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{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\insrsid16611761\charrsid478042 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12011635 Supreme Court Case No.:  CVA15-001}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12011635\charrsid271537 
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\par 
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\b\fs28\ulnone\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 OPINION
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\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
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\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid13465794 Filed:  June 16, 2017}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid13465794\charrsid13465794 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid15081981 Cite as: 2017}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid16611761\charrsid14637041  Guam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid15872901 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid16611761\charrsid14637041 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par 
\par Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam
\par Argu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10355850  and submitted on October 27, 2015}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2364621\charrsid271537 
\par \ltrrow}\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow\ts11\trqc\trgaph120\trleft-120\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid15339189\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb
\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4860\clshdrawnil \cellx4740\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4500\clshdrawnil \cellx9240\pard \ltrpar
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15339189 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 Appearing for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe0\langfenp0\insrsid10355850 Plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 -Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs16\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe0\langfenp0\insrsid10355850 /
\par Cross-Appellee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 :
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid10355850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10355850 Delia Lujan Wolff, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10355850 Esq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10355850\charrsid16409367 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10355850 Lujan & Wolff LLP
\par DNA Building
\par 238 Archbishop Flores St., Ste. 300
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6167559\charrsid6167559 Hag\'e5t\'f1a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10355850 , GU 96910}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid16597833 \cell }\pard \ltrpar
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15339189 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 Appearing for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe0\langfenp0\insrsid10355850 Defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 -Appellee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs16\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe0\langfenp0\insrsid10355850 /
\par Cross-Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid10355850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10355850 William Benjamin Pole, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10355850 Esq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10355850 
\par Law Offices of Gumataotao & Pole
\par 115 San Ramon St., Ste. 301
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6167559\charrsid6167559 Hag\'e5t\'f1a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10355850 , GU 96910}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12011635\charrsid271537 \cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow\ts11\trqc\trgaph120\trleft-120\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid15339189\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4860\clshdrawnil \cellx4740\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4500\clshdrawnil \cellx9240\row }\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12011635 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5208921 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12011635 \page }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 BEFORE: }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 ROBERT J. TORRES}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 , Chief Justice; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 KATHERINE A. MARAMAN, Associate Justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8149708 ; ALEXANDRO C. CASTRO, Justice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8149708 Pro Tempore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\super\insrsid14840859 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956026 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\super\insrsid14840859 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14840859  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5208921 Pursuant to 7 GCA \'a7 6106, Associate Justice F. Philip Carbullid
o recused himself from this matter. \~On }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8070896 September 2, 2015,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5208921  pursuant to 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 6108(a) and 3109(f), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8070896 then-}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5208921 Chief Justice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8070896 Robert J. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5208921 Torres appointed the Honorable Alexandro C. Castro as Justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14813992 {\*\bkmkstart hit5}{\*\bkmkstart hit_last}{\*\bkmkend hit5}{\*\bkmkend hit_last} }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14813992 Pro Tempore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5208921  in this matter.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8070896   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14840859 The signatures in this opinion reflect the titles of the Justices at the time this matter was considered and determined.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid918121 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10355850 TORRES}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16611761 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10355850 C.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16611761 J.:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8149708 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5795515 [1]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5795515 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166392 Plaintiff-Appellant/Cross-Appellee Antonio Artero Sablan }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8149708 (\'93Antonio\'94) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166392 
appeals from a final decree of divorce ending the marriage between Antonio and Defendant-Appellee/Cross-Appellant Patria Untalan Sablan }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8149708 (\'93Patria\'94) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166392 
and dividing the parties\rquote  property.  Antonio raises several issues on appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8149708  respecting the trial court\rquote s characterization and division of the parties\rquote  property and debt}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2033322 , as well as the court\rquote s finding that he committed adultery}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8149708 .  Similarly, Patria raises several issues on cross-appeal concerning the trial court\rquote 
s characterization and division of property as well as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15008481 its denial of spousal support and refusal to find Antonio at fault for mental cruelty.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14753338 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5795515 [2]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5795515 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15008481 For 
the reasons set forth below, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15008481\charrsid7166392 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid918121 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid918121 I.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13268800 
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid918121 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5795515 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5795515 [3]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5795515 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5203746 Antonio and Patria married in Reno, Nevad}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15339189 a on March 30, 1984.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10035607 During the next 25 years}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5203746 , they separated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10035607 (and reunited) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5203746 on numerous occasions for varying lengths of time}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10035607 
, with the longest period of separation lasting 11 months.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2033322 In addition to these periods of separation, the parties }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2950699 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2033322 attempted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2950699 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2033322  to divorce on three occasions before the filing of the divorce proceedings underlying this appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15020337   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12221434 Record on Appeal (\'93RA\'94), tab 77 at 3-4 (Finds. Fact & Concl. L., Oct. 31, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2033322\charrsid15020337 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5795515 [4]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5795515 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15300462 Prior to the marriage, Antonio owned several pieces of real property in his name alone.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15020337 During the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15300462 course of the parties\rquote  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15020337 marriage, Antonio }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15300462 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid15300462 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15300462 so
ld or otherwise transferred his interest in property which was held in his name only to purchase or obtain [other] property, title to which was held in several ways: in his name only, in both his and [Patria]\rquote s names, in his and [Patria]\rquote 
s names with [Patria] later quitclaiming her interest in some of these properties and, finally, in [Patria]\rquote s name only. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2298390 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15300462 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12221434  at 25.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15300462   The marital residence, which the parties refer to as \'93the Blue House,\'94 was held in Patria\rquote s name alone.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2298390 Id.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5795515 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5795515 [5]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5795515 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2298390 In March 2009, after what would become the parties\rquote  final separation, Patria moved out of the Blue House and into a unit at the Pahong Court apartments in Chalan Pago (\'93Pahong Court\'94). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10815695  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2298390 The unit is held in Antonio\rquote s name alone.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid675369 Antonio continued to reside in the Blue House after the parties\rquote 
 separation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15020337\charrsid2298390 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5795515 [6]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5795515 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12723027 O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9380779 n April 7, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2298390 2011, Antonio filed for divorce}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9380779  on the grounds of irreconcilable differences.  Patria counterclaimed, seeking dissolution on the grounds of extreme mental cruelty, desertion, and adultery.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12723027 After a bench trial, the trial court granted Antonio a divorce on the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2298390 grounds}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12723027 
 of irreconcilable differences, and Patria a divorce on the ground of adultery.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13443128   The court characterized each of the parties\rquote  real }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10626496 and personal }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13443128 properties as either community or separate, and divided the property accordingly.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\super\insrsid2298390 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s26\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956026 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs28\super\insrsid5602060 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060  Each property at issue in this appeal is described in turn below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13443128   Additionally, the court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5768270 determined that Patria is entitled to 40.5% of Antonio\rquote s net monthly retirement benefits as her half of the community\rquote s share of the benef}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11223743 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5768270 ts, while Antonio is entitled to half the value of Patria\rquote s retirement plans at the time of separation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13443128  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5768270  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1842084 The court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1842084\charrsid1842084 awarded }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1842084 P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1842084\charrsid1842084 
atria $73,046.08 as arrears owed on her share of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1842084 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1842084\charrsid1842084 ntonio\rquote s retirement benefits}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1842084 .  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5795515 [7]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5795515 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10626496 The court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1842084 also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10626496 found that Antonio \'93has paid for nearly all of the debts after the parties\rquote  final separation.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10626496 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10626496  at 38.  Noting the parties
\rquote  \'93fail[ure] to clearly identify the proportion in which each party is obligated for the debts,\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13443128 the court held Antonio solely liable for the community debts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10626496  on the basis of his being at fault for adultery}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13443128 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10626496   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10626496 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10626496  at 40.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5203746\charrsid10626496 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5795515 [8]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5795515 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5768270 A Final D
ecree of Divorce was entered on December 9, 2014.  Antonio timely filed a notice of appeal, and Patria timely filed a notice of cross-appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5768270\charrsid12723027 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid918121 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 II.  JURISDICTION
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5795515\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5795515 [9]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5795515 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
This court has jurisdiction over an appeal from a final decree of divorce pursuant to 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 1424-1(a)(2) (Westlaw }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12723027 through Pub. L. 11}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10815695 5-30}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1862887  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12723027 (201}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10815695 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12723027 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
), and 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 3107 and 3108(a) (2005).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid11560187 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tx7260\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11863515 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 \tab III.  STANDARD OF REVIEW\tab 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5795515\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5795515 [10]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5795515 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 This court reviews }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  the trial court\rquote s characterization of property in a marital dissolution action as community or separate.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 
Kloppenburg v. Kloppenburg}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 , 2014 Guam 5 \'b6 16 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Babauta v. Babauta}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 , 2011 Guam 15 \'b6 18 (\'93}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Babauta I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 \'94)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid11560187 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5795515 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5795515 [11]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5795515 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 The trial court\rquote s finding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid220927 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515  of fact after a bench trial are reviewed for clear error, while its conclusions of law are reviewed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  \'b6 17 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Babauta I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 , 2011 Guam 15 \'b6 19).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1862887 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
A finding of fact is clearly erroneous where it is not supported by substantial evidence, and this court is left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1862887 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Babauta v. Babauta}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515 , 2013 Guam 17 \'b6 17 (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Babauta II}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 \'94)).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5795515 [12]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5795515 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid271696 The trial court\rquote 
s distribution of community property after rendering a divorce on the ground of adultery or extreme cruelty is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid271696 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid271696  19 GCA 
\'a7 8411(a) (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14767399  (allowing court to make disproportionate assignment of community property where divorce decree rendered on grounds of adultery or extreme cruelty)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid271696 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid271696\charrsid271696 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid918121 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 IV.  ANALYSIS
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s22\qj \fi-432\li432\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin432\itap0\pararsid11863515\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 A.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10896143 The Trial Court\rquote s Grant of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 
 Divorce to Patria on the Ground of Adultery
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5795515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5795515 [13]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5795515 \tab }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12723027 As his first assignment of error, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
Antonio argues that the trial court erred in granting divorce to Patria on the ground of adultery.  Though he concedes that he \'93admitted to beginning a sexual relationship in 2010 with another woman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10815695 
 . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 , after the parties separated in 2009,\'94 Appellant\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12010311 Principal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 Br. at 6 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid818293 (May 28, 2015) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12723027 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15339189 A, tab 77}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12612564 
 at 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  (Finds. Fact & Concl. L.)), he argues that this admission was not a sufficient basis for the trial court\rquote s granting a divorce on the grounds of adultery, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid11863515 id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515   In support of this argument, Antonio cites to 6 GCA \'a7 8206, which provides that \'93
[i]n an action for divorce, on the ground of adultery, a confession of adultery, whether in or out of the pleading is not of itself sufficient to justify a judgment of divorce.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2965134 quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 6 GCA \'a7 8206 (2005)).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5795515 [14]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5795515 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 Title 6 GCA \'a7
 8206 was derived from former Guam Code of Civil Procedure section 2079, which in turn was adopted from former California Code of Civil Procedure section 2079.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515\charrsid6493415 Compare}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid6493415  Guam Code Civ. P. \'a7 2079}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15214758\charrsid6493415  (1970)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid6493415 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid11863515\charrsid6493415 with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid6493415  Cal. Code Civ. P. \'a7 2079}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15214758\charrsid6493415  (1933)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515\charrsid6493415 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515   In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Wilson v. Wilson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 , the California }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10896143 First District Court of A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 ppeal explained the purpose of section 2079 and California Civil Code section 130}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\super\insrsid11863515 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956026 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\super\insrsid5602060 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060  Guam\rquote s version of section 130 is found in 19 GCA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060\charrsid16470390 \'a7}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060  8320, which is derived from former Guam Civil Code section 130.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf17\insrsid5602060 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060  19 GCA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf17\insrsid5602060\charrsid16470390 \'a7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060  8320 (2005), SOURCE.  Title 19 GCA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060\charrsid16470390 \'a7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060 
 8320 provides:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid15956026 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs20\cf17\insrsid5602060\charrsid5131427 \'a7 8320.  Default, When Allowed.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid15956026 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060\charrsid16218234 No}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid15956026  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060\charrsid16218234 dissolution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf17\insrsid15956026  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060\charrsid16218234 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid15956026  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060\charrsid16218234 marriage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid15956026  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060\charrsid16218234 can}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid15956026  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060\charrsid16218234 be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid15956026  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060\charrsid16218234 granted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid15956026  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060\charrsid8263428 upon}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid15956026  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060\charrsid16218234 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid15956026  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060\charrsid8263428 uncorroborated}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid15956026  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060\charrsid8263428 statement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060\charrsid16218234 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid15956026 
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060\charrsid16218234 admission or testimony of the parties in any contested action for dissolution of marriage, but the court must require proof of the facts alleged. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf17\insrsid5602060  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060\charrsid16218234 
In the event of uncontested, consent or default divorce actions, the court may grant a divorce based upon the verified complaint of the Plaintiff or Petitioner if it appears to be in the interests of justice. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf17\insrsid5602060  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060\charrsid16218234 Any corroboration or evidence which the court may require in default, consent, or other uncontested divorces shall be in the form of sworn affidavits.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s26\qj \li0\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956026 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf17\insrsid5602060 Id.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 :
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid11863515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515\charrsid16218234 
No divorce can be granted upon the uncorroborated statement, admission, or testimony of the parties (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515 Cal. Civ. Code}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515\charrsid16218234  \'a7
 130); and in an action for divorce on the ground of adultery a confession of adultery, whether in or out of the pleadings, is not of itself sufficient to justify a judgment of divorce (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515 Cal. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515\charrsid16218234 Code Civ. Proc. \'a7 2079). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515\charrsid16218234 It has been held, howe
ver, that the principal object of the rule requiring corroboration is to prevent collusion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid3046281 and, where it is clear that there is }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 no collusion, and the defendant\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid3046281 s testimony, though conflicting with that of plaintiff in many of its details, in the more impo
rtant matters was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  corroborative of the plaintiff\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid3046281 
s testimony, which was also corroborated in certain respects by other testimony, the corroboration is sufficient.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\insrsid11863515   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid3046281 
And it has been held that the fact that a defendant has vigorously contested the suit dispels any idea of collusion between the parties in the procurement of the divorce.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\insrsid11863515 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11863515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
13 P.2d 376, 377 (Cal. Dist. Ct. App. 1932) (citations omitted).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14120455 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 t appears that the primary purpose of 6 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515\charrsid8263428 GCA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515\charrsid8263428 \'a7 8206}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  and 19 GCA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515\charrsid8263428 \'a7 8320}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid8263428 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  to avoid collusion of the parties.  Title 19 GCA \'a7 8304 defines collusion as \'93
an agreement between husband and wife that one of them shall commit, or appear to have committed, or to be represented in court as having committed, acts constituting a cause of dissolution of marriage, for the purp
ose of enabling the other to obtain a dissolution of marriage.\'94  19 GCA \'a7 8304 (2005).  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5795515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5795515 [15]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5795515 \tab }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 While collusion between spouses for the purpose of manifesting a cause of action for divorce may have been an issue several decades ago, since the advent of \'93no fault\'94
 divorce, this is no longer a viable concern.  Parties no longer have to allege that one party has committed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10896143 wrongful }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 acts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16209185 to have}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  ground}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16209185 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  for divorce; simply citing to \'93irreconcilable differences\'94
 is sufficient.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2759646\charrsid8482338 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2759646  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16209185 Guam Pub. L. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13899451 24-134:1 (
\'93The Guam Legislature finds that other jurisdictions has [sic] refocused the divorce process from assigning fault to creating a standard referred to as \lquote irreconcilable differences.\rquote   Such a standard should be enacted in Guam . . . .\'94
); Guam Pub. L. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16209185 24-134:3 (adding \'93irreconcilable differences\'94 as a cause for dissolution of marriage); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2759646 19 GCA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10896143  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16209185 \'a7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2759646\charrsid2759646 \'a7 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2759646 8203}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16209185 (g)}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2759646 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2759646\charrsid2759646 8219}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13899451  (2005).  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5795515 [16]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5795515 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13899451 In the present case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
, collusion of the parties is clearly not an issue.  Antonio\rquote s admission to being in an intimate relationship with another woman
, Karen, clearly was not for the purpose of having a valid ground for divorce.  Indeed, he cited irreconcilable differences as grounds for his complaint for divorce.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15339189 RA, tab 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515  at 2 (Verified Compl. Divorce, Apr. 7, 2011).  That basis alone would have been sufficient grounds for divorce.  Moreover, Antonio\rquote s assignments of error to the trial court\rquote 
s distribution of property and debts on the basis of the court\rquote s finding of adultery}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12723027 , discussed below, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
further demonstrates the lack of collusion on the part of the parties on the issue of adultery.  Thus, Antonio\rquote s admission to being in an extramarital relationship, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid5334549 
which was corroborated by Patria throughout the proceedings below}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 , was sufficient to justify a judgment of divorce.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5795515 [17]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5795515 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 Antonio further contends that even if }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12612564 his}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  admission to adultery was sufficient to establish divorce on the ground of adultery, the trial court merely found that he was in a \'93sexual relationship\'94
 with another woman, not that he actually engaged in sexual intercourse with another woman.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12612564 Appellant\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12010311 Principal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12612564 Br. at 7.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 In response, Patria cites to the evidence supporting the finding of adultery.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12612564 Appellee\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12010311 Principal & Resp. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12612564 Br. at 25-27 (June 26, 2015).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 She points to Antonio\rquote s admission to the relationship with Karen, including his ad
mission that he paid her bills.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12612564 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12612564  at 26}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
.  Patria also points to her testimony that she suspected an affair and followed Antonio to Karen\rquote s house, and that she would see Antonio at Karen\rquote s house at 1:30 a.m.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515   Patria contends that this indirect evidence of an affair, coupled with Antonio\rquote s confession, was more than sufficient evidence for the trial court\rquote s finding of adultery.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12612564   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12612564 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12612564  at 26-27.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid12612564 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5795515 [18]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5795515 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 Adultery is defined as \'93
the voluntary sexual intercourse of a married person with a person other than the offender\rquote s husband or wife.\'94  19 GCA \'a7 8204 (2005).  \'93
Adultery may be proved by circumstantial evidence as well as by direct evidence; and in divorce actions corroboration of every act sworn to by plaintiff is not required, but evidence, circumstantial or direct, tending to confirm plaintiff\rquote 
s testimony upon a considerable number of material facts, is sufficient.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Wilson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 , 13 P.2d at 377-78 (citations omitted).  \'93
Of practical necessity, the evidence need only be circumstantial by virtue of the fact that because of \lquote the clandestine nature of the offense, it is rarely possible to obtain evidence of the commission of the act by the testimony of eyewitnesses.
\rquote \'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Wright v. Phipps}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 , 712 A.2d 606, 607 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1998) (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Laccetti v. Laccetti}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 , 225 A.2d 266, 269 (Md. 1967)).  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5795515 [19]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5795515 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
In this case, there was not only circumstantial evidence of adultery, but arguably also direct evidence of it.  On cross-examination, when being questioned about his relationship with Karen, Antonio was asked, \'93When you first 
start[ed] testifying, [your attorney] asked you about your first wife and you mentioned she cheated on you, she -- she had infidelity and how that hurt you, how do you think Patty felt }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515\charrsid2188757 
when it turned out that you were sleeping with another woman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 ?\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5309115 Transcript (\'93Tr.\'94) at 86 (Bench Trial, Aug. 2, 2013)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515  (emphasis added).  In response, Antonio replied:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid11863515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
You know, I -- Patty has never really cared to have any intimate relationship with me and I don\rquote t know how she feels.  Maybe you should ask her that question because she deprived me of my needs as a human being.  I\rquote 
m a man, and I need a woman and if she\rquote s not, you know, she doesn\rquote t want to give me or do her wifely duties as a wife of providing sex to her husband, then how would she feel?  Ask her.  Because I feel 
miserable and I was in agony for not having sex with her for a long, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3745181 long, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 long time.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid11863515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11863515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515   }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14120455 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 lthough Antonio does not say outright, \'93I had sexual intercourse with Karen,\'94
 the evidence seems clear that his relationship with Karen involves sexual intercourse.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid2188757 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5795515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5795515 [20]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5795515 \tab }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 Given the circumstantial and direct evidence of the nature of Antonio\rquote s extramarital relationship with Karen and the trial court\rquote s finding that Antonio \'93admitted to beginning a }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515\charrsid16667766 sexual}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  relationship in 2010 with another woman named Karen,\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15339189 RA, tab 77}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12612564  at 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  (Finds. Fact & Concl. L.) (emphasis added), the trial court\rquote s finding of adultery was not clearly erroneous.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11863515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3697541 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 B.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12010311 The Trial Court\rquote s Characterization of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515  Property as Community Property
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5795515 [21]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5795515 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 Antonio next argues that the trial court mischaracterized the Merizo, Yona/Saipan, and Chalan Pago pro
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid533412 perties as community property.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li720\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5795515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 1.  Merizo Property
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li1440\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5795515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 
a.  Property was community property at the time of acquisition
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11863515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5795515 [22]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5795515 \tab 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 The trial court found that on July 3, 1990, Lot 276 NEW-1, Merizo, was transferred to both parties as husband and wife via warranty deed.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5768270  at 14}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 .  Two months later, on September 19, 1990, Patria signed a quitclaim deed transferring her interest in the property to Antonio.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid11863515 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515   Nine years later, on February 17, 1999, Patria executed a Consent of Mortgagor\rquote s Spouse in which she }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid12466281 
acknowledged}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  that the property is Antonio\rquote s separate property and that she claims no interest in it.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1186249  at 14-15}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 .  The trial court found that only Antonio has paid and continues to pay for the mortgage.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1186249  at 15}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5795515 [23]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5795515 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 In its distribution of the parties\rquote 
 property, the trial court held that the Merizo property is community property, finding that Patria\rquote s quitclaim of the property was not sufficient to overcome \'93the presumption of community property when [property is] acquired
 in the names of both parties during the marriage.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515\charrsid5309115 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5309115\charrsid5309115  at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5309115 32-33}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5795515 [24]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5795515 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
On appeal, Antonio argues the Merizo property was never community property to begin with, as it was transferred to the parties as co-tenants in common.  Appellant\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12010311 Principal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 Br. at 7-8.  Antonio quoted the July 3, 1990 warranty deed, which provided, in pertinent part, that the deed was \'93for the benefit of Antonio Pablo Artero Sablan and Patria Untalan Sablan, husband and wife.\'94  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12010311  at 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15339189 RA, tab 51, Ex. 10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  (Pl.\rquote s Ex. List (May 28, 2013)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15339189 ) (warranty deed)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
).  Antonio argues that because the warranty deed did not state that the parties were holding the property as joint tenants or as community property, \'93the ownership interests in the Merizo property were created in favor of the par
ties in their own right, [and] the property was transferred to the parties to be held as co-tenants in common and, thus, the separate property of each party.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5795515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5795515 [25]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5795515 \tab }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 Antonio does not cite to any authority to support his contention that a deed identifying the grantees as \'93husband and wife,\'94 without more, create}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12466281 
s a co-tenancy in common.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 Under former Guam Civil Code section 164, enacted in 1953, where a married woman and her husband acquire property by an instrument in writing, \'93the presumption is that she
 takes the part acquired by her, as tenant in common, unless a different intention is expressed in the instrument.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid8482338 Guam Civil Code \'a7 164 (1970)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16727613 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16727613 Dunn v. Mullan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16727613 , the California Supreme Court explained that \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16727613\charrsid1532198 deeds naming as grantees both husband and wife presumptively vest property in spouses as tenants in common, the interest conveyed to the wife being presumed und}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16727613 
er section 164 of the Civil Code }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16727613\charrsid1532198 to be her separate property and that conveyed to her husband the community property of the marriage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16727613 .\'94}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\super\insrsid16727613 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956026 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\super\insrsid16727613 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16727613  As this court has stated on numerous occasions, where a section 
of our code is derived from California, California cases interpreting the section are persuasive, absent a compelling reason to deviate.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16727613 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16727613 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16727613  Isaac v. Isaac}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16727613 , 2014 Guam 21 \'b6 15 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16727613 Cruz v. Cruz}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16727613 
, 2005 Guam 3 \'b6 9 & n.2).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16727613   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16727613\charrsid1532198 211 Cal. 583}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16727613 , 588 (1931)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16727613\charrsid1532198  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16727613 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16727613\charrsid4401780 Miller v. Brode}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16727613\charrsid4401780 , 186 Cal. 409, 414}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16727613  (1921);}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16727613\charrsid16727613  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16727613 Estate of Regnart}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16727613 
, 283 P. 860 (Cal. Dist. Ct. App. 1929)).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16081326 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5795515 [26]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5795515 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 However, in 1980, the Guam Legislature repealed the entire \'93Husband and Wife\'94
 chapter of the Civil Code, including section 164, and replaced it with a new chapter III, entitled \'93Community Property.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515\charrsid11681370 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515\charrsid11681370  Guam Pub. L. 15-113 (Mar. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7156104\charrsid11681370 20, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid11681370 1980)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
.  Section 159 of the new chapter III created the presumption of community property, providing that \'93[p]roperty acquired during marriage by either husband or wife, or both, is presumed to be community property.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid12267391\charrsid12267391 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12267391  (later codified at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12267391\charrsid12267391 19 GCA \'a7 6105(a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12267391  (2005))}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 .  Thus, while pre-1980 deeds which convey property to grantees as \'93husband and wife\'94 without specifying the type of tenancy are s
ubject to the presumption that the spouses hold the property as tenants in common, post-1980 deeds are subject to the presumption of community property.  For example, in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 In re Marriage of Orchard}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 , the appellate court found ample evidence to support the trial court\rquote 
s finding that the property at issue in that case was community property, the foremost reason being the grant deed conveying the property to \'93Joel S. Orchard and Judy Orchard, husband and wife.\'94  273 Cal. Rptr. 499, 502 (Ct. App. 1990).  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14120455 D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 espite t
he lack of specific language of the type of tenancy created by the July 3, 1990 warranty deed, it is clear that at the time of conveyance, the parties held the Merizo property as community property.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11863515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid11863515 b.  Effect of September 1990 quitclaim from Patria to Antonio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515\charrsid227058 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5795515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5795515 [27]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5795515 \tab }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 In the alternative, Antonio argues that even if the Merizo property was initially held as community property of the parties, Patria\rquote 
s September 1990 quitclaim transferred her interest to Antonio, so that he has since owned the property as his sole and separate property.  Appellant\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12010311 Principal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515 Br. at 7-9.  The trial court held to the contrary, finding that Patria\rquote s quitclaim was not sufficient to overcome the presumption of community property.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\super\insrsid4226573 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956026 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\super\insrsid5602060 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060  The heading in the trial court\rquote s Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law specific to the Merizo property states, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060\charrsid2636372 \'93Lot No. 276 New-1, Merizo (822 Chalan Canton Tasi, Merizo, Guam is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5602060\charrsid2636372 Plaintiff\rquote s Separate Property}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5602060\charrsid2636372 .\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060   RA, tab 77 at 32 (Finds. Fact & Concl. L.) (emphasis added).  Howev
er, in the body of the section immediately following the heading, the trial court proceeds to decree the Merizo property to be the community property of the parties \endash  rather than the separate property of Antonio as suggested by the heading \endash 
 for the reason that the presumption of community property was not overcome by Patria\rquote 
s quitclaim of the property.  Reading this section as a whole, it is clear that the trial court found the Merizo property to be the community property of the parties, and the contrary d
esignation in the heading (i.e., that the property is the separate property of Antonio) is a clerical error.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13638355 RA, tab 77 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4226573 at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12010311 32-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4226573 33}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13638355  (Finds. Fact & Concl. L.)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4226573 .  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 The trial court did not cite to any authority for its implicit holding that a quitclaim deed is not enough to overcome the presumption of community property.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5795515 [28]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5795515 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 On cross-appeal, Patria argues that the trial court erred in not nullifying all of the quitclaim 
deeds she executed during the marriage in favor of Antonio, including the September 1990 quitclaim on the Merizo property.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12010311 Appellee\rquote s Principal & Resp. Br. at 17-19.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515 Patria contends that the September 1990 quitclaim should be voided for lack of consideration as well as undue influence.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12010311 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12010311  at 18-19.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 At trial, when Antonio\rquote 
s attorney insinuated that she was compensated for the quitclaim by being relieved of any liability on the mortgage on the property, Patria stated that she did not consider it compensa
tion, and that if it were compensation, there was never a conversation about it.  Tr. at 59-62 (Bench Trial, Sept. 26, 2013).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5795515 [29]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5795515 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 At trial, Antonio testified that he purchased the Merizo property in both his and Patria\rquote 
s name.  He further testified that because she did not want to deal with the headaches of owning the property, Patria quitclaimed the property to him shortly thereafter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5334549 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7677726 Tr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  at 116-18 (Bench Trial, Aug. 2, 2013).
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5795515 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5795515 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 30}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5795515 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5795515 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
It has long been settled}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid9519909  in California that a husband and wife may}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12010311 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid9519909  by contract
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12010311 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid9519909  transmute separate property into community property or community property into the separat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
e property of the other spouse.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515\charrsid9519909 Perkins v. Sunset Tel. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 &}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515\charrsid9519909  Tel. Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid9519909 103 P. 190}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 , 193-94 (Cal. 1909)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid9519909 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515\charrsid9519909 In re Marriage of Jafeman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515\charrsid9519909 105 Cal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid745910  Rptr. 483, 490 (Ct. App. 1972}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid9519909 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5976057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [31]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 On cross-appeal, Patria argues that under 19 GCA \'a7 6111, spouses have fiduciary duties when entering into real property transactions with one another.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12010311 Appellee\rquote 
s Principal & Resp. Br. at 7-14.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 Section 6111}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5376988 (a) provides that \'93[e]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 ither hu
sband or wife may enter into any engagement or transaction with the other, respecting property subject, in transaction between themselves, to the general rules which control the actions of persons occupying }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid11863515\charrsid5376988 confidential relations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  with each other.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5376988 \'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 19 GCA \'a7 6111}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5376988 (a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5376988  (emphasis added)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs28\super\insrsid8003812 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956026 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\super\insrsid8003812 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8003812  Title 19 GCA \'a7 6111 was recently amended on May 7, 2015, by Public Law 33-026.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6321017 19 GCA \'a7 6111, SOURCE.  Public Law 33-026:2 amended subsection (b) of the statute, while Public Law 33-026:3 added new subsections (d), (e), and (f).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6321017 Id.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6321017   As the property transactions in this case predated the 2015 amendments to the statute, the relevant version of the statute is that which existed prior to the May 201
5 amendments.  In any event, the portion of the statute which is relevant to Patria\rquote s argument on appeal, subsection (a), remains unchanged by the 2015 amendments.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515   Patria argues that the term \'93
confidential relations\'94 is interchangeable with the term \'93fiduciary relations.\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12010311 Appellee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 \rquote s Reply Br. at 1 (Aug. 11, 2015) (citing }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Black\rquote s Law Dictionary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  370 (4th ed.)).  She cites to Califor
nia case law recognizing a presumption of undue influence where a transaction between spouses advantages one spouse over the other.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid2580092 Appellee\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12010311 Principal & Resp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid2580092  Br. at 10-11 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515\charrsid2580092 In re Marriage of Burkle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515\charrsid2580092 , 43 Cal. Rptr. 3d 181 (Ct. App. 2006)) (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515\charrsid2580092 In re Marriage of Haines}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid2580092 
, 39 Cal. Rptr. 2d 673 (Ct. App. 1995)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [32]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
Antonio disagrees that Guam law imposes a fiduciary duty between spouses, but appears to agree that transactions between spouses are subject to a presumption of undue influence.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1326938  Appellant\rquote s Resp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  & Reply Br. at 11 (July 28, 2015).  He asserts that the trial court correctly described the meaning of \'93confidential relations\'94 when it quoted }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 In re Cover\rquote s Estate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 , in which the California Supreme Court stated:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid11863515 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid15876153 In every transaction between t
hem by which the superior party obtains a possible benefit, equity raises a presumption against its validity and casts upon the party the burden of proving affirmatively its compliance with equitable requisites and of thereby overcoming the presumption.  
O
f course, the mere existence of the marriage relation alone will not, in and of itself, suffice to initiate and support the presumption of undue influence where the transaction between husband and wife is prima facie, or, from all of the circumstances the
reof, shown to be fair and free from any material advantage to the husband from and over the wife.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid11863515 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid15876153 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11863515 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515\charrsid15876153 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515\charrsid15876153  (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515\charrsid15876153 In re Cover\rquote s Estate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid15876153 , 204 P. 583, 590 (Cal. 1922)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515   Antonio concludes that \'93a presumption of undue influence does not arise where no material advantage was gained by a spouse.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515\charrsid96123 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5976057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [33]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid80163 The trial court, citing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 In re Cover\rquote s Estate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
, agreed that a presumption of undue influence applies in Guam by virtue of the existence of the presumption in California at the time Guam adopted California\rquote s domestic statutes as its own.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 See}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7820609\charrsid7677726 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15339189\charrsid7677726 A, tab 77}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7820609\charrsid7677726  at 29}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid7677726  (Finds. Fact & Concl. L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 .).  However, the court declined to go as far as holding that 19 GCA \'a7 6111}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5376988 (a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  imposes a fiduciary obligation between spouses, maintaining that while the current version of the Californ
ia counterpart to section 6111 (i.e., California Family Code section 721) amended the former language to use the term \'93fiduciary\'94 rather than just \'93confidential relations,\'94 the Guam statute was never amended to use the term \'93fiduciary.\'94
  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 See id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12010311  at 29}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  & nn. 12-13.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [34]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 Whether or not 19 GCA \'a7 6111}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5376988 (a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  imposes on spouses the duties of a fiduciary when dealing with each other, it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12607905 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
 clear (and both parties agree) that a presumption of undue influence arises from such transactions where one spouse gains a mater
ial advantage over the other.  Because the September 1990 quitclaim deed from Patria to Antonio purported to transfer her community interest in the Merizo property and cause the property to become the separate property of Antonio, the presumption of undue
 influence arose in this case.  However, in the trial court\rquote s Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, the court did not specifically address the issue of undue influence as to Patria\rquote 
s September 1990 quitclaim of the Merizo property, instead only addressin
g the issue as to quitclaim of the Pahong Court property.  Presumably, this is because the evidence at trial did not suggest that Patria was alleging undue influence as to the Merizo quitclaim deed.  Because the trial court found no undue influence as to 
the Pahong Court property despite Patria\rquote s contentions to the contrary, the trial court likewise }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8941519 must }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8941519 
have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 believe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8941519 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  there to be any undue influence surrounding the Merizo quitclaim deed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\super\insrsid11863515 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956026 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\super\insrsid5602060 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060  At pages 26-27 of the trial court\rquote 
s Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, the trial court introduced Patria\rquote s argument regarding inadequate consideration and undue influence surrounding her quitclaim deeds throughout the marriage:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s26\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid15956026 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060\charrsid9504850 During the course of the parties\rquote 
 marriage, [Patria] also executed quitclaim deeds or other documents purportedl
y transferring any interest she may have in certain real property to [Antonio].  [Patria] contends that for certain real property obtained during the marriage and for which she executed a quitclaim deed, that these were obtained (1) without adequate consi
deration (\'93a price which is equal in value for an act or a thing for which it is given\'94); or, (2) through a [sic] \'93undue influence\'94
 exerted upon her by [Antonio] which violated a purported fiduciary relationship each shares with the other by virtue of their marital status, and that this \'93presumption\'94
 of undue influence must be rebutted by the spouse who was advantaged by the transaction ([Antonio]).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5602060\charrsid9504850 The Court disagrees with both of these claims.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5602060 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s26\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956026 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060 RA, tab 77 at 26-27 (Finds. Fact & Concl. L.) (emphasis added)}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9504850  (footnotes omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060 .  Arguably, the last line of this paragraph could mean that the trial court disagreed that Antonio exerted any undue influence upon Patria in obtaining }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5602060\charrsid5452829 any}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060  of the quitclaim deeds, including the quitclaim of the Merizo property.  When m
aking its finding concerning whether undue influence existed in the case, the court only specifically mentioned the Pahong Court property, finding that \'93
the evidence does not support a finding that [Antonio] exerted any undue influence upon [Patria] in order to obtain the Quitclaim Deed or that he enjoyed any advantage over her from the transfer.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5602060 Id.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060  at 30.  We determine that although the trial court did not specifically mention the Merizo quitclaim deed when making its finding that Antonio did not exert 
any undue influence, reading the Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law as a whole, it is implied that the trial court found no undue influence as to any and all of the quitclaim deeds throughout the marriage.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [35]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 Reviewing the record in this case, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12607905 we determine that}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  the trial court\rquote 
s finding that Antonio did not exert any undue influence is supported by substantial evidence.  First, there was no evidence or allegation that Patria executed the September 1990 quitclaim deed under duress or that Antonio exerted any force or coe
rcion to secure the quitclaim.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5903698\charrsid7677726 Indeed, the trial court found insufficient evidence of mental cruelty on the part of Antonio, which undercuts the argument of undue influence.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7677726\charrsid7677726 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7677726\charrsid7677726  RA, tab 77 at 22 (Finds. Fact & Concl. L.).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid7677726 
Additionally, Antonio testified at length as to what he alleged to be Patria\rquote s intent in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5376988 signing over the property\emdash her }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid7677726 
desire to avoid the hassles of owning the property.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515\charrsid7677726 See supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid7677726 
.  Finally, Patria again disavowed her interest in the property when she executed the Consent of Mortgagor\rquote s Spouse in 1999, in which she declared she had no interest in the property and acknowledged that the property is Antonio\rquote 
s separate property}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16148939\charrsid3675934 RA, tab 77 at 14-15 (Finds. Fact & Concl. L.)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7677726\charrsid7677726 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7677726   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 Given the circumstances, Antonio successfully demonstrated that
 Patria freely and voluntarily relinquished her interest in the Merizo property, on more than one occasion, for the purpose of freeing herself from the obligations of owning the property.  \'93
[T]he weight of authority concludes the burden of rebutting the presumption of undue influence is by a preponderance of the evidence.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 In re Marriage of Mathews}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515 , 35 Cal. Rptr. 3d 1, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16148939 5-6 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 (Ct. App. 2005) (citations omitted).  Antonio clearly met this burden.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515\charrsid14510640 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [36]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 Despite the trial court\rquote s implied finding that Antonio over
came the presumption of undue influence as to the numerous quitclaim deeds from Patria to Antonio throughout the marriage, the trial court summarily held that the September 1990 quitclaim did not overcome the presumption of community property as to the Me
rizo property, without providing reasons for this conclusion.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7677726 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7677726  RA, tab 77 at 32-33 (Finds. Fact & Concl. L.).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515\charrsid7677726 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [37]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 Because Antonio successfully rebutted the presumption of undue influence in obtaining Patria\rquote 
s September 1990 quitclaim of the Merizo property, the trial court should have held that Antonio owns }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8941519 Merizo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid533412  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
as his separate property.  \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid9450595 
It is well recognized that a quitclaim deed is a distinct form of conveyance and operates like any other deed inasmuch as it passes whatever title or interest the grantor has in the property.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 \'94}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid9450595  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515\charrsid9450595 In re Marriage of Broderick}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515\charrsid9450595 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid9450595 257 Cal. Rptr. 397, 400 (Ct. App. 1989) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 citing }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515\charrsid9450595 Howard Homes, Inc. v. Guttman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid9450595  12 Cal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid9450595 Rptr. 244}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1318417 , 246}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  (Ct. App. 1961)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515\charrsid9450595 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515\charrsid9450595 Buller v. Buller}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid9450595 145 P.2d 649}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11752764 , 655}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  (Cal. Ct. App. 1944)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid9450595 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 see also Taylor v. Opperman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 , 79 Cal. 468, 470 (1889) (\'93Quitclaim deeds are as effectual to pass whatever title the grantor has as any other deeds.\'94).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8941519 B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 y executing the September 1990 quitclaim deed, Patria }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8941519 transferred }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
her community property interest in the Merizo property to
 Antonio, and as a result, Antonio owns the entire property as his separate property.  The presumption of community property thus overcome, the trial court erred in characterizing the property as community instead of the separate property of Antonio.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid10628600 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s22\qj \li720\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5976057\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 2.  Yona/Saipan Property
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5976057\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [38]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
Antonio argues that the trial court also erred in its characterization of the Yona/Saipan properties as community property rather than his sole, separate property.  Antonio concedes that at the time of acquisition, Lot 107-3-R2, Yo
na was community property, the warranty deed conveying the property to the parties as \'93husband and wife and owners of subject property as community property.\'94  Appellant\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12010311 Principal }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 Br. at 9-10.  He argues, however, that like the Merizo property, the chara
cter of the property was transmuted to separate property, first by quitclaim deed from Antonio to Patria on August 30, 1997, and then from Patria back to Antonio on August 10, 1998.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  at 10.  In other words, he argues, his 1997 quitclaim deed transferred his community property interest to Patria, who then held the property as her sole, separate property; and Patria\rquote 
s 1998 quitclaim back to Antonio transferred her separate property interest to Antonio, thereby giving Antonio title to the property as his sole, separate property.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [39]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 Patria argues that the quitclaims should be considered void for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5903698 same }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 reasons mentioned above}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5903698  regarding the Merizo property}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
, and that the multiple quitclaims on the Yona property did not change the community property character of the property.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid9128549 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [40]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 Addressing the conveyances between the parties, the trial court found that \'93
[t]his history creates a presumption, not rebutted at trial, that [Yona] was community property.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15339189 RA, tab 77 at 33}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  (Finds. Fact & Concl. L.).  Recogn
izing that the Yona property was later exchanged for Lot EA No. 450-2, Saipan, the court held that Patria is entitled to half the Saipan property\rquote s value as her community property share.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Id.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5309115  at 33-34}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [41]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 Like the Merizo property, the trial court did not
 specifically address the issue of whether the presumption of undue influence was overcome as to the Yona property.  However, for the same reasons mentioned above regarding the Merizo property, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5903698 we determine }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 that the trial court impliedly found that Antonio rebutted the presumption of undue influence that arose from Patria\rquote s quitclaim of her interest in the Yona property.  This finding }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5903698 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  supported by substantial evidence.  At trial, Antonio testified:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid5903698 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 I bought a house }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515\charrsid10363252 in Yona.  I put it under our}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  name, at a later time I -- she}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid10363252 , you}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid10363252 know, I gave her a quitclaim deed for her own.  The house is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515\charrsid10363252 totally hers, not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 mine.  At a later date she didn\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid10363252 t want any part}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid10363252 of it, and about a year later she gave me a quitclaim deed giving}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515\charrsid10363252 me th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 e property to be totally mine.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid10363252 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid5903698 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 . . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515\charrsid10363252 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid11863515 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid10363252 So she doesn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid10363252 t want to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  deal with property ownership, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid10363252 
the headache that comes along with it, and she always say, you}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid10363252 know, this is your money, this is -- all this investments is your}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid10363252 property, I wan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 t no part of it, you know.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid11863515 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11863515 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 Tr. at 117 (Bench Trial, Aug. 2, 2013).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515\charrsid142691 
  There was no evidence or allegation that Patria executed the August 1998 quitclaim deed under duress or that Antonio exerted any force or coercion to secure the quitclaim.  Furthermore, there is no contention that Patria did not know the s
ignificance of quitclaiming her interest in the property to Antonio.  Antonio }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8941519 clearly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid142691 
rebutted the presumption of undue influence by a preponderance of the evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [42]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 Because Antonio rebutted the presumption of undue influence, the 1998 quitclaim deed 
transferring Patria\rquote 
s interest in the Yona property to Antonio resulted in the property being held by Antonio as his sole, separate property.  Thus, the trial court erred in characterizing the property as the community property of the parties, and in award
ing Patria half the value of the Saipan property for which the Yona property was exchanged.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid14949900 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li720\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5976057\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 3.  Chalan Pago Property
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5976057\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [43]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 Antonio argues that the trial court also erred in characterizing Lot No. 3242-1-3, Chalan Pago, as the community property of the parties.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12010311 Appellant\rquote 
s Principal Br. at 10.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 Just like the warranty deed on the Merizo property, the warranty deed conveying the Chalan Pago property to the parties transferred the property to Antonio and Patria as \'93
husband and wife.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12010311 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12010311  at 10-11.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 Antonio arg
ues that such a deed creates a tenancy in common, not community property.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12010311 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12010311  at 11.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 However, as }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5903698 discussed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  in section }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9053845 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
V.B.1.a. above, since 1980, such deeds have been subject to the presumption of community property, not the former presumption of tenancy in common.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8941519 Therefore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
, at the time of acquisition, Antonio and Patria held the property as community property.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [44]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 Unlike the Merizo and Yona/Saipan properties discussed above, there was no quitclaim of Patria\rquote 
s interes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9053845 t in the Chalan Pago property.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1009904 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9053845 h
ere was no evidence at all to suggest that the parties held the property other than as community property, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1009904\charrsid16588351 even }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9053845\charrsid16588351 
the divorce complaint }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8941519 filed by Antonio }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9053845\charrsid16588351 acknowledged the property to be owned by the community}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9053845 .  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16588351\charrsid9793782 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16588351\charrsid9793782  RA, tab 3 at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9793782 2-3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9793782\charrsid9793782  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16588351\charrsid9793782 (Verified Compl. Divorce).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16588351   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8941519 Accordingly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 , the trial court correctly held that Antonio failed to rebut the presumption of community property as to the Chalan Pago property.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid3688901 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \fi-432\li432\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin432\itap0\pararsid15956026\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12010311 C.  T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 
he Trial Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12010311 \rquote s Failure}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515  to A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13454830 ward Antonio Reimbursement for U}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid11863515 sing Separate Funds in Obtaining and Maintaining Community Property
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \fi-504\li504\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin504\itap0\pararsid11863515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5976057\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [45]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
In his next set of contentions, Antonio argues that he is entitled to reimbursement for the use of his separate funds for the down payment and mortgage payments on the Blue House, and the use of his separate property to acquire the Chalan Pago property.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid6620379 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [46]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
The trial court found that the Blue House (the marital home) is the community property of the parties, even though title to the property was taken in Patria\rquote s name alone. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12010311  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15737216 RA, tab 77 at 30 (Finds. Fact & Concl. L.).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 Although only Patria\rquote 
s name appears as grantee of the deed conveying the Blue House, this is not conclusive as to what characterization is appropriate for the property.  The property, having been acquired during the marriage, is subject to the presumption of c
ommunity property.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  19 GCA \'a7
 6105(a).  Neither party rebutted this presumption, as they both agreed at trial that the Blue House, where the parties lived together for the longest stretch of their marriage, was community property.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs28\super\insrsid11863515 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956026 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\super\insrsid5602060 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060\charrsid1321246 
On cross-appeal, Patria argues that because the property is held under her name alone, it can only mean that Antonio meant for the property to be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060 her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5602060\charrsid1321246  separate property.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5602060\charrsid1321246 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060\charrsid1321246 Appellee\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12010311 
Principal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060\charrsid1321246  & }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12010311 Resp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060\charrsid1321246  Br. at 23.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060 
Patria appears to make}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060\charrsid1321246  this argument for the first time on appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060   The following exchange between Antonio\rquote 
s attorney and Patria is one example of Patria\rquote s position at trial that the Blue House is community property, despite the fact that title is in her name alone:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s26\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri720\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8730188 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060 A\tab I always thought of it as ours.
\par Q\tab No, so is that what -- are you telling the judge that as far as you\rquote re concerned the blue house is community property owned by you and Tony?
\par A\tab That\rquote s what I think, yes.
\par Q\tab So --
\par A\tab I\rquote ve always felt that way from the beginning.
\par Q\tab -- regardless of what the papers say, are you saying that Tony, you know, owns a one-half interest?
\par A\tab Well, of course.  He put my name on it only because I questioned him one time.  If I had not questioned him, it would have been like normal.  Everything would be in his name.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4460078 Q}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060 \tab Okay.  So your answer is that the blue house, even though it\rquote s only in your name and Tony\rquote s not, you know, on the title, is that --
\par A\tab In the --
\par Q\tab Wait, let finish.
\par A\tab Okay.
\par Q\tab Is that Tony owns 50 percent of that?
\par A\tab Well, if that\rquote s community property, then yes, he owns 50 percent.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s26\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956026 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060 Tr. at 10 (Bench Tr
ial, Sept. 5, 2013).  Because Patria failed to rebut the presumption that the Blue House is the community property of the parties, her cross-appeal of this issue is denied.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [47]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 It is undisputed
 that the funds used to acquire the Blue House, as well as the funds used to pay the mortgage on the property, is the separate property of Antonio.  Likewise, it is undisputed that Antonio\rquote 
s separate properties, Lot Nos. 1 and 4, Tract 927, Yigo, were exch
anged to acquire the Chalan Pago property.  Antonio argues that the trial court should have awarded him reimbursement for the use of his separate funds to pay the $15,000.00 down payment and the $268,603.20 in mortgage payments from the time of acquisitio
n of the Blue House in 1989 to the March 2009 separation of the parties.  Appellant\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid818293  Principal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
 Br. at 11-12.  Additionally, he asserts that he is entitled to reimbursement for the value of the Yigo lots that were exchanged for the acquisition of the Chalan Pago property.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid818293   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid818293 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid818293  at 12-13.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid818293 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [48]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
In response, Patria contends that Antonio failed to show how these separate property contributions were anything more than gifts to the community.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4663550 Appellee\rquote s Principal & Resp. Br. at 28-29}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid818293 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 This position is supported by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1009904 controlling}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  case law.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [49]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Babauta I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1585719 this court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  held that \'93
the fact that title to property is taken by spouses as joint tenants raises an inference of a gift of the funds used to acquire the property.\'94  2011 Guam 15 \'b6 25 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid10431570 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515\charrsid10431570 \'93Where title to property is 
taken in joint tenancy by the husband and wife, a gift is presumed from whatever estate furnished the consideration for the property, whether the community estate or the separate estate of either spouse, to the extent necessary to cause the property to be
 held in joint tenancy.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515  (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf17\insrsid11863515 Donovan v. Donovan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515 
, 36 Cal. Rptr. 225, 228 (Dist. Ct. App. 1963))).
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5976057 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [50]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515 
California case law long applied a general presumption that separate property used for community purposes during the marriage }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid15887622 was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515 
 a gift to the community.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf17\insrsid5392781 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf17\insrsid11863515 In re Marriage of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf17\insrsid5392781 Lucas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf17\insrsid11863515 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5392781 614 P.2d 285, 289 (Cal. 1980) (citing cases), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf17\insrsid10908452 superseded by statute}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid10908452 
, Cal. Civ. Code \'a7\'a7 4800.1-.2 (1983) (now Cal. Fam. Code \'a7\'a7 2580-2581, 2640 (West 2004))}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515\charrsid264603 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\cf17\super\insrsid8212842 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956026 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\super\insrsid8212842 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8212842  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid8212842 When Guam enacted its community property laws in 1953, it borrowed from California\rquote 
s then-existing community property statutes.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf17\insrsid8212842 Babauta}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf17\insrsid6425674  I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid8212842 , 2011 Guam 15 \'b6 25}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid6425674  (comparing Guam Civ. Code \'a7\'a7 161-164 (1970) with Cal. Civ. Code \'a7\'a7 161-164 (1941))}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid8212842 .  Thus, w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid6425674 
e consider}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid8212842  California}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid6425674  case law interpreting these borrowed statutes as persuasive autho
rity, and adopt such interpretations absent a compelling reason to deviate.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf17\insrsid6425674 See Cruz v. Cruz}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid6425674 , 2005 Guam 3 \'b6 9 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf17\insrsid6425674 People v. Hall}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid6425674 , 2004 Guam 12 \'b6 18; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf17\insrsid6425674 Fajardo v. Liberty House Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf17\insrsid6425674 , 2000 Guam 4 \'b6 17).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid10559807 \'93When enacted in 1983 (as former [California] Civil Code Section 4800.2), [California Family Code] Section 2640 reversed the rule of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf17\insrsid10559807 
In re Marriage of Lucas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid10559807 , 614 P.2d 285 (Cal. 1980) . . . .\'94  Cal. L. Revision Comm\rquote n cmt., Cal. Fam. Code \'a7 2640.  Under section 2640, absent a writing to the contrary, a party
 making a separate property contribution to the acquisition of community property is no longer presumed to have made a gift to the community, but instead is entitled to reimbursement for the separate property contribution at dissolution of marriage.  Cal.
 Fam. Code \'a7 2640(b) & cmt.
\par Guam has not similarly amended its community property laws; thus, we will continue to rely on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf17\insrsid10559807 In re Marriage of Lucas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid10559807 
 and other California cases interpreting the borrowed community property statutes still in force in Guam until we find reason to deviate from doing so.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515   \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf17\insrsid11863515\charrsid6620379 The basic rule is that the party who uses his separate proper
ty for community purposes is entitled to reimbursement from the community or separate property of the other only if there is an agreement between the parties to that effect.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515 \'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515\charrsid6620379 See v. See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid6620379  415 P.2d 776,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
 781 (Cal. 1966) (en banc).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid6620379 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5976057\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [51]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 Because Antonio did no
t present any evidence of an agreement that he was to be reimbursed for his separate property contributions to the Blue House and to the Chalan Pago property, he failed to rebut the inference that these contributions were gifts to the community.  Thus, th
e trial court did not err in denying him reimbursement.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid13841105 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \fi-432\li432\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin432\itap0\pararsid11863515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3697541 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid818293 D.  The Trial Court\rquote s Statement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515  that Patria has an Interest in Urunao and Ritidian}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515\charrsid3218495 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11863515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11863515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [52]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 Antonio alleges that the trial court made a clerical error in its Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law when it stated, \'93
Defendant has an interest in Lot No. 10080 in Urunao (now known as Lot Nos. 7 and 8, Tract 34000) and Lot No. 10081-2 in Ritidian, Guam, having inherited these properties prior to the marriage of the parties.\'94  Appellant\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid818293 Principal Br. at 13}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5309115\charrsid16588351 RA, tab 77 at 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid16588351 
 (Finds. Fact & Concl. L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
.)).  Antonio points out that the evidence at trial showed the exact opposite, that Antonio (the plaintiff), not Patria (the defendant), inherited these properties prior to the parties\rquote  marriage.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 
Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515   Patria does not dispute this, and \'93agrees that based upon the findings of fact and conclusion of law it looks like that the trial court meant to give Antonio the Urunao and Ritidian properties.\'94
  Appellee\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid818293 Principal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  & }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid818293 Resp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  Br. at 29.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [53]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 Given the shared posi
tion of both parties, as well as the evidence presented at trial demonstrating that Antonio inherited the Urunao and Ritidian properties prior to the marriage, it is clear that the trial court made a clerical error when it found that \'93Defendant\'94
 (i.e., Patria), rather than \'93Plaintiff\'94 (i.e., Antonio), had an interest in these properties.  This finding }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1009904 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  reversed for clear error.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\super\insrsid1009904 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956026 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\super\insrsid5602060 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060 
 In the future, we urge the trial court to be mindful of the confusion that often arises when referring to parties by generic terms such as \'93Plaintiff\'94 or \'93Defendant,\'94 rather than by their actual names.  For precise
ly this reason, this court makes it a point to refer to parties by their actual names rather than merely their party designations.  We encourage the trial court to adopt this practice.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \fi-475\li475\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin475\itap0\pararsid15956026\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 E.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid818293 T}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 he Trial Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid818293 \rquote s Award to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515  Patria }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid818293 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 a 40.5% Community Interest in Antonio\rquote s Retirement Benefits
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \fi-432\li432\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin432\itap0\pararsid11863515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5976057\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [54]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 Antonio next assigns error to the trial court\rquote s award to Pat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8862181 ria of 40.5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
% of his retirement benefits as her community share.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid818293 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid818293  Appellant\rquote s Principal Br. at 13-14.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
He argues that the trial court should have excluded the numerous periods of separation of the parties throughout the marriage, reasoning that his earnings and retirement contributions during that period were his separate property.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid818293 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid818293   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid13527899 In response, Patria contends that Antonio\rquote s argument \'93
that every time a party separates, even if it is a day, that day does not count for purposes of the length of the marriage\'94 is not supported by Guam law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13527899 
Appellee\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid818293 Principal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13527899  & }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid818293 Resp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13527899  Br. at 29.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 Citing to 19 GCA \'a7\'a7 8209, 8213, and 8218, Patria argues that \'93these statutes support the proposition that a \lquote separation\rquote  of less than a 
year apart does not count against the marriage when the parties never go through with a divorce or separation action in court.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\super\insrsid11863515 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s26\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956026 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs28\super\insrsid5602060 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060\charrsid6451543 Title 19 GCA \'a7 8209 provides:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s26\qj \li720\ri720\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid15956026 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5602060\charrsid6451543 \'a7 8209}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid5602060 .  Absence, Cruelty; Not Desertion.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060\charrsid6451543 
Departure or absence of one party from the family dwelling place, caused by cruelty or by threats of bodily harm from which danger would be reasonably apprehended from the other is not desertion by the absent party, but it is desertion by the other party.
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s26\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956026 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060 19 GCA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060\charrsid6451543 
\'a7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060  8209 (2005).  Title 19 GCA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060\charrsid6451543 \'a7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060  8213 provides:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s26\qj \li720\ri720\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid15956026 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5602060\charrsid6451543 \'a7 8213.  Desertion, Cured, Generally.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5602060 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060\charrsid9992177 
If one party deserts the other, and before the expiration of the statutory period required to make the desertion a cause of dissolution of marriage, returns and
 offers in good faith to fulfill the marriage contract, and solicits condonation, the desertion is cured. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060\charrsid9992177 
If the other party refuses such offer and condonation, the refusal shall be deemed and treated as desertion by such party from the time of refusal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s26\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956026 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060 19 GCA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060\charrsid6451543 
\'a7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060  8213 (2005).  Title 19 GCA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060\charrsid6451543 \'a7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060  8218 provides:
\par \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5602060\charrsid9992177 \'a7 8218.  Same, One Year.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s26\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid15956026 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060\charrsid9992177 
Willful desertion, willful neglect, or habitual intemperance must continue for one (1) year before any is a ground for dissolution of marriage.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s26\qj \li0\ri720\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956026 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060 19 GCA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5602060\charrsid6451543 \'a7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060  8218 (2005).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13527899\charrsid13527899 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13527899  at 30}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [55]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 The trial court found that during the course of the parties\rquote 
 marriage, they often physically separated, only to reunite within one year.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5309115 RA, tab 77 at 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
 (Finds. Fact & Concl. L.).  The court found that the longest period of separation lasted 11 months.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515\charrsid5309115 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5309115\charrsid5309115  at }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5309115 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [56]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid14176103 Separate propert}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 y includes \'93}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515\charrsid16590207 property and earnings of a spouse and the minor children living with, or in the custody of, the spouse, while living separate and apart from the other spouse}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515 .\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 19 GCA \'a7 6101(a)(2) (2005).  The California courts have recognized that, as the phrase is used in their separate property statute, \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid15544945 \lquote living separate and apart\rquote  refers to \lquote that condition when spouses have come to a parting of the ways with no present intention of resuming}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
 marital relations.\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid15544945  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid15544945 
That husband and wife may live in separate residences is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 not determinative.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid15544945 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
question is whether the parties\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid15544945  conduct evidences a complete and final break in the marital relationship.\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 In re Marriage of Marsden}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 , 181 Cal. Rptr. 910, 914 (Ct. App. 1982) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid15544945 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515 quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs23\i\insrsid11863515\charrsid15544945 In re Marriage of Baragry}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs23\insrsid11863515 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 140 Cal. Rptr. 779}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6580225 , 781}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  (1977)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid15544945 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [57]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 The evidence shows that Antonio and Patria had a tu
multuous relationship, and that Patria moved out several times during the first half of the marriage, only to return later.  These periods of \'93separation\'94
 ranged from a couple of days, to two months, to the longest period of 11 months.  Given the nature of the parties\rquote  relationship and their practice of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2061106 separating}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515  for short periods of time and then reconciling, it was not clear error for the trial court to include these \'93separation\'94 periods in its calculation of the length of the marriage.  The parties\rquote  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515\charrsid15544945 conduct }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2061106 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2061106\charrsid7296955 break[ing] up to make up}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2061106 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\super\insrsid7296955 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956026 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\super\insrsid5602060 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060  The Stylistics}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060\charrsid14763190 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5602060\charrsid7296955 Break Up to Make Up}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5602060 on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060  Round 2 (Avco Records 1972).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  dozens of times during their marriage did not clearly evidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2061106 intent }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 that any of these \'93separations\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2061106 would be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid15544945 
a complete and final break in the marital relationship}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 .\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 See Marsden}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
, 181 Cal. Rptr. at 914.  Accordingly, the trial court\rquote s apportionment of Antonio\rquote s retirement benefit based on the total years of the marriage before final separation in March 2009, including all the mini-separation periods in between, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2061106 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  affirmed.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \fi-576\li576\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin576\itap0\pararsid11863515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid818293 F.  The Trial Court\rquote s Finding }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 Antonio Solely Liable for the Community Debts
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5976057\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [58]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
Antonio contends that the trial court erred in holding him solely liable for the community debts, which includes the mortgages on the Blue House (approximately $127,000.00 at time of separation) and the Merizo property,
 as well as the approximately $230,000.00 in credit card and automobile loan debt outstanding at the time of separation.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  Appellant\rquote s }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid818293 Principal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 Br. at 15-16.  He argues that under this court\rquote s holding in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Babauta I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 , the trial court was required to deduct these debts from the gross value of the community property, and then distribute any remaining community property to the parties.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Id.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [59]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 Patria argues that because Antonio had control over the credit cards under his name and \'93
was the only spouse who contracted the credit card debts[,] . . . it was neither unfair no}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4684910 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  inequitable to have Antonio take all debts that are in his name.\'94
  Appellee\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid818293 Principal & Resp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  Br. at 32 (June 26, 2015).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid6172590 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [60]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 The trial court recognized the applicability of 19 GCA \'a7 6104(a), which provides:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid11863515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515\charrsid16726829 
Community debts shall be satisfied first from all community property and all property in which the spouses own an undivided equal interest as joint tenants or tenants in common, excluding the residence of the spouses. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf17\insrsid11863515  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515\charrsid16726829 Should such property be insufficient, community debts shall then be satisfied from the residence of the spouses. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf17\insrsid11863515  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515\charrsid16726829 Should such property be insufficient, only the separate property of the spouse who contracted or incurred the debt shall be liable for its satisfaction. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515\charrsid16726829 If bo
th spouses contracted or incurred the debt, the separate property of both spouses is jointly and severally liable for its satisfaction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid11863515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11863515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515 19 GCA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515 \'a7 6104(a) (2005).  The trial court found that with the exception of the mortgages on the Blue House and the Merizo property,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\super\insrsid11863515 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s26\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956026 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs28\super\insrsid5602060\charrsid1585719 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060\charrsid1585719  It appears that Antonio reads the trial court\rquote 
s Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law to mean that the court found him liable for the entirety of the mortgages on the Blue House and the Merizo 
property.  We do not agree with this reading.  Instead, we believe the trial court determined that the two mortgages are subject to 19 GCA \'a7
 6104(a) apportionment, so that essentially the parties are to divide whatever remains of the value of the Blue House and the Merizo property after subtracting the mortgages on the property.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid5602060\charrsid1585719 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060\charrsid1585719  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060 RA, tab 77}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060\charrsid1585719  at 31 (Finds. Fact & Concl. L.) (
\'93Because the Blue House is the community property of the parties and is subject to a mortgage in favor of First Hawaiian Bank which is the obligation of both [Antonio] and [Patria], the provisions of 19 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15157445 [
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid15157445 GCA]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060\charrsid1585719  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060\charrsid1585719 \'a7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15157445  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060\charrsid1585719 6104(a) shall apply with regard to the satisfaction of the debt.\'94); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5602060\charrsid1585719 id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5602060\charrsid1585719  at 38-39 (\'93The mortgages on the Blue House, . . . and the mortgage for the Merizo property is a community debt because it was incurred by both parties during the marriage.  Thus, pursuant to the provisions of 19 }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15157445 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid15157445 GCA]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060\charrsid1585719  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060\charrsid1585719 \'a7}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15157445  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060\charrsid1585719 6104(a): Community debts shall be satisfied first from all community property}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12349798  . . . .\'94
 (citations omitted)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060\charrsid1585719 
\par Antonio notes that if this court were to agree with him that the Merizo property is his separate property, rather than that of the community, he believes that the mortgage on the property is his separate debt.  Appellant\rquote s Br. at 15 n.2.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060 Based on this contention and our conclusion in se
ction IV.B.1.b. above that the Merizo property is indeed the separate property of Antonio, we determine that Antonio is solely liable on the mortgage for that property.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  \'93
the parties failed to clearly identify the proportion in which each party is obligated for these debts.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15339189\charrsid16588351 RA, tab 77}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4684910\charrsid16588351  at 38}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid16588351  (Finds. Fact & Concl. L.).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515   Thus, as to the credit card debt and automobile loan, the trial court did not make a secti
on 6104(a) apportionment, instead ordering Antonio solely liable on the basis of his adultery:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid11863515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
However, the parties failed to clearly identify the proportion in which each party is obligated for the debts and as the Court has granted [Antonio] a divorce on
 the ground of irreconcilable differences and [Patria] a divorce on the ground of adultery, the Court orders [Antonio] solely liable for the debts of the community as listed herein.
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11863515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4684910 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4684910  at 40
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [61]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Babauta I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515 , this court determined that section 6104(a) reflects the \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515\charrsid16527955 
well-settled rule in California that the community property to be divided upon dissolution of marriage is the residue which remains after the discharge of the community obligations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515 \'94  2011 Guam 15 
\'b6 36 (citations omitted).  Accordingly, the court held:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid11863515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515 [B]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf17\insrsid11863515\charrsid15743771 efore a disposition of community property can be made under 19 GCA \'a7 8411, the nature of any debts must be definitely ascertained. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515\charrsid15743771 Should there be any community debts, those debts shall be deducted from the gross value of any community property before such property is divided between the parties. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf17\insrsid11863515  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515\charrsid15743771 
Any disproportionate distribution due to a finding of adultery or extreme cruelty shall only be made on the community property remaining after all community debts have either been satisfied or other
wise accounted for in the valuation of the net community property.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid11863515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11863515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf17\insrsid11863515 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf17\insrsid11863515  \'b6 38.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [62]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid1138458 Based on our holdings above}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515 
 regarding the characterization of the Merizo, Yona/Saipan, and Chalan Pago properties, it appears that aside from the parties\rquote  retirement accounts, the primary community assets are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf17\insrsid11863515\charrsid11547155 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515  Blue House and the Chalan Pago property.  The trial court did not make a specific finding about the value of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf17\insrsid13909987 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid15026140\charrsid15026140 Blue House and Chalan Pago }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515 properties, instead only mentioning the purchase price of the Blue House (}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid1138458 i.e., }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515 $130,000.00 in 1999).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid15339189 RA, tab 77}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid224140  at 17}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515  (Finds. Fact & Concl. L.).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid15026140 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid224140 he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid15026140 
community debts include the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid224140 Blue House mortgage balance }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515\charrsid10685163 
and the approximately $230,000.00 of credit card and automobile loan balances at the time of separation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [63]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515 Given this court\rquote s holding in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf17\insrsid11863515 
Babauta I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515 
, the trial court should have made a clear determination of the value of the community assets so that it could offset the total community debt from this value before distributing the assets.  Instead, the trial court simply determi
ned that the parties had equal shares in the community property remaining after offset of the mortgages, without also offsetting the outstanding credit card }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid15026140 and automobile }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515 debt.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 Although 19 GCA \'a7 8411 gives the court the discretion to make a disproportionate distribution of the community property upon a finding of adultery, }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Babauta I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid224140 clearly requires}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
 an offset of the community debt in all cases, even those where one party }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid224140 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  at fault for either adultery or extreme cruelty.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid797844 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10313487 Babauta I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10313487 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid797844 2011 Guam 15 \'b6 38.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515\charrsid10313487 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5976057\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [64]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515 The trial court\rquote s basis for not making the o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid224140 ffset\emdash the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515 parties\rquote  failure to }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 clearly identify the proportion in which each party is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid224140 obligated for the debts\emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8985041 is misplaced}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 , since the court determined that these debts were all community debt.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid224140 id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid224140  at 39.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515   Indeed, 19 GCA \'a7 6102 defines \'93community debt\'94 as \'93
a debt contracted or incurred by either or both spouses during marriage which is not a separate debt.\'94  19 GCA \'a7 6102(b) (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15736842  (emphasis omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
.  Patria does not point to which provision in 19 GCA \'a7 6102(a) (defining \'93separate debt\'94) the credit card and aut}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9515294 omobile loan debts would fall.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11863515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [65]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3093612 We remand this issue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  to the trial court to make a clear offset of the community debt again}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3093612 
st the community property}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8985041 , according to the provisions for the satisfaction of community debts in 19 GCA \'a7 6104(a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3093612 .  This}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515  will require the trial court to make specific findings regarding the value of the community real property.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3093612 The trial court is free to determine whether it will allow t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 he parties to present more proof on the issue, since apparently the court was dissatisfied with the evidence.  The trial court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3093612 may also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515 adjust its distribution of the community property remaining, if any, after the offset of the community debts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2897134 , in accordance with 19 GCA \'a7 8411.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs28\super\insrsid7152081 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956026 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\super\insrsid7152081 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7152081  See also section IV.O. below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \fi-533\li533\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin533\itap0\pararsid15956026\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 G.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid818293 
The Trial Court\rquote s Failure}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515  to Award Antonio Reimbursement for Post-Separation Payments of Separate Funds toward Community Debts
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \fi-504\li504\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin504\itap0\pararsid11863515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5976057\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [66]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 It is undisputed that after the parties\rquote  separation, with the exception of a couple of car payments, Antonio alone has paid the community debts.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15339189 
RA, tab 77}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid675369  at 38 (Finds. Fact & Concl. L.)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8420103 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5334549  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
Antonio argues that the trial court erred in denying him reimbursement for these payments.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\super\insrsid11863515 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s26\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956026 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs28\super\insrsid5602060 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060  Antonio appears to make two alternative assertions: (
1) that all of his post-separation payments toward community debt has been with his separate funds, or (2) that if this court were to affirm that Patria has a 40.5% share of Antonio\rquote 
s retirement benefits, then it should be found that the entire community retirement interest was used toward the post-separation payments on community debt.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5602060 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5602060  Appellant\rquote s Br. at 19 (May 28, 2015).  Antonio\rquote s second assertion will be discussed in greater detail in section IV.H. below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515   Appellant\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid818293 Principal Br. at 16-17}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [67]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 Patria finds no error in the trial court\rquote s failure to reimburs
e Antonio for his post-separation payments on community debt, citing to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Babauta I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  for support:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid11863515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 \'93
In some situations, however, reimbursement may be inappropriate, such as: where there was an agreement between the parties that the payment would not be reimbur
sed; where the paying spouse truly intended the payment to constitute a gift; where the payment was made on account of a debt for an asset which the paying spouse was using and the amount paid was not substantially in excess of the value of the use; or wh
ere the payment constituted in reality a discharge of the paying spouse\rquote s duty to support the other spouse or a dependent child of the parties.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid11863515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11863515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 Appellee\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid818293 Principal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  & }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid818293 Resp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid797844  Br. at 32}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Babauta I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 , 2011 Guam 15 \'b6 33).  Patria contends that because Antonio enjoyed exclusive use of the Blue House after the parties\rquote 
 separation, he is not entitled to credit for any post-separation payments on the mortgage.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid675369 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid675369  at 32-33.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
She further contends that Antonio\rquote s continued payments on her 2005 Toyota RAV4 \'93could easily be construed as ongoing spousal support,\'94 and that \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14040355 Antonio }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515 in his verified complaint wanted Patria to have the [vehicle].\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  at 33.  Finally, she argues that because of the trial court\rquote 
s finding of adultery, it was not error for the court to make Antonio pay more for the community debts.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid15155346 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [68]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid4068329 The trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
 acknowledged that since the parties\rquote  separation, Antonio alone has paid for the mortgage on the Blue House using his separate funds.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10686350 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15339189 A, tab 77}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10686350  at 31}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  (Finds. Fact & Concl. L.) (\'93U
sing his Urunao and Yigo income and proceeds, [Antonio] alone has paid the $15,000 down payment, the mortgage payments, the improvements to, and the maintenance costs of the Blue house.\'94).  The court determined that Antonio was not \'93
entitled to any reimbursement or credit for any post-separation mortgage payments when mortgage payments on the Blue house were \lquote payment[s] made on account of a debt for an asset which the paying spouse was using.\rquote \'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Babauta I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 , 2011 Guam 15 \'b6 33).  The court also ack
nowledged that Antonio alone has paid the other community debts since the parties\rquote  separation, but did not specifically address the issue of reimbursement for these post-separation payments, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10686350 
and instead ordered}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  him }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10686350 solely }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 liable for these debts.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10686350   }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10686350 See id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10686350  at 38-40.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid10686350 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [69]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Babauta I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515 , this court recognized that 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid11863515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
[a]s a general rule, a spouse who, after separation of the parties, uses his or her separate funds to pay preexisting community obligations should be reimbursed upon divorce.  Otherwise, parties would
 be discouraged from making payments on community obligations after separation for fear that they would receive no credit for such payments while the other spouse is awarded a windfall.
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11863515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 2011 Guam 15 \'b6
 32 (citations omitted).  The court then provided some examples of situations in which reimbursement may be inappropriate, such as \'93
where the payment was made on account of a debt for an asset which the paying spouse was using and the amount paid was not substantially in excess of the value of the use; or where the payment constituted in reality a discharge of the paying spouse
\rquote s duty to support the other spouse.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  \'b6 33 (citation omitted).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [70]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Babauta I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515 , the trial court had denied husband reimbursement for his post-separation payments toward the community\rquote s mortgage on the marital home on the basis of the court\rquote s finding husband at fault for extreme cruelty.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid818293 See i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 d.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  \'b6
 34.  This court reversed, finding that the trial court should have deducted the mortgage from the value of the community property.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5701642 See i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 d.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  \'b6 39.  In the alternative (addressing an ambiguity as to whether the mortgage was included in the trial court\rquote 
s order that husband assume all the community debt), this court held that even if the mortgage was not included in the trial court\rquote s assignment
 of all the community debt to husband, it was error for the trial court to deny husband credit or reimbursement, as such denial was essentially an award to wife of husband\rquote s separate property.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Id.}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5331440 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid418352 40-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 41.

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [71]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6247576 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15026140 
explained }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 in section }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10686350 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 V.F. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15881527 and footnote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15881527\charrsid5334549 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3373287 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15881527  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 above, the trial court properly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15881527 determined that the value of the Blue House was to be offset by the mortgage on the property}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\super\insrsid15881527 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956026 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\super\insrsid5602060 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060  However, as mentioned earlier, the trial
 court failed to determine the value of the Blue House at the time of separation, and is directed to make such determination on remand.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15881527 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 he trial court properly relied on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Babauta I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  in denying Antonio reimbursement for his post-separation payments on the Blue Ho
use mortgage, as he has enjoyed exclusive use of the property since the parties\rquote  separation, and the monthly mortgage payments of $1,119.18 is likely not substantially in excess of the value of this use.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515\charrsid15991765 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [72]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 As for the other debts, however, the trial cour
t did not order an offset of the debts from the value of the community property, which was improper under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Babauta I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  and 19 GCA \'a7 6104(a).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6247576 O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15881527 n remand, the trial court shall}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  determine the value of the community property and offset from this amount the }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6247576 Blue House mortgage (reduced }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11296637 by Antonio\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6247576  post}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11296637 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6247576 separation payments}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11296637 ).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6247576 The value of the community property in excess of the Blue House mortgage shall be applied to }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6247576\charrsid6247576 the credit card and automobile loan balances at the time of separation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1659583 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6247576  and Antonio shall be entitl
ed to reimbursement for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16515471 half of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1659583 his}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6247576\charrsid6247576  post-separation payments on the credit cards and auto loan}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6247576  using his separate funds}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6247576\charrsid6247576 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\super\insrsid11863515 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s26\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956026 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs28\super\insrsid5602060 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060  \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060\charrsid16726829 Should }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060 [the community]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060\charrsid16726829  property be insufficient}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060  [to satisfy the community debts]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060\charrsid16726829 
, only the separate property of the spouse who contracted or incurred the debt shall be liable for its satisfaction. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060\charrsid16726829 
If both spouses contracted or incurred the debt, the separate property of both spouses is jointly and severally liable for its satisfaction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060 \'94  19 GCA \'a7 6104(a).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \fi-475\li475\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin475\itap0\pararsid15956026\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 H.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5701642 T}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13107594  Trial Court\rquote s Award to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515  Patria }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13107594 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 $73,046.08 as Arrears Owed on Her Share of Antonio\rquote s Retirement Benefits
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \fi-432\li432\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin432\itap0\pararsid11863515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5976057\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [73]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3432580 As }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6247576 stated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3432580 in footnote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3373287 15}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515  above, Antonio makes the alternative argument that if this court were to affirm the trial court\rquote s determination that Patria has a 40.5% share of Antonio\rquote 
s retirement benefits, then it should be determined that Antonio used the entire community interest in his retirement benefits toward the post-separation payments on the community debt, and the trial court\rquote 
s award to Patria of arrears on the retirement benefits should be reversed.  Appellant\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13107594 Principal Br. at 18-19}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 .  Antonio }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7545765 argues}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  that \'93a party should not be reimbursed for her community share of a pension post-separation where the pension was used to pay community debts after separation.\'94  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13107594 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  at 19 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Davis v. Davis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 , 2014 Guam 4 \'b6 26).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid14174665 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [74]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 In response, Patria argues that because Antonio h
ad exclusive use of the community property after the parties\rquote  separation, he should not be credited for the payments on the debt on the property.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3432580 Appellee\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13107594 Principal & Resp. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3432580 Br. at 33.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 Patria does not address the payments on the other debts, i.e, the credit card debt and automobile loan.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [75]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6247576 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 he trial court found that since the parties\rquote 
 separation, Antonio alone has paid for the mortgage on the Blue House }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515\charrsid14174665 using his separate funds}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid11863515 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3432580 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15339189 A, tab 77}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3432580  at 31}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  (Finds. Fact & Concl. L.) (\'93Using his Urunao and Yigo income and proceeds, [Antonio] alone has paid the $15,000 down payment, the mortgage payments, the improvements to, and the maintenance costs of the Blue house.\'94
).  Antonio does not directly challenge this finding.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6247576 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 n considering his alternative argument about using }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3432580 
the community share of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 his monthly retirement benefits to make the post-separation payments on the community debts, the Blue House mortgage }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3432580 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  excluded.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
As for the credit card debt and automobile loan, the trial court, while acknowledging that Antonio has made the post-separation payments on these debts, did not explicitly find that he made these payments out of his separate funds.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3432580 id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3432580  at 21 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 (\'93
Navy Federal Credit Union auto loan for the 2005 Toyota RAV4, . . . which was paid entirely by Antonio after separation except for three monthly installment payments of $462.04 made by Patria.\'94); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 id.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11088379 38 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 (\'93[Antonio] has paid for nearly all of the debts after the parties\rquote  final separation.\'94
).  Arguably, it is implied that Antonio used his separate funds to make these payments.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16290\charrsid5863318 Because we do not know the true value of the community property at the time of separation, we cannot determine whether the community property (excluding the community interest in Antonio\rquote s retirement benefits)
 was sufficient to satisfy the community debts.  As instructed above, the trial court on remand shall determine the value of the community property at the time of separation and offset from this amount the Blue House mortgage (reduced by Antonio\rquote 
s post-separation payments) and the credit car}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5863318 d and automobile loan balances at the time of separation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16290\charrsid5863318 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5863318 If it turns out that without the community interest in Antonio\rquote s retirement benefits, the community property is insufficient to satisfy the community debts, the trial court shall include the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7021240 retirement assets in its calculations and adjust its award of arrears accordingly.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7021240 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7021240  19 GCA \'a7 6104(a) (\'93
Community debts shall be satisfied first from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7021240 all }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7021240 community property . . . .\'94 (emphasis added)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5863318  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7021240  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16290\charrsid5863318 Should the community property}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7021240  (even including the community interest in Antonio\rquote 
s retirement benefits)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16290\charrsid5863318  be insufficient to satisfy the community debts, the trial court shall look to other assets of the parties in accordance with the provisions of 19 GCA \'a7 6104(a).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5863318   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \fi-374\li374\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin374\itap0\pararsid15956026\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13107594 I.  T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 
he Trial Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13107594 \rquote s Failure}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515  to Award Rent Income to Antonio for Patria\rquote s Use of His Pahong Court Apartment
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \fi-432\li432\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin432\itap0\pararsid11863515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5976057\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 [7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 8}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5976057 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5976057 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515 
As his last issue on appeal, Antonio argues that the trial court erred in failing to award him rent for Patria\rquote s use of hi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid3373287 s Pahong Court apartment\emdash which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf17\insrsid11863515 the court found to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid3373287 be his separate property\emdash since }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515 the parties\rquote  separation.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf17\insrsid10377409 Appellant\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid13107594 Principal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid10377409 Br. at 19-20.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515 
Antonio argues that if the trial court was correct in denying him reimbursement for his post-separation payments on the Blue House mortgage on
 the basis of his exclusive use of that property since separation, then the court should have also determined that Patria likewise owed Antonio rent for her exclusive use of the Pahong Court apartment since separation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf17\insrsid10377409   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf17\insrsid10377409 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid10377409 at 20.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515\charrsid10377409 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8402686\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8402686 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 79}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8402686 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8402686 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515 The trial court acknowledged that Antonio typically charged renters $850}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid3490934 .00}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515  per month for this unit.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid10377409 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid15339189 A, tab 77}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid10377409  at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid13107594 13-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid10377409 14}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515 
 (Finds. Fact & Concl. L.).  Despite the loss of rental income to Antonio by virtue of Patria\rquote s occupation of the unit, the trial court held:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid11863515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515 Although [Pat
ria] has stayed in the Pahong Court property since the parties\rquote 
 separation making minimal rental payments, the Court will not order [Patria] reimburse [Antonio].  [Patria] did not have possession of the marital residence, which was titled in her sole name.  Equity and [Patria\rquote 
s] need to live somewhere during the pendency of this action determine that she is not required to reimburse [Antonio] for back rent.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri720\widctlpar\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid11863515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11863515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf17\insrsid11863515 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf17\insrsid11863515  at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid13107594 33}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8402686\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8402686 [8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 0}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8402686 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8402686 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515 Based on this language from the trial court, Patria asserts that the trial court imp
liedly found that allowing Patria to live in Pahong Court has been a form of spousal support.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf17\insrsid11863515 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515  Appellee\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid13107594 Principal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515  & }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid13107594 Resp. Br. at 34}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515 
.  Patria suggests that the trial court\rquote s statement, \'93Equity and [Patria\rquote s] need to live somewhere during the pendency of this action determine that she is not required to reimburse [Antonio] for back rent,\'94
 sounds very similar to the language in 19 GCA \'a7 8405.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf17\insrsid11863515 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515  at 34-35}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid865219 
 (quoting RA, tab 77 at 33 (Finds. Fact & Concl. L.)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid14763190 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515 .  Section 8405 provides: \'93When a dissolution o
f marriage is granted, the tribunal shall . . . make such suitable allowance to the other spouse for that person\rquote s support, during that person\rquote 
s life or for a shorter period, as the Court may deem just, having regard to the circumstances of the parties respectively; . . . .\'94  19 GCA \'a7 8405 (2005).  Patria argues that in essence, \'93
the Court awarded Patria the rent that Antonio imputed to her for the period that he allowed Patria to stay in his apartment instead of at the marital home.\'94  Appellee\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid13107594 Principal}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515  & }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid13107594 Resp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515  Br. at 35.  Patria characterizes the parties\rquote  conduct as the parties\rquote  \'93
implicit support agreement during the period of separation.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf17\insrsid11863515 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515   She then cites to 19 GCA \'a7
 8402 as support for this implied spousal support award.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf17\insrsid11863515 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515   Section 8402 provides, in pertinent part:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\widctlpar\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid11863515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515 
When an action for dissolution of marriage is pending, the court may, in its discretion, require the husband or wife, as the case may be, to pay as alimony any money necessary to enable the wife, or husband, to support herself and her 
children, or to support himself and his children, or prosecute or defend the action.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri720\widctlpar\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid11863515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11863515\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515 19 GCA \'a7 8402 (2005).}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515\charrsid14030729 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8402686\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8402686 [8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 1}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8402686 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8402686 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid10377409 While we find some merit in Antonio\rquote s argument}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf17\insrsid6247576  that Patria should pay }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid6247576\charrsid6247576 rent for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid6247576 her }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid6247576\charrsid6247576 
use of his Pahong Court apartment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid6247576  after their separation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid10377409 , given the trial court\rquote s language about equity and Patria\rquote 
s need for a place to live, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515 the court\rquote s denial of reimbursement to Antonio for Patria\rquote s use of Pahong Court was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid10377409 in essence }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid7820609 a form of spousal support to Patria}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11863515 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid7820609 It was within the trial court\rquote s discreti
on to require Antonio to provide for Patria\rquote s support during the pendency of the action\emdash which in this case was in the form of allowing Patria to live in Pahong Court rent free\emdash while at the same time charg}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid6247576 ing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid7820609  Antonio for his exclusive use of the Blue House.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid6247576 
We cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in making its decision t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid15950565 o treat the parties differently}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid7820609 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf17\insrsid11863515\charrsid9044223 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li432\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin432\itap0\pararsid11863515 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 J.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13107594 The Trial Court\rquote s Failure to Find}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515  Antonio was in a Fiduciary Relationship with Patria
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8402686 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8402686 [8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8402686 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8402686 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 As discussed in section }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7820609 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15021386 
V.B.1.b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 . above, on cross-appeal, Patria argues that the trial court erred in not finding that the parties were in a fiduciary relationship.  She argues that 19 GCA \'a7 6111(a),}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\super\insrsid11863515 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956026 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\super\insrsid5602060 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6634013 As mentioned in footno}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11088830 te 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6634013  above, the version of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060 19 GCA \'a7 6111 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6634013 
relevant to this appeal is the version that predates the amendments made by Public Law 33-026 on May 7, 2015.  Thus, our discussion regarding this statute concerns the version which existed prior to the 20
15 amendments.  The prior version of section 6111 provided, in whole:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s26\qj \li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid15956026 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5602060 \'a7 6111.  Property Relations.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060 \tab (a)  Either husband or wife may enter into any engagement or transaction with the other, respecting property subject, in transaction between themselves, to 
the general rules which control the actions of persons occupying confidential relations with each other.
\par \tab (b)  A husband and wife cannot, by any contract with each other, alter their legal relations, except as to property, and except that they may agree, i
n writing, to an immediate separation, and may make provision for the support of either of them and of their children during such separation.
\par \tab (c)  The mutual consent of the parties is a sufficient consideration for such an agreement.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s26\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956026 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060 19 GCA \'a7 6111}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6634013  (2005)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6634013   Subsections (a) and (c) were not altered by the 2015 amendments.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
 which provides that property transactions between spouses are subject \'93to the general rules which control the actions of persons occupying confidential relations with each other,\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10552929 19 GCA \'a7
 6111(a) (2005), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 imposes fiduciary obligations on spouses.  Appellee\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13107594 Principal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  & Resp}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13107594 . Br. at 8-10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 .  Furthermore, she contends that the trial court misinterpreted 19 GCA \'a7
 6111(c) (regarding mutual consent being sufficient consideration) as applying to these property transactions, arguing that subsection (c) applies to the separation agreements contemplated by subsection (b).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid11863515 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  at 8-9.  She argues that a presumption of undue influence arises where a property transaction between spouses advantages one spouse over the other.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid11863515 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  at 10 (\'93A presumption of undue influence does not arise in an interspousal transaction unless one spouse obtains an unfair advantage or obta
ins property for which no or clearly inadequate consideration has been given.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1058297  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1058297\charrsid2580092 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid1058297\charrsid2580092 In re Marriage of Burkle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13107594 , 43 Cal. Rptr. 3d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14043190 at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13107594 184}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1058297\charrsid2580092 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 ).  She contends that because she did not receive adequate compensation for her quitclaims, it is presumed that Antonio obtained an unfair advantage.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  at 12-14.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8402686 [8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8402686 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8402686 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15021386\charrsid9074820 We}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid9074820  agree}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  with Patria that there really is no distinction between \'93confidential relations\'94 and \'93
fiduciary relations.\'94  Although the trial court was correct that the California version of section 6111 was amended to use the word \'93fiduciary\'94 while the Guam statute still only uses \'93confidential relations,\'94
 it appears that California courts equate \'93confidential relations\'94 with \'93fiduciary relations\'94 when discussing cases that pre-date the amendments to the California statute.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 
See In re Marriage of Haines}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 , 39 Cal. Rptr. 2d 673, 683 (Ct. App. 1995) (\'93
[T]he competence of spouses to engage in transactions with each other is subject to the circumstances being pleasing to the fiduciary standard.\'94 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Locke Paddon v. Locke Paddon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 , 227 P.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16409119  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 715, 717 (Cal. 1924))); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 see also In re Cover\rquote s Estate}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 , 204 P. 583, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14043190 588-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 90 (Cal. 1922) (applying presumption of undue influence as applicable standard in \'93
confidential relations\'94 transactions).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid13728591 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8402686 [8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8402686 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8402686 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
In any event, as discussed earlier, while the trial court may have declined to expressly find that spouses are subject to fiduciary obligations in transactions between themselves, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15021386 ultimately}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  the trial court applied the presumption of undue influence as articulated in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 In re Cover\rquote s Estate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 . 
 The trial court made a specific finding that Antonio overcame the presumption as to the Pahong Court quitclaim, and impliedly found he overcame the presumption as to the other quitclaims, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 see }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15021386 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 V.B., }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 .  Substantial evidence supports these findings.

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8402686 [8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8402686 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8402686 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
As to the issue of whether \'93mutual consent of the parties\'94 constitutes sufficient consideration for property transactions between the parties, Patria argues that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11893442 the \'93mutual consent\'94
 language found in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 subsection (c) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11893442 of 19 GCA \'a7 6111}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  applies only to the separation agreemen}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11893442 ts provided by subsection (b).  Patria\rquote s reading of 19 GCA \'a7 6111 is supported by the statute\rquote s history.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
It appears that subsections (a), (b), and (c) of section 6111 used to be separated into three separate sections of the 1953 Civil Code:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid11863515 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515\charrsid358847 \'a7 158.  Either may make contract.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid358847 
Either husband or wife may enter into any engagement or transaction with the other or with any other person, respecting property, which either might if unmarried; subject, in transactions between themselves, to the g
eneral rules which control the action of person}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid358847\charrsid358847 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid358847 
 occupying confidential relations with each other, as defined by the Title on trusts.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid11236538 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515\charrsid11236538 \'a7 159.  Property relations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid8744156   A husband and wife cannot, by any contract with each other, alter their legal relations, exc
ept as to property, and except that they may agree, in writing, to an immediate separation, and may make provision for the support of either of them and of their children during such separation.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid3494118 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515\charrsid15221751 \'a7 160.  Separation agreement.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid15221751   The mutual consent of the parties is a sufficient consideration for such an agreemen}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid12718690 t as is mentioned in the last section.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid11863515 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515\charrsid9124969 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11863515 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid4019271 Guam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11355386\charrsid4019271 Civ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11355386 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11355386\charrsid4019271  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid4019271 Code \'a7\'a7 158-160 (1953).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515   Sections 158, 159, and 160 of the former Civil Code correspond with subsections (a), (b), and (c), respectively, of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6634013 2005 version of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  19 GCA \'a7 6111.  Thus, it appears that as the statutes were originally written, the \'93mutual consent of the parties\'94
 language of former section 160 (current section 6111(c)) applied to the separation agreement mentioned in former section 159 (section 6111(b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14814043  of 2005 statute}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
).  For whatever reason, in 1980, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14814043 L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 egislature }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11893442 decided }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
to combine the three sections into one section with three subparts, repealing sections 158-160 and replacing them with Civil Code section 165(a)-(c).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515\charrsid8476168 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515\charrsid8476168  Guam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11355386\charrsid8476168 Civ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11355386 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11355386\charrsid8476168  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515\charrsid8476168 Code \'a7 165 (enacted by Pub. L. 15-113:2, Mar. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8476168\charrsid7869119 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8476168\charrsid8476168 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515\charrsid8476168 1980) (recodified as 19 GCA \'a7 6111).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515   However, while 19 GCA \'a7 6111 is arguably ambiguous as to what \'93agreement\'94
 is referred to by subsection (c), the statutory history of section 6111 demonstrates that the \'93agreement\'94 mentioned in subsection (c) is the separation agreement mentioned in subsection (b).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8402686 [8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8402686 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8402686 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
Even though subsection (c)\rquote s language regarding mutual consent being sufficient consideration does not apply to the property transactions contemplated by subsect
ion (a), this does not necessarily mean that a quitclaim of property from one spouse to another is invalid without consideration.  Citing to California Civil Code section 1040, a California court of appeals has held that \'93
[u]nder well-settled statutory and case law inadequacy of consideration does not defeat the validity of a deed in the absence of fraud.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 In re Marriage of Broderick}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515 , 257 Cal. Rptr. 397, 403 (Ct. App. 1989) (citing Cal. Civil Code \'a7 1040; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Odone v. Marzocchi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 , 212 P.2d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1330864 297, 300 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 (Cal. 1949); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Generes v. Justice Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 , 165 Cal. Rptr. 222}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1330864 , 225}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  (Ct. App. 1980); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Taylor v. Taylor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 , 152 P.2d 480}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1330864 , 484-85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  (Dist. Ct. App. 1944)).  California Civil Code section 1040 was adopted verbatim by Guam in 1953 as Guam Civil Code section 1040.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid11863515\charrsid3494118 Compare}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid15221751  Cal. Civil Code \'a7 1040}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3494118\charrsid3687478  (1933)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515\charrsid3494118 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515\charrsid15221751 with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid13844163  Guam Civil Code \'a7 1040 (1953).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
  Guam Civil Code section 1040 is now found, unchanged, in 19 GCA \'a7 40102.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\super\insrsid11863515 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s26\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956026 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs28\super\insrsid5602060 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060  The California provision continues to exist, unchanged from its 1872 enactment, as California Civil Code section 1040.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
  Section 40102 provides: \'93A voluntary transfer is an executed contract, subject to all rules of law concerning contracts in general, except that a consideration is not necessary to its validity.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs28\super\insrsid11863515 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956026 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\super\insrsid5602060 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060  \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5602060 Transfer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060  is an act of the parties, or of the law, by which the title to property is conveyed from one living person to another.\'94  19 GCA \'a7 40101 (2005).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515   19 GCA \'a7 40102 (2005).

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8402686 [8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8402686 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8402686 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
Given the evidence concerning the various quitclaim deeds in this case and the discussions regarding undue influence above, there does not appear to be any evidence of fraud.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6247576 Accordingly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11893442 we deem these deeds to be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
voluntary transfers from Patria to Antonio of whatever interest she had in the properties, and her arguments regarding inadequate consideration fail.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid6112876 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-475\li475\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin475\itap0\pararsid15956026 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 K.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14043190 The Trial Court\rquote 
s Finding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515  that Antonio Met His Burden of Proof for Asserting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11893442 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 Property }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6247576 Acquired }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 During the Marriage was his Separate Property
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-389\li389\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin389\itap0\pararsid11863515 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8402686 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8402686 [8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8402686 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8402686 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
On cross-appeal, Patria argues that the trial court erred in finding that Antonio adequately traced the source of funds used to acquire the properties purchased during the marriage to his separate property.  Appellee\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14043190 Principal & Resp. Br at 15-17}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 .  She asserts that \'93
Antonio provided incomplete proof of income during the marriage and failed to provide an accounting on how the funds were spent.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
at 16.  She points to her testimony that \'93
she had to use her income on the most basic of necessities for the household (food, tuition for their son, feminine hygiene products, etc.) and indicated that at times during the marriage that Antonio was so over
 extended that she had to help him out once in awhile [sic].\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8402686 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 89}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8402686 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8402686 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
Antonio responds that Patria failed to identify which properties were inadequately traced to a separate source, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14043190 but }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
he assumes she refers to the Merizo property and Lot 1 in Yigo (the only properties acquired during the marriage for which she provided argument in her brief).  Appellant\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14043190 Resp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  & Reply Br. at 12.  Antonio argues that the trial court correctly found that Lot 1 in Yigo is his \'93separate property based on his acquisition of 
the larger, undivided Lot 7079-3, Yigo, through exchange of his Portland, Oregon, home purchased before the marriage, and $75,000 proceeds from the sale of Lot 2306-3-R7, Mangilao, which [he] received as a gift from his sister.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515   As for the Merizo pro
perty, Antonio argues that the property was properly conveyed by Patria to Antonio via quitclaim deed, and that he alone has paid the mortgage on the property.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515  at 12-13.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8402686 [9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 0}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8402686 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8402686 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4937576 S}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 ubstantial evidence supports the trial court\rquote s findings }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6247576 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 those properties }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6247576 were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
the separate property of Antonio.  The evidence showed that Antonio owned several properties prior to marriage, inherited or was gifted properties during the marriage, and sold or exchanged some of these separate properties to acquire new propertie
s.  The parties kept separate bank accounts throughout the marriage, and it was undisputed that Antonio alone paid for the mortgages on the properties, including the residence of the parties.  Additionally, Patria admitted that Antonio paid all of the uti
lity bills and the automobile loans throughout the marriage.  Antonio }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6247576 also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
contributed his income to the community, not just to his separate properties.  While it may be true that Patria used her income to purchase household necessities and to pay for their son\rquote 
s tuition, and that from time to time Antonio was short on cash and asked her for money, this does not necessarily mean that he was using community funds to acquire property.  Indeed, Patria\rquote 
s income was community property, and it appears from the con
duct of the parties that the arrangement was that he would pay the major expenses of the community, such as the mortgage, utilities, and auto loans, while she paid for the household necessities and their son\rquote s tuition.  Because the trial court
\rquote s findings concerning Antonio\rquote s separate property are not clearly erroneous, these findings }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4937576 are}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  affirmed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515\charrsid16267307 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-389\li389\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin389\itap0\pararsid14043190 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 L.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14043190 The Trial Court\rquote 
s Failure }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 to Nullify }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14043190 All of the Quitclaims M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 ade }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14043190 D}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 uring the Marriage by Patria in Favor of Antonio
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li432\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin432\itap0\pararsid11863515 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid394824 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 [91]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid394824 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 Patria\rquote s next contention on cross-appeal is that the trial court erred in failing to void all of the quitclaims during the marriage.  First, she argues that the quitclaims she mad}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4937576 e in November 1986\emdash concerning }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 Pahong Court, Urunao, Ritidian,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4937576  and a lot in Mangilao\emdash should }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515 have been voided since they were a part of settlement negotiations in the parties\rquote  1986 divorce case (which they later dropped).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10500457 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10500457 
 Appellee\rquote s Principal & Resp. Br. at 17-18.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14043190   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 However, the trial court was correct that these quitclaims are of no consequence, as Patria did not ha
ve any interest in these properties to disclaim.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4937576 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15339189 
A, tab 77}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4937576  at 33}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  (Finds. Fact & Concl. L.) (\'93[Patria] claims the Pahong Court Quit Claim \lquote 
fails for want of consideration and as the parties got back together after filing for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14773526 [d]ivorce }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 in 1985;\rquote 
 however, the Court finds that [Patria] never held any legal interest in the Pahong Court property to quit claim; therefore, the Court awards this property to [Antonio] as his sole and separate property.\'94).  Thus, the trial court\rquote s f}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4937576 indings as to these properties are}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  affirmed.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 [92]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid394824 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
Patria also argues that her quitclaims on Lot 1, Tract 927, Yigo, and Lot 276 NEW-1, Merizo, should be voided due to undue influence and for lack of consideration.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10500457 Appellee\rquote 
s Principal & Resp. Br. at 19-20.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14043190   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 These properties were addressed in section }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4937576 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515 V.B. above.  The Yigo property was exchanged for the Chalan Pago property, whic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4937576 h, as discussed above, is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
the community property of the parties.  Thus, Patria\rquote s argument concerning this quitclaim deed need not be addressed.  As for Merizo, as discussed above, substantial evidence supports the trial court\rquote 
s implied finding that there was no undue influence surrounding this quitclaim deed, and as there was no evidence of fraud in the procurement of the deed, it is not void for lack of consideration.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11863515 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 M.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14043190 The Trial Court
\rquote s Failure }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 to Grant Patria Spousal Support
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid394824 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 [93]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid394824 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 Patria next argues that the trial court erred in denying her spousal support on the theory that she did not provide sufficient evidence of need.  Appellee\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14043190 Principal}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  & }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14043190 Resp. Br. at 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 
.  Patria argues that the trial court should have considered spousal support not only in the context of her need for support, but also in the context of it being a part of the distribution of assets of the marriage and to pay for her attorney\rquote s fe
es and cost of the divorce action.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  at 20-21.  She asserts that the trial court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14043190 should}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  have awarded her spousal support as part of the granting her a divorce on the ground of adultery }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14043190 on the part of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  Antonio.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4937576   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4937576 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4937576  at 21.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid4937576 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 [94]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid394824 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515 The decision of whether or 
not to award spousal support is clearly within the discretion of the trial court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\super\insrsid4729661 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s26\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15956026 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs28\super\insrsid5602060 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5602060  Although the trial court did not enter a formal award of spousal support, the court arguably did grant Patria some form of spousal support.  As discussed in section I
V.I. above, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid5602060 the court\rquote s denial of reimbursement to Antonio for Patria\rquote s use of Pahong Court was in essence a form of spousal support to Patria.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11863515   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  19 GCA \'a7 8402}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14043190 (a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  (2005) (\'93
[T]he court may, in its discretion, require the husband or wife, as the case may be, to pay as alimony any money necessary to enable the wife,
 or husband, to support herself and her children, or to support himself and his children, or prosecute or defend the action.\'94).  Essentially, Patria argues that the trial court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11863515 could have}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  awarded her spousal support, but she does not articulate reasons why the trial court\rquote 
s declining to award spousal support was an abuse of discretion.  Given the deferential standard used in reviewing spousal support decisions, the trial court\rquote s denial of spousal support }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid676185 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515  affirmed.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid676185 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid676185 N.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14043190 The Trial Court\rquote 
s Failure}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid676185  to Find Antonio at Fault for Extreme Cruelty
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 [95]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid394824 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid676185 
Patria also contends that the trial court erred in finding that she did not meet her burden of proving extreme mental cruelty on the part of Antonio.  Appellee\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14043190 Principal & Resp. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid676185 Br. at 21.  She asserts that she \'93showed a pattern of financial control and mental cruelty based upon the adulterous behavior of Antonio.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid676185 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid676185 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 [96]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid394824 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid676185 
Based on the record in this case, we cannot say that the trial court clearly erred in determining that there was insufficient evidence of extreme cruelty on the part of Antonio.  As the trier of fact, the trial court was in the best }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid354977 position }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid676185 to assess the evidence and determine whether it supported}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1385438  a finding of extreme cruelty.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6247576 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1385438 e are not convinced that a mistake has been made}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6247576  by the trial co}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15950565 urt, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1385438 we affirm as to this issue.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid676185 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1385438 O.  Whether the Trial Court should have Awarded Additional Property to Patria
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 [97]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid394824 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1385438 
As her final contention on cross-appeal, Patria argues that the trial court should have awarded her a greater share of the community property on the basis of its finding that Antonio committed adultery.  Appellee\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14043190 Principal & Resp. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1385438 Br. at 23.  She complains that she \'93was not awarded any of the community property as her separate property,\'94 and asserts that \'93[i]t would be just and equitable to
 have awarded some of the community property as separate do [sic] to the finding of adultery.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1385438 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1385438 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 [98]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid394824 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5073815 In response, Antonio argues that \'93
Patria admitted numerous times that the Blue House is community property and that Antonio has 50% interest in it.\'94  Appellant\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14043190 Resp. & Reply Br. at 15}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5073815 .  Additionally, he contends that the trial court\rquote s decision not to award the Blue House to Patria was proper considering that she has not paid any community debts since separation, including the mortgage on the Blue House.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5073815 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5073815  at 15-16.  He argues that it was within the trial court\rquote 
s discretion to decline to award Patria a greater share of the community property notwithstanding the finding of adultery.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5073815 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5073815  at 16. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5073815\charrsid5073815 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 [99]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid394824 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5073815 Patria seemingly admits that it was within the trial court\rquote 
s discretion to award her a greater share of the community property based on the finding of adul}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2035128 tery, while at the same time }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10555251 faults}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2035128  the trial court for not awarding her a greater share.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10500457 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10500457  Appellee\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8342634 
s Principal & Resp. Br. at 23}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10500457 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2035128 While Patria does
 not outright say that the trial court was required to make a disproportionate distribution in her favor, we construe her argument as suggesting such a requirement.  To the extent that Patria does make such argument, we admonish her for not citing to any 
legal authority for support.  While ordinarily we would not entertain an argu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7143647 ment for which no citation to authority is provided, we are unable to ignore the relevant case law on the issue.  Title 19 GCA \'a7
 8411(a) provides that \'93[i]f the [divorce] decree be
 rendered on the ground of adultery or extreme cruelty, the community property shall be assigned to respective parties in such proportions as the court, from all the facts in the case, and the condition of the parties, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7143647\charrsid7143647 may deem just}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7143647 .\'94  19 GCA \'a7 8411(a) (emphasis added).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8654110 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8654110 Gorman v. Gorman}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8654110 , 66 P. 313 (Cal. 1901), t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7143647 he Supreme Court of California, in construing California Civil Code section 146, from which 19 GCA \'a7
 8411 is derived, held that the statute impliedly requires the trial court to award more than one-half of the community property to the innocent spouse where there has been a finding of adultery or extreme cruelty.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8654110 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9310297 he court held:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid9310297 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9310297 
Where the divorce is granted on the ground of adultery or extreme cruelty, section 146, Civ. Code, leaves the dispositi
on of the community property in the first instance to the discretion of the trial court, with, perhaps, the qualification, inferred from a reading of the entire section, that as a general rule more than one-half of such property must be decreed to the inn
ocent spouse in such a case.
\par   
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid676185 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8654110 Gorman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8654110 , 66 P. at 314}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9310297  (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9310297 Eslinger v. Eslinger}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9310297 , 47 Cal. 62 (1873); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9310297 Brown v. Brown}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9310297 , 60 Cal. 579 (1882)).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3424051 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid394824 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 [100]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid394824 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9310297 Later, in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7937847  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7937847 Crouch v. Crouch}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7937847 
, the court further articulated the extent of the trial court\rquote s discretion }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10555251 (and the appellate court\rquote s review of the exercise of that discretion) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7937847 
where a divorce is rendered on the grounds of adultery or extreme cruelty:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid7937847 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7937847\charrsid7937847 
In an action for divorce upon the grounds of extreme cruelty, the trial court has the legal right to award such portion of the community property to the offending spouse as it deems reasonable under the circumstances. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7937847  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7937847\charrsid7937847 It may even deny such party any award whatever if, from all the facts and circumstances of the case and conditions of the parties, it may deem such action just. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7937847  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7937847\charrsid7937847 
In an action for divorce on the ground of extreme cruelty, subdivision 1 of section 146 of the Civil Code confers upon the trial court a wide latitude for the exercise of its judgment and discretion in assigning the community property to the respectiv
e parties and in every case it will be presumed that such discretion has been wisely and properly exercised, and though impliedly requirin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10555251 g that more than one-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7937847\charrsid7937847 half of the community property shall be awarded to the innocent party, it does not otherwise limit the discretion of the trial court in making the award. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10555251  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7937847\charrsid7937847 The proportion should depend upon the particular circumstances of each case, and where the trial court has exercised a legal discretion this court, though clothed with the power of revision under th
e statute, will be slow to interfere with that discretion.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid676185 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7937847\charrsid7937847 147 P.2d 678, 682 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7937847 Cal. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7937847\charrsid7937847 1944)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10555251  (citations omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4222428 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3424051 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid394824 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 [101]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid394824 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4222428 Citing to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4222428 Gorman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4222428  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4222428 Crouch}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4222428 
, the court in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10555251  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9310297 Harrold v. Harrold}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4222428  rejected an innocent spouse\rquote 
s argument that section 146 required that she be awarded a \'93substantially greater\'94 share of the community property.  2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7937847 71 P.2d 489, 49}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10555251 
2 (Cal. 1954) (en banc)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7937847 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9310297  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10555251  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3424051 
Recognizing the wide latitude given to the trial court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1454198 in making such distributions, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4222428 he court found no abuse of discretion in the trial court\rquote s awa
rd of 51.13% of the community property to the innocent spouse.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4222428 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1454198  at 492-93.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 [102]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid394824 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8418018 
Based on the aforementioned case law, we hold that where there is a finding of adultery or extreme cruelty, the innocent spouse is entitled to a greater share of the community property.  In making such distribution, the trial court has wide latitude }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6440192 in apportionment.  As directed above,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8418018  we are remanding this case }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6440192 for the trial court to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8418018  make a proper valuation of all of the community assets }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6440192 and all of the community debts at 
the time of separation, with the community debts to be satisfied in accordance with 19 GCA \'a7
 6104(a).  Should any community property remain after satisfaction of the community debts, the trial court has wide latitude in distributing such property between t
he parties, with the caveat that Patria is entitled to a greater share than Antonio given the finding of adultery.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3697541\charrsid15078617 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7953916 P.  Request for Attorney\rquote s Fees
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3697541 [103]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7953916 Both parties request costs and attorney\rquote s fees for prosecuting and defending this appeal.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7953916 
See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7953916  Appellee\rquote s Principal & Resp. Br. at 41; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12280521 Appellant\rquote s Resp. & Reply Br. at 18}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7953916 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12280521 Both parties cite}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7953916  19 GCA \'a7 8402 as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12280521 the basis for their requests}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7953916 
.  Section 8402 provides:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid7953916 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7953916 
When an action for dissolution of marriage is pending, the court may, in its discretion, require 
the husband or wife, as the case may be, to pay as alimony any money necessary to enable the wife, or husband, to support herself and her children, or to support himself and his children, or prosecute or defend the action.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid7953916 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7953916 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7953916 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7953916 19 GCA \'a7 8402(a).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3697541 [104]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5009831 While this court may award attorney\rquote 
s fees and costs associated with this appeal, we determine that the trial court is in a better position to determine what fees, if any, are necessary for either Antonio or Patria to prosecute or defend this appeal.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid5009831 See Cruz v. Cruz}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5009831 , 2005 Guam 3 \'b6\'b6 22-23, 25.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5009831\charrsid5009831 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid918121 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 V.  CONCLUSION
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7763636 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 [10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3697541 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid394824 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7763636 For the foregoing reasons, we find no clear error in the trial court\rquote s finding that Antonio committed adultery.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9458000 The trial court, however, did err in characterizing the Merizo and Yona/Saipan properties 
as community property rather than the separate property of Antonio.  The trial court correctly characterized the Chalan Pago property as community property.  The trial court made a clear clerical error when it found that \'93Defendant\'94
 (i.e., Patria), rather than \'93Plaintiff\'94 (i.e., Antonio)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid532994 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9458000  had an interest in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid532994 
the Urunao and Ritidian properties.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9458000 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 [10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3697541 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid394824 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9458000 
Because Antonio failed to rebut the inference that his separate property contributions to the Blue House and the Chalan Pago property during the marriage were gi
fts to the community, the trial court did not err in denying him reimbursement for such contributions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7763636 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 [10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3697541 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid394824 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid532994 
Given the nature of the parties\rquote  relationship and their practice of frequently separating and reconciling during the marriage, we find no clear error in the trial court\rquote s inclusion of the periods of separation in its calculation of Patria
\rquote s community interest in Antonio\rquote s retirement benefits.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 [10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3697541 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid394824 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6619604 
The trial court erred in failing to make a clear determination of the value of the community assets at the time of separation and offsetting from this amount the community debts before distribution of the assets.  The trial court properly relied on }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6619604 Babauta I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6619604  in denying Antonio reimbursement for his post-separation payments on the Blue House mortgage, but th
e court erred in denying him reimbursement for his post-separation payments using his separate funds on the credit card and automobile loan debts.  On remand, the trial court shall }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6162419 
determine the value of the community property at the time of separation and offset from this amount the community debts (with the Blue House mortgage reduced by Antonio\rquote 
s post-separation payments).  The trial court shall include the community interest in Antonio\rquote s retirement benefits in its calculations if necessary and adjust its award of arrears to Patria accordingly.  The trial court shall look to 19 GCA \'a7
 6104(a)\rquote s provisions regarding the priority of assets used to satisfy community d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid468248 ebts.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6162419 
Antonio is entitled to reimbursement for half of any of his post-separation separate property contributions toward the credit card and automobile loan debts.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6619604 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 [10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3697541 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid394824 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6162419 
We find no abuse of discretion in the trial court\rquote s denial of reimbursement to Antonio for Patria\rquote s use of Antonio\rquote s Pahong Court a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid989240 partment after separation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid468248   Given the trial court\rquote s reasons for denying reimbursement, Patria\rquote s use of Pahong Court was in essence a form of spousal support.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6162419 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3697541 [110}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid394824 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid468248 We find no error in the trial court\rquote 
s determination that there was no undue influence on the part of Antonio in obtaining the numerous quitclaim deeds from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8342634 Patria}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid468248  during the marriage.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5768988 Moreover, as there is no evidence of fraud in procuring these deeds, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid468248 Patria\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5768988 s argument}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid468248  concerning }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5768988 inadequate consideration for these transfers fails in light of the language in 19 GCA \'a7 40102 that a considerati
on is not necessary to the validity of a voluntary transfer.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid468248 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3697541 [111}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid394824 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5768988 We find no clear error in the trial court\rquote 
s findings that Antonio adequately traced the source of funds used to acquire various properties during the marriage to his separate property, as substantial evidence supports these findings.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3697541 [112}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid394824 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10368301 We find no abuse of discretion in the trial court
\rquote s decision not to award spousal support to Patria.  Additionally, we find no clear error in the court\rquote s determination that the evidence did not sufficiently prove extreme cruelty on the part of Antonio.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3697541 [113}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid394824 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6716624 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10368301 
e hold that where there is a finding of adultery or extreme cruelty, the innocent spouse is entitled to a greater share of the community property.  On remand, should any community property remain after
 satisfaction of the community debts, the trial court has wide latitude to distribute such property between the parties, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10818678 with the caveat that it must award a greater share to Patria, the innocent spouse.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10368301 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3697541 [114]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6716624 Finally, the trial court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid395918 on remand }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6716624 shall deter
mine whether }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid395918 either party should be awarded attorney\rquote s fees and costs for prosecuting or defending this appeal, pursuant to 19 GCA \'a7 8402(a) and relevant case law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6716624 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3697541 [115}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid394824 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid394824 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11890473 Accordingly, we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid11890473 AFFIRM }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11890473 in part, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11890473 REVERSE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11890473  in part, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11890473 
REMAND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11890473  for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13858638 {\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft6987\shptop138\shpright7507\shpbottom505\shpfhdr0\shpbxcolumn\shpbxignore\shpbypara\shpbyignore\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz4\shplid1033
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\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13858638 /s/
\par }}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxcolumn\dobypara\dodhgt8196\dptxbx\dptxlrtb{\dptxbxtext\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13858638 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13858638 /s/
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{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft1878\shptop136\shpright2443\shpbottom505\shpfhdr0\shpbxcolumn\shpbxignore\shpbypara\shpbyignore\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz3\shplid1032{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 202}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn lTxid}{\sv 131072}}{\sp{\sn hspNext}{\sv 1032}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn dhgt}{\sv 251658240}}{\sp{\sn fPseudoInline}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLeftLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fTopLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fRightLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fBottomLine}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}{\shptxt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13858638 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13858638 /s/
\par }}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxcolumn\dobypara\dodhgt8195\dptxbx\dptxlrtb{\dptxbxtext\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13858638 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13858638 /s/
\par }}\dpx1878\dpy136\dpxsize565\dpysize369\dpfillfgcr255\dpfillfgcg255\dpfillfgcb255\dpfillbgcr255\dpfillbgcg255\dpfillbgcb255\dpfillpat1\dplinehollow}}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13858638 
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