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\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid11563433 People v. Gallo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid8735503 , 201}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid11563433 7}
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\par }}{\footerr \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7423423 
\par }}{\headerf \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7423423 
\par }}{\footerf \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14755464 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14755464 
\par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}
{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8
\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe0\langfenp0\insrsid16611761\charrsid8398553 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\qc \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\cf1\cgrid {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\ulnone\insrsid16611761\charrsid8398553 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\insrsid16611761\charrsid2890092 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16611761\charrsid8398553 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\qc \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\cf1\cgrid {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs28\ulnone\lang1033\langfe0\langnp1033\insrsid16736493\charrsid2890092 PEOPLE OF GUAM,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\lang1033\langfe0\langnp1033\insrsid16611761\charrsid2890092 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5049890 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16280566\charrsid8398553 Plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16736493\charrsid8398553 -Appellee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid8398553 ,
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\qc \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\cf1\cgrid {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs28\ulnone\insrsid16611761\charrsid2890092 v.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5049890 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16611761\charrsid8398553 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\qc \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\cf1\cgrid {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs28\ulnone\lang1033\langfe0\langnp1033\insrsid16736493\charrsid2890092 JOHN ANTHONY GALLO}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\insrsid16611761\charrsid2890092 ,
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16611761\charrsid8398553 Defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16736493\charrsid8398553 -Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid8398553 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12212719\charrsid8398553 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx5580\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16191153 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12200609\charrsid8398553 Supreme Court Case No.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16191153\charrsid8398553 :  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12200609\charrsid8398553 CRA16-006}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16736493\charrsid8398553 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16191153 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16736493\charrsid8398553 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12200609\charrsid8398553 
uperior Court Case No.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16191153\charrsid8398553 :  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12200609\charrsid8398553 CF0213-13}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16736493\charrsid8398553 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16736493\charrsid8398553 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid8398553 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\qc \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\cf1\cgrid {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs28\ulnone\insrsid16611761\charrsid2890092 OPINION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ulnone\insrsid16611761\charrsid8398553 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\qc \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10757057 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid10757057 Filed:  December 29, 2017}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid10757057\charrsid10757057 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid8398553 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid15622625\charrsid2890092 Cite as: 201}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid6757784\charrsid2890092 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid16611761\charrsid2890092 
 Guam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid1325647 24}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid16611761\charrsid2890092 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid8398553 
\par 
\par Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam
\par Argued and submitted on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13648486\charrsid8398553 March 3, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15622625\charrsid8398553 201}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13648486\charrsid8398553 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid8398553 
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid8398553 
\par 
\par 
\par \ltrrow}\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow\ts11\trqc\trgaph120\trleft-120\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid13917111\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb
\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4860\clshdrawnil \cellx4740\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4500\clshdrawnil \cellx9240\pard \ltrpar
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid13917111 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid16611761\charrsid8398553 Appearing for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs16\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe0\langfenp0\insrsid11563433\charrsid8398553 Defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid16611761\charrsid8398553 -Appellant:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid4598096 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563433\charrsid8398553 James Spivey, Jr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid284689 , }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid284689 Esq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4598096\charrsid13634194 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563433\charrsid8398553 Assistant Alternate Public Defender}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15276680\charrsid8398553 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563433\charrsid8398553 Alternate Public Defender}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4598096\charrsid8398553 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563433\charrsid8398553 238 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid284689 rchbishop}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563433\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5975007 F.C. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563433\charrsid8398553 Flores St., Ste. 902
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid11563433 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563433\charrsid8398553 Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16611761\charrsid8398553 \cell }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid13917111 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs16\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid16611761\charrsid8398553 Appearing for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe0\langfenp0\insrsid11563433\charrsid8398553 Plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs16\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid16611761\charrsid8398553 -Appellee:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid8398553 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid4598096 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563433\charrsid8398553 James C. Collins}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid284689 , }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid284689 Esq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4598096\charrsid13634194 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563433\charrsid8398553 Assistant Attorney General }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4598096\charrsid8398553 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563433\charrsid8398553 Office of the Attorney General
\par 590 S. Marine Corps Dr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid284689 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563433\charrsid8398553 , Ste. 706}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4598096\charrsid8398553 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid11563433 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4935004\charrsid8398553 Tamuning, GU 96913}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16611761\charrsid8398553 \cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid8398553 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow
\ts11\trqc\trgaph120\trleft-120\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid13917111\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4860\clshdrawnil \cellx4740\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4500\clshdrawnil \cellx9240\row }\pard \ltrpar
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13648486\charrsid8398553 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5049890\charrsid8398553 \page }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid8398553 BEFORE: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid279232\charrsid8398553 KATHERINE A. MARAMAN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16611761\charrsid8398553 , Chief Justice; F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Associate Justice;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid279232\charrsid8398553  ROBERT J. TORRES}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid8398553 , Associate Justice.

\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5049890\charrsid8398553 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\insrsid11938783\charrsid8398553 MARAMAN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf1\insrsid16611761\charrsid8398553 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\insrsid8735503\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\insrsid279232\charrsid8398553 C.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\insrsid10646793\charrsid8398553 J}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\insrsid279232\charrsid8398553 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\insrsid16611761\charrsid8398553 :
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf17\insrsid8735503\charrsid8398553 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14755464 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 [1]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11562646\charrsid8398553 Defendant-Appellant John Anthony Gallo was the target of a law enforcement investigation involving three controlled}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9600599\charrsid8398553 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11562646\charrsid8398553 buy operations conducted using a confidential informant.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16322272\charrsid8398553 A Su
perior Court judge issued a search warrant of Gallo\rquote s home based on a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5578318\charrsid8398553 n affidavit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11562646\charrsid8398553  filed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16322272\charrsid8398553 with the court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5578318\charrsid8398553 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16322272\charrsid8398553  and evidence was seized during the search.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5578318\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16322272\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11562646\charrsid8398553 Gallo was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12745407\charrsid8398553  subsequently}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11562646\charrsid8398553  charged }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2896889\charrsid8398553 with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid284689  three counts of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2896889\charrsid8398553  Delivery}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5471631\charrsid8398553  of a Schedule I Controlled Substance (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid284689 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5471631\charrsid8398553 
s a first degree felony) and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid284689 with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5471631\charrsid8398553 Possession with Intent to Deliver a Schedule I Controlled Subst}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11471441\charrsid8398553 ance (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid284689 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11471441\charrsid8398553 s a first degree felony)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid279232\charrsid8398553 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15366225\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid279232\charrsid8398553 Gallo brought }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11562646\charrsid8398553 a motion to suppress the evidence seized from his home}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid279232\charrsid8398553  before a different Superior Court judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11562646\charrsid8398553 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14745769\charrsid8398553 Gallo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11562646\charrsid8398553  argued}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1655564\charrsid8398553  that the search warrant lacked}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11562646\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1655564\charrsid8398553 sufficient}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11562646\charrsid8398553  probable }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1655564\charrsid8398553 cause}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11562646\charrsid8398553 .  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16322272\charrsid8398553 The reviewing judge denied the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11562646\charrsid8398553 motion }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16322272\charrsid8398553 to suppress}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11562646\charrsid8398553 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6051208\charrsid8398553 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 [2]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16322272\charrsid8398553 Gallo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11562646\charrsid8398553  ple}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid284689 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11562646\charrsid8398553 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid284689 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11562646\charrsid8398553  guilty to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9600599\charrsid8398553 charge of P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11562646\charrsid8398553 ossession}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1926324\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12460349\charrsid8398553 with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9600599\charrsid8398553 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11562646\charrsid8398553 ntent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1926324\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11562646\charrsid8398553 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1926324\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12809400\charrsid8398553 Deliver}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9600599\charrsid8398553  a Schedule I Controlled Substance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12809400\charrsid8398553  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid284689 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12809400\charrsid8398553 s a first degree felony)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11562646\charrsid8398553 .  In his plea agree
ment, he preserved his right to appeal the denial of his motion to suppress the evidence seized from the search of his home.  He now brings }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid284689 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11562646\charrsid8398553 
his appeal, arguing that the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid279232\charrsid8398553  trial court erred in denying his motion because the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11562646\charrsid8398553  search warrant lack}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9600599\charrsid8398553 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11562646\charrsid8398553  sufficient probable cause.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 [3]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid6051208\charrsid8398553 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid10959352\charrsid8398553 e }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid8484690\charrsid8398553 find}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid10879095\charrsid8398553 
 that a Superior Court judge has the authority to review a probable cause determination }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid4285685\charrsid8398553 made by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid10879095\charrsid8398553 
another Superior Court ju}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid14745769\charrsid8398553 dge under a clear error}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid14907574\charrsid8398553  standard of review.  W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid10879095\charrsid8398553 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid8484690\charrsid8398553  further}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid14907574\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid10879095\charrsid8398553 
find that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid11798848\charrsid8398553 trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid14907574\charrsid8398553  did not err in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid11798848\charrsid8398553 its}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid14907574\charrsid8398553  review}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid11798848\charrsid8398553 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid14907574\charrsid8398553  and we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid11798848\charrsid8398553 therefore }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid15366225\charrsid8398553 affirm }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid9600599\charrsid8398553 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid14907574\charrsid8398553 denial of Gallo\rquote s Motion to Suppress}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid15470303\charrsid8398553 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid14688950\charrsid8398553 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12714084\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\insrsid12714084 //
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12714084\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\insrsid12714084 //
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2890092\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\insrsid14750275\charrsid8398553 I.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf1\insrsid16521776\charrsid8398553 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14755464 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 [4]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 On April 23, 2013, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid279232\charrsid8398553 Drug Enforcement Agency}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9976013  Guam Police Department (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid279232\charrsid8398553 DEA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9976013 /GPD}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid279232\charrsid8398553 ) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 Task Force Officer Jimmy B. Manglona filed an affidavit }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11681057\charrsid8398553 in suppor
t of an application seeking }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 a search warrant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11681057\charrsid8398553 to search Gallo\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553  h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6699491\charrsid8398553 ouse and car}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2890092 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553   The affidavit inclu}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6699491\charrsid8398553 ded the following information. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553     
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 [5]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 On April 22, 2013}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12388841\charrsid8398553 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553  at approximately 3:50 p.m., Officer Manglona participated in a controlled}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9600599\charrsid8398553 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 buy operation conducted by Air Force Office of Special Investiga}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11798848\charrsid8398553 tions (AFOSI) Special Agent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553  Julian Wynn.  This operation involved the use of a confidential informant to purchase marijuana from Gallo at Ga}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2890092 llo\rquote s Tumon residence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553   Officer Manglona attended the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13971267 informant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13971267\charrsid8398553 \rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 briefing, where he/she was wired and provided with $50 in marked currency.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11798848\charrsid8398553   According to Special Agent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553  Wynn, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13971267 informant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13971267\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 had prearranged the purchas
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2890092 e with Gallo via text message.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553   At about 4:20 p.m., Officer Manglona, S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11798848\charrsid8398553 pecial }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11798848\charrsid8398553 gent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553  Wynn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4592872\charrsid8398553 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553  and other officers followed the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13971267 informant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13971267\charrsid8398553  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 to Gallo\rquote s residenc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2890092 e, arriving at about 4:25 p.m.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 
  Officer Manglona and fellow }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12469974\charrsid8398553 DEA/GPD}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553  Task Force Officer John Asuncion observed the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13971267 informant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13971267\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 approach the side entrance door of Gallo\rquote s apartment.  Officer Manglona observed the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13971267 informant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13971267\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 return one minute later and proceed back to his}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13594138 /her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553  vehicle.  At about 4:30 p.m., Officer Manglona and S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11798848\charrsid8398553 pecial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11798848\charrsid8398553 gent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553  Wynn met with the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13971267 informant}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13971267\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 at a prearranged location}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11681057\charrsid8398553 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553  and the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13971267 informant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553  produced a small clear plastic zip}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2896889\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 lock bag containing a green leafy substance.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9851405\charrsid8398553 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11798848\charrsid8398553 pecial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9851405\charrsid8398553 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11798848\charrsid8398553 gent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9851405\charrsid8398553 
 Wynn initially seized t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 he substance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5578318\charrsid8398553 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9851405\charrsid8398553 which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 was later transferred to GPD custody.  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 [6]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 At the debriefing, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4540865 informant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553  informed the officers that he/she arrived at Gallo\rquote s residence and met with Gallo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15366225\charrsid8398553 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553  who was at the side entrance of his apartment.  The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4540865 informant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553  handed Gallo the $50}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15366225\charrsid8398553 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553  and Gallo handed him/her the small zip}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2896889\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 lock bag.  The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4540865 informant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553  then went back to his/her vehicle and departed the area.  According to the }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4540865 informant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 , he/she did not engage in any conversation with Gallo during the transaction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9851405\charrsid8398553 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553  which was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid279232\charrsid8398553 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 unusual.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid279232\charrsid8398553 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553   
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 [7]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 
At approximately 5:30 p.m., while at the AFOSI office, Officer Manglona conducted a field test of a sample of the substance provided by th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2890092 e }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4540865 informant}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2890092 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553   The results were presumptive positive for the presence of marijuana.    
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 [8]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9851405\charrsid8398553 During the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 investigation, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9851405\charrsid8398553 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11798848\charrsid8398553 pecial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9851405\charrsid8398553 A}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11798848\charrsid8398553 gent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9851405\charrsid8398553  Wynn informed Officer Manglona}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553  that the controlled}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9600599\charrsid8398553 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 
buy operation of April 22 was the third successfully executed operation.  The two prior operations had been conducted on March 1, 2013}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11798848\charrsid8398553 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553  and March 25, 2013, using the same }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4540865 informant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553  to purchase marijuana from Gallo at his Tumon residence.  S}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11798848\charrsid8398553 pecial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11798848\charrsid8398553 gent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553  Wynn informed Officer Manglona that a sample of the substance received from the March 1 operation, a $20 marijuana cigarette joint weighing 
approximately 0.7 gross grams, tested presumptive positive for marijuana.  During the March 25 operation, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4540865 informant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 
 arranged for a purchase of a $100 bag of marijuana weighing approximately 2.5 gross grams.  A sample of the substance retrieved by the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4540865 informant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 
 also tested presumptive positive }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2890092 for the presence of marijuana.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13849959\charrsid8398553   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9851405\charrsid8398553 AFOSI }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 initially stored }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9851405\charrsid8398553 the evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15089417 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9851405\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 but later transferred}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5578318\charrsid8398553  it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 
 to GPD custody via Officer Manglona.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13849959\charrsid8398553   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 [9]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11798848\charrsid8398553 pecial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11798848\charrsid8398553 gent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 
 Wynn also informed Officer Manglona that recent and prior intelligence from the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4540865 informant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553  revealed several details regarding Gallo\rquote 
s drug activity.  In particular, Gallo sold marijuana cigarettes on numerous occasions to military personnel at different }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9861013\charrsid8398553 nightclubs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553  and gentlemen\rquote s clubs in the Tumon area.  Gallo smoked on numerous occasions with civilian and milita}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2890092 ry personnel at his apartment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553   During the March controlled buys, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4540865 informant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 
 observed several ounces of marijuana being split up into $20, $50, and $100 bags ready for sale.  Gallo sold marijuana in these de
nominations only.  Gallo stored marijuana in small glass jars and would carry around a small camera bag to transport his ready-to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7488681\charrsid8398553 -sell marijuana.  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 [10]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 
In his affidavit, Officer Manglona included information about his background as a police officer and as a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13070083\charrsid8398553 DEA/GPD}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 
 Task Force officer, including his relevant experience and training and his work in conjunction wi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4592872\charrsid8398553 th other law enforcement personnel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553  specializing in the area of detecting drug}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11681057\charrsid8398553 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 trafficking suspects and organizations.  The }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9861013\charrsid8398553 premises to be searched}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12143388\charrsid8398553 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9861013\charrsid8398553 including the apartment name}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12143388\charrsid8398553 , apartment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9861013\charrsid8398553  number}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12143388\charrsid8398553 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9861013\charrsid8398553  and building description}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12143388\charrsid8398553 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9861013\charrsid8398553 were described in the affidavit. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5578318\charrsid8398553  The affidavit also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553  included as an attachment a list of items expected to be discovered during the search.  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 [11]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6051208\charrsid8398553 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553  Superior Court judge }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6364186\charrsid8398553 (the \'93issuing court\'94) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 issued the warrant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid406389\charrsid8398553 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6051208\charrsid8398553  which was executed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 
.  Based on the information gathered during the investigation of Gallo and the evidence seized during the search of his home, Gallo was charged with three counts of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12143388\charrsid8398553 D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 elivery of a Schedule I Controlled Substance and with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12143388\charrsid8398553 P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 ossession }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9250914 w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 ith }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12143388\charrsid8398553 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 ntent to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12143388\charrsid8398553 D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 eliver a Schedule I Controlled Substance.  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 [12]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 
Gallo filed a motion to suppress the evidence obtained from the search of his home, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11798848\charrsid8398553 before a different Superior Court judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6364186\charrsid8398553 
 (the \'93reviewing court\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11798848\charrsid8398553 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 arguing that the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9861013\charrsid8398553 re wa
s no probable cause to issue the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 search warrant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid9639496\charrsid8398553 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2890092 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid9639496 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9639496  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11041617 Gallo
 gave a copy of the motion to the People prior to filing the motion officially, thus allowing the People to file a response before the actual filing of the motion had taken place.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4264624   Appellee\rquote 
s Br. at 5 n.1 (Oct. 28, 2016).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8934020\charrsid8398553  The People opposed the motion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 
  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 [13]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9861013\charrsid8398553 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 he court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11681057\charrsid8398553 heard arguments and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9861013\charrsid8398553 subsequently }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 denied the motion to suppress, finding that \'93[u]nder a deferential review of the previous court\rquote s finding of probable cause}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3810367 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5785960\charrsid8398553 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553  there was no }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11471441\charrsid8398553 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 
compelling reason to conclude that such finding was invalid.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13070083\charrsid8398553 Record on Appeal (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5785960\charrsid8398553 RA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13070083\charrsid8398553 \'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5785960\charrsid8398553 , tab 55}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12259220\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5785960\charrsid8398553 at 4 }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12259220\charrsid8398553 (Dec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5785960\charrsid8398553 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8206607\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5785960\charrsid8398553 &}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12259220\charrsid8398553  Order, June 26, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5785960\charrsid8398553 2015}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12259220\charrsid8398553 )}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 .  Furthermore, the court identified that \'93the issuing court relied on the totality of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5785960\charrsid8398553 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5785960\charrsid8398553 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553  circumstances surrounding the affidavit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5785960\charrsid8398553 .\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5785960\charrsid8398553 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5785960\charrsid8398553 at 5.  The court noted that \'93c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 ontrary to [Gallo\rquote s] belief, probable cause was not premised on the informant\rquote s statements, alone, but also upon Officer Manglona\rquote s affidavit detailing the investigation and the controlled buy.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5785960\charrsid8398553 \'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5785960\charrsid8398553 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5785960\charrsid8398553 Thus,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16650153\charrsid8398553  the court held,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5785960\charrsid8398553  \'93[w]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 
hether the information is unreliable, as [Gallo] argues, is not dispositive of the issue of a Fourth Amendment violation to support a motion to suppress.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5785960\charrsid8398553 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 [14]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 The parties then entered }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid270478\charrsid8398553 into a plea agreement }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 wherein Gallo }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5785960\charrsid8398553 agreed to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 plead guilty to the second charge of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10108785 P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 ossession with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10108785 I}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 ntent to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10108785 D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7345544\charrsid8398553 eliver a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10108785 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7345544\charrsid8398553 chedule I }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10108785 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7345544\charrsid8398553 ontrolled }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10108785 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7345544\charrsid8398553 ubstance (as a first degree felony)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10108785 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3487253\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 
the first charge of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10108785 D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7345544\charrsid8398553 elivery of a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10108785 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7345544\charrsid8398553 chedule I }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10108785 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7345544\charrsid8398553 ontrolled }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10108785 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7345544\charrsid8398553 ubstance (as a first degree felony)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3487253\charrsid8398553  was dismissed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid28530\charrsid8398553 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553   In the agreement, Gallo preserved his right to appeal the trial court\rquote s den}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2890092 ial of his motion to suppress.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5785960\charrsid8398553   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 A }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12143388\charrsid8398553 J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9440894\charrsid8398553 udgment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12143388\charrsid8398553 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 onviction was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2890092 filed.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7817857\charrsid8398553 A Reinstatement of Judgment with Incorporation of Certification of Probable Cause was filed and entered on the docket}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11681057\charrsid8398553  pursuant to 8 GCA \'a7 130.15(e)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2890092 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7817857\charrsid8398553   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 Gallo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9440894\charrsid8398553  timely filed a notice of appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5520462\charrsid8398553 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf15\insrsid9440894\charrsid8398553 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s22\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11624886\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11624886\charrsid8398553 II.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16521776\charrsid8398553 JURISDICTION 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14755464 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 [15]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4880955\charrsid8398553 
This court has jurisdiction over the appeal from a final judgment in a criminal case. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5785960\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4880955\charrsid8398553 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 1424}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10108785 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4880955\charrsid8398553 1(a)(2) (Westlaw through Pub. L. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11539147\charrsid8398553 115-90 (2017}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4880955\charrsid8398553 )); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7429086\charrsid8398553 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 3107}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10108785 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7429086\charrsid8398553 3108(a) }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4880955\charrsid8398553 (2005); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4880955\charrsid8398553 see also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4880955\charrsid8398553  8 GCA \'a7 130.15}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid355723\charrsid8398553 (e)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4880955\charrsid8398553  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1851267\charrsid8398553 
 (permitting appeal after plea of guilty and issuance of a certificate of probable cause)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4880955\charrsid8398553 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf15\insrsid9466673\charrsid8398553  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s22\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11624886\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11624886\charrsid8398553 III.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16521776\charrsid8398553 STANDARD OF REVIEW
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14755464 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 [16]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid7429086\charrsid8398553 We review a trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf18\insrsid8008627\charrsid8398553  court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid7429086\charrsid8398553 \rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid8008627\charrsid8398553  decision on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf18\insrsid7429086\charrsid8398553 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid8008627\charrsid8398553 motion to suppress }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid8008627\charrsid8398553 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf18\insrsid8008627\charrsid8398553 . \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid8008627\charrsid8398553 People v. Cundiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid8008627\charrsid8398553 , 2006 Guam 12 \'b6\~14. \~
Where a motion to suppress is based on a challenge to the initial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid4592872\charrsid8398553  finding of probable cause, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid7429086\charrsid8398553 we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid8008627\charrsid8398553  review the trial court\rquote s legal analysis under a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid8008627\charrsid8398553 de novo }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid8008627\charrsid8398553 
standard of review.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid14745769\charrsid8398553 People v. Chargualaf}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid14745769\charrsid8398553 , 2001 Guam 1 \'b6 12}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf18\insrsid7619220\charrsid8398553 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid14745769\charrsid8398553 As discussed below, we find that t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid8008627\charrsid8398553 o the extent }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf18\insrsid4592872\charrsid8398553 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid8008627\charrsid8398553 consideration of the legal analysis requires a review of the initial probable cause finding, such finding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf18\insrsid7429086\charrsid8398553  is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid8008627\charrsid8398553  subject to a deferential review for clear error. \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid11539147\charrsid8398553 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid8008627\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid1851267\charrsid8398553 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid1851267\charrsid8398553 llinois v. Gates}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf18\insrsid1851267\charrsid8398553 , 462 U.S. 213, 236 (1983)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid8008627\charrsid8398553 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid12143388\charrsid8398553 United States v. Spears}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid12143388\charrsid8398553 , 965 F.2d 262, 269-70 (7th Cir. 1992)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid8008627\charrsid8398553 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11942638\charrsid8398553 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s22\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11624886\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11624886\charrsid8398553 IV.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9324020\charrsid8398553 ANALYSIS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid3436036\charrsid8398553 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb2\sa2\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\lisb1\lisa1\pararsid14755464 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 [17]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid1465443\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Gallo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid151274\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  challenges the trial court\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s denial of his motion}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1465443\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  to suppress }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12525530\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 evidence seize}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid11086455\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 d during a search of his home.  Appellant\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Br. at 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8206607\charrsid8398553 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 -9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid11539147\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (Oct. 21, 2016)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid11086455\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12525530\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 He argues }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5901645\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 that there w\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
as insufficient probable cause to support the issuance of the search warrant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1465443\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12525530\charrsid8398553 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 because the affidavit in support of the warrant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8206607\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 application }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid12525530\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 relied on information from a confidential informa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15994611\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid12525530\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 t and the affiant did not establish the informant\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s reliability}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1465443\charrsid8398553 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid11086455\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid5901645\charrsid13634194 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid8206607\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  at 4.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5901645\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8206607\charrsid8398553 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The People argue in opposition that the affidavit subm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16650153\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 itted with the application for the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid8206607\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  search warrant sufficiently established probable cause.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid8206607\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8206607\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Appellee\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Br. at 15-19}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9797351 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (Oct. 28, 2016)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8206607\charrsid8398553 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 [18]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8206607\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Before addressing the substance of Gallo\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s appeal, w\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 e must first determine a threshold issue raised by the People.  In this case, a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid14508937\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Superior Court judge made the initial probable cause determination}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5901645\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid8206607\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See generally }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11539147\charrsid8398553 RA, tab 40, Ex. A (Notice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8206607\charrsid8398553  of Mot. & }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11539147\charrsid8398553 Memo. Supp. Def.\rquote s Mot. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8206607\charrsid8398553 Suppress}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9797351 , May 13, 2014}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8206607\charrsid8398553 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5901645\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid14508937\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8206607\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  diffe\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 rent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid14508937\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Superior Court judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1986800\charrsid8398553 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid28530\charrsid8398553 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14508937\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  den}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid28530\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ying}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14508937\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid28530\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Gallo\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid14508937\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  motion to suppress}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1986800\charrsid8398553 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14508937\charrsid8398553 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid28530\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 independently }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14508937\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
reviewed this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8206607\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 initial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14508937\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 probable cause determination}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1465443\charrsid8398553 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5901645\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8206607\charrsid8398553 
RA, tab 55 at 4 (Dec. & Order}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8206607\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5901645\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1465443\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Both parties recognize that there is no explicit grant of authority under Guam law for one\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 Superior Court judge to review probable cause determinations of another Superior Court judge.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5901645\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid8206607\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16335494\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Appellee\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Br. at 10; Appellant\hich\f0 \rquote 
\loch\f0 s Suppl. Br. at 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid11539147\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (Feb. 17, 2017)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5901645\charrsid8398553 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12525530\charrsid8398553 The parties seek clarification as to whether this authority exists, and if so, what standard }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4012456\charrsid8398553 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2099228\charrsid8398553 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4012456\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12525530\charrsid8398553 review}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14745769\charrsid8398553  applies}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16650153\charrsid8398553 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5901645\charrsid8398553   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4012456\charrsid8398553 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16335494\charrsid8398553 
Appellee\rquote s Br. at 10-12; Appellant\rquote s Suppl. Br. at 1-2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5901645\charrsid8398553 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12525530\charrsid8398553   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12714084 
\par //
\par //}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12714084\charrsid12714084 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li432\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin432\itap0\pararsid2890092 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8717100\charrsid8398553 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid11079850\charrsid8398553 .\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14508937\charrsid8398553 A }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12525530\charrsid8398553 Superior Court Judge }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid14508937\charrsid8398553 May }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12525530\charrsid8398553 Review a Probable Cause Determination }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15994611\charrsid8398553 Made by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid2257317\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15994611\charrsid8398553 Another}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid406389\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12525530\charrsid8398553 
Superior Court Judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf15\insrsid143421\charrsid8398553 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14755464 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 [19]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid12665392\charrsid8398553 Under 8 GCA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12665392\charrsid8398553 \'a7\'a7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13636724\charrsid8398553 
\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12665392\charrsid8398553 35.10 and 35.20, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4012456\charrsid8398553 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12665392\charrsid8398553 Superior Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4012456\charrsid8398553 has}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12665392\charrsid8398553  the authority to issue search warrants where there has been a sufficient showing of probable cause.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16728060\charrsid8398553   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4012456\charrsid8398553 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4012456\charrsid8398553 8 GCA \'a7 35.10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11539147\charrsid8398553  (2005)}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4012456\charrsid8398553  (\'93A\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4012456\charrsid8398553 search warrant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4012456\charrsid8398553 \~is a written order issued by}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4012456\charrsid8398553  a judge of the Superior Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4012456\charrsid8398553  . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16650153\charrsid8398553  .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4012456\charrsid8398553 \'94 (emphasis added)); 8 GCA \'a7 35.20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11539147\charrsid8398553  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4012456\charrsid8398553  (
explaining when warrant may be issued and executed).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13789\charrsid8398553 More broadly, the Superior Court is vest}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7352239\charrsid8398553 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13789\charrsid8398553  with jurisdiction over criminal proceedings }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7352239\charrsid8398553 in Guam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13789\charrsid8398553 pursuant to 7 GCA \'a7 4101(a) and 48 U.S.C.A. 
\'a7 1424-1(d).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13789\charrsid8398553 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13789\charrsid8398553 7 GCA \'a7 4101(a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11539147\charrsid8398553  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13789\charrsid8398553  (granting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12143388\charrsid8398553 Superior Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13789\charrsid8398553 
original jurisdiction over all matters not reserved for the Supreme Court of Guam or the federal district court); 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 1424-1(d)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7352239\charrsid8398553 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7352239\charrsid8398553 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7352239\charrsid8398553 8 GCA \'a7 15.10 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11539147\charrsid8398553 (2005) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7352239\charrsid8398553 (requiring criminal complaint to be filed in Superior Court)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13789\charrsid8398553 .  Within}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7352239\charrsid8398553  the context of such}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13789\charrsid8398553  criminal proceedings, defendants are permitted to move to suppress evidence.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13789\charrsid8398553 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13789\charrsid8398553 8 GCA \'a7 65.15}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11539147\charrsid8398553  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13789\charrsid8398553 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3100559\charrsid8398553 T}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8937063\charrsid8398553 here is no explicit grant of authority}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3100559\charrsid8398553 , however, that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16650153\charrsid8398553  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7352239\charrsid8398553 permit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3100559\charrsid8398553 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7352239\charrsid8398553  one}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8937063\charrsid8398553  Superior Court judge to review the decision of another Superior Court judge when the motion to suppress evidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14745769\charrsid8398553 is based on the argument}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8937063\charrsid8398553  that there was insufficient probable cause to support the issued search warrant.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid4857796\charrsid8398553 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf18\insrsid4857796\charrsid8398553 7\~GCA \'a7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid13636724\charrsid8398553 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid4857796\charrsid8398553 7107}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf18\insrsid7352239\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid11539147\charrsid8398553 (2005) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid7352239\charrsid8398553 (listing incidental powers and duties of Superior Court);}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid4857796\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid7352239\charrsid8398553 7 GCA \'a7 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid4857796\charrsid8398553 4102}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf18\insrsid7352239\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid11539147\charrsid8398553 (2005) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid7352239\charrsid8398553 (granting the Superior Court \'93appellate jurisdiction\'94
 over certain matters)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid15091478\charrsid8398553 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid10052694\charrsid8398553 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 [20]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid3100559\charrsid8398553 Despite this apparent gap in Guam\rquote 
s statutory law, the Superior Court nevertheless has authority to exercise its jurisdiction by all necessary means.  In particular, w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid8937063\charrsid8398553 hen jurisdiction }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf18\insrsid3100559\charrsid8398553 of the Superior Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid8937063\charrsid8398553  is established, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7406898\charrsid8398553 7 GCA \'a7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10385278\charrsid8398553 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7406898\charrsid8398553 7117}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4592872\charrsid8398553  provides that
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid2890092 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5901645\charrsid8398553 all the means necessary to carry }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12143388\charrsid8398553 [the court\rquote s jurisdiction]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5901645\charrsid8398553 
 into effect are also given; and in the exercise of this jurisdiction, if the course of the proceeding be not specifically pointed o
ut by law or by rules of procedure adopted by the Supreme Court, any suitable process or mode of proceedings may be adopted which may appear most conformab}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4592872\charrsid8398553 le to the spirit of this Title.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6566769\charrsid8398553 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9059617 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1851267\charrsid8398553 7 GCA \'a7 7117}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11539147\charrsid8398553  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1851267\charrsid8398553 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14755464 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 [21]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5901645\charrsid8398553 We find that these provisions, when read together, provide the authority for a Superior Court judge to review }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3100559\charrsid8398553 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5901645\charrsid8398553 probable cause determination of another Superio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1853033\charrsid8398553 r Court judge when }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6566769\charrsid8398553 consider}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1853033\charrsid8398553 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15994611\charrsid8398553 ng}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1853033\charrsid8398553 
 a motion to suppress evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3100559\charrsid8398553  obtained via search warrant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1853033\charrsid8398553 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5901645\charrsid8398553 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li432\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin432\itap0\pararsid9797351 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\insrsid11482939\charrsid8398553 B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf1\insrsid11079850\charrsid8398553 .\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\insrsid590107\charrsid8398553 A }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\insrsid938191\charrsid8398553 Court\rquote s Probable Cause Determination in I
ssuing a Warrant Must Be Supported by a Substantial Basis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\insrsid3692363 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\insrsid938191\charrsid8398553  and a Court Reviews Such Determination For Clear Error}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\insrsid1470605\charrsid9797351 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14755464 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 [22]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid2833191\charrsid8398553 To be valid, a search warrant \'93must be supported by an affidavit establishing probable cause.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf18\insrsid5131031\charrsid8398553 United States v.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid5131031\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid2833191\charrsid8398553 Stanert}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf18\insrsid5131031\charrsid8398553 , 762 F.2d 775,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid2833191\charrsid8398553  778}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid5131031\charrsid8398553  (9th Cir. 1985)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf18\insrsid3692363 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid3692363  as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid1400428\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid1400428\charrsid8398553 amended}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid3692363  on denial of reh\rquote g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid1400428\charrsid8398553 , 769 F.2d 1410 (9th Cir. 1985)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid2833191\charrsid8398553 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid2784683\charrsid8398553 \'93[P]robable cause is a fluid concept\emdash turning on the assessment of probabilities in particular factual contexts\emdash not readily, or even usefully, reduced to a neat set of legal rules.\'94  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid2784683\charrsid8398553 Gates}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid2784683\charrsid8398553 , 462 U.S. at 236}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid14091671\charrsid8398553 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid14091671\charrsid8398553 see also People v. Santos}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid14091671\charrsid8398553 , 1999 Guam 1 \'b6 37 (citation omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid2784683\charrsid8398553 
.  For this reason, in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid2784683\charrsid8398553 Gates}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid2784683\charrsid8398553 , the United States Supreme Court rejected a formalistic test based upon an informant
\rquote s veracity, reliability, or \'93basis of knowledge\'94 to determine whether a warrant application was supported by probable cause.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid11215209\charrsid8398553 462 U.S.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf18\insrsid2784683\charrsid8398553  at 230.  These elements are not to be thought of \'93as entirely separate and independent requirements to be rigidly exacted in every case.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid2784683\charrsid8398553 
Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid2784683\charrsid8398553   Rather, these elements \'93should be understood simply as closely intertwined issues that may usefully illuminate the commonsense, practical question whether there is \lquote 
probable cause\rquote  to believe that contraband or evidence is located in a particular place.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid2784683\charrsid8398553 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid11215209\charrsid8398553 ; }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid11215209\charrsid8398553 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid5131031\charrsid8398553 People v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid11215209\charrsid8398553 Rico}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid11215209\charrsid8398553 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid5131031\charrsid8398553 No. 79-00008A, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid11215209\charrsid8398553 1992 WL 91184, at *2 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid5131031\charrsid8398553 (D. Guam App. Div. Mar. 6, 1980) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid11215209\charrsid8398553 (citation omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid2784683\charrsid8398553   }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid1730853\charrsid8398553 Thus, \'93[t]he task of the issuing [judge] is simply to make a practical, common-sense decision whether, given all the circumstances set forth in the affidavit before him}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid1276645\charrsid8398553 [,]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid1730853\charrsid8398553  . . . there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid11215209\charrsid8398553 Gates}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid11215209\charrsid8398553 , 462 U.S.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid11215209\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf18\insrsid1730853\charrsid8398553 at 238.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid2784683\charrsid8398553 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 [23]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid1276645\charrsid8398553 
Because an initial probable cause determination is \'93ill-suited\'94 to the application of \'93[r]igid legal rules\'94 and is to be based upon \'93the totality of the circumstances,\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf18\insrsid1276645\charrsid8398553 id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid11539147\charrsid8398553  at 232, 238}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid1276645\charrsid8398553 , such a determination }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf18\insrsid1470605\charrsid8398553 is generally entitled to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid3100559\charrsid8398553 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid1470605\charrsid8398553 great deference}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf18\insrsid3100559\charrsid8398553 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid1470605\charrsid8398553  by any reviewing court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid1276645\charrsid8398553 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf18\insrsid1276645\charrsid8398553 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid1730853\charrsid8398553 d.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid1730853\charrsid8398553  at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid1470605\charrsid8398553  236
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid1276645\charrsid8398553 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid1470605\charrsid8398553 \'93[A]fter-the-fact scrutiny\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid1984237\charrsid8398553 by courts}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid1470605\charrsid8398553 \~of the sufficiency of an affidavit should not take the form of\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid1470605\charrsid8398553 de novo\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf18\insrsid1470605\charrsid8398553 review}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid1984237\charrsid8398553 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid1276645\charrsid8398553 \'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf18\insrsid1276645\charrsid8398553 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid1276645\charrsid8398553  (citations omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid11215209\charrsid8398553 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf18\insrsid11215209\charrsid8398553 see also Rico}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid11215209\charrsid8398553 , 1992 WL 91184, at *2 (finding trial court erred by \'93substitut[ing] his own view of the facts for that of the issuing\'94 judge)}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid1276645\charrsid8398553 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid938191\charrsid8398553   Rather, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid11681494\charrsid8398553 Gates}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid8128744\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid5131031\charrsid8398553 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid1730853\charrsid8398553 ourt made clear }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf18\insrsid8128744\charrsid8398553 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid13044048\charrsid8398553 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid8128744\charrsid8398553 th
e duty of a reviewing court is simply to ensure that the magistrate had a substantial basis for concluding that probable cause existed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid13044048\charrsid8398553 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf18\insrsid8128744\charrsid8398553   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid5131031\charrsid8398553 Gates}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid5131031\charrsid8398553 , 462 U.S.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf18\insrsid13044048\charrsid8398553  at 238 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid4917750\charrsid8398553 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid5131031\charrsid8398553 see also }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid4917750\charrsid8398553 Rico}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid4917750\charrsid8398553 , 1992 WL 91184, at *}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid11215209\charrsid8398553 1 (\'93[H]ears
ay evidence may properly be considered by a magistrate in issuing a search warrant, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid11215209\charrsid8398553 so long as there is a substantial basis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf18\insrsid11215209\charrsid8398553  for believing the hearsay to be credible.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid5131031\charrsid8398553  (emphasis added)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid11215209\charrsid8398553 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid13044048\charrsid8398553 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid9328215\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid1730853\charrsid8398553  This is a \'93flexible, easily applied standard.\'94  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid5131031\charrsid8398553 Gates}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid5131031\charrsid8398553 , 462 U.S. at 238.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid1730853\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid8128744\charrsid8398553 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 [24]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid1730853\charrsid8398553 A number of courts throughout the country have 
\'93interpreted the substantial basis standard as so deferential that it has equated it to a clearly erroneous standard.\'94\~ }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid1730853\charrsid8398553 United States v. Conley}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf18\insrsid1730853\charrsid8398553 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid1730853\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid1730853\charrsid8398553 4 F.3d 1200, 1205 n.2 (3d Cir. 1993) (citing\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid1730853\charrsid8398553 Spears}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid1730853\charrsid13634194 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid1730853\charrsid9135082 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf18\insrsid1730853\charrsid8398553 965 F.2d at 269}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid9135082 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid1730853\charrsid8398553 
71).  As articulated by the Ninth Circuit, for example, a court reviewing the issuing court\rquote s probable cause determination \'93may not reverse\'94 that decision \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid11675036\charrsid8398553 
unless the [issuing court\rquote s] decision is clearly erroneous.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid1470605\charrsid8398553 Stanert}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid1470605\charrsid8398553 , 762 F.2d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid1400428\charrsid8398553 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid1470605\charrsid8398553  779}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid11675036\charrsid8398553 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf19\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid11675036\charrsid8398553  see also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs19 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs19\cf19\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid11675036\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\insrsid11675036\charrsid8398553 United States v. Washburn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid11675036\charrsid8398553 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid1400428\charrsid8398553 
No. 97-10512, 1998 WL 822746, at *1 (9th Cir. Nov. 17, 1998)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid11675036\charrsid8398553 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\insrsid11675036\charrsid8398553 State v. Neher}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid11675036\charrsid8398553 , 213 S.W.3d 44, 49 (Mo. 2007) (en banc) (\'93The court will only reverse if the issuing magistrate or judge clearly erred in initially determini
ng, based on the totality of the circumstances, that probable cause existed.\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid8128744\charrsid8398553 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid14812969\charrsid8398553 
  We find this analogy to be appropriate given that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid11675036\charrsid8398553 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid14812969\charrsid8398553 
the determination that probable cause exists is predominantly a factual analysis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid11675036\charrsid8398553 .\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid8128744\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf18\insrsid14812969\charrsid8398553 United States v. Fox}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid14812969\charrsid8398553 , 902 F.2d 1508, 1513 (10th Cir. 1990)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid11675036\charrsid8398553 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid11675036\charrsid8398553 see also Gates}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid11675036\charrsid8398553 , 462 U.S. at 236.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid938191\charrsid8398553 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid14812969\charrsid8398553 e have previously adopted the clearly erroneous standard when reviewing factual findings.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14812969\charrsid8398553   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid11539147\charrsid8398553 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11675036\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14812969\charrsid8398553 Fargo Pac}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9135082 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14812969\charrsid8398553 , Inc. v. Korando Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14812969\charrsid8398553 , 2006 Guam 22 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid14812969\charrsid8398553 \'b6\'b6 21-22}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid14091671\charrsid8398553 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid14091671\charrsid8398553 cf. Santos}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid14091671\charrsid8398553 , 1999 Guam 1 \'b6 32 (\'93Normall}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid11539147\charrsid8398553 y deference is given to a judge\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid14091671\charrsid8398553 s findings of fact because credibility issues are involved.\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf18\insrsid14812969\charrsid8398553 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid4917750\charrsid8398553   Moreover, the District Court of Guam, Appellate Division, previously held in the civil context in a malicious prosecution case that a \'93
trial court\rquote s determinations on the\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid4917750\charrsid8398553 probable}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid4917750\charrsid8398553 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf18\insrsid4917750\charrsid8398553 cause}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid4917750\charrsid8398553 \~issues will be reversed only if clearly erroneous.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid4917750\charrsid8398553 Lucero v. Stewart
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid4917750\charrsid8398553 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid9135082 D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid9135082\charrsid8398553 C }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf18\insrsid4917750\charrsid8398553 Civ. No. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid9135082 88-0010A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid4917750\charrsid8398553 , 1988 WL 242612, at *1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf18\insrsid1400428\charrsid8398553  (D. Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid4917750\charrsid8398553  App. Div. 1988).   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid14812969\charrsid8398553   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf18\insrsid4917750\charrsid8398553 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 [25]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid14812969\charrsid8398553 Accordingly, we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf18\insrsid6976743\charrsid8398553 expressly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13050340\charrsid8398553 hold that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4618175\charrsid8398553 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1276645\charrsid8398553 
Superior C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13191903\charrsid8398553 ourt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1276645\charrsid8398553  judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4618175\charrsid8398553  reviewing a probable cause determination }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1276645\charrsid8398553 by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4618175\charrsid8398553 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9004868\charrsid8398553 nother}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4618175\charrsid8398553  judge }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1276645\charrsid8398553 on the same court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5135705\charrsid8398553 should }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14812969\charrsid8398553 
ensure that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1276645\charrsid8398553 issuing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14812969\charrsid8398553 judge had a substantial basis for concluding that probable cause existed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1276645\charrsid8398553 .  A reviewing court may not suppress evidence based upon a lack of probable cause unless the issuing court\rquote s probable cause determination was clearly erroneous.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14812969\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid12347748\charrsid8398553 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-432\li432\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin432\itap0\pararsid3350339 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\insrsid406389\charrsid8398553 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf1\insrsid3350339\charrsid8398553 .\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\insrsid10104865\charrsid8398553 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\insrsid2833191\charrsid8398553 Reviewing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf1\insrsid10104865\charrsid8398553  Court Properly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\insrsid9978057\charrsid8398553 Den}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\insrsid10104865\charrsid8398553 ied}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf1\insrsid9978057\charrsid8398553  Gallo\rquote s Motion to Suppress}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9978057\charrsid8398553 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9978057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9978057\charrsid8398553 \~
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14755464 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 [26]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid938191\charrsid8398553 Having established the correct standard of review, w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid9978057\charrsid8398553 e apply }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid6976743\charrsid8398553 it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid9978057\charrsid8398553  to the review of the trial court\rquote s denial of Gallo\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid10104865\charrsid8398553 m}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid9978057\charrsid8398553 otion to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid10104865\charrsid8398553 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid9978057\charrsid8398553 uppress.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid10104865\charrsid8398553 Whether the reviewing court applied the proper test in resolving Gallo\rquote s motion to suppress is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13191903\charrsid8398553 a legal decision }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid10104865\charrsid8398553 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13191903\charrsid8398553 w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid16714256\charrsid8398553 e review }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\insrsid13191903\charrsid8398553 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid16714256\charrsid8398553 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid14745769\charrsid8398553   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\insrsid14745769\charrsid8398553 
See Chargualaf}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid14745769\charrsid8398553 , 2001 Guam 1 \'b6 12.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid10104865\charrsid8398553   In reviewing the issuing court\rquote s initial probable cause determination, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid938191\charrsid8398553 however, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid10104865\charrsid8398553 we too provide deference and review for clear error.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\insrsid10104865\charrsid8398553 See Gates}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid10104865\charrsid8398553 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid10104865\charrsid8398553 462 at 236; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf18\insrsid10104865\charrsid8398553 Spears}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid10104865\charrsid8398553 , 965 F.2d at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid11215209\charrsid8398553 269-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf18\insrsid10104865\charrsid8398553 70.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid2833191\charrsid8398553 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 [27]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid7821735\charrsid8398553 
Gallo argues on appeal that the reviewing court erred in denying his motion to suppress because the affiant was required in his affidavit to establish the informant\rquote s reliability}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid9135082 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid7821735\charrsid8398553  but failed to do so.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid7821735\charrsid8398553 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid7821735\charrsid8398553 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 4.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid7821735\charrsid8398553   In particular, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid7821735\charrsid8398553 
Gallo points to the fact that the affidavit indicated the affiant worked with this informant on only one occasion (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid6976743\charrsid8398553 i.e.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf18\insrsid6976743\charrsid8398553 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid7821735\charrsid8398553 during the April 22, 2013}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid11539147\charrsid8398553 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf18\insrsid7821735\charrsid8398553  controlled-buy operation).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid7821735\charrsid8398553 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid7821735\charrsid8398553 RA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf18\insrsid11539147\charrsid8398553 , tab 41 at Ex. 1 (People\rquote s Opp\rquote n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid7821735\charrsid8398553  to Def.\rquote s Mot. Suppress}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid9797351 , May 14, 2014}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid7821735\charrsid8398553 ).  This same informant provided the additional information relied on by the affiant regarding the two controlled-buy operations in March 2013 conducted by the Air Force.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid7821735\charrsid8398553 See id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid7821735\charrsid8398553 
  Gallo argues the additional information does not establish reliability because reliability cannot be established based on a single informant making the same accusation multiple times.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf18\insrsid7821735\charrsid8398553 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid7821735\charrsid8398553 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 4-10.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 [28]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid7821735\charrsid8398553 As noted above, it is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid938191\charrsid8398553 well-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid7821735\charrsid8398553 
settled law that a showing of reliability is but one factor for consideration in determining probable cause; it is not itself a specific requirement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid6976743\charrsid8398553  that must be separately analyzed}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid7821735\charrsid8398553 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf18\insrsid7821735\charrsid8398553 See Gates}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid7821735\charrsid8398553 , 462 U.S. at 232.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid1400428\charrsid8398553 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 [29]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid9978057\charrsid8398553 Where an affidavit rel
ies on hearsay, particularly from an informant, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid10831303\charrsid8398553 issuing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid9978057\charrsid8398553 court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid10831303\charrsid8398553  may consider things such as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid9978057\charrsid8398553 the veracity or basis of knowledge of the informant. \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\insrsid9978057\charrsid8398553 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\insrsid11539147\charrsid8398553 id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid11539147\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid9978057\charrsid8398553 at 232-33. \~These }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid10831303\charrsid8398553 considerations }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid14508937\charrsid8398553 are not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid9978057\charrsid8398553 mutually exclusive; a weak showing of one can be balanced against a strong showing of the other. \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\insrsid9978057\charrsid8398553 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid7365467\charrsid8398553 at 233.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid9978057\charrsid8398553 
When considering veracity, a reviewing court can weigh such factors as whether the informant provided reliable information in the past, offered first-hand knowledge, was willing to reveal his or her ident
ity, provided detailed predictive information about future events, offered admissions against penal interest, and whether there was independent corroboration by the affiant. \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\insrsid9978057\charrsid8398553 See}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\insrsid9004745\charrsid8398553  generally id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid9004745\charrsid8398553 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid9004745\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\insrsid9004745\charrsid8398553 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\insrsid6364186\charrsid8398553 United States}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\insrsid9978057\charrsid8398553  v. Quitugua}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid9978057\charrsid8398553 , No. 16-00004, 2016 WL 3620727, at *}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid9004745\charrsid8398553 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid9978057\charrsid8398553  (D. Guam June 29, 2016); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\insrsid6364186\charrsid8398553 United States v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\insrsid9978057\charrsid8398553 McCraven}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid9978057\charrsid8398553 , 401 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid7365467\charrsid8398553 F.3d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid6364186\charrsid8398553 693, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid7365467\charrsid8398553 697}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid6364186\charrsid8398553 
 (6th Cir. 2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid7365467\charrsid8398553 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid9978057\charrsid8398553 When considering }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid6976743\charrsid8398553 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid9978057\charrsid8398553 basis of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid6976743\charrsid8398553 affiant\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid9978057\charrsid8398553 
knowledge, a court can weigh whether the informant is speaking from first-hand knowledge or is offering hearsay. \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\insrsid9978057\charrsid8398553 Quitugua}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid9978057\charrsid8398553 , 2016 WL 3620727}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13726034 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid9978057\charrsid8398553  at *3.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13191903\charrsid8398553   }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid7821735\charrsid8398553 Ultimately, facts supporting the reliability of an informant \'93need not take any particular form.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\insrsid7821735\charrsid8398553 McCraven}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid7821735\charrsid8398553 , 401 F.3d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid6364186\charrsid8398553 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid7821735\charrsid8398553  697.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid5379974\charrsid8398553   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\insrsid6976743\charrsid8398553 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 [30]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid5379974\charrsid8398553 Here}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid9978057\charrsid8398553 , the reviewing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid6364186\charrsid8398553 court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid9978057\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid5379974\charrsid8398553 properly applied a deferential standard of review to Gallo\rquote s challenge to the initial probable cause determination}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid4156490\charrsid8398553  and correctly found that the}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid7821735\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid4156490\charrsid8398553 issuing court had}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid7821735\charrsid8398553  a substantial basis for its decision}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid5379974\charrsid8398553 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15872783\charrsid8398553 RA, tab 55 at 4 (Dec. & Order).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid938191\charrsid8398553 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 [31]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13653496\charrsid8398553 
First, while the reviewing court did not expressly state that the issuing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6364186\charrsid8398553 court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13653496\charrsid8398553  had a \'93substantial basis\'94
 to find probable cause, the reviewing court did cite to the proper standard of its review and found that there was no constitutional violation.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13653496\charrsid8398553 See id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13653496\charrsid8398553  at 2-5.  The court therefore implicitly recognized that the issuing court had a \'93substantial basis\'94 for its finding of probable cause.  The fact that the reviewing court did not separately analyze the informant
\rquote s reliability does not create reversible error because reliability is only one factor, and not a stand-alone requirement, in determining probable cause.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13653496\charrsid8398553 See Gates}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13653496\charrsid8398553 , 462 U.S. at 232.  The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6976743\charrsid8398553  reviewing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13653496\charrsid8398553 
 court therefore did not commit legal error.  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 [32]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13653496\charrsid8398553 
In reviewing the totality of the circumstances, and with proper deference to the issuing court, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid5379974\charrsid8398553 he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid7821735\charrsid8398553 reviewing }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid6364186\charrsid8398553 court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid5379974\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid14644388\charrsid8398553 recognize}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid5379974\charrsid8398553 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid14644388\charrsid8398553  that the affiant did not rely solely on the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid5379974\charrsid8398553 confidential }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid14644388\charrsid8398553 informant\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid5379974\charrsid8398553 statement but also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid14644388\charrsid8398553 
included information regarding the affiant\rquote s background knowledge and expertise, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid9978057\charrsid8398553 personal observations, and information gathered through the investigation. \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13653496\charrsid8398553 RA, tab 55 at 4-5 (Dec. & Order)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid4156490\charrsid8398553 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 [33]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid7821735\charrsid8398553 
Upon a review of the warrant application and supporting affidavit, we find, like the reviewing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid6364186\charrsid8398553 court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid7821735\charrsid8398553 
 below, that there was no clear error in t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13653496\charrsid8398553 he issuing court\rquote s initial probable cause determination.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\insrsid11215209\charrsid8398553 See Rico}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid11215209\charrsid8398553 , 1992 WL 91184, at *1-2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid590107\charrsid8398553 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\insrsid590107\charrsid8398553 see also People v. Chargualaf
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid590107\charrsid8398553 , Crim. Nos. 78-00066A, 79-00015A, 1979 WL 15100, at *3 (D. Guam App. Div. Sept. 20, 1979) (finding that \'93
purchase of heroin at the [searched] residence within forty-eight hours of the making of the affidavit of\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid590107\charrsid8398553 probable}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid590107\charrsid8398553 \~}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid590107\charrsid8398553 cause}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid590107\charrsid8398553 \~in support of the search warrant,\'94 along with \'93facts within the personal knowledge of the informant}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid6976743\charrsid8398553  . . . [and]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid590107\charrsid8398553  the generalizations pertaining to drug-related activity based upon the personal experience of the affiant\'94
 sufficiently established probable cause)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid11215209\charrsid8398553 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid5379974\charrsid8398553 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 [34]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13653496\charrsid8398553 
For these reasons, the reviewing trial court properly denied Gallo\rquote s motion to suppress.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf15\insrsid6583846\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid10359539\charrsid8398553 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8398553 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7340588\charrsid8398553 V.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7340588\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\insrsid7340588\charrsid9797351 Conclusion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6978696\charrsid8398553  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6978696 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 [35]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14755464\charrsid8398553 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9718567\charrsid8398553 Based on the foregoing, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3026018\charrsid8398553 we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16658031\charrsid8398553  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13726034 hold}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13726034\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16658031\charrsid8398553 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13960268\charrsid8398553 a }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16658031\charrsid8398553 Superior Court judge }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2246697\charrsid8398553 has}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16658031\charrsid8398553 
 the authority to review the initial probable cause determination of another Superior Court judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid406389\charrsid8398553 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4156490\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid406389\charrsid8398553 We also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13726034 hold}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13726034\charrsid8398553  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13960268\charrsid8398553 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14745769\charrsid8398553 when}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2246697\charrsid8398553  reviewing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14745769\charrsid8398553 such determinations, a court must ensure that }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2246697\charrsid8398553 the issuing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6364186\charrsid8398553 court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2246697\charrsid8398553  had a \'93substantial basis\'94
 for reaching its probable cause determination}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16518000\charrsid8398553 .  Finally, we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13726034 hold}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13726034\charrsid8398553  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16518000\charrsid8398553 that a reviewing court may not suppress evidence based upon a lack of probable cause unless the issuing court\rquote s probable cause determination was clearly erroneous}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13191903\charrsid8398553 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13960268\charrsid8398553   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9896300\charrsid8398553 Accordingly, w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13960268\charrsid8398553 e 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13960268\charrsid9797351 AFFIRM}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13960268\charrsid8398553  the trial co}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16658031\charrsid8398553 urt\rquote s denial of Gallo\rquote 
s Motion to Suppress}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13960268\charrsid8398553  Evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9004868\charrsid8398553  and the Judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611847\charrsid8398553  of Conviction}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12347711\charrsid8398553 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid673376 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12077441 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12077441\charrsid8398553 
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