}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6446232 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  a mandatory, conclusive presumption that shift}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7153872 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6446232 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1196983 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the burden of proof. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7153872 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1196983 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid80581\charrsid5452033 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 he charge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15073286 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid80581\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  read as a wh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8213111\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ole}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15073286 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8213111\charrsid5452033 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  does not explain or cure that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1196983 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  error, which includes }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8213111\charrsid5452033 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7153872 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6446232 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 statement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8213111\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  that a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14100617\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 BAC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid80581\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  over 0.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid11416826\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 08}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15689139 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 %}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10045944\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 shall\'94\loch\f0  give }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid80581\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 rise}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8213111\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  to a presumption}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid10045944\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  \'93\loch\f0 affecting the burden of proof}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8213111\charrsid5452033 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid10045944\charrsid5452033 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8213111\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid15158980\charrsid15158980 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15158980\charrsid15158980 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Tr. at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid15158980 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 79:19-21}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15158980\charrsid15158980 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (Jury Trial, Nov. 6, 2013)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid7086802 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid7086802 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 cf. Carella v. California}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7086802 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 491 U.S. 263, 26}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12144007 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7086802 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  (1989) (\'93}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14838067 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [T]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7086802 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
he instructions in this case were phrased as commands, for those instructions were explicit and unqualified to that effect and were not explained elsewhere in the jury charge }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7088220 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 to be merely permissive.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7086802 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'94\loch\f0 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12144007 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1530595 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2050294 [33]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2050294 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5318677 Jury Instruction 3F contains}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5318677  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5318677\charrsid5318677 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2363747 rather }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9047322 generic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5318677\charrsid5318677  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5318677 explanation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5318677\charrsid5318677  of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5318677 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5318677\charrsid9047322 inferences}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4981641 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5318677 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15158980  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15139692  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4981641 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11169183 Tr. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15158980  at 70-72}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11169183  (Jury Trial, Nov. 6, 2013)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4981641 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1196983   We do
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2363747  not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9047322  find }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2363747 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1196983 this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2363747 
 sufficiently cured the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9047322  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2363747 flawed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9047322  instruction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10029608 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9047322  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15139692  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10029608 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1985927 
 rational juror might still decide to rely exclusively on the mandatory presumption in Jury Instruction 6E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9775738  to conclude Cox drove under the influence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1985927\charrsid6778587 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1196983  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid6778587\charrsid6778587 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Cf. Carella}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid6778587\charrsid6778587 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 491 U.S. at 266 (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15139692 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 These }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid6778587\charrsid6778587 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 mandatory directions directly foreclosed independent jury consideration of whether the facts proved established certain elements}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid15139692 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  of the offenses with which [Defendant] was charged.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6778587\charrsid6778587 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'94\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6778587 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10045944\charrsid6778587 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Without }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid9047322\charrsid6778587 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 sufficiently specific and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5318677\charrsid6778587 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid8213111\charrsid6778587 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 curative}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10045944\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  instruction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid8213111\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5318677\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid10045944\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the jurors could have thought that they were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10045944\charrsid3804687 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 required}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10045944\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8213111\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 presume Cox}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid10045944\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  was under the influence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1196983 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  This would}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid9047322\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8213111\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 improperly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7630606 shift to Cox what }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1196983 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7630606  the People\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1530595 burden }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7630606\charrsid15485289 
to prove the facts of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7630606 each element }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8213111 beyond a reasonable doubt.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8213111 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid15753725 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8213111\charrsid7630606  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8213111 e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8213111\charrsid4259923 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8213111  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8213111\charrsid15485289 Francis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8213111 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8213111\charrsid15485289  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8213111 471 U.S. at 325; }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8213111 Sandstrom}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15139692 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8213111  442 U.S. at 524}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9047322\charrsid5452033 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1530595 McLean}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1530595\charrsid7630606 , 963 F.2d at 1308-09}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1530595 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid1985927\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Salazar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1985927\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 505 So.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid8064985 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1985927\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 2d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12650527\charrsid5452033 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1985927\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 1292 (holding court did not provide adequate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15353845 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 instruction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15353845\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1985927\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
to jurors as to statutory presumption of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4343482 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 being}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1985927\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 under influence); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid9047322\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Tiedemann}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9047322\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
, 790 P.2d at 342 (vacating conviction where trial court read verbatim statutory language but failed to provide a specific instruction that jury was not required to presume intoxicat\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ion from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14100617\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 BAC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9047322\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  results}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid1985927\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  exceeding 0.10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15139692 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 %}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid1985927\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7088220 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2050294 [34]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2050294 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1797590 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 We }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid4981641 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 also must }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1797590 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 address the First Charge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4981641 
\loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1797590 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6778587 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 counts in more detail}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1797590 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1797590\charrsid12911147 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
of the way the instructions for those counts failed to track the statutory language}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6778587\charrsid12911147 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid6778587\charrsid12911147 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid1797590\charrsid12911147 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid1797590\charrsid12911147 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Part }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12911147\charrsid12911147 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 IV.B.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7352166 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12911147\charrsid12911147 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .a.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1797590 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6778587 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2780100 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 itle }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1797590 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 16 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  18111(b) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1797590\charrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 allows for convictions based on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid6778587 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1797590 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 BAC }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6778587 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 finding}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1797590\charrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1797590 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 a finding of being}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid1797590\charrsid6047975 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  under the influence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1797590 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid6778587 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6778587 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 16 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  18111(b).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1797590 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6778587 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1797590 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Jury Instructions 7A and 7B, however, foreclosed any First Charge convictions based on BAC levels}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6778587 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \emdash \loch\f0 and instead required intoxication,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid6778587 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6778587 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Tr. at 81\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 -82 (Jury Trial, Nov. 6, 2013), }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2780100 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 thus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1797590 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  triggering the application of the presumption}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid6778587 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1797590 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  contained in Jury Instruction 6E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2780100 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6778587 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid6778587 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 see id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6778587 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  at 79 (extending presumptions to \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 any criminal action arising out of acts\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  committed by a person \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 while intoxicated\'94\loch\f0 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8266139 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2780100 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 For the Fi\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 rst Charge counts, a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1797590 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  factfinder }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10433956 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 could}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2780100 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  therefore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10433956 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1797590 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 believe that}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid275805 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1797590 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Cox}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10433956 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1797590 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  presumed conclusively intoxicated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10433956 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  and}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1797590 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  that the prosecution\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s burden }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15601720 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 on the matter}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1797590 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  had been met}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10190377 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , irrespective of any }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid15601720 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 predicate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10190377 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 facts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2780100 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 
\emdash \loch\f0 such as BAC levels\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1142409 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 that might underlie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10190377 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 the presum}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7880426 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ption \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 of intoxication}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15601720 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2780100 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Moreover, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15601720\charrsid1142409 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 trial court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1797590\charrsid1142409 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 failed to include any reference to the final paragraph of 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797590\charrsid1142409 6 GCA \'a7
 18103, which might have made it clear Cox }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15601720\charrsid1142409 was not limited in introducing evidence that controverted the point.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1142409\charrsid1142409 See}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797590\charrsid1142409  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid1797590\charrsid1142409 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Carella}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid1797590\charrsid1142409 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 491 U.S. at 266 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1142409\charrsid1142409 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 fin\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
ding a mandatory presumption \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 directly foreclosed independent jury consideration of whether the facts proved established certain elements\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  and \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 also relieved the State of its burden of proof
\'94\loch\f0 ); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid1797590\charrsid1142409 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Connecticut v. Johnson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1797590\charrsid1142409 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
, 460 U.S. 73}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1142409\charrsid1142409 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6633251 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 84}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid1142409\charrsid1142409 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 -85 (1983)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1797590\charrsid1142409 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid1142409\charrsid1142409 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 finding a c\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 onclusive presumption \'93\loch\f0 would have led}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1797590\charrsid1142409 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1142409\charrsid1142409 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [the jury] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1797590\charrsid1142409 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
to ignore the evidence in finding that the State had proved [defendant] g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1142409\charrsid1142409 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 uilty beyond a reasonable doubt,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid1797590\charrsid1142409 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1142409\charrsid1142409 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid1797590\charrsid1142409 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  \'93\loch\f0 renders irrelevant the evidence on the issue because the jury may have relied upon the presumpt\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
ion rather than upon that evidence\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1142409\charrsid1142409 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6633251 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid1797590 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1530595 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2050294 [35]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2050294 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14358932 Therefore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14317772 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14358932  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1142409 we find }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid275805 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid275805 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid7086802 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10433956 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 language }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7086802 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 in}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14358932\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Jury Instruction 6E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2780100 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  regarding presumptions}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10433956 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8213583 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  obvious}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15073286 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  error}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1142409 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  with respect to the First Charge, Third Charge and Fifth Charge.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid12137979 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12137979 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Tr. at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4473938 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 78 }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12665373\charrsid1073816 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (Jury Trial, Nov. 6, 2013)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12665373 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4473938 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (defining Vehicular Homicide While Intoxicated as driving a vehicle under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4473938\charrsid1073816 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
the influence)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12665373 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid12665373 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid12665373 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4473938\charrsid1073816 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12137979\charrsid1073816 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 81-82, 83, 84}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4473938\charrsid1073816 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 (instructing jury that intoxication, or being under the influence, is essential element of First, Third and Fifth Charges)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1142409\charrsid1073816 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8213583 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 We }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4981641 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 find}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8213583 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10433956 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8213583 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1142409\charrsid1073816 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  error affected }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4981641 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Cox\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1142409\charrsid1073816 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  substantial rights}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2780100 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid1142409\charrsid1073816 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  that the jury }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2780100 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 likely }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1073816 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 understood the instruction in a way}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1142409\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1073816 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 would have misallocated the burden of proof.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid1073816 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See Carella}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1073816 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 491 U.S. at 265-66.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7289892 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   In examining the record as a whole, Cox\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s substantial rights were}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8213583 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7289892 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 prej\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 udiced because the \'93\loch\f0 
instructional mistake had a probable impact on the jury\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 \hich\f0 s finding.\'94\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid7289892 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Gargarita}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid7289892 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 2015 Guam 28 \'b6\loch\f0  23 (citation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3280769 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 and internal quotation marks }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7289892 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 omitted).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4981641 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8213583 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 e find reversal necessary to maintain the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7880426 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 integrity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8213583 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7880426 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 proceedings because the \'93\loch\f0 fai\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
rness of the trial was directly affected by the quality of the court\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 \hich\f0 s instructions.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8213583 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid3280769 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid8213583 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8213583 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7880426 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8213583 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7880426 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 36.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1142409\charrsid8213583 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2050294 [36]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2050294 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2780100 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Therefore, we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid13635601\charrsid12137979 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  vacate Cox\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s convictions for: (1) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13635601\charrsid12137979 
each of the two counts under the First Charge (Vehicular Homicide While Intoxicated (As a Second Degree Felony)); (2) the single count}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13635601  under the Third Charge (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13635601\charrsid13635601 Driving While Under the Influence of Alcohol with Injuries (As a Third Degree Felony}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13635601 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6237217 );}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13635601  and (3)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13635601\charrsid13635601  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13635601 the single count under the Fifth Charge (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13635601\charrsid13635601 
Driving while Under the Influence of Alcohol (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2780100 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13635601\charrsid13635601 s a Misdemeanor)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13635601 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6237217   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1530595\charrsid10029608 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2050294\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2050294 [37]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2050294 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2780100 We affirm Cox\rquote s convictions related to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14317772 the following }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10560572 charges}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2780100 
, which}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10560572  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7088220 were unaffected by the improper presumption in Jury Instruction 6E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6423434  as they are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6423434 per se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6423434 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6423434  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6423434 BAC-based offenses}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6237217 
: (1) the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6237217\charrsid6237217 two counts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6237217 under the Second Charge (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6237217\charrsid6237217 Vehicular Homic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6237217 ide (As a Second Degree Felony));}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6237217\charrsid6237217  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6237217 (2) the single count under the Fourth Charge (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6237217\charrsid6237217 Driving While Under the Influence of Alcohol with Injuries (BAC) (As}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6237217  a Third Degree Felony)); (3) the single count under the Sixth Charge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6237217\charrsid6237217  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6237217 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6237217\charrsid6237217 Driving While Under the Influence of Alcohol (BAC) (As a Misdemeanor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6237217 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6237217\charrsid6237217 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10181059 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16605703\charrsid5452033 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li1152\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1152\itap0\pararsid14043208 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5316183 2.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2050294 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10510257\charrsid14043208 Jury Instruction 6G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5316183 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10510257\charrsid2974066 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2050294 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2050294 [38]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2050294 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10510257\charrsid275805 Cox}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2780100  also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10510257\charrsid275805  asserts the \'93rebuttable presumption}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10510257 \'94
 in Jury Instruction 6G confused the jury.  Appellant\rquote s Br. at 6-8.  We address this argument }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4420589 only }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10510257 
in passing because the affected charges are vacated on other grounds}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3305132 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10510257  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3305132  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid3305132 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10510257 ee }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15950039 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4259923  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10510257 Part IV.B.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4259923 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10510257 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10510257\charrsid2974066 Jury Instruction 6G is the only instruction that mentions an explicitly \'93rebuttable\'94
 presumption, and it generally\emdash but not identically\emdash tracks the language of 16 GCA \'a7 18102(e).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3305132 Compare }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10510257\charrsid2974066 Tr. at 80}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2780100 -81 (Jury Trial, Nov. 6, 2013)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3305132 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3305132 with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2780100  16 GCA \'a7 18102(e)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10510257\charrsid2974066 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8542134 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2050294 [39]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2050294 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10510257\charrsid2974066 Under 16 GCA \'a7 18102(e), the rebuttable presumption applies to any prosecution under \'93this Section,\'94 that is, 16 GCA \'a7 18102, which includes the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth charges against Cox.}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs24\super\insrsid10510257\charrsid2974066 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s22\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid265893 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs24\super\insrsid16275229 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Namely, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229\charrsid10831415 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Driving While Under the Influence of Alcohol with Injuries (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229\charrsid10831415 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 s a Third Degree Felony) under 16 GCA \'a7\'a7\loch\f0 
 18102(c) and 18110; Driving While Under the Influence of Alcohol with Injuries (BAC) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229\charrsid10831415 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s a Third De}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 gree Felony) under 16 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 GCA \'a7\'a7\loch\f0  18}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16275229\charrsid10831415 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 102(d) and 18110; Driving while Under the Influence of Alcohol (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16275229\charrsid10831415 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 s a Misdemeanor) under 16 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  18102(a); and Driving While Under the Influence of Alcohol (BAC) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229\charrsid10831415 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s a Misd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 emeanor) under 16 GCA \'a7\loch\f0 
 18102(b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229\charrsid10831415 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ).  RA, tab 59 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 at 2 (2d Superseding Indictme\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 nt}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16275229\charrsid10831415 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ).  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10510257\charrsid2974066   The statute is clear t
hat the rebuttable presumption is, specifically, a presumption that the defendant is \'93under the influence of alcohol\'94 at the time of operating or being in physical control of a motor vehicle.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10510257\charrsid2974066 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10510257\charrsid2974066 16 GCA \'a7 18102(e).  Therefore, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2780100 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10510257\charrsid2974066 
 presumption applies }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2692474 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10510257\charrsid2974066 charges subsumed under 16 GCA \'a7 18102 that have being \'93under the influence of alcohol\'94
 as an element.  These include only the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10510257\charrsid2780100 third and fifth charges}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10510257\charrsid2974066  in the Second Superseding Indictment, which relate to 16 GCA 
\'a7 18102(c) and (a), respectively.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10510257\charrsid2974066 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10510257\charrsid2974066 RA, tab 59 at 2 (2d Superseding Indictment).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10510257   We need not reach the merits of whether Jury Instruction 6G confused the jury because the third and fifth charges are vacated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2780100 on other grounds,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10510257  as discussed above. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li1152\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1152\itap0\pararsid265893 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15665137 3.\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid3614818\charrsid14043208 P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10510257\charrsid14043208 resumptions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3614818\charrsid14043208 that relate to required elements of 
a crime should be explained to the jury as being}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10510257\charrsid14043208  permissive.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2050294 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2050294 [40]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2050294 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3614818\charrsid6171329 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 In our supervisory capacity, we comment on the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4987702 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
problem of the use of the word \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 presumption\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3614818\charrsid6171329 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  in jury instructions.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid3614818 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 In criminal cases, the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3614818\charrsid6171329 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  jury should be instructed on the permissive nature of an}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3614818 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3614818\charrsid6171329 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4987702 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 presumption }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3614818 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 that relates to a required element of the crime.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid3614818 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid12876793 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Commonwealth}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid12876793\charrsid949186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid3614818\charrsid949186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 v. Moreira}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3614818\charrsid949186 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid3614818\charrsid949186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3614818\charrsid949186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 434 N.E.2d 196, 200 (Mass. 1982)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid3614818 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3614818\charrsid6171329 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The safer course, perhaps, is to avoid the use of the word \hich\f0 \lquote 
\loch\f0 presumption,\loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  in any context which inclu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3614818\charrsid949186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 des the burden of proof in criminal cases.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3614818 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'94\loch\f0 ).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4987702 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Such}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3614818 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  presumptions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12199962\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  must be explained as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4987702 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 inferences that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12199962\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  the jury is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4987702 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
free to accept or reject}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12199962\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  and which do not place any burden on the defendant to produce evidence or witnesses.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid9970412\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15073286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4987702 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
He\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 re, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12199962\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Jury }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid942348\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Instruction }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14317772\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 3F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7280518\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
, which contained a generic list of inferences,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14317772\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  may have been an attempt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid67401\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  to address this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14317772\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  problem, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid16596467\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 but }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3614818 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14317772\charrsid5452033 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  insufficiently }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4987702 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 cured the offending instructions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9645434\charrsid5452033 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid4987702 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Cf. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid9645434\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Milham}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9645434\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 205 Cal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8064985 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid9645434\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Rptr. at 700. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16596467\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid12876793 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9645434\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 erhaps}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14317772\charrsid5452033 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  the more prudent course would have been to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4088365\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 sever the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid14317772\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  words \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 burden of proof\'94\loch\f0  altogether}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8064985 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \emdash }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7352166 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'e0\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6171329 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 la }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid8064985 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the Model California Jury Instructions\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3614818 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid14317772\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3614818 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 specifically}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid14317772\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  explain that the presumption}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4088365\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid14317772\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  in Jury Instruction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3804687 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid14317772\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4088365\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 6E and 6G were}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid14317772\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  permissive}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4987702 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  inferences that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3614818 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 could be a\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ccepted or rejected}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4987702 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  by the jury and shifted no burden of proof to the defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14317772\charrsid5452033 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4088365\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4987702 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2761087 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2050294 [41]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2050294 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1397364\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 We are cognizant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4987702 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 of the challenge this creates}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3305132 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4987702 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5660388 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 especially where the trial court}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3500140 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4987702 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid10560572\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 generally }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5660388 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 attempt to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3804687 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10560572\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 track the statute\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid12465329\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  language}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5660388 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4987702 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 when giving}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5660388 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  jury instructions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12465329\charrsid5452033 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1397364\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4987702 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 We 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 understand that j}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4987702\charrsid6171329 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 uries may}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3305132 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 
\emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4987702 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3305132 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4987702\charrsid6171329 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4987702\charrsid67401 indeed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3305132 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4987702\charrsid6171329 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 generally must}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3305132 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4987702\charrsid6171329 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 draw inferences from evidence.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4987702 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Nonetheless, trial courts should}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4793008 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid1397364\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3417812\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  especially}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid1397364\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  alert }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9918132\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 for instances where}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid1397364\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12465329\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the language of a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid3417812\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1397364\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 statutory }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid8144950\charrsid5452033 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3417812\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 presumption}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid8144950\charrsid5452033 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3417812\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  in a criminal case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid1397364\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12465329\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 may undermine}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4987702 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  jury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5596056\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3804687 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
instructions elsewhere that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3417812\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 inform the jury }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1397364\charrsid5452033 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 as to its duty to find all ele}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4088365\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ments beyond a reasonable doubt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid8144950\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4987702 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  We emphasize that o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid12465329\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ur holding in this case is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3804687 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 not to be read inconsistently }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8144950\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 with our decision in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid4088365\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Demapan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4088365\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8144950\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 where we held jury instructions must accur
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ately track the relevant statute }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid8144950\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8144950\charrsid5452033 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  be sufficient to inform the jury of its duty to find facts proving the elements of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5660388 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid3500140 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3500140 2004 Guam 24 \'b6 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3500140\charrsid12911147 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid3500140\charrsid12911147 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid4987702 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid3500140\charrsid12911147 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 supra }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12911147\charrsid12911147 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Part}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid12911147 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  IV.B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3500140\charrsid12666594 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5660388 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4987702 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Merely}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12465329\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  tracking the statute alone is not sufficient to
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  save an otherwise constitutionally flawed jury instruction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8144950\charrsid5452033 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12465329\charrsid5452033 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8144950\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 When grappling with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3500140 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
transforming}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8144950\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  statutory }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3500140 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 language}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8144950\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  into}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12465329\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  criminal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid8144950\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  jury instructions,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13651534\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid3804687 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 trial courts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13651534\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15021292\charrsid5452033 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 should}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4987702 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  therefore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15021292\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8144950\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 fashion }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4088365\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
appropriate and targeted modifications }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5596056\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 or explanations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4987702 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5596056\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4088365\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid8144950\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 any}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5596056\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid8144950\charrsid5452033 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 presumptions\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13651534\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 in order to avoid constitutional infirmities.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4088365\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid5004836\charrsid5452033 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  See Roder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5004836\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 658 P.2d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5596056\charrsid5452033 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13768524\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  1312-13 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2820104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
recognizing that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5004836\charrsid5452033 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2820104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5004836\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 he transfor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12465329\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 mation of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid12876793 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12876793\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12465329\charrsid5452033 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 statutory . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5004836\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  presumption into a permissible inference appears quite reasonable and feasible}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2820104 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5004836\charrsid5452033 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'94\loch\f0  and although it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3417812\charrsid5452033 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  may r\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 equire}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5004836\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 the careful framing of jury instructions,\'94
\loch\f0  the statute should be construed as authorizing only a permissive inference).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12456666 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid12199962\charrsid5452033 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid265893 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16605703\charrsid5990225 V.  CONCLUSION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid16605703 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2050294\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2050294 [42]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2050294 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15021292\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 For the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6237217\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  foregoing reasons, }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16605703\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14226300\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\dbch\af37\insrsid14226300\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 AFFIRM }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14226300\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the trial court\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s decision not to is}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5596056\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 sue a self-defense instruction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5660388 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Nevertheless,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5596056\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14226300\charrsid5452033 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16605703\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid12916706\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 VACATE
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6237217\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6237217\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Cox\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s convictions related to the First Charge, Third Charge, and Fifth Charge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3804687 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6237217\charrsid5452033 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 AFFIRM}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6237217\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  his convictions related to the Second Charge, Fourth}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid5596056\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Charge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15215914 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5596056\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 and Sixth Charge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1776102 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2820104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid1776102 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 We}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5596056\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid16605703\charrsid5452033 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 REMAND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14226300\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10560572\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16605703\charrsid5452033 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12916706\charrsid5452033 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16605703 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10975821 
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