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{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
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{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}
{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}
{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}}
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\f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext45 \sqformat \spriority1 \styrsid10639901 No Spacing;}{\*\cs46 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid6952755 co_relatedinfo_historyitem_primary_citation;}
{\*\cs47 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid6952755 co_relatedinfo_historyitem_courtline;}{\*\cs48 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid6952755 co_relatedinfo_historyitem_date;}{
\s49\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
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{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\up0\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af0 \fi-296\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0
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\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\up0\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
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\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\up0\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2
\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\up0\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af0 \fi-296\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid108012281
{\*\liststylename List 1;}\spriority0 }{\list\listtemplateid1589911308\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc3\levelnfcn3\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-1019303722\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}
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\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li1800\lin1800 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fi-180\li2520\lin2520 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fi-360\li3240\lin3240 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fi-360\li3960\lin3960 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fi-180\li4680\lin4680 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fi-360\li5400\lin5400 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fi-360\li6120\lin6120 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fi-180\li6840\lin6840 }{\listname ;}\listid220676742}{\list\listtemplateid835649224\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-681418218
\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\fbias0 \fi-360\li1080\lin1080 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713
\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li1800\lin1800 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715
\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-180\li2520\lin2520 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703
\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li3240\lin3240 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713
\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li3960\lin3960 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715
\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-180\li4680\lin4680 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703
\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li5400\lin5400 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713
\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li6120\lin6120 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715
\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-180\li6840\lin6840 }{\listname ;}\listid285040894}{\list\listtemplateid460469270\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0
\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698689\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fbias0 \fi-360\li720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713
\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715
\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-180\li2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703
\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713
\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715
\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-180\li4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703
\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713
\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715
\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-180\li6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid332148155}{\list\listtemplateid504795564\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0
\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698689\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fbias0 \fi-360\li720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698689
\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fbias0 \fi-360\li1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fi-180\li2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fi-360\li2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fi-360\li3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fi-180\li4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fi-360\li5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fi-360\li5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fi-180\li6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid562910861}{\list\listtemplateid251324996\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698689
\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fbias0 \fi-360\li360\lin360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698691\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0 
\fi-360\li1080\lin1080 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698693\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0 \fi-360\li1800\lin1800 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23
\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698689\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fbias0 \fi-360\li2520\lin2520 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698691\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0 \fi-360\li3240\lin3240 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid67698693\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0 \fi-360\li3960\lin3960 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698689
\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fbias0 \fi-360\li4680\lin4680 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698691\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0 
\fi-360\li5400\lin5400 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698693\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0 \fi-360\li6120\lin6120 }{\listname 
;}\listid616836745}{\list\listtemplateid759183644\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc3\levelnfcn3\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698709\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0 \fi-360\li720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fi-360\li1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fi-180\li2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fi-360\li2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fi-360\li3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fi-180\li4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fi-360\li5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fi-360\li5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fi-180\li6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid655039385}{\list\listtemplateid105018044\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703
\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li1080\lin1080 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713
\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li1800\lin1800 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715
\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-180\li2520\lin2520 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703
\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li3240\lin3240 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713
\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li3960\lin3960 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715
\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-180\li4680\lin4680 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703
\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li5400\lin5400 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713
\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li6120\lin6120 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715
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\par }}{\*\ftnsepc \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6384817 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid226395 \chftnsepc 
\par }}{\*\aftnsep \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6384817 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid226395 \chftnsep 
\par }}{\*\aftnsepc \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6384817 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid226395 \chftnsepc 
\par }}\ltrpar \sectd \ltrsect\rtlgutter\psz1\linex0\headery1440\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid11210299\sftnbj {\headerl \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s35\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar
\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13193208 
\par }}{\headerr \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s35\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\brdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp20 \tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7229796 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs20\insrsid15889977\charrsid11210299 People}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs20\insrsid12876498\charrsid11210299  v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs20\insrsid9398463\charrsid11210299 Mateo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid7763855\charrsid11210299 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid1058220\charrsid11210299  201}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid16611773\charrsid11210299 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid1058220\charrsid11210299  Guam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid11210299\charrsid11210299 22}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid1058220\charrsid11210299 , Opinion\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid15889977\charrsid11210299 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid4485792\charrsid11210299 Page }
{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid4485792\charrsid11210299  PAGE  \\* Arabic  \\* MERGEFORMAT }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8148431 2}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid4485792\charrsid11210299  of }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid4485792\charrsid11210299  NUMPAGES  \\* Arabic  \\* MERGEFORMAT 
}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8148431 23}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1058220\charrsid11210299 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s35\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\brdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp20 \tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1058220 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid1863576\charrsid11210299 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s35\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1058220\charrsid11210299 
\par }}{\footerl \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s37\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13193208 
\par }}{\footerr \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s37\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13193208 
\par }}{\headerf \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s35\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13193208 
\par }}{\footerf \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s37\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1863576 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1863576 
\par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}
{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8
\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6819208 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid14291816\charrsid9720777 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6819208 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs27\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs27\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab0\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\fs28\insrsid14291816\charrsid9720777 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab0\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\fs28\insrsid661001\charrsid9720777 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab0\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\fs28\insrsid14291816\charrsid9720777 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab0\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid14291816\charrsid9720777 
\par IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6819208 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid14291816\charrsid9720777 
\par 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\lang1033\langfe0\langfenp0\insrsid15889977 PEOPLE OF GUAM}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\lang1033\langfe0\langfenp0\insrsid14291816\charrsid9720777 ,
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14291816\charrsid9720777 Plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15889977 -Appellee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14291816\charrsid9720777 ,
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid14291816\charrsid9720777 v.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14291816\charrsid9720777 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6819208 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs27\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs27\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid9398463 FAUSTINO JAMES FEJERAN MATEO}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab0\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid14291816\charrsid9720777 ,
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6819208 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9571954\charrsid9720777 Defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15889977 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10639901 Appell}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15889977 
ant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11351049\charrsid9720777 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14291816\charrsid9720777 
\par 
\par 
\par Supreme Court Case No.:  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9398463 CRA15}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15889977 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9398463 036}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14291816\charrsid9720777 
\par Superior Court Case No.:  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12876498 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9398463 F0632-14}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14291816\charrsid9720777 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6819208 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs27\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs27\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab0\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid14291816\charrsid9720777 OPINION
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6819208 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14291816 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid15535408 Filed:  December 28, 2017}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid15535408\charrsid15535408 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14291816\charrsid9720777 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid14291816\charrsid9720777 Cite as: 201}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid10968147\charrsid9720777 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs28\insrsid14291816\charrsid9720777  Guam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid11210299 22}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs28\insrsid14291816\charrsid9720777 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14291816\charrsid9720777 
\par 
\par Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam
\par Argued and submitted on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9398463 August 11}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15889977 , 201}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9398463 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14291816\charrsid9720777 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9398463\charrsid9398463 Hag\'e5t\'f1a,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14291816\charrsid9398463  G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14291816\charrsid9720777 uam

\par 
\par 
\par \ltrrow}\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid3485147\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15889977 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14291816\charrsid9720777 
Appearing for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15889977  Defendant-Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14291816\charrsid9720777 :
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9398463 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9398463\charrsid9398463 William Benjamin Pole, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9398463\charrsid9398463 Esq.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9398463\charrsid9398463 Law Office of Gumataotao & Pole
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12848705 San Ramon B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid156327 ldg.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9398463\charrsid9398463 
\par 115 San Ramon St.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12999338 , Ste. 301}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9398463\charrsid9398463 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s32\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9398463 \rtlch\fcs1 \af35\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af35\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hich\af0\insrsid9398463\charrsid9398463 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Hag\'e5\loch\f0 \hich\f0 t\'f1\loch\f0 a, GU 96910}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hich\af0\insrsid14291816 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af35 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\hich\af0\insrsid3493655\charrsid9720777 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid6819208 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14291816\charrsid9720777 Appearing for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15889977  Plaintiff-Appellee}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid14291816\charrsid9720777 :
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s32\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9398463 \rtlch\fcs1 \af35\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af35\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af35 \ltrch\fcs0 \hich\af0\insrsid9398463\charrsid9398463 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Joseph B. McDonald, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af35 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\hich\af0\insrsid9398463\charrsid9398463 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Esq.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af35 \ltrch\fcs0 \hich\af0\insrsid9398463\charrsid9398463 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Assistant Attorney General
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Office of the Attorney General
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Prosecution Division
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 590 S. Marine Corps Dr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af35 \ltrch\fcs0 \hich\af0\insrsid156327 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af35 \ltrch\fcs0 \hich\af0\insrsid9398463\charrsid9398463 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , Ste. 706
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s32\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15889977 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hich\af0\insrsid9398463\charrsid9398463 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Tamuning, GU 96913}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hich\af0\insrsid14291816\charrsid3493655 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14291816\charrsid9720777 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow
\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid3485147\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb
\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s32\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6819208 \rtlch\fcs1 \af35\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af35\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\hich\af0\insrsid1863576\charrsid9720777 \page }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af35 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\hich\af0\insrsid14291816\charrsid12876498 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 BEFORE: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af35 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\hich\af0\insrsid12999338 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ROBERT J. TORRES}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af35 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\hich\af0\insrsid15889977\charrsid12876498 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af35 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\hich\af0\insrsid15889977 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Chief}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af35 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\hich\af0\insrsid15889977\charrsid12876498 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  Justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af35 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\hich\af0\insrsid15889977 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af35 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\hich\af0\insrsid14291816\charrsid12876498 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 F. PHILI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af35 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\hich\af0\insrsid15889977 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 P CARBULLIDO, Associate Justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af35 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\hich\af0\insrsid12999338 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ; KATHERINE A. MARAMAN, Associate Justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af35 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\hich\af0\insrsid14291816\charrsid12876498 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af35 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\cf0\super\hich\af0\insrsid12999338 
\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11210299 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f37\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\f0\super\insrsid12999338\charrsid12999338 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12999338\charrsid12999338  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid12999338 The signatures in this opinion reflect the titles of the Justices at the time this matter was considered and determined.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af35 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\hich\af0\insrsid14291816\charrsid9720777 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6819208 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid14291816\charrsid9720777 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid9398463 MARAMAN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid14291816\charrsid13003203 , J.:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid14291816\charrsid9720777 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2978409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 [1]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2177599 Defendant-Appellant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4877116 Faustino }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9398463 
James Fejeran Mateo }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3411690 appeals from a final judgment of conviction, which was entered following a jury trial where he was found guilty of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13910333  one count of Possession of a Schedule II Controlled Substance With Intent to Deliver (as a First Degree Felony) and one count of Possession of a Schedule II Controlled Substance (as a Third Degree Felony}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4393995 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3411690 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16611010 For the reasons set forth below, we affirm.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2177599   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11282950     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11282950\charrsid11282950 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s32\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12656303 \rtlch\fcs1 \af35\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af35\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\hich\af0\insrsid6056609\charrsid9720777 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 I.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf0\hich\af0\insrsid14291816\charrsid9720777 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 FACTUAL }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\hich\af0\insrsid263140 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 AND PROCEDURAL }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf0\hich\af0\insrsid14291816\charrsid9720777 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 BACKGROUND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\hich\af0\insrsid16268086\charrsid9720777 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2978409 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 [2]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663 
Mateo was operating a motor vehicle near the House of Liberty Game Room in Barrigada }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15759923\charrsid11939663 when }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663 Guam Police Department }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid13986517\charrsid11939663 (\'93GPD\'94) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663 
Officers Benny T. Babauta and Aar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid13910333\charrsid11939663 on Brown}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15759923\charrsid11939663  pulled hi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid2122152\charrsid11939663 s vehicle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15759923\charrsid11939663  over}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid13910333\charrsid11939663 .  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663 Du}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid13986517\charrsid11939663 ring the traffic stop, Officer Babauta}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663  found a hunting knife in the vehicle, which prompted }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid2122152\charrsid11939663 him}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15759923\charrsid11939663  to search Mateo\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663  person.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15759923\charrsid11939663 
  During this search}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663 , Officer Babauta found a pouch containing what}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15759923\charrsid11939663  Mateo
 said were two \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663 ice pipes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15759923\charrsid11939663 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663  and a plastic bag containing smaller bags full of what the officers believed to be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15759923\charrsid11939663 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663 ice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid13986517\charrsid11939663 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15759923\charrsid11939663 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid13986517\charrsid11939663  the street name for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid10629666 crystal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid13986517\charrsid11939663 
methamphetamine.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid10629666  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid13986517\charrsid11939663  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid11024832\charrsid11939663 
Transcripts (\'93Tr.\'94) at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid11024832 47-49}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid11024832\charrsid11939663  (Jury Trial, Aug. 31, 2015).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663   
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 [3]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid4393995\charrsid11939663 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663 fter being advised of his rights, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid4393995\charrsid11939663 Mateo }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663 
told the officers he wanted to cooperate with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15759923\charrsid11939663 GPD\rquote s n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663 arcotics }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15759923\charrsid11939663 unit, which Officer Babauta understood to mean that Mateo wanted to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15759923\charrsid11939663 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663 give information to take down other people.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15759923\charrsid11939663 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15759923\charrsid11939663 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15759923\charrsid11939663  at 49}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663 .  Mateo was brought to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13986517\charrsid13986517 Hag\'e5t\'f1a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663  Precinct where he was again advised of his rights, which he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid9641593\charrsid11939663 again agreed to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663 waive }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid11166277 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663 this time in writing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid11166277 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid606372\charrsid11939663 He admitted to possessing \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663 ice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid606372\charrsid11939663 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid606372\charrsid11939663 that he had }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid9044405\charrsid11939663 smoked about $50 worth of it the day prior with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid9641593\charrsid11939663 an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid9044405\charrsid11939663 individual named Joseph Sablan.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid9044405\charrsid11939663 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid9044405\charrsid11939663 
 at 67.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid9044405\charrsid11939663 Mateo further}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663  admitted that he was a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid9044405\charrsid11939663 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663 collector}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid9044405\charrsid11939663 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663  for Sablan and that earlier that night the two of them went to the House of Lib}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid9044405\charrsid11939663 erty Game Room looking to sell \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663 ice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid9044405\charrsid11939663 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid9044405\charrsid11939663 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid9044405\charrsid11939663  at 68}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid9044405\charrsid11939663 According to Mateo, }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663 the drugs he was carrying belonged to Sablan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid9044405\charrsid11939663 , but }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid13986517\charrsid11939663 they }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid4393995\charrsid11939663 were provided to him for safe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid9044405\charrsid11939663 keeping}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid1255833\charrsid11939663 
Some of these details were left out of his written statement, but he nevertheless admitted in writin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663 g to possessing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid13986517\charrsid11939663 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663 ice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid13986517\charrsid11939663 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663  and two pipes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid13986517\charrsid11939663 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid13986517\charrsid11939663 Id.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid13986517\charrsid11939663  at 70-71; Tr. at 5-7 (Jury Trial, Sept. 1, 2015).  T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663 hat }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid8341076 written }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663 statement was admitted into evidence at trial. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid9044405\charrsid11939663  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid6490170\charrsid11939663 The People also placed into evidence photographs of the objects found on Mateo by the arresting officers, including a \'93
series of lattes containing suspected crystal methamphetamine, . . . two ice pipes[,] . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid10685745  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid1906682\charrsid11939663 [a] }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid6490170\charrsid11939663  crystalline substance, . . . and . . . two cutlery knives . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid10685745  .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid6490170\charrsid11939663 \'94  Tr. at 15 (Jury Trial, Sept. 1, 2015).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid13986517\charrsid11939663 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 [4]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663 Officer }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid9770709 Matthew P. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663 Cepeda}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid9770709 
, assigned to the Special Investigation and Drug Unit,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid2122152\charrsid11939663 conducted five field tests }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663 on the substance found on Mateo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid13986517\charrsid11939663 \rquote s person, which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663 tested }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid263140\charrsid11939663 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663 presumptive}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid263140\charrsid11939663 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663 ly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid263140\charrsid11939663 ]}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663  positive}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid263140\charrsid11939663 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663  for methamphetamine.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid6490170\charrsid11939663 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid13986517\charrsid11939663  at 14}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid263140\charrsid11939663 , 20-22, 64, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid11166277 78-80, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid263140\charrsid11939663 89-91}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid6490170\charrsid11939663 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid263140\charrsid11939663  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663 Officer Cepeda testified that the total weight of the substance found on Mateo, including the weight of the bags that the substance was in, was about 3.8 grams. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid10629666  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663 He further stated that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid1257156\charrsid11939663 
 based on his knowledge of drug-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663 related cases, a gram was selling in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid263140\charrsid11939663  Nov
ember 2014 for about $700. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid263140\charrsid11939663  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663   
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 [5]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid6310636\charrsid11939663 
Mateo made several filings regarding the personnel files of the arresting officers.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid3411690\charrsid11939663 First, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid6310636\charrsid11939663 Mateo filed what he termed a \'93written request for prosecution examination of officer personnel files.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid10649064 Record on Appeal (\'93}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid6310636\charrsid11939663 RA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid10649064 \'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid6310636\charrsid11939663 , 
tab 26 (Written Req}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid10629666 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid6310636\charrsid11939663  for Prosecution Examination of Officer Pers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid10629666 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid6310636\charrsid11939663  Files, Jan. 28, 2015). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid1255833\charrsid11939663  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid3411690\charrsid11939663 He}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid5905269\charrsid11939663  soon followed with a motion requesting that the Superior Court \'93conduct an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid5905269\charrsid11939663 in camera}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid5905269\charrsid11939663  review\'94 of the officers\rquote  personnel files.  RA, tab 30 at 1 (Notice of Mot. for }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid5905269\charrsid11939663 In Camera}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid5905269\charrsid11939663  Review of Officer Pers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid10629666 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid5905269\charrsid11939663  Files, Jan. 30, 2015).  Mateo relied upon the Ninth Circuit\rquote s decision in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid5905269\charrsid11939663 United States v. Henthorn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid5905269\charrsid11939663 , 931 F.2d 29 (9th Cir. 1991)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid10629666 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid5905269\charrsid11939663  and 8 GCA \'a7 70.15(a) to support his motion, arguing that \'93the outcome of a [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid5905269\charrsid11166277 sic}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid5905269\charrsid11939663 ] trial hinges solely on the credibility of Officers Babauta and Brown}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid2975799\charrsid11939663 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid5905269\charrsid11939663 \'94 as there were no other civilian witnesses that could testify as to what happened at the time of Mateo\rquote s arrest.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid5905269\charrsid11939663   Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid5905269\charrsid11939663  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid5905269\charrsid11166277 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid5905269\charrsid2298708  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid5905269\charrsid11939663 2-3.  Further}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid9641593\charrsid11939663 more}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid5905269\charrsid11939663 , Mateo highlight}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid9641593\charrsid11939663 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid5905269\charrsid11939663  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid9641593\charrsid11939663 a civil complaint\emdash ultimately dismissed on sovereign immunity grounds\emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid5905269\charrsid11939663 that }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid9641593\charrsid11939663 alleged }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid5905269\charrsid11939663 Officer Babauta }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid9641593\charrsid11939663 committed several }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid5905269\charrsid11939663 intentional torts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid9641593\charrsid11939663 
in 2010 while carrying out an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid4393995\charrsid11939663 unrelated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid9641593\charrsid11939663 arrest.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid5905269\charrsid11939663   Mateo argue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid9641593\charrsid11939663 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid5905269\charrsid11939663  that this }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid552073\charrsid11939663 civil complaint }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid4393995\charrsid11939663 suggested}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid5905269\charrsid11939663  there may be discoverable impeachment evidence in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid8341076 Officer Babauta\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid8341076\charrsid11939663  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid5905269\charrsid11939663 
personnel file.  The People opposed this motion, asserting that Mateo had failed to make the required materiality showing that this court outlined in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid5905269\charrsid11939663 People v. Tuncap}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid5905269\charrsid11939663 , 1998 Guam 13 \'b6\'b6 16-18.  The People maintained that witness credibility is important in any case, so }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid552073\charrsid11939663 alleging that evidence is necessary to impeach witnesses can}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid2122152\charrsid11939663 not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid552073\charrsid11939663  by itself}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid2122152\charrsid11939663  establish the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid5905269\charrsid11939663  materiality}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid552073\charrsid11939663  of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid2122152\charrsid11939663 evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid5905269\charrsid11939663 .  Additionally, the People argue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid552073\charrsid11939663 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid5905269\charrsid11939663  that exi
stence of a civil complaint, much like the existence of a criminal charge, is not to be taken as evidence of the truth}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid552073\charrsid11939663  of the facts detailed therein.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid5905269\charrsid11939663   
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 [6]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid5905269\charrsid11939663 The trial court }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid3411690\charrsid11939663 denied }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid5905269\charrsid11939663 Mateo\rquote s motion.  In}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid1906682\charrsid11939663  so}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid5905269\charrsid11939663  ruling, the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid3286780\charrsid11939663  trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid5905269\charrsid11939663  court held that personnel files are not required to be turned over under 8 GCA \'a7 70.10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid3284191\charrsid11939663 , that }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid3284191\charrsid11939663 Henthorn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid3284191\charrsid11939663  \'93is inconsistent with Guam law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid13525760\charrsid11939663 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid3284191\charrsid11939663 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid13525760\charrsid11939663  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid1906682\charrsid11939663 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid13525760\charrsid11939663 Mateo had not shown the required level of materiality necessary to establish that the officers\rquote 
 personnel files should be subject to discovery.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid10649064\charrsid11939663 RA, tab 37 at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid10649064 3-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid10649064\charrsid11939663 4 (Dec. & Order, Mar. 26, 2015).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid13525760\charrsid11939663   The court further held that \'93
if the credibility of a witness was the sole basis for a Defendant\rquote s request for an in camera review of that witness\rquote  personnel file}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid13835571 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid13525760\charrsid11939663 , the materiality requirement would be swallowed altogether\'94 and the courts \'93would be inundated with having to review witness\rquote  personnel files.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid13525760\charrsid11939663 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid13525760\charrsid11939663  at 4. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid5905269\charrsid11939663 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 [7]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid13525760\charrsid11939663 Following }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid552073\charrsid11939663 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid13525760\charrsid11939663 denial of this motion for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid13525760\charrsid11939663 in camera}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid13525760\charrsid11939663  review, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid263140\charrsid11939663 
Mateo moved to suppress the statements Mateo made to Officers Babauta and Brown on the grounds that the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16596002\charrsid11939663 re was no reasonable suspicion to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid263140\charrsid11939663  stop Mateo }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16596002\charrsid11939663 and the subsequent search of his person was therefore }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid263140\charrsid11939663 illegal.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16596002\charrsid11939663 The People opposed this motion.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid263140\charrsid11939663 
The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16662809\charrsid11939663 trial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid263140\charrsid11939663 court held a suppression hearing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16596002\charrsid11939663  during which O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid263140\charrsid11939663 fficers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16596002\charrsid11939663  Babauta and Brown}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid263140\charrsid11939663  were called to testify about the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid3286780\charrsid11939663  events}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid263140\charrsid11939663  that led to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid9912609\charrsid11939663 Mateo\rquote s detainment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid263140\charrsid11939663 
.  Officer Babauta described wi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16596002\charrsid11939663 tnessing Mateo\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid263140\charrsid11939663 
s car drive erratically around the House of Liberty Game Room, where he has made approximately fifty other arrests, most of which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid552073\charrsid11939663 were}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid263140\charrsid11939663  related to drug crimes.  He testified to following the car through a residential area before initiating the traffic stop}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16662809\charrsid11939663  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid3286780\charrsid11939663 upon }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid552073\charrsid11939663 witnessing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid3286780\charrsid11939663 Mateo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16662809\charrsid11939663  speeding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid263140\charrsid11939663 
.  Officer Brown followed with testimony that corroborated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16596002\charrsid11939663 Officer Babauta\rquote s recollection of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid263140\charrsid11939663 the events leading to the traffic stop.  Both officers admitted that their police reports did not contain any specific facts relating to the reason for the stop}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid1906682\charrsid11939663  and that Mateo was not charged with any traffic violations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid263140\charrsid11939663 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid1906682\charrsid11939663 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 [8]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid4544919\charrsid11939663 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid263140\charrsid11939663 he court denied the motion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid4393995\charrsid11939663 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid263140\charrsid11939663 
 finding that greater w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid2643724\charrsid11939663 eight is placed on the officers\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid263140\charrsid11939663  sworn testimony than on }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid2643724\charrsid11939663 written}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid263140\charrsid11939663  police }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid4393995\charrsid11939663 reports,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16662809\charrsid11939663  and the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid263140\charrsid11939663  testimony show}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid6387663 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid263140\charrsid11939663  that the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16662809\charrsid11939663  officers}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid263140\charrsid11939663  had adequate reasonable suspicion that Mateo had committed a traffic violation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid1257156\charrsid11939663 thereby }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid263140\charrsid11939663 justifying the stop.  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 [9]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid3411690\charrsid11939663 At trial, f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid13525760\charrsid11939663 ollowing the close of the People\rquote s case-in-chief, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid13914963\charrsid11939663 
Mateo moved for an acquittal.  The court denied this motion.  Mateo rested without calling any witnesses.  T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663 he jury returned a guilty verdict }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid13914963\charrsid11939663 on both counts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid13914963\charrsid11939663 A }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13914963 Judgment of Conviction was entered, and t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663 his appeal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid4393995\charrsid11939663 timely }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16611010\charrsid11939663 followed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9398463\charrsid11282950 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3237652 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3358947 II. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13783808  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15492142\charrsid9720777 JURISDICTION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid16268086\charrsid9720777 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11210299 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 [10]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11282950\charrsid6167910 This court has jurisdiction over appeals from a final judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11282950 
 of conviction rendered in the Superior Court of Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11282950\charrsid6167910 .  48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 1424-1(a)(2) (Westlaw through Pub. L. 11}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11997571 5}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11282950\charrsid6167910 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13783808 90}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11282950\charrsid6167910  (201}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11997571 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11282950\charrsid6167910 )); 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 3107(b), 3108(a) (2005); 8 GCA \'a7\'a7 130.10, 130.15(a) (2005).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11282950 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11210299 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3237652 III}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid10248770 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid13783808  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15492142\charrsid9720777 ANALYSIS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid16268086 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid156327 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 [11]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13914963 Mateo }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4544919 makes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16662809  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1257156 four}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13914963  general arguments}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4544919  on appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13914963 
.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13914963\charrsid6491042 First}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13914963\charrsid4393995 , Mateo asserts that the trial court erred in denying his motion for an }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13914963\charrsid4393995 in camera}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13914963\charrsid4393995  review}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid4393995  of,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13914963\charrsid4393995  and the People committed a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13914963\charrsid4393995 Brady}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13914963\charrsid4393995  violation by failing to review and disclose}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid4393995 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13914963\charrsid4393995 
 the arresting officers\rquote  personnel files.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13914963\charrsid6491042 Second}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13914963\charrsid4393995 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid4393995 Mateo posits that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3286780\charrsid4393995 statements he made to GPD}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid4393995 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid6491042 Third}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid4393995 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1257156\charrsid4393995 Mateo argues that the presumptive field test should have be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2975799\charrsid4393995 en excluded f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1257156\charrsid4393995 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2975799\charrsid4393995 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1257156\charrsid4393995 m evidence because it was unreliable under }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1257156\charrsid4393995 Daubert}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1257156\charrsid4393995 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1257156\charrsid6491042 Fourth}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1257156\charrsid4393995 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1257156\charrsid4393995  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid4393995 Mateo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796  claims that the trial court erred in denying his motion to acquit because the People relied upon field tests that are not scientifically sound and that there was
 not sufficient evidence regarding his intent to distribute.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1255833 We consider each of these issues below and conclude that none justify reversal of Mateo\rquote s conviction. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13914963  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3950748 \tab 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li432\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin432\itap0\pararsid11210299 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid405476 A.\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13711796 No }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid13711796 Brady }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid13711796 Violation Occurred }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid16059892 
in this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid13711796  Case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid16662809  and the Court Properly Denied Mateo\rquote s Motion for an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid16662809 In Camera}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid16662809  Review}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15491030  Because Mateo Failed to Establish }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13783808 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid5769357 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15491030 he Arresting Officers\rquote  Personnel Files Were Material to His Defense}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid13711796 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2978409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 [12]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796 Mateo }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16662809 first }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796 
asserts on appeal that the People committed a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13711796 Brady}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796  violation in failing to turn over personnel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11158980  files}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\f0\fs24\super\insrsid13711796 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11210299 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\f0\super\insrsid13711796\charrsid14815891 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid13711796\charrsid14815891 
 Mateo also asserts that the People were required to review and disclose all internal affairs reports related to the arresting officers.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid13711796\charrsid14815891 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\insrsid16662809 , e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid16662809 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid13711796\charrsid14815891  Appellant\rquote s Br. at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid16662809 26-29}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid13783808  (Jan. 29, 2016)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid13711796\charrsid14815891 .  The discovery of internal affairs documents, however, was not addressed by the trial court below, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\insrsid13711796\charrsid14815891 see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1906682\charrsid1906682 RA, tab 37 (Dec. & Order)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid13711796\charrsid14815891 , and Mateo\rquote s motion }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11158980 in the Superior Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid13711796\charrsid14815891 only addressed personnel files, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid13711796\charrsid14815891 see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid13711796\charrsid14815891 RA, tab 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid13926106 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid13711796\charrsid14815891  (Written Req. for Prosecution Examination of Officer Pers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid13783808 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid13711796\charrsid14815891  Files); RA, tab 30 (Notice for Mot. for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid13711796\charrsid14815891 In Camera }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid13711796\charrsid14815891 Review of Officer Pers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid13783808 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid13711796\charrsid14815891  Files).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11158980 An }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10058727 appellate court may}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11158980 , at its discretion,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10058727  \'93consider}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid13926106 
[]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10058727  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid10058727 Brady}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10058727\charrsid10058727 \~claims raised for the\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid10058727\charrsid10058727 first}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10058727\charrsid10058727 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10058727\charrsid10058727 time}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10058727\charrsid10058727 
\~on direct\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10058727\charrsid10058727 appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10058727\charrsid10058727 \~but only when the appellate court ha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11158980 [s]}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10058727\charrsid10058727  a proper record to consider or where the facts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid552073 [a]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10058727\charrsid10058727 re uncontroverted}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11158980 .\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid8409282 State }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid11158980 v. Parker}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11158980 
, 198 S.W.3d 178, 181 (Mo. Ct. App. 2006).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10058727\charrsid10058727 Mateo fails to identify what would be in any}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11158980  exi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid3286780 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11158980 ting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10058727\charrsid10058727  internal affairs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11158980  report or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid13372148 present evidence in the record to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11158980 establish the more basic fact of whether any}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10058727\charrsid10058727  internal affairs complaint was ever}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11158980  actually}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10058727\charrsid10058727  filed against either officer.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1255833 Thus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid13926106 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1255833  no record evidence exists to determine whether any internal affairs complaint would have been material to Mateo\rquote s defense, a requirement under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\insrsid1255833 Brady}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid13783808  v. Maryland}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid13783808 , 373 U.S. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid8409282 83 (1963}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid13783808 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1255833 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid1255833   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11158980 We therefore decline to use our discretion to review Mateo\rquote s }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid11158980 Brady }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11158980 claim with respect to internal affairs documents.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid11158980 See People v. Leslie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11158980 , 2011 Guam 23 \'b6 28; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid11158980 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid8409282 People}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid11158980  v. Fort}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11158980 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid8409282 44 N.Y.S.3d 595, 598}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11158980  (App. Div. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11158980\charrsid11158980 2017) (\'93}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid11158980 Defendant\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid11158980\charrsid11158980 s remaining contention}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid11158980  . . . i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid11158980\charrsid11158980 s presented for the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\f0\cf17\insrsid11158980\charrsid11158980 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\f0\cf19\insrsid11158980\charrsid11158980 first}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\f0\cf17\insrsid11158980\charrsid11158980 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\f0\cf19\insrsid11158980\charrsid11158980 time}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\f0\cf17\insrsid11158980\charrsid11158980 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid11158980\charrsid11158980 on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\f0\cf17\insrsid11158980\charrsid11158980 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\f0\cf19\insrsid11158980\charrsid11158980 appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs17\f0\cf17\insrsid11158980\charrsid11158980 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid11158980\charrsid11158980 as a purported}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\f0\cf17\insrsid11158980\charrsid11158980 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs33\i\f0\cf19\insrsid11158980\charrsid11158980 Brady}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\f0\cf17\insrsid11158980\charrsid11158980 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid11158980\charrsid11158980 
violation and is, therefore, unpreserved for our review}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\cf17\insrsid11158980 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11158980\charrsid11158980 \'94 (collecting cases))}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11158980 
; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid11158980 Smith v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid8409282 State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11158980 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11158980\charrsid11158980 \~
474 S.E.2d 272}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11158980 , 275}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11158980\charrsid11158980  (1996)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11158980  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid11158980\charrsid11158980 \'93A defendant may not raise an alleged\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid11158980\charrsid11158980 Brady}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11158980\charrsid11158980 \~violation for the\~}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11158980\charrsid11158980 first}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11158980\charrsid11158980 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11158980\charrsid11158980 time}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid11158980\charrsid11158980 \~on\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11158980\charrsid11158980 appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11158980\charrsid11158980 .\'94).\~}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13711796  of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1906682 GPD officers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13783808 who arrested him}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796  and that the trial court erred in refusing to review these files }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13711796 in camera}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13711796 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13711796 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 11, 26-30}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9770709 
 (Jan. 29, 2016)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11158980  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796 In opposition, the People argue that Ma
teo failed to show that the personnel files of the arresting officers were material to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3286780 his defense}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796  and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16668155 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796  therefore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16668155 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796 
 such evidence was not required to be disclosed or reviewed.  Appellee\rquote s Br. at 24}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16668155 -28}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14900482  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9770709 Mar. 16, 2016}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14900482 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796 .  We review alleged }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13711796 Brady }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796 violations }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13711796 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15491030 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13711796  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid3950748 People v. Tedtaotao}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid3950748 , 2015 Guam 31 \'b6 12}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15491030 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid6952755 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 [13]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid6952755 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid6952755 Brady v. Maryland}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid6952755 , the United States Supreme Court held that \'93the suppression by the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid14815539  prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request violates due process where the evidence is material either to guilt or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14486999 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid14815539 punishment, irrespective of the good faith o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796 r bad faith of the prosecution.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid14815539   373 U.S. 83, 87 (1963)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5073216 Brady }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5073216 evidence \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5073216\charrsid14815539 includes impeachment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3108402 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5073216\charrsid14815539 vidence re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5073216 lating to government witnesses . . . .\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5073216\charrsid14815539   }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5073216\charrsid14815539 People v. Fisher}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5073216\charrsid14815539 , 2001 Guam 2 \'b6 12 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid5073216\charrsid14815539 United States v. Bagley}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5073216\charrsid14815539 , 473 U.S. 667, 676 (1985)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3108402\charrsid3108402  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3108402  In order to establish}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3108402\charrsid14815539  a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3108402\charrsid14815539 Brady}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3108402\charrsid14815539  violation, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1131863 a defendant must show that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3108402 : (i)}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1131863  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3108402 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3108402\charrsid14815539 the evidence at issue }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1131863 [is]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3108402\charrsid14815539  favorable to the defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2964485 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3108402  because it is either }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11158980 ex}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3108402 culpatory or impeaching; (ii) \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3108402\charrsid14815539 the government }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1131863 . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3108402\charrsid14815539 
 suppressed the evidence, either willfully or inadvertently}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3108402 \'94; and (iii) \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3108402\charrsid14815539 the suppression of the evidence }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1131863 . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3108402\charrsid14815539  prejudiced the defendant in that it depri}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3108402 v
ed him or her of a fair trial.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3108402\charrsid14815539   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3108402\charrsid14815539 People v. Campos}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3108402\charrsid14815539 , 2015 Guam 11 \'b6 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5705521 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3108402\charrsid14815539  (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3108402\charrsid14815539 People v. Kitano}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3108402 , 2011 Guam 11 \'b6 21).    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3108402\charrsid3108402 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 [14]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796 Guam has codified th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3108402 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796  principle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3108402 s of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3108402 Brady}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796  at 8 GCA \'a7 70.10 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13711796 et seq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid14815539   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid14815539 See People v. Orallo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid14815539 , 2004 Gua}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796 m 5 \'b6 12 (\'93}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid14815539 The disclosure of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3748737 exculpatory }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid14815539 
evidence is required by section 70.10(a)(7) which codifies and expands upon the constitutional due process requirement, set forth in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid14815539 Brady}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid14815539  . . . that the prosecution must disclose evidence favorable to the defendant which is ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796 terial to guilt or punishment.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2437252 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid14815539 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2437252   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796 
As relevant to this appeal, 8 GCA \'a7 70.10 requires the People to disclose to the defense \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid12400115 
any material or information which tends to negate the guilt of the defendant as to the offense charged or would tend to reduce his punishment therefor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796 \'94 that is within the }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9770709 Office of the Attorney General}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796 \rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9770709 (OAG) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13711796 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid12400115 possession or control, the existence of which is known, or by the exercise of due diligence may become known to the prosecuting attorney}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796 .\'94  8 GCA \'a7 70.10(a)(7)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8409282  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13654597 We have previously interpreted this specific }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid852453 subsection of section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16595398  70.10}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13654597  as being co-equal with the mandates of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13654597\charrsid13654597  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13654597\charrsid13654597 Brady}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13654597\charrsid13654597 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13654597\charrsid13654597 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7219418\charrsid5705521 People}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3748737\charrsid7219418  v.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3748737  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\i\f0\fs24\insrsid13654597\charrsid13654597 Flores}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\f0\fs24\insrsid13654597\charrsid8409282 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\f0\fs24\insrsid13654597\charrsid13654597 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13654597\charrsid13654597 2009 Guam 22 \'b6
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13654597\charrsid2964485 60}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2964485\charrsid2964485  (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid2964485\charrsid2964485 
The protections afforded by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid2964485\charrsid2964485 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2964485\charrsid2964485 section 70.10(a)(7)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs17\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid2964485\charrsid2964485 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid2964485\charrsid2964485 are equal to and not greater than those afforded by the Constitutional guarantee articulated by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid2964485\charrsid2964485 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\i\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid2964485\charrsid2964485 Brady}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid2964485\charrsid2964485 \~}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid2964485\charrsid2964485 and its progeny.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2964485\charrsid2964485 \'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13654597\charrsid2964485 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13654597\charrsid2964485 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13654597 Campos}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13654597 , 2015 Guam 11 \'b6 27 (citation omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13654597\charrsid13654597 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13654597   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13643504 Moreover, 8 GCA \'a7 70.10(b), like }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13643504 Brady }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13643504 itself, \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13643504\charrsid11493330 imposes a general materiality requirement upon items before disclosure}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13643504 .\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13643504 Tuncap}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13643504 , 1998 Guam 13 \'b6 18.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13372148   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796 Th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13654597 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13654597 prosecution\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796 obligation}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13654597  under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid852453 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13654597  70.10(a)(7)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13711796  extends \'93to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid12400115  any material information in the possession or control of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796 . . .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid12400115  persons who have participated in the investigation or evaluation of the case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796 ,\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4477365 8 GCA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796 \'a7 70.10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid9253415 (b), which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2964485 generally }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid9253415 includes any documents or information in the possession of the GPD, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid9253415 see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4477365 People v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid9253415 Reyes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid9253415 , 1999 Guam 11 \'b6\'b6 18-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid2964485 19}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2964485\charrsid2964485  (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2964485\charrsid2964485 Kyles v. Whitley}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\f0\fs24\insrsid2964485\charrsid8409282 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs17\i\f0\fs24\insrsid13643504\charrsid6491042  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2964485 514 U.S. 419, 437}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4477365 -38}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2964485  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2964485\charrsid2964485 (1995))}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9253415\charrsid2964485 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9253415\charrsid2964485 see }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9253415 also United States v. Jennings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9253415 , 960 F.2d 1488, 1490 (9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9253415\charrsid9253415 
th }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9253415 Cir. 1992) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11679660 holding }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9253415 prosecutor\rquote s responsibilities under }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9253415 Brady }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9253415 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9253415\charrsid9253415 
cannot be evaded by claiming lack of control over the files or procedures of other executive branch agencies}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9253415 \'94 (citations omitted)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13643504  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1131863 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 [15]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid13711796 
In addition to these mandatory disclosures, the court may order, in its discretion, that the prosecution turn over other evidence upon }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid13711796\charrsid13711796 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid13711796 a showing of materiality to the preparation of his defense and that the request is reasonable.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11679660 8 GCA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid13711796 \'a7 70.15(a).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16595398 Thus, under both }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8409282 sections}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16595398  70.10 and 70.15, as well as our holding in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16595398 Tuncap}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16595398 
, a threshold showing of materiality must be established before the prosecution is obligated to turn over evidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11158980 to the defendant either }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16595398 automatically (under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8409282 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16595398  70.10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6838537  and }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6838537 Brady}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16595398 ) or following a motion by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4544919 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16595398 defendant (under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8409282 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16595398  70.15).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid16595398 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 [16]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3108402 Mateo argues that his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11493330 request for the prosecution to review, and his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3108402 motion seeking }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3108402 in camera}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3108402  review of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11493330 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3108402  the arresting officer\rquote s personnel file is governed by the Ninth Circuit
\rquote s decision in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3108402 United States v. Henthorn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3108402 , 931 F.2d 29 (9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3108402\charrsid3108402 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3108402  Cir. 1991)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6952755 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6952755 cert. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6952755\charrsid6952755 denied}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6952755\charrsid6952755 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs46\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid6952755\charrsid6952755 
503 U.S. 972}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs48\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid6952755\charrsid6952755  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs48\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid6952755 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs48\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid6952755\charrsid6952755 1992}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs48\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid6952755 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3108402\charrsid6952755 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13654597\charrsid6952755   In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13654597\charrsid6952755 Henthorn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13654597 , the court held that, upon the request of a defendant}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid552073 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13654597  and regardless of any showing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16595398 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13654597  materiality, the prosecution must examine the personnel files of testifying officers or turn them over to the court for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13654597 in camera}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13654597  review to determine whether they contain }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13654597 Brady}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13654597  material.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid487306 931 F.2d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13654597  at 30-31.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9253415 While }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9253415 Henthorn
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9253415  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11616361 apparently }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9253415 
remains good law within the Ninth Circuit, multiple other jurisdictions at both the state and federal levels have flatly rejected its holding.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9253415 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11734889 , e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11734889 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9253415  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6952755\charrsid6952755 
United States v. Quinn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6952755\charrsid6952755 , 123 F.3d 1415, 1422 (11th Cir. 1997); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6952755\charrsid6952755 United States v. Lafayette}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6952755\charrsid6952755 , 983 F.2d 1102, 1106 (D.C. Cir. 1993); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6952755\charrsid6952755 United States v. Driscoll}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6952755\charrsid6952755 , 970 F.2d 1472, 1482 (6th Cir. 1992); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6952755\charrsid6952755 United States v. Andrus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6952755\charrsid6952755 , 775 F.2d 825, 843 (7th Cir. 1985)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11616361 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11616361 United States v. Wilson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11616361 , 278 F.R.D. 145, 156 (D. Md. 2011); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8409282 State }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15943857 v. Rob}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3480720 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15943857 es}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15943857 , 895 P.2d 1031, 1035 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1995); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14878422 People}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15943857  v. Shakur}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15943857 , 648 N.Y.S.2d 200, 208 n.7 (Sup. Ct. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11616361 1996}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6491042 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11734889 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid9253415\charrsid11734889 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 [17]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15943857 We agree }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3411690 with the trial court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15943857 that the better approach is that adopted by the overwhelming majority of jurisdictions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11158980 
, which}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15943857  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11734889 requir}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11158980 es}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11734889  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15943857 a threshold showing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11734889 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15943857 
 materiality to trigger a mandatory review by the prosecution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15745694 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15943857  or an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15943857 in camera}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15943857  review by the court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15745694 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11493330 
 of an arresting officer\rquote s personnel files.  As the trial court correctly found, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15943857 Henthorn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11734889  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11493330 is inconsistent with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11734889  Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11493330  law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15943857 
.  As we previously stated in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15943857 Kitano}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15943857 , \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15943857\charrsid3108402 
Brady}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15745694\charrsid15745694 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15943857\charrsid15745694 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15943857\charrsid15745694 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15943857\charrsid3108402 ove}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15943857 rriding concern }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16325529 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15943857\charrsid3108402 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16325529 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15943857\charrsid3108402 
 with the justice of the finding of guilt,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15943857  not with the accused\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15943857\charrsid3108402 s ability to prepare for trial.\'94\~}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15943857  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15943857 Kitano}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15943857 , 2011 Guam 11 \'b6 21 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15943857\charrsid16325529 (alterations in original)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14878422  (internal quotation marks omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15943857 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15943857 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid11734889 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15943857\charrsid15943857 ere speculation that a government file may contain}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15943857\charrsid15943857 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\i\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15943857\charrsid15943857 Brady}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs17\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15943857\charrsid15943857 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15943857\charrsid15943857 material is not sufficient to require a remand for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs17\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15943857\charrsid15943857 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\i\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15943857\charrsid15943857 in camera}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15943857\charrsid15943857 \~}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15943857\charrsid15943857 inspection, much less reversal for a new trial. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid5705521  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15943857\charrsid15943857 A due process standard which is satisfied by mere speculation would convert}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15943857\charrsid15943857 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs19\i\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15943857\charrsid15943857 Brady}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15943857\charrsid15943857 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15943857\charrsid15943857 
into a discovery device and impose an undue burden}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16595398 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15943857\charrsid15943857  upon the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16595398 trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15943857\charrsid15943857  court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16595398 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15943857\charrsid15943857 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15943857\charrsid15943857  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15943857  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11734889\charrsid15943857 United States v. Navarro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11734889\charrsid6491042 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15943857\charrsid15943857 
737 F.2d 625, 631 (7th Cir.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15943857  1984}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15943857\charrsid15943857 ),\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15943857\charrsid15943857 cert. denied}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15943857\charrsid6491042 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15943857\charrsid14878422 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15943857\charrsid15943857 469 U.S. 102}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9460327 0}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15943857  (1984). 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 [18]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886285 Mateo }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13643504 alternatively}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886285  asserts that pursuant to 10 GCA \'a7 77133 the People were required to review the arresting officer\rquote s personnel files.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15886285\charrsid14378105 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886285  Appellant\rquote s Br. at 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4090485 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15886285 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4090485 28}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886285 .  Under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid852453 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886285  77133, the GPD is required to forward }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3936378 a \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886285\charrsid14815891 written complaint }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886285 . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886285\charrsid14815891  alleging the commission of a crime or misconduct on the part of a police offic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15886285 er or employee of the [GPD]\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3936378  that the GPD finds credible}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886285  to the OAG, which the OAG is}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2437252  then}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886285  required to review.  10 GCA \'a7 77133(a), (c)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11479322  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886285 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13643504 In addition,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886285\charrsid14378105  the Chief of Police is required to draft a }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3936378 public statement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3936378\charrsid14378105  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886285\charrsid14378105 \'93
indicating the preliminary disposition of the allegation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3936378 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886285\charrsid14378105 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15886285   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15886285 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886285  \'a7 77133(b).  This statute, however, applies only to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15886285\charrsid10058727 internal affairs complaints\emdash an issue this court will not consider}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10058727  in the absence of a full record}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15886285\charrsid10058727 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15886285\charrsid10058727 see supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11158980  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11158980 n.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15809670 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886285\charrsid10058727 \emdash and does not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886285 
 apply to personnel files of specific officers.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11209356   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10058727 Rather, the p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886285 
ersonnel files of GPD officers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11158980 , like all public employees of Guam,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10058727  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886285 
are confidential and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13372148 generally }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886285 not subject to public disclosure.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15886285 
See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886285  5 GCA \'a7 10108(c)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11479322  (as amended by P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9897456 ub}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11479322 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9897456  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11479322 L. 32-020:2 (Apr. 11, 2013)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid852453 )}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886285 .  Indeed, the presence of a statute blocking personnel files from public disclosure}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6838537  under the open-records law}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886285  is further reason for this court to reject the application of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15886285 Henthorn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886285 .  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15886285 See Shakur}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886285 , 648 N.Y.S.2d at 208 n.7 (rejecting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15886285 Henthorn}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886285  in part because it failed to consider state statutes that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3936378 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886285 
declare personnel records confidential\'94).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886285\charrsid11616361 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 [19]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11734889\charrsid11479322 Mateo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11734889  relie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6838537 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11734889  only upon the existence of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11734889\charrsid4393805 a civil complaint to establish }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886285\charrsid4393805 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11734889\charrsid4393805 
potential materiality of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4393805 the arresting officers\rquote  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11734889\charrsid4393805 personnel file}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3936378 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11734889\charrsid4393805 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6948289\charrsid4393805   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11493330\charrsid4393805 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid4393805 vidence is material }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11493330\charrsid4393805 under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11493330\charrsid4393805 Brady }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11493330\charrsid4393805 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid4393805 
only if there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid14815539  been disclosed to the defense, the result of the procee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13711796 ding would have been different.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid14815539   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid14815539 Fisher}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid14815539 , 2001 Guam 2 \'b6 13 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid14815539 United States v. Presser}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid14815539 , 844 F.2d 1275, 1281 (6th Cir. 1988}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid14815539 ).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10371902 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid14815539  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10371902 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid14815539 reasonable probab}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796 ility}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10371902 \'94 is a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13711796  \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid14815539 probability suffi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796 cient to undermine }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2499404 confidence in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796 the outcome.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid14815539   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid14815539 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid14815539  (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid14815539 Presser}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13711796\charrsid14815539 , 844 F.2d at 1281).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886285 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 [20]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3417171\charrsid804504 Mateo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3417171  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3411690 did not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3417171 me}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3411690 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3417171 t his burden to establish that the requested personnel files were material to his defense.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4393805 As an initial matter, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4393805\charrsid4393805 he civil compla}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4393805 int pointed to by Mateo }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4393805\charrsid4393805 name}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4393805 d only Officer Babauta}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4393805\charrsid4393805  as a defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4393805 
; Officer Brown was not a party to that civil litigation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4393805\charrsid4393805 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4393805\charrsid4393805 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4393805\charrsid4393805 RA, tab 30, Attach. B }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid418766 at 3 n.2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4393805\charrsid4393805  (Notice of Mot. for }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4393805\charrsid10571436 In Camera}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4393805\charrsid4393805  Review of Officer Pers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9897456 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4393805\charrsid4393805  Files). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2437252  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4393805\charrsid4393805 
There is accordingly nothing in the record supporting a finding that the personnel files of Officer Brown were in any way material to Mateo\rquote s defense.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4544919 Concerning}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4393805  Officer Babauta, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14419405 he civil complaint }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4393805 asserted that he and o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14419405 ther GPD }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4393805 officers illegally}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14419405  enter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4393805 
ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14419405  a personal residence without a warrant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14419405\charrsid14419405 , effectuat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4393805 
ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14419405\charrsid14419405  a warrantless arrest of the plaintiff, and physically assault}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4393805 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14419405\charrsid14419405  the plaintiff outside of her residence. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14419405\charrsid14419405  See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14419405\charrsid14419405 
RA, tab 30, Attach. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8261482 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14419405\charrsid14419405  at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8261482 12-14}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14419405\charrsid14419405  (Notice of Mot. for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14419405\charrsid10571436 In Camera}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14419405\charrsid14419405 
 Review of Officer Pers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9897456 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14419405\charrsid14419405  Files). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4393805 
 Even accepting the allegations of the complaint as true, these purported facts are too attenuated from the circumstances of Mateo\rquote s detention to be material to his defense.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14419405   }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15491030 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9701421  State v. Bullard}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9701421 
, 858 So. 2d 1189, 1191-92 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2003)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11493330  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2122263 (finding }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9701421 
trial court erred in granting new trial under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9701421 Brady }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9701421 where purported }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9701421 
Brady }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9701421 material \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9701421\charrsid9701421 was completely unrelated to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9701421 
[defendant\rquote s]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9701421\charrsid9701421  case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9701421 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13372148 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11493330 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16595398   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4393805 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 [21]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13643504 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16595398 s explained in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4393805 further}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16595398  detail below, there was more than sufficient evidence t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4544919 o convict Mateo, including his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16595398 admissions regarding his possession and use of methamphetamine.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid16595398 See infra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16595398  P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9897456 art}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16595398  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid31808 IV.C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16595398 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886285 There is no reasonable probability that had Mateo been permitted to }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13372148 use the unrelated events underlying the civil complaint to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886285 impeach Officer Babauta on cross-examination }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4393805 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15886285 he result would have been different.  In addition to Mateo\rquote s statements inculpating himself, Officer Babauta\rquote 
s testimony both at the suppression hearing and at trial was corroborated by Officer Brown, who could not have been similarly impeached.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4393805 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 [22]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14419405 For these reasons, no }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14419405 Brady}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14419405  violation occurred in this case and the trial court properly denied Mateo\rquote s motion seeking an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14419405 in camera}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14419405  review of the arresting officers\rquote  personnel files.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13914963\charrsid3950748 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li432\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin432\itap0\pararsid852453 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid8414547 B.\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4393805 The Trial Court\rquote s Credibility Determination Upon Which Its Decision Denying Mateo\rquote s Motion to Suppress }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid78706 Rests }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4393805 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid78706 as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid4393805  Not Clearly Erroneous
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2978409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 [23]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14054191 Mateo next argues on appeal that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress the statements he made to the officers following his detainment.  Appellant
\rquote s Br. at 33-34; Appellant\rquote s Reply Br. 16-18}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid852453  (Mar. 29, 2016)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14054191 
.  Mateo does not allege any legal error committed by the trial court.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4544919 Instead}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14054191 , he asserts that the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5404598  arresting officers\rquote  testimony was not credible and thus did not serve as a valid evidentiary basis on which to find }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid78706 reasonable suspicion}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5404598  existed to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid78706 effectuate a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5404598 stop }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid78706 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5404598 Mateo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid78706 \rquote s vehicle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5404598 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10571436 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 33-34.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5404598   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid78706 
The People argue in opposition that the arresting officers\rquote  testimony was consistent and supported a finding of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13643504 reasonable suspicion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid78706 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13127661 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13127661  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid78706 Appellee\rquote s Br. at 34-35.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 [24]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10571436 We review f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5404598 actual findings made on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10571436 a motion to suppress}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5404598  for clear error.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid5404598 See People v. Cundiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5404598 , 2006 Guam 12 \'b6 14}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6248836 
.  Likewise, this court reviews witness credibility determinations for clear error.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6248836 People v. Farata}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6248836 , 2007 Guam 8 \'b6
 25 (holding that \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6248836\charrsid6248836 credibility }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid78706 determinations }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6248836\charrsid6248836 of a trial court should be upheld if such determinations are not clearly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6248836\charrsid7427321 erroneous\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14620522  in reviewing trial court\rquote s order on motion to suppress}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6248836\charrsid7427321 ).\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid7427321\charrsid7427321 
\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid7427321\charrsid7427321 \'93A finding is clearly erroneous when, even though some evide
nce supports it, the entire record produces the definite and firm conviction that the court below committed a mistake.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid7427321   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid3684162\charrsid3684162 People v.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid3684162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid7427321 Calhoun}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid7427321 , 2014 Guam 26 \'b6 8.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5404598\charrsid7427321 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 [25]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7427321 Mateo\rquote 
s argument is premised on three separate bases: (i) that the personnel files of the arresting officers would have impeached their testimony; (ii) that the officers gave inconsistent statements regarding Mateo\rquote s arrest; and (iii) }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3684162 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7427321 the officers failed to
 indicate in their initial report any reason for pulling Mateo over.  Initially, as discussed above, Mateo has not established an entitlement to the arresting officers\rquote  personnel files under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid7427321 Brady}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7427321\charrsid13643504 \rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7427321  materiality standard.  The court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4544919 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7427321  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11552189 therefore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4544919 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11552189  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15611012 need not address Mateo\rquote s first argument}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7427321  further.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10759139   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4544919 Concerning}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13372148  Mateo\rquote s other assertions, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7427321 
both officers testified }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13372148 at the suppression hearing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7427321 tha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16331964 
t they witnessed Mateo speeding.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7427321  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16331964  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16331964 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7427321 ee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7427321  Tr. at 9-10 (Hr\rquote g Mot. to Suppress}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3684162 , June 15, 2015}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7427321 ) (Officer Babauta}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid206678  testimony}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7427321 ); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid7427321\charrsid8344676 id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7427321  at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid206678 
34-35 (Officer Brown testimony).  In addition, while both officers admitted that their initial report did not include several of the more specific details they each put forth while testifying, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid206678 
see id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid206678  at 17, 24 (Officer Babauta testimony); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid206678 id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid206678  at 38-39 (Of
ficer Brown testimony), nothing in the report is inconsistent with either officers\rquote  testimony}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11552189  at the suppression hearing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid206678 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11552189   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7408418 There were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13372148 several }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7408418 inconsistencies between the officers\rquote  testimony during the s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13372148 uppression hearing and at trial, but t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7408418 
hese inconsistencies were relatively minor.  For example, Officer Babauta testified at the suppression hearing that Mateo was speeding at roughly 35 miles per hour, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7408418 see}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7408418  Tr. at 9 (Hr\rquote g Mot. to Suppress), while at trial he stated Mateo was driving \'93it obviously looked, 20, 25, or above,\'94 Tr. at 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13069710 2}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7408418  (Jury Trial, Aug. 31, 2015).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16331964   Both officers stood by their prior testimony that Mateo was speeding.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7408418   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid206678   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11552189 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 [26]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid206678 
As Mateo admitted in his supplemental submission following the suppression hearing, \'93[i]f the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3175117 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid206678 ourt accepts }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11552189 [the officers\rquote ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid206678  testimony}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11552189  [at the suppression hearing]}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid206678  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11552189 on it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16141008 s face, [Mateo] cannot prevail i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11552189 n his Motion to Suppress.\'94  RA, tab 48 at 2 (Def.\rquote s Mem. in Supp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13069710 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11552189  of Mot. Suppress}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid852453 , July 6, 2015}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11552189 ).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid31808 The trial court did indeed accept the officers\rquote 
 testimony and denied Mateo\rquote s motion.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid31808\charrsid11939663 RA, tab 52 at 3 (Dec. & Order, Aug. 18, 2015).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11552189 
Upon reviewing the record as a whole, th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8920328 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11552189  court is not left with a firm conviction that a mistake was made in accepting the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15611012 veracity of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11552189 arresting officers\rquote  testimony.  Accordingly, we affirm the trial court\rquote s denial of Mateo\rquote 
s motion to suppress.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid4393805 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li432\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin432\itap0\pararsid852453 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2818688 C.\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid6638858 The Trial Court Did Not Commit Plain Error }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3175117 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6638858 Admitting the Field Tests Indicating a \'93
Presumptive Positive\'94 Result for the Presence of Methamphetamine
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2978409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 [27]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6638858 Mateo next argues that the trial court improperly admitted into evidence the field test}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid472670 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6638858  conducted by GPD that showed a \'93presumptive positive\'94 result for the presence of methamphetamine.  Appellant\rquote s Br. at 12-22.  Among other claims, Mateo asserts that: (i) the field test 
conducted by the GPD was unreliable in the absence of more formal lab testing, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6638858 see id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6638858  at 12}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid472134 -13}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6638858 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid30363  and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6638858 
 (ii) the GPD officer through whom the field tests were admitted was unqualified as an expert to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4262620 conduct}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6638858  the field testing, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6638858 see id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6638858  at 15.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4265694   The People argue }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4262620 in opposition }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4265694 that the field testing was sufficiently reliable to be admissible.  Appellee\rquote s Br. at 14-19.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6638858 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 [28]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6638858 
Mateo attempts to bootstrap this claimed error into an analysis regarding the sufficiency of the evidence.  He }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14628863 suggests}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6638858  that if }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11540596 the field test }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6638858 evidence was inadmissible}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11540596 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6638858  then there was insufficient evidence to convict him }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9254223 of the crime of possession.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9254223 See, e.g.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9254223 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14628863 Appellant\rquote s Reply Br. at 3 (\'93The testimony on the results of the presumptive tests should not have been presented to th
e Jury and there was insufficient circumstantial evidence to convict}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid472134 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14628863 \'94); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14628863 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14628863 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 15, 21-22}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9254223 .  We recently rejected this analytic framework in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9254223 People v. Camacho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9254223 , 2016 Guam 37.  In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9254223 Camacho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9254223 , we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid30363 stated that on appellate review}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9254223  erroneously admitted evidence is nevertheless \'93
properly considered in a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7079599 2016 Guam 37 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9254223\charrsid9254223 \'b6 45 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7079599 citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\cf18\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid9254223\charrsid9254223 Lockhart v. Nelson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf18\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid9254223\charrsid9254223 , 488 U.S. 33, 41\endash 42 (1988);\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\cf18\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid9254223\charrsid9254223 Best v. United States}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid9254223\charrsid9254223 , 66 A.3d 1013, 1019\endash 20 (D.C. 2013)). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid9254223  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid9045590 When analyzing admissibility claims,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid9254223\charrsid9254223  we \'93
assess the impact erroneously introduced evidence or other trial errors has on the verdict\'94 under the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid4265694 standard }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf18\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid9254223\charrsid9254223 applicable }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid4265694 to the claimed evidentiary error.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf18\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid9254223\charrsid9254223   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\cf18\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid9254223\charrsid9254223 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf18\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid9254223\charrsid9254223   We do not \'93run anew\'94 a sufficiency of the evidence analysis, excluding the improperly admitted evidence from our consideration.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\cf18\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid9254223\charrsid9254223 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid472670   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf18\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid8344676 Rather, w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid9045590 hen reviewing sufficiency claims, we evaluate all the evidence before the trial court, \'93
even if}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid6254475  it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid9045590  was erroneously admitted.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\cf18\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid9045590 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid9045590  (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\cf18\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid9045590 Best}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid9045590 , 66 A.3d at 1019-20). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf18\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid14319501  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid472670 Thus, we must address Mateo\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\cf18\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid472670 D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\cf18\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid4544919 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\cf18\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid472670 ubert}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid472670  claims separately from his claims regarding the sufficiency of the evidence. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4265694\charrsid472670 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 [29]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6638858\charrsid9254223 Mateo did not move to suppress the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14970665 now-challenged }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6638858\charrsid9254223 evidence or object during trial to its admission.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6638858\charrsid9254223 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6638858\charrsid9254223 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9254223\charrsid9254223 Appellant\rquote 
s Br. at 15 (arguing admitting evidence was \'93plain}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9254223  error\'94); Appellee\rquote s Br. at 15.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4265694 
  We therefore apply a plain error review to his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4265694 Daubert}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4265694  claims on appeal.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4265694 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8129724 People v. Roby}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8129724 , 2017 Guam 7 \'b6 18 (citation omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4265694 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4265694 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4265694 8 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6254475 GCA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4265694  \'a7 130.50}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6254475  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4265694 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5659771 
On the facts of this case, we cannot conclude that the trial court committed plain error in admitting the presumptive field tests. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6638858 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 [30]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14970665 Guam Rule of Evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1794789  (\'93GRE\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14970665  702 permits }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16669698 a witness }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16669698\charrsid2586076 qualified \'93by knowledge, skill, exp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12866115 erience, training, or education}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16669698 \'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid472670 to testify as an expert }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14970665 where: \'93
(1) the testimony is based upon sufficient facts or data, (2) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods, and (3) the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14970665\charrsid2586076 witness has applied the pri
nciples and methods reliably to the facts of the case.\'94  6 GCA \'a7 702.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\f0\fs24\super\insrsid14877140 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11210299 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\f0\super\insrsid14877140\charrsid14877140 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14877140\charrsid14877140  This statute is based upon Federal Rule of Evidence 702, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid14877140\charrsid14877140 see}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14877140\charrsid14877140  6 GCA \'a7 702, Source, and we therefore look to federal precedent as persuasive }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14877140\charrsid16199935 authority, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid14877140\charrsid16199935 see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid16199935\charrsid16199935 Sumitomo Constr. Co. v. Zhong Ye, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid16199935\charrsid16199935 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid16199935\charrsid16199935  1997 Guam 8 \'b6 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid16199935 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2586076   E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2586076\charrsid2586076 xpert \'93testimony is admissible only if it is both relevant and reliable.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2586076\charrsid2586076 Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2586076\charrsid2586076 , 526 U.S. 137, 141 (1999) (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2586076\charrsid2586076 Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4525812 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2586076\charrsid2586076 , Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2586076\charrsid6491042 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2586076\charrsid4525812  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2586076\charrsid2586076 509 U.S. 579, 597 (1993)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16669698 ); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid16669698 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16669698\charrsid2586076 In the Interest of N.A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16669698\charrsid2586076 , 2001 Guam 7 \'b6 34 (\'93
[A]n expert witness may testify if he or she is qualified and the proposed testimony would assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or determine a fact in issue.\'94).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2586076\charrsid2586076 
  When determining whether an expert\rquote s methodology is reliable, a court should consider factors such as \'93testing, peer review, error rates, and \lquote acceptability\rquote  in the relevant scientific community.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3737434 Kumho Tire Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3737434 , 526 U.S. at 141}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2586076\charrsid2586076  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2586076\charrsid2586076 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2586076\charrsid2586076 Daubert}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2586076\charrsid2586076 , 509 U.S at 593}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4525812 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2586076\charrsid2586076 94).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2586076 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 [31]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5659771 Several courts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2192591  have held}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16669698  that presumptive field tests are inadmissible}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2192591  in situations where}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16669698  there was no expert testimony regarding the underlying chemical reaction }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5907206 or science }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14710016 
upon which the test is based.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14710016\charrsid14710016 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4525812 State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs19\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14710016\charrsid14710016  v. Morales}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\f0\fs24\insrsid14710016\charrsid14710016 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14710016\charrsid14710016 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14710016\charrsid14710016 45 P.3d 406}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8129724 , 411-12}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14710016\charrsid14710016  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14710016 N.M. Ct. App. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14710016\charrsid14710016 2002), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14710016 overruled on other grounds}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14710016 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\f0\fs24\insrsid14710016\charrsid14710016 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4525812 State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs19\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14710016\charrsid14710016  v. Tollardo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\f0\fs24\insrsid14710016\charrsid4525812 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14710016\charrsid6491042 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14710016\charrsid14710016 275 P.3d 110 (N.M.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14710016  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14710016\charrsid14710016 2012)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14710016 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4525812 State }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14710016 v. Martinez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14710016 
, 69 A.3d 975, 990-92 (Conn. App. Ct. 2013), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2192591 rev}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4525812 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2192591 d}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14710016  on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14710016\charrsid14710016 other grounds}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14710016\charrsid14710016 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4656761  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2192591 127 A.3d 164 (2015}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2192591\charrsid5659771 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14710016\charrsid5659771 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14710016\charrsid5659771 Doolin v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4525812 State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14710016\charrsid6491042 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14710016\charrsid4525812 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14710016\charrsid5659771 970 N.E.2d 785, 789 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012).  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2192591\charrsid5659771 Other courts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5659771 , however,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2192591\charrsid5659771 
 have rejected any challenge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2192591  to presumptive field tests based upon }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2192591 Daubert}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2192591  grounds, finding that such tests are not novel and may be admitted without expert foundational testimony}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2192591\charrsid9372366 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2192591\charrsid9372366 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2192591\charrsid9372366 Fortune v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4525812 State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2192591\charrsid9372366 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2192591\charrsid9372366 \~696 S.E.2d 120}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9372366\charrsid9372366 , 123-24}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2192591\charrsid9372366  (Ga. Ct. App. 2010)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9962245\charrsid9372366 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9962245\charrsid9372366 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4525812 Commonwealth}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4525812\charrsid9372366  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9962245\charrsid9372366 v.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9962245  Fernandez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9962245 , 934 N.E.2d 810, 820-21 (Mass. 2010) (not an abuse of discretion to admit }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9962245\charrsid11275938 presumptive field tests}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9962245 , at least for limited purpose).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2192591 
Whether proper expert foundational testimony is necessar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1260584 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2192591 
 is a question we need not decide today.  Although Mateo challenges whether Officer Cepeda had the requisite training, experience, education, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2192591\charrsid8209261 etc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2192591  to be certified as an expert in the field of chemical analysis,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\f0\fs24\super\insrsid12742422 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11210299 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\f0\super\insrsid12742422\charrsid6510371 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12742422\charrsid6510371  Mateo }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12742422 asserts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12742422\charrsid6510371 
 that the evidence was inadmissible because Officer Cepeda \'93was not formally trained in how to use the test or that he conducted the test under satisfactory conductions [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12742422\charrsid8129724 sic}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12742422\charrsid6510371 ] or methods.\'94  Appellant\rquote s Br. at 16.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12742422 Contrary to Mateo\rquote 
s claims, however, Officer Cepeda testified that he did have formal training in how to use field drug kits and that accounting for the differences between using individual brands of drug testing kits was a simple matter of reading the directions o
n the box.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid12742422 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12742422  Tr. at 76-77 (Jury Trial, Sept. 1, 2015).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9568678 
He further testified that he took precautionary steps not to contaminate the sample.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid9568678 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9568678  at 89-9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid5009123 1}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9568678 .  Mateo therefore has failed to establish plain error on this basis.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid9568678 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9568678 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid9568678  United States v. Tab}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9568678 , 259 F. App\rquote x 684}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10617693 , 694}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9568678  (6}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9568678\charrsid9568678 th }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9568678 Cir. 2007), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid9568678 cert. denied}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12866115 , 552 U.S. 1305 (2008).
}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2192591  he ignores the fact that other expert testimony in this case laid a sufficient }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9962245 foundation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2192591 under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2192591 Daubert}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2192591  for admission of the presumptive field }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2192591\charrsid9962245 tests.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9962245 The trial court admitted the testimony of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2192591\charrsid9962245 GPD criminologist}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9962245\charrsid9962245  Monica Salas as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9962245 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9962245\charrsid9962245 
an expert witness to deal with drug testing and identification}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9962245 .\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9962245\charrsid9962245 Tr. at 94 (Jury Trial, Sept. 1, 2015)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9962245 .  During her testimony, Salas discussed the scientific basis for the field tests conducted by Officer Cepeda.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9962245 See id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9962245  at 95-100. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9372366  This was sufficient }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5659771 to establish the reliability of the tests }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9372366 under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9372366 Daubert}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9372366 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9962245 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 [32]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9372366 Even those cases holding that field testing was inadmissible 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5659771 for lack of a proper foundation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9372366 do not suggest that field testing can never be admissible.  In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9372366 Doolin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9372366 , for example, the court stated, \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9372366\charrsid9372366 
our holding today does not represent a conclusion that all field tests of marijuana }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5659771 . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9372366\charrsid9372366 
 are, per se, inadmissible; nor do we find that in-court field tests on marijuana may never be used as substantive evidence of guilt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9372366  . . . .\'94  970 N.E.2d at 789.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9372366\charrsid9372366 Rather, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9372366 the court\rquote s holding was limited to \'93the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9372366\charrsid9372366 
 facts and circumstances of th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9372366 [at]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9372366\charrsid9372366  case,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9372366 \'94
 where there was a \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9372366\charrsid9372366 lack of f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8133875 oundation as to [the test\rquote s]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9372366\charrsid9372366  reliability}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9372366 .\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9372366 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9372366   }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5659771 In a subsequent case, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9372366 the same court that decided }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9372366 Doolin}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9372366  held that \'93[t]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9372366\charrsid9372366 he mere fact that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9372366 [an expert]}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9372366\charrsid9372366  could not perform a confirmatory test does not invalidate the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9372366 [presumptive] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9372366\charrsid9372366 test or inhibit its admissibility but rather reflects on the weight of her testimony}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9372366 .\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9372366 
Sciaraffa v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1330984 State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9372366 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5659771 28 N.E.3d 351, 358 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015); }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5659771 see also Fernandez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5659771 , 934 N.E.2d at 821 (citation omitted) (stating \'93[t]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5659771\charrsid15807552 he reliability of scientific eviden}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5659771 ce is distinct from its strength\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7276459 
 in affirming admission of drug field test}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5659771 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5907206 
  Mateo has cited no case in which the trial court held that presumptive field tests were per se inadmissible}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1260584  as scientifically unreliable}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3411690 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\f0\fs24\super\insrsid4262620 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11210299 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\f0\super\insrsid4262620\charrsid4262620 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4262620\charrsid4262620  The only case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4544919  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4262620\charrsid4262620 
law relied upon by Mateo is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid4262620\charrsid4262620  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4262620\charrsid4262620 an unpublished district court opinion from the Norther}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid15935118 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4262620\charrsid4262620  District of California, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid4262620\charrsid4262620 United States v. Diaz}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid4262620\charrsid4262620 , No. CR 05-167, 2006 WL 3512032 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 6, 2006).  As Mateo acknowledges, however, in that case the court upheld the challenged tests as sufficiently reliable under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\insrsid4262620\charrsid4262620 Daubert}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4262620\charrsid4262620 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid4262620\charrsid4262620 See id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4262620\charrsid4262620 
 at *10, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid795903 *}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4262620\charrsid4262620 13.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5907206   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14887413 
Indeed, courts have specifically permitted the use of the Nark II test at issue in this case in the face of a defendant\rquote s challenge to its admission under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14887413 Daubert}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14887413 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14887413 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14887413 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14887413 
United States v. Perez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14887413 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid1201640 Crim.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid15803611  Nos. 7:11-CR-181, 7:11-CR-}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid1201640\charrsid15803611 170, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14887413 2012 WL 243232, at *}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid795903 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14887413  (W.D. La. Jan. 25, 2012) (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14887413\charrsid14887413 Certainty is\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14887413\charrsid14887413 not}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14887413\charrsid14887413 \~required, but the scient}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14887413 ific evidence must be based on \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14887413\charrsid14887413 good grounds.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14887413 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14887413\charrsid14887413 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14887413  (citation omitted)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2192591\charrsid14887413 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 [33]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7874372 
We do not mean to suggest today that field testing is admissible in every case for any reason.  To support his position, Mateo relies heavily on statistics contained in news articles, law review articles, and similar material}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7214954  th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4544919 at suggest a high rate of false-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7214954 positive results from field testing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7874372 .  We are certainly bothered by the statistics }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5907206 regarding false positive results suggested by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7874372 
 some of this literature.  But even if this court could take judicial notice of these statistics under GRE 201 (a highly questionable proposition), judicial notice is no substitute for building an adequate factual record\emdash 
including, perhaps, competing expert testimony\emdash establishing that presumptive field tests are not reliable within the meaning of that term under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7874372 Daubert}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7874372 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid30363 For these reasons, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5907206 on the facts of this case, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid30363 we cannot say }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5907206 that the trial court committed reversible plain error}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4262620 
 in admitting the presumptive field test into evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5907206 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid30363   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4265694 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li432\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin432\itap0\pararsid852453 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid852453 D.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid3950748\charrsid9720777 Motion to Acquit and the Sufficiency of the Evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3950748 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2978409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 [34]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid30363 The final argument raised by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16341857 Mateo on appeal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid30363 
is that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16341857 People failed to present sufficient evidence to sustain a conviction on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid30363 both }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16341857 the charge of Possession of a Schedule II Controlled Substance and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8869521 the charge of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16341857 Possession of a S}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1714556 chedule II Controlled Substance w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16341857 ith Intent to Deliver.  Appellant\rquote s Br. at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1714556 12-26}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16341857 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4079886 At trial, the court denied Mateo\rquote s motion for an acquittal at the close of the People\rquote 
s case-in-chief.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid4079886\charrsid11939663 Tr. at 103-0}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid5403225 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid4079886\charrsid11939663  (Jury Trial, Sept. 1, 2015).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8209261 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 [35]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2978409 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14038473 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14038473\charrsid15418544 Where a defendant has raised the issue of sufficiency of the evidence by motion for acquittal in the trial court, the denial of the motion is reviewed\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14038473\charrsid15418544 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14038473\charrsid15418544 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14038473 \'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14038473 People v. Wusstig}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14038473 , 2015 Guam 21 \'b6 8 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14038473 People v. Diego}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14038473 , 2013 Guam 15 \'b6\'b6 9, 30).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4079886 \'93[W]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14038473\charrsid5206323 
e review the evidence in the light most favorable to the People and determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14038473   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14038473 Diego}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14038473 , 2013 Guam 15 \'b6 30.  This is \'93a highly deferential standard of review.\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6490008  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14038473\charrsid5206323 Wusstig}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14038473\charrsid5206323 , 2015 Guam 21 \'b6 8 (citing }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14038473\charrsid5206323 People v. Tenorio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14038473\charrsid5206323 , 2007 Guam 19 \'b6 9 (internal quotation marks omitted)). }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14038473  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s41\qj \fi-432\li1152\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1152\itap0\pararsid852453 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3373434 1.\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid30363\charrsid852453 Possession of a Schedule II Controlled Substance}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6638858\charrsid852453 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2978409 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3493655 [36]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3493655 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4079886 
The first sufficiency claim raised by Mateo is that the government failed to produce sufficient evidence establishing that the substance at issue was a Schedule II controlled substance\emdash namely, methamphetamine.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4079886 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4079886 , Appellant\rquote 
s Br. at 15.  The People argue that there was more than sufficient evidence establishing Mateo possessed an illicit substance, even in the absence of formal laboratory test results.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4079886 See}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4079886  Appellee\rquote s Br. at 17}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5205834 -19}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4079886 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid30363\charrsid4079886 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3493655 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3493655 [37]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3493655 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4079886 On the facts presented here, there was more than sufficient evidence to convict Mateo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid209708 
 on the charge of possession}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4079886 .  Among other evidence, Mateo }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11221036 gave two }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4079886 
confession}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11221036 s\emdash one in writing\emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4079886 that he was in possession of an illicit substance that he referred to as \'93ice}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11221036 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4079886 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11221036  as well as two \'93ice pipes.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11221036 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11221036  Tr. at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid11221036\charrsid11939663 47-4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid2955554 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid11221036\charrsid11939663 , 67, 70-71 (Jury Trial, Aug. 31, 2015); Tr. at 5-7 (Jury Trial, Sept. 1, 2015).  He}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid7214954\charrsid11939663  further admitted to the reason that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid11221036\charrsid11939663  he was in possession of the \'93ice\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid13712195\charrsid11939663  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid852453 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid3560870\charrsid3560870 i.e.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid3560870 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid852453 he was holding it for safe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid209708\charrsid11939663 keeping) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid13712195\charrsid11939663 and that he had used \'93ice\'94 the night prior,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid11221036\charrsid11939663  which provided further veracity to his general admission of possession}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid12926890\charrsid11939663  of an illicit substance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid11221036\charrsid11939663 .  Tr. at 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16349598 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid5069889 -69}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid11221036\charrsid11939663 
 (Jury Trial, Aug. 31, 2015).  There was also photographic evidence showing, among other things, \'93two ice pipes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid209708\charrsid11939663 \'94 and a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid11221036\charrsid11939663  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid209708\charrsid11939663 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid11221036\charrsid11939663 crystalline substance}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid209708\charrsid11939663 .\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid11221036\charrsid11939663   Tr. at 15 (Jury Trial, Sept. 1, 2015).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid12926890\charrsid11939663   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12926890 All of t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4079886 his was corroborated by the field tests }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid87753 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4079886 Mateo also challenges on appeal.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid12926890\charrsid11939663 Tr. at 14, 20-22, 64, }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid8129724 78-80, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid12926890\charrsid11939663 89-91 (Jury Trial, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid87753 Sept}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid12926890\charrsid11939663 . 1, 2015).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4079886 As noted above, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4079886 see supra }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4079886 Part }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4271604 IV.C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4079886 
, regardless of whether this evidence was admitted in error, we nevertheless include it in our sufficiency analysis on appeal.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4079886 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4079886\charrsid4079886  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4079886 Camacho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4079886 , 2016 Guam 37 \'b6 45. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4682950  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8133875 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4682950 e agree }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8133875 with Mateo }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4682950 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10117005 if }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4682950 these field tests }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10117005 
were the only evidence that the People relied upon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8133875  to prove that he possessed a controlled substance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10117005 
, this would not establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.  But that is not the case.  There was considerable circumstantial evidence of Mateo\rquote s guilt, and the presumptively positive field tests\emdash though not conclusive\emdash 
were certainly corroborative of Mateo\rquote s possession of a controlled substance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4682950  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10117005 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3493655 [38]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3493655 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14038473 We recently held in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14038473 People v. McKinney}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14038473  that \'93\lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14038473\charrsid14038473 entirely\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14038473\charrsid14038473 circumstantial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14038473\charrsid14038473 \rquote \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14038473\charrsid14038473 evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14038473\charrsid14038473 \~is sufficient to support a guilty verdict.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14038473 \'94  2016 Guam 3 \'b6 22 (citations omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14038473\charrsid14038473 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13592889  Multiple courts have held that this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12926890 general rule }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13592889 holds true in drug cases as well.  In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13592889 United States v. Dolan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13592889 , for example, the court held that \'93
lay testimony and circumstantial evidence may be sufficient, without the introduction of an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13592889\charrsid12528628 expert chemical analysis, to establish the identi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8129724 [ty]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13592889\charrsid12528628  of the substance involved in an alleged narcotics transaction.\'94  544 F.2d 1219, 1221 (4th Cir. 1976)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12528628\charrsid12528628 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12528628\charrsid12528628 see also United States v. Westbrook}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12528628\charrsid12528628 
, 896 F.2d 330, 336 (8th Cir. 1990); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12528628\charrsid12528628 United States v. S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8728123 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12528628\charrsid12528628 hrock}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12528628\charrsid12528628 , 855 F.2d 327, 334 (6th Cir. 1988); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12528628\charrsid12528628 
United States v. Harrell}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12528628\charrsid12528628 , 737 F.2d 971, 978 (11th Cir. 1984); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12528628\charrsid12528628 United States v. Almada-Aldama}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12528628\charrsid12528628 , 462 F.2d 952}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13906610 , 952}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12528628\charrsid12528628  (9th Cir. 1972)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13592889\charrsid12528628 .  Such evidence can }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13592889 include, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13592889 inter alia}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13592889 , \'93evidence of the physical appearance of the substance\'94 and \'93evidence that the substance was called by the name of the illegal narcotic by the defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8129724  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13592889 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8129724  . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13592889 \'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13053872 Dolan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13053872 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13053872  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13053872 
544 F.2d at 1221.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13592889   As the Sixth Circuit has stated, \'93no court has held that scientific identification of a substance is an absolute prerequisite to conviction for a drug-related offense}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4079886  . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13053872  .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13592889 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4079886   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4079886 Schrock}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4079886 , 855 F.2d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12528628 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4079886  334.  Rather, \'93courts have held that the government may establish the identity of a drug through }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13053872 cumulative }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4079886 circumstantial evidence.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4079886 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\f0\fs24\super\insrsid1514769\charrsid852453 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11210299 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\f0\super\insrsid1514769\charrsid1514769 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1514769\charrsid1514769  Mateo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1514769  invites the court to adopt }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1514769\charrsid1514769 an analysis based upon the six factors }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid13906610 that he claims were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1514769\charrsid1514769 
considered by the Nebraska Supreme Court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid9907588 State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid9907588\charrsid1514769  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid1514769\charrsid1514769 v. Watson}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1514769\charrsid1514769 , 437 N.W.2d 142, 145 (Neb. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1514769 1989}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1514769\charrsid1514769 ).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\insrsid1514769\charrsid1514769 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1514769\charrsid1514769 Appellant\rquote s Reply Br. at 5-6.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid8133875 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid8133875 
Watson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid13712195 , the court reviewed dozens of cases in other jurisdictions and identified various factors that other courts have previously relied upon in upholding a drug-related conviction.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid13712195 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid13712195   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid8133875 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid13712195 e }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14958977 decline}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid13712195  to adopt any formalistic or factored test for determining whether the prosecution has presented sufficient evidence of possession of a controlled substance where there is no chemi
cal analysis admitted at trial.  Analyzing the sufficiency of the evidence in this context should be no different than analyzing the sufficiency of the evidence in any other context.  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4079886\charrsid11536226  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13592889  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14038473 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid156327 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3493655 [39]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3493655 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12926890 Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7214954  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12717864\charrsid14115978 see Diego}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12717864\charrsid14115978 , 2013 Guam 15 \'b6 30}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12717864 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7214954 we find that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12926890 
 the People presented sufficient evidence that Mateo illegally possessed a Schedule II controlled substance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10117005  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8133875 
that a jury could rely upon to find guilt }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10117005 beyond a reasonable doubt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12926890 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\f0\fs24\super\insrsid10117005 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11210299 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f37\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\f0\super\insrsid10117005\charrsid14966015 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10117005\charrsid14966015  As part of his argument that a \'93
presumptively positive\'94 test is not sufficient to support a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid209708 guilty }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10117005\charrsid14966015 verdict on the charge of possession, Mateo claims that}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14966015  certain }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10117005\charrsid14966015 over-the-counter or prescription drugs, such as Vick\rquote s Inhaler, contain chemicals that can gi
ve a false positive result in a field test.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid10117005\charrsid14966015 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10117005\charrsid14966015 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 18-19.  He uses this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14966015 fact }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10117005\charrsid14966015 to then argue that in closing arguments, the People stated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4486451\charrsid14966015 
that Mateo came forward with no evidence of a valid prescription, which violates his right to remain silent.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid4486451\charrsid14966015 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4202283  at 19.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4486451\charrsid14966015   The People argue in opposition that pursuant to 9 GCA \'a7 67.505.2, Mateo bore the burden of proof to establish }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4202283 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid4486451\charrsid14966015 he held a valid prescription}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid8133875 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid8133875\charrsid8133875  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid8133875\charrsid14966015 as}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid8133875  this is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid8133875\charrsid14966015  an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid8133875 excuse to criminal culpability.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid4486451\charrsid14966015   Appellee\rquote s Br. at 20-22.  Mateo made clear in his repl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14966015 y brief, however, that he asserts only}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4486451\charrsid14966015 
 a due process violation in that \'93the OAG tried to convince the Jury that Mr. Mateo had to provide this information\'94 and this \'93treads on Mr. Mateo\rquote s 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4486451\charrsid7229796 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4486451\charrsid14966015  Amendment Right to remain silent.\'94  Appellant\rquote s Reply Br. at 7.  Mateo provides no legal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14966015\charrsid14966015 or other }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4486451\charrsid14966015 support for his position}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid16610718 , n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14966015 or was this issue raised below.  Accordingly, w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid14966015\charrsid14966015 e }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14958977 decline}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14966015\charrsid14966015  to address this issue that was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid16610718 raised 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14966015\charrsid14966015 only in passing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14966015  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid16610718 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14966015 
 for the first time on appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14966015\charrsid14966015 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid4202283 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid14966015\charrsid11294262 Leslie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14966015\charrsid11294262 , 2011 Guam 23 \'b6 28}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14966015 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid16647035 People v. Messier}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid16647035 
, 2014 Guam 34 \'b6\'b6 38-40;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid16647035  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid14966015 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid14966015\charrsid14966015 United States v. Dunkel}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14966015\charrsid6491042 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14966015\charrsid7229796 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14966015\charrsid14966015 927 F.2d 955, 956 (7th }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14966015 Cir. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14966015\charrsid14966015 1991)\~(\'93A\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14966015\charrsid14966015 skeletal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid14966015\charrsid14966015 \~\lquote argument\rquote , really nothing more than an assertion, does not preserve a claim.\'94).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12926890   The trial court therefore appropriately denied Mateo
\rquote s motion to acquit }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4544919 concerning}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12926890  this charge.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid30363 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s41\qj \fi-432\li1152\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1152\itap0\pararsid852453\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid525887 2.\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid30363\charrsid852453 
Possession of a Schedule II Controlled Substance With Intent to Distribute 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3493655 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3493655 [40]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3493655 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12926890 The next sufficiency claim raised by Mateo is that the People }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid30363 failed to present sufficient evidence regarding }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12926890 his}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid30363  intent to distribute}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12926890 .  Specifically, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1714556 Mateo }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid30363 asserts that there was no evidence of }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1714556 an overt act indicating that he intended to distribute a controlled substance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid30363 , as opposed to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12926890 his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid30363 me}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11939524 re possession,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid30363  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11939524 see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid30363 Appellant\rquote s Br.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1714556  at 22-26}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11939524 , and that the People\rquote s interpretation of the term \'93distribute\'94 is not supported in the statute}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1714556 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16341857   In opposition, the People argue that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6490008 Mateo confuses the concepts of \'93attempt\'94 and \'93intent\'94 and that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11939524 there was sufficient evidence that Mateo intended to distribute methamphetamine.  Appellee\rquote s Br. at 22-24.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3950748\charrsid11939524 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3493655 [41]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3493655 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12528628 Pursuant to 9 GCA \'a7 67.401.1, \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12528628\charrsid12528628 it shall be unlawful for any person knowingly or intentionally:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12528628  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12528628\charrsid12528628 (1) to manufacture, deliver or possess with intent to manufacture, deliver or dispense a controlled substance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12528628  . . . .\'94  9 GCA \'a7 67.401.1}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4290089  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12528628 .  Under this statute, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11939524 he term \'93
[d]eliver or delivery, unless the context otherwise requires, means to transfer a substance, actually or constructively, from one person to another, whether or not there is an agency relationship.\'94  9 GCA \'a7 67.101(f)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5064720  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11939524 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\f0\fs24\super\insrsid11294262 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11210299 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\f0\super\insrsid11294262\charrsid11294262 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11294262\charrsid11294262  Mateo admitted that he was \'93hold}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid13906610 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid11294262\charrsid11294262 ing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid13906610 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11294262\charrsid11294262 \'94 the substance in question on behalf of Sablan.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\insrsid11294262\charrsid11294262 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11294262\charrsid11294262 Tr. at 68 (Jury Trial, Aug. 31, 2015).  He argues on appeal that if this was sufficient to establish \'93delivery\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10748524 then }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11294262\charrsid11294262 the statute at issue would be too vague to be enforceable.  We disagree.  This statute is clear that any \'93transfer\'94
 of an illicit substance constitutes \'93delivery}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7229796 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11294262\charrsid11294262 \'94 and this is true regardless of whether there is an \'93agency relationship\'94}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14234650  between the transferor and the transferee.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs22\insrsid11294262\charrsid11294262  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs22\insrsid14234650  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11294262\charrsid11294262 To the extent Mateo asserts that his conviction must be overturned because he was convicted under an unconstitutionally vague statute, we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14958977 decline}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11294262\charrsid11294262  to use our discretion to address this issue as it was not raised in the court below or in Mateo\rquote s opening brief.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\insrsid11294262\charrsid11294262 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11294262\charrsid14234650 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid11294262\charrsid11294262  Leslie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid11294262\charrsid11294262 , 2011 Guam 23 \'b6 28.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11939524   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11994829 Contrary to the arguments put forth by Mateo on appeal,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16541018  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16541018 see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16541018 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 22-24,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11994829  nothing in the statutory text suggests that an attempt to distribute is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4544919  a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11994829 
 necessary element of this crime.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16541018 Cf. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11752422 United States v. Redd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11752422 
, 355 F.3d 866, 872-73 (5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11752422\charrsid11752422 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11752422  Cir. 2003) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16541018 
noting that proof of a \'93substantial step\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9968055  is necessary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16541018\charrsid9968055 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11752422 [i]n order to convict [defendant] of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11752422\charrsid11752422 attempt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11752422  charge under 21 U.S.C. \'a7
 846 . . . [for] possession with intent to distribute . . . .\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid9968055  (emphasis added)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16541018\charrsid9968055 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11994829\charrsid9968055   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9968055 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3493655 [42]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3493655 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9968055 
Under Guam law, an attempt to commit a criminal act is a crime separate and apart from the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16610718 crime constituting the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9968055 
actual commission of the crim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16324317 inal act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9968055 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9968055 See People v. Flores}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9968055 , 2004 Guam 18 \'b6 12 (referring to \'93the crime of attempt\'94); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9968055 People v. Angoco}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9968055 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16324317 2004 Guam 11 \'b6 25 n.8 (noting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16324317\charrsid16324317 that \'93[a]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16324317\charrsid16324317 ttempted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16324317\charrsid16324317 \~robbery is a lesser-included offense of robbery}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16324317 \'94); }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9968055 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9968055\charrsid16324317  GCA \'a7 13.10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9528440  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16324317\charrsid16324317  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16324317\charrsid16324317 \'93A person is guilty of an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs17\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16324317\charrsid16324317 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\f0\fs24\cf19\insrsid16324317\charrsid16324317 attempt }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16324317\charrsid16324317 
to commit a crime when, with intent to engage in conduct which would constitute such crime}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16324317  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid10617693\charrsid10617693 were the 
circumstances as he believes them to be,\~he performs or omits to perform an act which constitutes a substantial step toward commission of the crime}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid10617693 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid16324317\charrsid16324317 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16324317\charrsid16324317 ); 8 GCA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16324317  \'a7 105.58}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9528440  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16324317  (noting that an \'93attempt\'94 to commit a crime may be a lesser included offense of the actual crime)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5450217 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5450217 cf. People v. Songeni}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5450217 , 2010 Guam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13649839 2}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5450217 0 \'b6 15 (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7784 [I]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5450217\charrsid5450217 t is clear that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5450217 an \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5450217\charrsid5450217 attempted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5450217\charrsid5450217 \~c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5450217 rime\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5450217\charrsid5450217  under Guam law differs from\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5450217\charrsid5450217 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5450217\charrsid5450217 \~crime of which it is an inchoate version\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5450217\charrsid5450217 only}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5450217\charrsid5450217 \~insofar as it was not a completed version of\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5450217\charrsid5450217 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5450217\charrsid5450217 \~
crime}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7784 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5450217 \'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9968055 .  Only the separate crime of attempt requires proof of a \'93
substantial step\'94 in furtherance of its commission.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9968055 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9968055 9 GCA \'a7 13.10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3414763  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9968055 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16541018\charrsid9968055 Here,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16541018 
 Mateo was charged with possession with intent to distribute, not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16541018\charrsid10748524 attempted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16541018  possession with intent to distribute
.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16541018 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16541018  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3032260 RA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16541018 , tab 7 (Indictment, Dec. 15, 2014).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11994829 Thus, the People were not obligated to establish that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11294262 Mateo t}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid852453 ook a substantial step}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11294262  in furtherance of a delivery.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12528628\charrsid11994829 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3493655 [43]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3493655 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9581925 The \'93intent\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9581925\charrsid9581925 element of a crime }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid9581925\charrsid9581925 is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid10950336 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid9581925\charrsid9581925 rarely susceptible of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9581925\charrsid9581925 direct proof and must usually be inferred from all the facts and circumstances disclosed by the evidence.\'94}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\f0\fs24\insrsid9581925\charrsid9581925 \~ }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9581925\charrsid10617693 McKinney}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs17\f0\fs24\insrsid9581925\charrsid9581925 , 2016 Guam 3 \'b6 19 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\i\f0\fs24\insrsid7784 People}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\i\f0\fs24\insrsid7784\charrsid9581925  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9581925\charrsid9581925 v. Holt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\f0\fs24\insrsid9581925\charrsid7784 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\f0\fs24\insrsid9581925\charrsid3501163 \~}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9581925\charrsid9581925 937 P.2d 213, 245}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7784 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9581925\charrsid9581925 46 (Cal. 1997)).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs21 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\f1\fs21\insrsid9581925\charrsid9581925 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs21 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\f1\fs21\insrsid16610718  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\f0\fs24\insrsid2439429 
Evidence that has been found to be indicative of intent to distribute includes,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\f0\fs24\insrsid3477412  among other things, finding a controlled substance }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2439429\charrsid2439429 packaged in a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2439429  manner consistent with resale }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10748524 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3477412 finding an amount }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2439429\charrsid2439429 inconsistent with personal use}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2439429 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15168 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11752422 United Stated v. Oleson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11752422 , 310 F.3d 1085, 1089 (8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11752422\charrsid11752422 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11752422  Cir. 2002) (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11752422\charrsid11752422 Some factors that may lead to a 
conclusion that the drugs were meant for distribution include the quantity of drugs, packaging material,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11752422  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11752422\charrsid11752422 
paraphernalia, and the presence of guns.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11752422 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15555552  (citation omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11752422 )}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3477412 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15168 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3477412 United States v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15168 Tebha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3477412 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15168 770 F.2d 1454, 1457 (9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15168\charrsid15168 th}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15168  Cir. 1985)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2439429 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10950336 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3493655 [44]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3493655 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2439429 Here, at least }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4271604 three}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2439429  pieces of evidence established Mateo\rquote s intent to distribute.  First, Officer Cepeda testified that Mateo }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16141008 held about 3.8 grams of methamphetamine, which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2439429 had a street value of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16141008 about }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2439429 $}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16141008 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2439429 00}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16141008  per gram}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2439429 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10617693 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2439429 Tr. at 66}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10617693 -68}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2439429  (Jury Trial, Sept. 1, 2015).  Second, the substance }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10617693 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2439429\charrsid4271604 
Mateo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10617693 \rquote s possession}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2439429\charrsid4271604  was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4271604\charrsid4271604 found in 
\'93a baggie that had broken down smaller baggies of the drug ice inside}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4271604 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4271604\charrsid4271604 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4271604  along with some additional empty baggies.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2439429   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4271604 Tr. at 48-49 (Jury Trial, Aug. 31, 2015).  Third}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11736962 , and most damning, Mateo told the arresting officers that \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11736962\charrsid11736962 
between the hours of 6:00 and 7:00 p.m. that evening him and Mr. Sablan went to the Liberty Game Room along Route-8 to find potentia}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11736962 l customers to buy the drug ice\'94 and that \'93}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11736962\charrsid11736962 two plates were sold}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11736962 .\'94  Tr. at 68 (Jury Trial, Aug. 31, 2015).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4271604   A jury could rely on this evidence to find }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14234650 beyond a reasonable doubt that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4271604 Mateo }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14234650 had intent to deliver}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4271604 .  The trial court therefore did not err in denying Mateo\rquote s motion to acquit with respect to the charge of possession
 with intent to distribute.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3950748\charrsid11939663 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2978409 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid4485792\charrsid9720777 V.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid15492142\charrsid14234650 CONCLUSION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid5257515\charrsid14234650 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3493655 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3493655 [45]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3493655 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7939573\charrsid14234650 For the reasons discussed above, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6891151\charrsid14234650 the Judgment of Conviction }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9142210\charrsid14234650 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6891151\charrsid14234650  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6891151\charrsid14234650 AFFIRMED}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6891151\charrsid14234650 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2835472 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8457282 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8457282\charrsid8457282 
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