{\rtf1\adeflang1025\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\adeff0\deff0\stshfdbch37\stshfloch37\stshfhich37\stshfbi0\deflang1033\deflangfe1033\themelang1033\themelangfe0\themelangcs0{\fonttbl{\f0\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f2\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1{\*\panose 02070309020205020404}Courier New;}
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{\f37\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}{\f39\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0502040204020203}Segoe UI;}{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}
{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}
{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f498\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\f499\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\f501\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\f502\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\f503\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\f504\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
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{\f521\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 Courier New Greek;}{\f522\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 Courier New Tur;}{\f523\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset177\fprq1 Courier New (Hebrew);}{\f524\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset178\fprq1 Courier New (Arabic);}
{\f525\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 Courier New Baltic;}{\f526\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset163\fprq1 Courier New (Vietnamese);}{\f838\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria Math CE;}{\f839\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Math Cyr;}
{\f841\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Math Greek;}{\f842\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Math Tur;}{\f845\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Math Baltic;}{\f846\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria Math (Vietnamese);}
{\f868\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}{\f869\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\f871\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\f872\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}
{\f875\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\f876\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\f888\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Segoe UI CE;}{\f889\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Segoe UI Cyr;}
{\f891\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Segoe UI Greek;}{\f892\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Segoe UI Tur;}{\f894\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Segoe UI (Arabic);}{\f895\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Segoe UI Baltic;}
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{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}
{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}
{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}
{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}
{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;\red255\green255\blue0;
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\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext19 \slink20 \sunhideused \styrsid16611761 footer;}
{\*\cs20 \additive \f0\fs24 \slink19 \slocked \styrsid16611761 Footer Char;}{\*\cs21 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid16611761 page number;}{
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\sbasedon0 \snext22 \sqformat \spriority34 \styrsid918121 Colorful List Accent 1;}{\*\cs23 \additive \i \sqformat \spriority20 \styrsid11863515 Emphasis;}{\*\cs24 \additive \b \sqformat \spriority22 \styrsid11863515 Strong;}{\*\cs25 \additive 
\spriority0 \styrsid11863515 apple-converted-space;}{\s26\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon0 \snext26 \slink27 \styrsid11863515 footnote text;}{\*\cs27 \additive \f0\fs20 \slink26 \slocked \styrsid11863515 Footnote Text Char;}{\*\cs28 \additive \super \styrsid11863515 footnote reference;}{\*\cs29 \additive \fs16 
\ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid14120455 annotation reference;}{\s30\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext30 \slink31 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid14120455 annotation text;}{\*\cs31 \additive \f0\fs20 \slink30 \slocked \ssemihidden \styrsid14120455 Comment Text Char;}{
\s32\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon30 \snext30 \slink33 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid14120455 annotation subject;}{\*\cs33 \additive \b\f0\fs20 \slink32 \slocked \ssemihidden \styrsid14120455 Comment Subject Char;}{
\s34\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af39\afs18\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs18\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
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{\author Supreme Court of Guam}{\operator Gloria Duenas-Cruz}{\creatim\yr2017\mo5\dy12\hr15\min28}{\revtim\yr2017\mo5\dy12\hr15\min28}{\printim\yr2017\mo5\dy12\hr10\min11}{\version4}{\edmins1}{\nofpages14}{\nofwords3631}{\nofchars20698}
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\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\qc \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11219399 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\cf1\cgrid {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs28\ulnone\lang1033\langfe0\langnp1033\insrsid12271518\charrsid12271518 MARIA A. GANGE, JESUS CRUZ CHARFAUROS, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\lang1033\langfe0\langnp1033\insrsid11219399 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\lang1033\langfe0\langnp1033\insrsid12271518\charrsid12271518 ANA A. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\lang1033\langfe0\langnp1033\insrsid11219399 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\lang1033\langfe0\langnp1033\insrsid12271518\charrsid12271518 HARGUALAF, JESUS G. AGUIGUI, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\lang1033\langfe0\langnp1033\insrsid11219399 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\lang1033\langfe0\langnp1033\insrsid12271518\charrsid12271518 for themselves and on behalf of all others similarly situated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs28\ulnone\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 ,
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11219399 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10355850 Plaintiff-Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12271518 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5002319 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\qc \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11219399 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\cf1\cgrid {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs28\ulnone\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 v.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11219399 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\qc \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11219399 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\cf1\cgrid {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs28\ulnone\lang1033\langfe0\langnp1033\insrsid12271518\charrsid12271518 GOVERNMENT OF GUAM, GUAM ANCESTRAL LANDS COMMISSION, by and through its individual Commissioners (for injunctive relief) and DOES One (1) through Three }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\lang1033\langfe0\langnp1033\insrsid12271518 H}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\lang1033\langfe0\langnp1033\insrsid12271518\charrsid12271518 undred (300), inclusive}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 ,
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11219399 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10355850 Defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12271518 -Appellees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11219399\charrsid271537 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11219399 Supreme Court Case No.:  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11219399\charrsid9139534 CVA15-029}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11219399\charrsid271537 
\par Superior Court Case No.:  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11219399\charrsid9139534 CV1461-10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11219399\charrsid271537 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\qc \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11219399 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\cf1\cgrid {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs28\ulnone\lang1033\langfe0\langnp1033\insrsid11219399 OPINION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11219399 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16611761 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid9327047 Filed:  May 12, 2017}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid9327047\charrsid9327047 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11219399\charrsid271537 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid10355850 Cite as: 201}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid597400 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid16611761\charrsid14637041  Guam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid10109612 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid16611761\charrsid14637041 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par 
\par Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam
\par Argu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10355850  and submitted on October 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12271518 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10355850 , 201}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12271518 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11219399 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13584367\charrsid271537 
\par \ltrrow}\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow\ts11\trqc\trgaph120\trleft-120\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid6619145\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb
\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4860\clshdrawnil \cellx4740\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4500\clshdrawnil \cellx9240\pard \ltrpar
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12271518 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 Appearing for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe0\langfenp0\insrsid10355850 Plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 -Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs16\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe0\langfenp0\insrsid12271518 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 :
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9139534 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid9139534\charrsid9139534 Curtis C. Van de veld, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\insrsid9139534\charrsid9139534 Esq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9139534 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid9139534\charrsid9139534 The Vandeveld Law Offices, P.C.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9139534 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13454897 123 Hernan Cortez Ave.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702151  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9139534 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid9139534\charrsid9139534 Hag\'e5t\'f1a, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid10702151\charrsid9139534 G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid10702151 U}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid10702151\charrsid9139534  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid9139534\charrsid9139534 96910}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9139534 
\par \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid16597833 \cell }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15339189 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs16\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 Appearing for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe0\langfenp0\insrsid10355850 Defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs16\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 -Appellee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe0\langfenp0\insrsid12271518 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs16\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid16611761\charrsid12271518 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid10355850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid9139534\charrsid9139534 Kathy A. Fokas, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\insrsid9139534\charrsid9139534 Esq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10355850 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid597400 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid9139534\charrsid9139534 Assistant Attorney General}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid597400 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10355850 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid10355850 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid9139534\charrsid9139534 Office of the Attorney General}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid10355850 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid9139534\charrsid9139534 590 S. Marine Corps }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid10702151\charrsid9139534 Dr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid10702151 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid16611761 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid10702151 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid9139534\charrsid9139534 Tamuning, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid10702151\charrsid9139534 G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid10702151 U}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid10702151\charrsid9139534  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid9139534\charrsid9139534 96913\cell }\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow
\ts11\trqc\trgaph120\trleft-120\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid6619145\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4860\clshdrawnil \cellx4740\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4500\clshdrawnil \cellx9240\row }\pard \ltrpar
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13584367 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6619145 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13584367 \page }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 BEFORE: }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 ROBERT J. TORRES}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 , Chief Justice; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9139534 F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Associate Justice; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16611761 KATHERINE A. MARAMAN, Associate Justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\super\insrsid4484637 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s26\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6619145 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs28\super\insrsid4484637 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4484637   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4484637\charrsid8520209 The sign
atures in this opinion reflect the titles of the Justices at the time this matter was considered and determined.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid918121 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10355850 TORRES}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16611761 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10355850 C.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16611761 J.:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9312037 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10381115 [1]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10381115 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4811137 Plaintiffs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9312037 -Appellants Maria Gange, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid597400 Jesus Cruz Charfauros, Ana A. Chargualaf, and Jesus G. Aguigui}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2561991  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid597400 collectively, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2561991 \'93Excluded Beneficiaries\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4811137  are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2561991 Guam Ancestral Land Bank Trust (\'93Trust\'94) beneficiaries who }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4811137 succeeded before the Superior Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9579216 enjoining}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13250010 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425 Commissioners }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid597400 (the \'93Commissioners
\'94) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425 of the Guam Ancestral Lands Commission (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid597400 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425 \'93Commission\'94) from transferring}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2310685  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4811137 two large }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425 lots}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4811137  from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2310685 the Trust corpus }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425 as mandated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2310685  by Guam Public}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2310685\charrsid4811137  L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2310685 aw}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2310685\charrsid4811137  30-158}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2310685 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4811137 The Excluded Beneficiaries }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9312037 appeal 
an order of the Superior Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2310685 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4811137 conclude}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4811137  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9312037\charrsid9312037 the doctrine of sovereign immunity }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2310685 deprives the courts of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9312037  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2561991 the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9312037\charrsid9312037 subject matter jurisdiction necessary to award attorney\rquote s fees and costs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2310685  in this action.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8149708 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10381115 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10702151 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10381115 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10381115 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2310685 At issue is the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14113742 Superior Court\rquote s application}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2310685  of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9579216  our recent decision in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2310685  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2310685\charrsid2310685 Bautista v. San Agustin}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2310685 , 2015 Guam 23, to the facts at bar; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14113742 its }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2310685 determination }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14113742 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2310685  the Trust }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9579216 performs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2310685  a governmental}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14113742 , rather than proprietary,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2310685  function}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14113742 ; and its }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13250010 conclusion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14113742  that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid359287 Guam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6619145 Legislature }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid359287 (\'93Legislature\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14113742  has not waived sove}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3146797 reign immunity on these facts.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3689125 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10702151 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10702151 [3]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702151 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15008481 For the reasons set forth below, we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3146797 determine that the Superior Court did not err, and we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9312037 
dismiss this appeal for want of jurisdiction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15008481 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15008481\charrsid7166392 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid918121 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid918121 I.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13268800 
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid918121 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10702151 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10702151 [4]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702151 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12090982 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12090982 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425 orld war, and attendant national security interests of the United States, motivated the taking of vast tracts of Guamanian lands by the United States,\'94 but }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13250010 many}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425  takings were \'93unconscionable, unfair, unjust and inequitable.\'94  Guam Ancestral Lands Act, Guam Pub. L. 25-045:2(c) (June 9, 1999).  The Gua
m Ancestral Lands Act of 1999, codified at 21 GCA Chapter 80, sought to rectify these injustices by establishing the Commission, which is tasked with restoring lands taken by the United States federal government to ancestral landowners.  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10702151 [5]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702151 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7805063 In establishing the Commission,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid597400\charrsid7946425  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425 the Legislature}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid359287  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425 recognized that some \'93
ancestral landowners . . . by virtue of continued government or public benefit use cannot regain possession or title to their ancestral lands.\'94  21 GCA \'a7 80104(e)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12268534  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425 .  The Commission was statutorily tasked with establishing the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid359287 Trust}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425 
 on behalf of these dispossessed ancestral landowners and instructed to use the income derived from the Trust corpus\emdash certain non-ancestral lands\emdash to pay compensation to dispossessed landowners.  The Trust corpus include
s Lot Naval Radio Station and Lot Andersen South, large }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid359287 tracts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425  of several hundred acres each.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid270482\charrsid9918237 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425   
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10702151 [6]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702151 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid12596257 On July 13, 2010,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425 
 Acting Governor Mike Cruz signed Bill No. 278, which became Guam Public Law 30-158.  Th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4406581 is a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425 ct instructed the Commission to deed Lot Nava
l Radio Station and Lot Andersen South to \'93ancestral landowners of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid14753392 Tiyan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425  properties, whose properties were }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid14753392 not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425  returned to them and were retained by the A.B. Won Pat International Airport Authority.\'94  Guam Pub. L. 30-158:1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5665418  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10187803 July 13, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5665418 2010) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425 (emphasis omitted
).  These particular dispossessed ancestral landowners were to take a share of the new property proportionate to that \'93retained and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid14753392 not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425  returned to them by [the Airport Authority] based on a value for value or size for size basis at the discretion of the [Commission].\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5665418 P.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13250010 L.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5665418  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425 30-158:3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14753392  (emphasis omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425 .  The Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4551950 would not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425 
benefit dispossessed ancestral landowners with claim to property not used by the Airport Authority and it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4551950 would not have}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425  compensate}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4551950 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425  the Trust or the Excluded Beneficiaries for the land}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4551950  to be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425  taken.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10702151 [7]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702151 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425 
The Excluded Beneficiaries filed their complaint, seeking declaratory relief and requesting the Superior Court enjoin the Commissioners from transferring Lot Naval Radio Station and Lot Andersen South from the T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4406581 rust}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425  corpus. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid269293  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425 In the alternative, they }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7805063 sought}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425  payment of just compensation.    
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10702151 [8]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702151 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425 The Superior Court granted the Excluded Beneficiaries a temporary restraining order.  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6055147 Subsequently}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425 , the Excluded Beneficiaries amended their complaint.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6055147 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425 he Superior Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6055147 thereafter }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425 entered partial sum
mary judgment in favor of the Excluded Beneficiaries, enjoining the land transfer as a taking without valid public purpose.  The Government of Guam (\'93Government\'94) did not appeal.  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10702151 [9]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702151 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425 The Excluded Beneficiaries }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6055147 then }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425 filed a motion for attorney\rquote s fees and 
costs, which the Superior Court granted in part.  The Superior Court reasoned that fees were appropriate under the common fund doctrine, an exception to the American Rule under which litigants bear their own expenses. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid269293  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425 The common fund doctrine applies \'93when [a litigant\rquote s] representative action creates or traces a \lquote common fund,\rquote 
 the economic benefit of which is shared by all members of the class,\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425 Hall v. Cole}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425 , 412 U.S. 1, 5 n.7 (1973), or where\~
litigation \'93\lquote corrects or prevents an abuse which would be prejudicial to the rights and interests\rquote  of . . . others,\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4720869 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4720869\charrsid7946425 d}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425  (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425 Mills v. Elec. Auto-Lite Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425 , 396 U.S. 375, 396 (1970)).  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10702151 [10]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702151 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6055147 Following the Superior Court\rquote s Decision and Order}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425 , this court issued }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425 Bautista}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425 , 2015 Guam 23, deciding that sovereign immunity
 precluded the award of attorney\rquote s fees under the common fund doctrine in a suit brought against the Trustees of the Government of Guam Retirement Fund}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6368864 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15229669 
  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15229669 Bautista}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15229669 , 2015 Guam 23 \'b6 53.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15229669  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11818614  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid471872 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6368864 court found sovereign immunity preclude}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4406581 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6368864  the award }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4406581 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4406581\charrsid4406581 Bautista}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4406581  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425 even 
though the capital was merely held in trust for the beneficiaries and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4406581 was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425 not part of the general treasury. 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10702151\charrsid10187803 [11]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702151 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425 
In response, the Government filed a motion for reconsideration of the Superior Court\rquote s decision to grant attorney\rquote s fees and costs in this case.  The Superior Court granted the Government\rquote s motion, finding that the reasoning of }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425 Bautista}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425  precluded awarding fees and costs from funds in the Government\rquote s possession, that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15498995 Commissioners\emdash acting through the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4551950 Trust}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15498995 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid749133 carried out}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425  a governmental function, and that the Legislature had not waived sovereign immunity.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid270482\charrsid9918237 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946425\charrsid7946425 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid918121 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 II.  JURISDICTION
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10702151 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10702151 [12]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702151 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9918237\charrsid9918237 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 This court has jurisdiction over an appeal from a final judgment of the Superior Court.  48 U.S.C.A. \'a7\loch\f0  1424-1(a)(2) (Westlaw through Pub. L. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7754402\charrsid9918237 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 11}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7754402 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid9918237\charrsid9918237 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7754402\charrsid9918237 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10187803 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7754402\charrsid9918237 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9918237\charrsid9918237 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid7754402\charrsid9918237 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 201}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7754402 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9918237\charrsid9918237 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 )); 7 GCA \'a7\'a7\loch\f0  31\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 07, 3108(a) (2005).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6055147 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid6948637 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 he Excluded Beneficiaries}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9918237\charrsid9918237 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  timely appealed from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid6055147 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9918237\charrsid9918237 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Superior Court judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid269293 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9918237\charrsid9918237 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 However, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
as explained below, sovereign immunity acts to deprive courts of subject matter jurisdiction where it applies.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9518314 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   This is such a case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863515\charrsid11560187 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tx7260\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10187803 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 III.  STANDARD OF REVIEW
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10702151 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10702151 [13]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702151 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6037283 This court reviews jurisdictional issues }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6037283\charrsid3216469 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6037283 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid6037283\charrsid7948563 Town House Dep}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6037283 \rquote t Stores, Inc. v. Dep\rquote t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6037283\charrsid7948563  of Educ.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6037283\charrsid7948563 , 2012 Guam 25}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6037283  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6037283\charrsid7948563 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6037283  11 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid6037283 Core Tech Int\rquote l Corp. v. Hanil Eng\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6037283\charrsid7948563 g & Const}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10187803 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid6037283\charrsid7948563 . Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6037283\charrsid3216469 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6037283\charrsid3216469  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6037283\charrsid7948563 2010 Guam 13 \'b6 16}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6037283 ), including the question whether sovereign immunity has been waived, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4720869 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4720869\charrsid3216469 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6037283\charrsid3216469 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6037283  (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6037283 Sumitomo Constr., Co. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6037283\charrsid7948563 v. Gov}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6037283 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6037283\charrsid7948563 t of Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6037283\charrsid3216469 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6037283\charrsid3216469  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6037283\charrsid7948563 2001 Guam 23 \'b6 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6037283 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid271696\charrsid271696 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10702151 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10702151 IV.  ANALYSIS
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10702151 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10702151 [14]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702151 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 The Government of Guam enjoys broad sovereign immunity,\'94\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Bautista}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 2015 Guam 23 \'b6\loch\f0  18 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Guam Fed\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 n of Teachers v. Perez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 2005 Guam 25 
\loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'b6\loch\f0  18), when engaged in governmental functions, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 see}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Guam Police Dep\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 t v. Sup}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid10187803 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 erior Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  of Guam (Lujan)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 2011 Guam 8 \'b6\loch\f0 \hich\f0  13.  Sovereign immunity is not narrowly constrained to the Government and its instrumentalities; \'93\loch\f0 
[a] suit against an officer constitutes \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 a suit against the sovereign if the judgment sought would expend itself on the public treasury or domain}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14819486 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14819486 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'94\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Bautista}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 2015 Guam 23 \'b6\loch\f0  19 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Guam Fed\hich\f0 \rquote 
\loch\f0 n of Teachers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 2005 Guam 25 \'b6\loch\f0  19). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6037283\charrsid10702151 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10702151 [15]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702151 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14819486 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 As a general rule, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid16585206 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 he doctrine of sovereign immunity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
does not bar an action seeking only injunctive relief,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\super\dbch\af37\insrsid14753392 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s26\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6619145 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs28\super\insrsid14753392 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14753392   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2440253 This is because of the generally prospective effect of an injunction.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid2440253\charrsid2440253 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2440253  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2440253\charrsid2440253 Edelman v. Jordan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2440253 , 415 U.S. 651, 667}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9961612 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2440253 68 (1974).  It is not enough, however, to label relief as equitable if \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2440253\charrsid2440253 
it is in practical effect indistinguishable in many aspects from an award of damages against the State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2440253 .\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2440253\charrsid2440253 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2440253  at 668.  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 see, e.g.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Guam Fed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid11808815 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid11808815\charrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 of Teachers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 2005 Guam 25 \'b6\loch\f0  21}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16585206 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , but }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5668653 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 an award of attorney\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s fees is barred by sovereign immunity where it applies}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid4720869 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5668653 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid4720869 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid4720869\charrsid5668653 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4720869 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid5668653\charrsid5668653 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Ardestani v. I.N.S.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5668653 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 502 U.S. 129, 137 (1991)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5668653 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 f sovereign
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  immunity is applicable and would otherwise act to deprive the courts of subject matter jurisdiction, only duly enacted legislation can waive this immunity, and any waiver must be express.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  48 U.S.C.A. \'a7\loch\f0  1421a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid9961612 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9961612\charrsid9918237 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (Westlaw through Pub. L. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9961612 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 115-24}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9961612\charrsid9918237 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (201}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9961612 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 7))}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3949978 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid3949978 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ee also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid3949978 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Bautista}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3949978 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 2015 Guam 23 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10187803 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid3949978 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 18; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Lujan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 2011 Guam 8 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10187803 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  7}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12609261 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 -8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid3949978 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Sumitomo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Const}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid10187803 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 2001 Guam 23 \'b6\loch\f0  9.  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10702151\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10702151 [16]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702151 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Accordingly, we f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 irst discuss application of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Bautista}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16536275 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
determine whether the funds at issue are sufficiently within the Government\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s possession or \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 control to implicate sovereign immunity; s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 econd, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6693726 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 apply the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 governmental/proprietary distinction }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6693726 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 to the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  facts of this case}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16536275 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16218081 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 hird, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6693726 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 we assess}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  whether 7 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  26602}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4406581 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 or 21 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  15112 act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16218081 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  as an express legislative waiver of sovereign immunity }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16536275 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 under the\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
se circumstances}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6037283\charrsid6037283 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \fi-432\li432\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin432\itap0\pararsid16385522\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16385522 A. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 Sovereign Immunity as Applied to Non-Treasury Funds in the Government\rquote s Possession\emdash Application of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 Bautista v. Agustin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 , 2015 Guam 23}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10702151 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10702151 [17]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702151 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Bautista}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 court clarified application of the sovereign immunity doctrine in scenarios where the\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  money at issue is in the Government\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s possession but not part of the general treasury.  The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Bautista}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  court held that \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13193555\charrsid13193555 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 sovereign immunity applies as long as the government is in possession of the property}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13193555 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 
\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  and recognized that \'93\loch\f0 [t]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13193555\charrsid13193555 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 he policy behind sovereign\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 immunity is driven, not only by the protection of public funds, but also by the efficient and uninterrupted administration of government functions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5668653\charrsid16385522 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'94
\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5668653 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5668653\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 2015 Guam 23 \'b6\loch\f0  52}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5668653 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10702151 [18]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702151 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
The Excluded Beneficiaries argue that the Trust is private, and for this reason\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  sovereign immunity does not bar recovery of attorney\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s fees in this action even under the reasoning of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Bautista}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  Appellants\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  Br. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10432165 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10634569 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid269293 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 May 4, 2016}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10634569 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  The Excluded Beneficiaries contend that the Commission\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s enabling legislation did not establish the Trus\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
t as an entity of the Government.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10702151 [19]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702151 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The Government }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16218081 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 responds}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  that this case is materially indistinguishable from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Bautista}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  Appellee\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Br. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10432165 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 17}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10634569 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid269293 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 June 6, 2016}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10634569 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  In each case, the relevant plaintiff sought injunctive relief against officials in th\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 eir official capacity within instrumentalities of the Government
\hich\f0 \emdash \loch\f0 the Trustees of the Retirement Fund in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Bautista}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  and the Commissioners in the case at bar.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s26\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13251539 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs28\super\insrsid16385522\charrsid13251539 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13251539  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16385522\charrsid13251539 The Retirement Fund is an autonomous agency of the Government pursuant to 5 GCA \'a7
 6102, and the Commission is \'93within\'94 the government }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13251539 pursuant to 21 GCA \'a7 80103.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10634569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13251539     }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   In both cases, the underlying }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6644232 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 prospective }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 injunctive relief is not barred by sovereign immunit\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13193555 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid13193555 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ee, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Guam Fed}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid10634569 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  of Teachers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 2005 Guam 25 \'b6\loch\f0  21}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13193555 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , but}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid16218081 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12932662 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16218081 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 overnment argues,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13193555 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  sovereign immunity bar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16218081 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13193555 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  an award of attorney\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s fees against funds in the Government\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s possession.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13193555 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10702151 [20]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702151 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Bautista}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13193555 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  declined to follow }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Pensioners Protected Ass\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 n v. \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Davis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
, 150 P.2d 974 (Colo. 1944) (en banc), in which the Supreme Court of Colorado held that sovereign immunity does not bar recovery of attorney\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s fees from pension fund}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13193555 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  because it does not contain public money}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13193555 
\loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the government being only a custodian of th\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 e funds.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Bautista}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 2015 Guam 23 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid471872\charrsid16385522 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'b6\loch\f0  48}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9779273 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 52}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  Instead, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Bautista}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  court relied on more recent federal cases, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid9779273 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9779273 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'b6\'b6\loch\f0  49}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9961612 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9779273 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 51, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 holding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13193555 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 that possession of the funds was the true measure for applicability of sovereign immunity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid471872 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid471872 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid471872\charrsid13193555 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid13193555\charrsid13193555 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid13193555 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'b6\loch\f0  52.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10702151 [21]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702151 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13193555 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 While the Exclud\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
ed Beneficiaries argue the Trust is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6101438 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13193555 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 private,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid6101438 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13193555 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6101438\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Appellants\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  Br. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9961612 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6101438\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6101438 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , counsel at oral argument conceded that the Commission acts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12932662 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 at least }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid6101438 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16218081 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6101438 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 temporary }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid269293 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 custodian}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6101438 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  of the funds.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid269293 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6101438 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Indeed, the statutory scheme makes }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12932662 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6101438 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Commission}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12932662 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6101438 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  possession of the money unm\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 istakable.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16218081 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'93\loch\f0 The Commission shall establish rules and regulations pursuant to the Administration Adjudication Law for the Guam-based trust}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid6101438 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13857586 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid6101438 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 and any income derived from the Trust corpus \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6101438\charrsid6101438 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
shall be used to provide just compensation for those di}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6101438 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 spossessed anc\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 estral landowners}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid6042111 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6101438 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'94\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6042111 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid6042111\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 21 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  80104(e)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6101438\charrsid9961612 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6101438 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16656623 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 As the Superior Court recognized, i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6101438 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 n order to use}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16656623 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  the income to pay compensation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6101438 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  the Commission must be in possession of the proceeds}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10291550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  just as they hold title to the properties as trustees.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid549692 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Record on Appeal (
\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid270482\charrsid7946425 RA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid549692 \'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid270482\charrsid7946425 , tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid270482 151 at 16}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9961612 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid270482 17}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid270482\charrsid7946425  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid270482\charrsid9918237 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Dec. & Order}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid549692 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid269293 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Nov. 25, 2015}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid270482\charrsid7946425 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid270482\charrsid9918237 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16656623 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10291550 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Thus, sovereign immunity applies as an initial matter under the reasoning of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid10291550\charrsid10291550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Bautista}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid10291550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10291550\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 2015 Guam 23}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10291550 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid11863515\charrsid6101438 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16385522\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515\charrsid11154486 B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 
The Proprietary Function Exemption to Sovereign Immunity
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10702151 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10702151 [22]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702151 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16656623 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14636095 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 he court is aware that some state jud\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 iciaries recognize application of the governmental/proprietary dichotomy while others reject it, extending immunity to all acts of the government where i}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1004648 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14636095 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  has not expressly waived immunity.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid6042111 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Compare }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid14636095\charrsid10227086 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Jones v. Cross}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14636095 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14636095\charrsid10227086 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 260 S.W.3d 343}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14636095 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
, 345 (Ky. 2008) (accepting\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16218081 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14636095 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 dichotomy)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9961612 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6042111 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid6042111\charrsid16341840 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 and}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14636095 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid14636095\charrsid14636095 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Kan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid12932662 .}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid14636095\charrsid14636095 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Pub}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid12932662 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid14636095\charrsid14636095 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Emp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid12932662 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid14636095\charrsid14636095 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Ret}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid12932662 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid14636095\charrsid14636095 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Sys}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid12932662 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid14636095\charrsid14636095 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  v. Reimer & Koger Assoc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid12932662 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid14636095\charrsid14636095 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14636095 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14636095\charrsid16478383 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 941 P.2d 1321}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14636095 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 1328 (Kan. 1997) (accepting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16218081 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14636095 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 dichotomy)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9961612 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6042111 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid6042111 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14636095 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid14636095\charrsid6442248 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Guthrie v. N}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid12932662 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid14636095\charrsid6442248 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid12932662 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid14636095\charrsid6442248 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  State Ports Auth}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid12932662 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid14636095 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14636095\charrsid6442248 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 299 S.E.2d 618}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14636095 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 624 (N.C. 1983) (rejecting the dichotomy)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9961612 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6042111 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid6042111\charrsid16341840 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14636095 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid14636095\charrsid6442248 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Univ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid12932662 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid14636095\charrsid6442248 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  of Alask\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 a v. Nat}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid12932662 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid14636095\charrsid6442248 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 l Aircraft Leasing, Ltd.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid14636095 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14636095\charrsid6442248 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 536 P.2d 121}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14636095 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 128 (Alaska 1975) (rejecting the dichotomy).  The court is also aware that the Organic Act instructs that the Government \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14636095\charrsid14420653 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 shall have power to sue }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14636095 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [under its name]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14636095\charrsid14420653 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , and, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid14636095\charrsid14420653 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 with the consent of the legislature ev\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 idenced by enacted law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14636095\charrsid14420653 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , may be sued}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13121546 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14636095 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'94\loch\f0 
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14636095\charrsid9918237 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7\loch\f0  142}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14636095 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 1a (emphasis added)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13121546 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , and that the Legislature has asserted that \'93\loch\f0 [t]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13121546\charrsid13121546 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 he authority and power to waive the immunity to suit of the government of Guam, or any of its authorities, departments, agencies, or \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 instrumentalities is vested solely in the Guam Legislature}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13121546 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 ,\'94\loch\f0  1 GCA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13121546\charrsid9918237 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'a7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid13121546 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  405 (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14636095 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  But we decline the Government\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s invitation to consider rejecting this }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13121546 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 common-law }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14636095 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 dichotomy\hich\f0 \emdash \loch\f0 which we have previously applied, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid14636095\charrsid16478383 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 see, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14636095 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid14636095\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Bautista}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14636095\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 2015 Guam 23 \'b6\'b6\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14636095 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 33}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9961612 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14636095 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 34\hich\f0 \emdash \loch\f0 becaus
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 e of the limited briefing and argument before this court and because, in this instance, application of the distinction is not outcome determinative.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10702151 [23]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702151 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Sovereign immunity }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10945330 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 may}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  not apply where the government is acting in a proprietary rather than governmen
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 tal function.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Lujan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 2011 Guam 8 \'b6\loch\f0 \hich\f0  13.  \'93\loch\f0 Proprietary functions are those \hich\f0 \lquote \loch\f0 conducted in the government\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s private capacity, for the benefit only of those within its corporate limits, and not as an arm of the government.\hich\f0 \rquote \'94\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Id.
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Galveston Indep. Sch.
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Dist. v. Clear Lake Rehab. Hosp., L.L.C.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16341840 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid9961612 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 324 S.W.3d 802, 807 (Tex. App. 2010)).  These functions are \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid4406581 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 exercised when an enterprise is commercial in character or is usually carried on by private individuals or is for the profit, benefit, or advantage of t\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 he governmental unit conducting the activity.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'94\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7364478 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid10752417 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Newman Mem\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 l Hosp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10752417 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid10752417 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
v. Walton Const}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid9961612 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid10752417 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 . Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid10752417 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 149 P.3d 525, 535-36 (Kan.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5851350 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10752417 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Ct.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5851350 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10752417 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 App. 2007}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14443677 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 .  On the other hand, \'93\loch\f0 Governmental functions are generally those \hich\f0 \lquote \loch\f0 performed for the general public with respec\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
t to the common welfare for which no compensation or particular benefit is received.\hich\f0 \rquote \'94\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Newman Mem\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 l Hosp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10752417 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid5851350 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 149 P.3d }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10752417 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  535}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14443677 -}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 36}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14443677 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10752417 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10702151 [24]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702151 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'93\loch\f0 
Despite the application of the governmental/proprietary test by many courts, the distinction has received \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 much criticism and has been regarded as difficult, if not impossible, to apply.\'94\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 In re Camacho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 2006 Guam 5 \'b6\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
 47 (collecting cases).  But \'93\loch\f0 certain functions are generally viewed as proprietary, such as, \hich\f0 \lquote \loch\f0 the construction and maintenance of municipal water\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 and light plants, . . . the constructions and operation of garages and parking facilities for motor vehicles, and generally the management of property owned by the municipality.\hich\f0 \rquote \'94\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid14443677 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  \'b6\loch\f0  43}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid289256 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9582044 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (alteration in original)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  (quoting 15 McQuillin \'a7\loch\f0  53.30.10 (3d ed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14443677 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 1987)).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10702151 [25]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702151 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13585689 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The Excluded Beneficiaries}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  argue }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13585689 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 that the Trust\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s function }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 is to act as a manager and developer of municipal property.  They argue that this is akin to the functions this court said were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid7764648 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 clearly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  proprietary in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 In re Camacho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13585689 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13585689\charrsid16385522 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 2006 Guam 5 \'b6\loch\f0  4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13585689 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
.  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10702151 [26]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702151 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Bautista}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , this court looked to three factors\hich\f0 \emdash \loch\f0 
derived from persuasive authority\hich\f0 \emdash \loch\f0 in determining the Retirement Fund\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s activities were governmental: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7764648 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 1) whether the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13585689 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 action}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  was expressly authorized by statute; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7764648 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 2) whether the action was necessary \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13585689 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 instrumentality}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  to carry out its fiduciary dut}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13585689 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ies }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 and to promote the public welfare generally; and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7764648 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 3) whether the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1511505 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 instrumentality}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13585689 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 furthers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  a public purpose. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14443677 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7764648 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  2015 Guam 23 \'b6\'b6\loch\f0  41}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14443677 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7764648 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 43.  Application of these factors in the instant case lead}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid223142 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7764648 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  us to \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 hold that the Commissioners perform a governmental function through the Trust.  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10702151 [27]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702151 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9264812 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 First, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid5120036\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1511505 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5120036\charrsid16385522 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 rust operations are expressly authorized by statute:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid269293 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5120036\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
The Commission shall establish a Guam-based trust to administer all assets and revenues of the land bank \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
of the aforementioned lands and manage the lands, and act as the developer of the lands, if necessary, to the highest and best use.  The Commission shall establish rules and regulations pursuant to the Administration Adjudication Law for the Guam-based tr
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 u\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 st.  The resulting income shall be used to provide just compensation for those dispossessed ancestral landowners.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5120036 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1511505 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1511505 21 GCA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1511505\charrsid8198640  \'a7
 80104}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1511505 (e).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1511505 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10702151 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10702151 [28]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702151 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9264812 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Second, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5120036\charrsid9264812 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the action}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1511505 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s that the Excluded Beneficiaries claim are nongovernmental}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5120036\charrsid9264812 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1511505 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 are nonetheless}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5120036\charrsid9264812 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  necessary for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1511505 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Commis
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 sioners }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5120036\charrsid9264812 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 to carry out }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1511505 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 their}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5120036\charrsid9264812 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  fiduciary duties and to promote the public welfare generally}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9264812 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ; and third, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1511505\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1511505 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Trust}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid1511505\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1511505 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 furthers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1511505\charrsid16385522 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  a public purpose}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1511505 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\super\dbch\af37\insrsid1511505 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s26\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid269293 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs28\super\insrsid1511505\charrsid13251539 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13251539  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1511505\charrsid13251539 The Superior Court analyzed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5197733\charrsid13251539 the last two prongs together.  W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1511505\charrsid13251539 e agree that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid557001\charrsid13251539 there is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1511505\charrsid13251539 significant overlap in their enqu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5197733\charrsid13251539 iry and proceed here to treat them together.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1511505\charrsid13251539 
\par }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1511505 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5120036\charrsid16385522 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10702151 [29]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702151 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5120036 The Excluded Beneficiaries characterize the action at issue in this case as \'93
that of a private developer seeking to develop trust property to its \lquote highest and best use\rquote  to generate funds to compensate its beneficiaries who consist of a defined and permanent group of individuals.\'94  Appellants\rquote  Br. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5390694 at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5120036 10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15868015  (citation omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12320778 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7800838   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid557001 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 But t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7800838 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 he Superior Court properly ascertaine
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 d the scope of enquiry when it decided that \'93\loch\f0 [t]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7800838\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 he proper unit of analysis is the Commissioners\hich\f0 
\rquote \loch\f0  operation of the Land Bank Trust as an integral part of the policy of the Ancestral Lands Act, not merely the management of any particular parcel of real estat\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 e.\'94\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid270482\charrsid7946425 RA, tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid270482 151}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid270482\charrsid7946425  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid270482 at 23 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid270482\charrsid7946425 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid270482\charrsid9918237 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Dec. & Order}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid270482\charrsid7946425 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid9004839 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\super\dbch\af37\insrsid7800838 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid269293 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\fs20\super\insrsid7800838\charrsid13251539 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid13251539  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\dbch\af37\insrsid7800838\charrsid13251539 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\dbch\af37\insrsid7800838\charrsid13251539 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Kansas Publ
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ic Employees Retirement System v. Reimer & Koger Associates, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\dbch\af37\insrsid7800838\charrsid13251539 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
, the Kansas Supreme Court acknowledged, \'93\loch\f0 If we viewed each investment action and decision separately as only a commercial transaction . . . we could find the acts to be proprietary in nature\loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 .\'94\loch\f0 
  941 P.2d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\dbch\af37\insrsid5390694 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\dbch\af37\insrsid7800838\charrsid13251539 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  1341; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\dbch\af37\insrsid7800838\charrsid13251539 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 see also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\dbch\af37\insrsid7800838\charrsid13251539 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs20\dbch\af37\insrsid7800838\charrsid13251539 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Bautista}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\dbch\af37\insrsid7800838\charrsid13251539 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 2015 Guam 23 \'b6\loch\f0  38 (explaining }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\dbch\af37\insrsid7800838\charrsid13251539 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Reimer & Kroger }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\dbch\af37\insrsid12346072 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Assocs.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\dbch\af37\insrsid7800838\charrsid13251539 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 ).  Instead, the Kansas Supreme Court took \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 a broader perspective of the entire problem.\'94\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\dbch\af37\insrsid1735989 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\dbch\af37\insrsid5390694 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Kan. Pub. Emps. Ret. Sys.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\dbch\af37\insrsid7800838\charrsid13251539 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 941 P.2d at 1341}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\dbch\af37\insrsid1735989 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs20\dbch\af37\insrsid1735989 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 see also Bautista}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\dbch\af37\insrsid1735989 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 201\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 5 Guam 23 \'b6\loch\f0  38}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\dbch\af37\insrsid12213624 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\dbch\af37\insrsid7800838\charrsid13251539 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7800838 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\dbch\af37\insrsid7800838\charrsid13251539 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Similarly, in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\dbch\af37\insrsid7800838\charrsid13251539 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Commonwealth v. Dauphin County}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\dbch\af37\insrsid7800838\charrsid13251539 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , a property owner defaulted on mortgage payments, resulting in a sheriff\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s sale in which the Commonwealth purchased the property as an asset for the retirement system.  6 A.2d 870, 871 (Pa. 1939)
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  The Commonwealth leased some of the land to private tenants and did not pay taxes to the city or county.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\dbch\af37\insrsid12213624 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\dbch\af37\insrsid14443677 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\dbch\af37\insrsid7800838\charrsid13251539 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 d.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\dbch\af37\insrsid7800838\charrsid13251539 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   Adjudicating the appeal in a suit to recover unpaid taxes, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court looked to the purpose of the retirement fund as 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 a whole in determining its actions were governmental.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\dbch\af37\insrsid7800838\charrsid13251539 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\dbch\af37\insrsid7800838\charrsid13251539 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\dbch\af37\insrsid7800838\charrsid13251539 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Bautista}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\dbch\af37\insrsid7800838\charrsid13251539 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 2015 Guam 23 \'b6\loch\f0  40 (discussing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\dbch\af37\insrsid7800838\charrsid13251539 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Dauphin 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\dbch\af37\insrsid12346072 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Cnty.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\dbch\af37\insrsid7800838\charrsid13251539 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\dbch\af37\insrsid7800838\charrsid13251539 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12320778\charrsid7800838 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10702151 [30]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702151 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5120036\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Deriving income from the Trust corpus }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid557001 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 for dispossessed land owners }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5120036\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 is part of the Commissioners\hich\f0 
\rquote \loch\f0  statutory and fiduciary duty, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid9004839 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid5120036\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ee}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5120036\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  21 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  80104(e), and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9004839 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 an examination of }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5120036\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Guam\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12320778 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 unique history }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9004839 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 supports our hold\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ing that the Trust\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s function furthers a public purpose}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12320778 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid12320778\charrsid7800838 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10702151 [31]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702151 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5120036\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
In the Legislative Background, Findings and Intent of the Guam Ancestral Lands Act, Guam Pub. L. 25-045:2, the Legislature memorialize}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6502650 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid5120036\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  the fraught history of land takings on Guam and the fail\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
ure of past legislative remedies to fully address these historical injustices.  As the Superior Court wrote, \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
Establishing an effective remedy was not a minor parochial concern of the Government, but a major concern for Guam as a whole.\'94\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid270482\charrsid7946425 RA, tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid270482 151 at 24}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid270482\charrsid7946425  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid270482\charrsid9918237 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Dec. & Order}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid270482\charrsid7946425 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid270482\charrsid9918237 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15823017 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10702151 [32]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702151 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15823017 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Ancestral landowners experienced \'93\loch\f0 [w]ar
\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15823017\charrsid15823017 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  devastation, tardy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15823017 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  rehabilitation, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15823017\charrsid15823017 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 displacement from their family est}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15823017 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ates and therewith the economic }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15823017\charrsid15823017 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 basis for their }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15823017 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 survival}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid15823017\charrsid15823017 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15823017 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 livelihood and economic independence, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid15823017\charrsid15823017 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the dispossession }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15823017 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 fro\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid15823017\charrsid15823017 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  their estates for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15823017 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 no, or less than just }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid15823017\charrsid15823017 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 compensation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15823017 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  . . . .\'94\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15823017\charrsid7946425 Guam Pub. L. 25-045:2(c)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1332161  (1999)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15823017 .  As the Superior Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6501964  also recognized, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6501964\charrsid7946425 RA, tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6501964 151 at 24}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14443677 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6501964 25}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6501964\charrsid7946425  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6501964\charrsid9918237 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Dec. & Order}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6501964\charrsid7946425 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6501964 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15823017  the United States House of Representatives }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6501964 Committee on Natural Resources }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7417282 acknowledged}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6501964  that ongoing land dispossession }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7417282 had \'93limited economic growth,\'94 \'93created a serious housing problem,\'94 and was a \'93major issue[] impacting U.S.\endash 
Guam relations.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7417282\charrsid7946425 Guam Pub. L. 25-045:2(}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7417282 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7417282\charrsid7946425 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7417282  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6501964 (quoting H.R. Rep. No. 103-391 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3949978 at 3 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6501964 (1993)).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15823017 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10702151 [33]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702151 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15823017 The Guam Ancestral Lands Act must be viewed against this backdrop, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15823017 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5120036\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
n integral part of this scheme was continued compensation for ancestral landowners who would not be able to take title to their land because of ongoing government or public use.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid5120036\charrsid16385522 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15823017 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  21 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  80104(e\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid11863515\charrsid15823017 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s22\qj \fi-504\li504\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin504\itap0\pararsid11863515\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 C.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 Legislative Waiver of Sovereign Immunity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10702151 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10702151 [34]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702151 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13121546 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
The Legislature may waive sovereign immunity where it would otherwise apply.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid13121546\charrsid13121546 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13121546 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Bautista}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13121546 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 2015 Guam 23 
\'b6\loch\f0  18.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Waivers of sovereign immunity must be unequivocally expressed and are strictly construed\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid5390694 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 United States v. King}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 395 U.S. 1, 4 (1969).  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10702151 [35]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702151 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
The Excluded Beneficiaries argue that the Legislature has waived immunity for the suit at bar in two provisions: 7 GCA \'a7\loch\f0 \hich\f0  26602 and 21 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  15112. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3949978 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13121546 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 hese arguments }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13121546 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 were not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  made before the Superior\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Court, }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 see, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
, RA, tab 150 (Supp. Br. Re Sovereign Immunity, Aug. 24, 2015) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid943652 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 making no mention of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  7 GCA \'a7\loch\f0 \hich\f0  26602 or 21 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  15112); RA, tab 148 (Mem. Supp. Mot. Recons., Aug. 24, 2015) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid943652 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 same}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ), and the Superior Court did not contend with these statutes,\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid270482\charrsid7946425 
RA, tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid270482 151}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid270482\charrsid7946425  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid270482 at 18}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14443677 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid270482 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid270482\charrsid7946425 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid270482\charrsid9918237 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Dec. & Order}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid270482\charrsid7946425 
)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid270482\charrsid9918237 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid396505 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Nonetheless, we choose to exercise our }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'93\loch\f0 discretion to address the issue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid396505 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'94\loch\f0  because}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid396505 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 it is purely one of law.\'94\loch\f0    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Abalos v. Cyfred Ltd.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 2006 Guam 7 \'b6\loch\f0  18 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Dumaliang v. Silan}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 2000 Guam 24 \'b6\loch\f0  12 n.1).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid396505 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10702151 [36]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702151 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10556918 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 We first\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  consider}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  21 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  15112, which reads:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid10687157 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
In any inverse condemnation action instituted by a private landowner to obtain fair compensation for land that has been expropriated by the government of Guam for public purposes and for which no action in eminent dom\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
ain has been instituted, the court may award the landowner reasonable attorney\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s fees and court costs in addition to fair compensation.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16385522 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14443677 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 21 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  15112}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5002319 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14443677 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
  The Excluded Beneficiaries argue that they fall under the ambit of the statute because they soug\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ht, in the alternative, just compensation and were successful in their suit overall\hich\f0 \emdash \loch\f0 
even if that success was not under a theory entitling them to compensation.  Appellants\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  Br. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5390694 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 11}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14443677 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 12.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10702151 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10702151 [37]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702151 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5390694 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Contrary to the Excluded Beneficiaries}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14443677 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid5390694 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  claim, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid396505 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 this was not an\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  inverse condemnation action.  Because of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10556918 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Superior Court\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid396505 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 injunction, no taking occurred.  But even if this were not the case\hich\f0 \emdash \loch\f0 and we were to consider this an inverse condemnation action because the Excluded Beneficiaries prayed, in the alternative, fo\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
r just compensation\hich\f0 \emdash \loch\f0 we could not hold}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  that the Legislature }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid396505 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 expressly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  exempted the facts at bar when it provided that \'93\loch\f0 
the court may award the landowner reasonable attorney\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s fees and court costs }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 in addition to fair compensation}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 .\'94\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid206847 21 GCA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid206847\charrsid8147764 \'a7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid206847  15112}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (emphasis \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 added).  The statutory language suggest}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid206847 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  that attorney\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s fees are available}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid206847 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 in case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid206847 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  where just compensation is awarded.  This is not such a case. 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10702151 [38]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702151 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15277588 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 We consider next}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  7 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  26602, which reads:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16341840 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Except as otherwise expressly provided in this Title costs\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  are allowed of course to the plaintiff upon a judgment in his favor in the following cases:
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (a) In an action for the recovery of real property;
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (b) In an action to recover the possession of personal property;
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (c) In an action for the recovery of money or \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 damages;
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (d) In a special proceedings;
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid269293 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
(e) In an action which involves the title or possession of real estate.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16385522 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5390694 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 7 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  26602}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14443677 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16341840 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   Specifically, the Excluded Beneficiaries argue this is a case involving the title or possession of real property.  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10702151 [39]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702151 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 T\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
he Excluded Beneficiaries\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 \hich\f0  argument has some intuitive force to it.  The statute says that costs are available to a litigant who is successful in a menu of actions, \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
[e]xcept as otherwise expressly provided in this Title.\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0   7 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  26602.  Nothing i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5002319 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 n the r\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 est of the T}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16385522\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 itle excludes the Government.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1250801 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10702151 [40]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702151 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid206847 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 But this is not an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid206847\charrsid15277588 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 express}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid206847 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  waiver.  I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid206847\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 t }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid206847 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
does not mention suit against the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4406581 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid206847 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 overnment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid206847\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  or, like 21 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  15112, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid206847 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 deal with subject matter which renders}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid206847\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  its purpose unmistakable}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid206847 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  The Excluded Beneficiaries\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
 argu\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ment also proves too much.  If we recognized this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15277588 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 argument for actions that comport with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid206847 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid206847\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 7 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  26602}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid206847 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (e) (involving}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid206847\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid206847 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid206847\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the title or possession of real estate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid206847 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'94\loch\f0 
), then it would apply with equal force to actions sounding in, for instance, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid206847\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 7 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  26602}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid206847 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (c) (inv\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 olving \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid206847\charrsid16385522 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the recovery of money or damages}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid206847 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'94\loch\f0 ).  This would be an absurd result, waiving immunity for a great many suits at the heart of sovereign immunity\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s protection.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1385438\charrsid1250801 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid918121 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11863515 V.  CONCLUSION
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11018814 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10702151 [41]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10702151 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11018814\charrsid11018814 We }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4286834 hold}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11018814\charrsid11018814  that sovereign immunity }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4286834 
bars recovery of attorney\rquote s fees and costs in this case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11018814 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11018814\charrsid11018814 
Accordingly, this court lacks subject matter jurisdiction to hear this appeal, and the appeal is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10109612  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11018814\charrsid11018814 DISMISSED}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11018814\charrsid11018814 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11890473 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12732813 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12732813\charrsid12000358 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12732813\charrsid12000358 
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{\sp{\sn pctVert}{\sv 200}}{\sp{\sn sizerelh}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn sizerelv}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}{\shptxt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12732813 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12732813 /s/
\par }}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxcolumn\dobypara\dodhgt2\dptxbx\dptxlrtb{\dptxbxtext\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12732813 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12732813 /s/
\par }}\dpx7032\dpy165\dpxsize599\dpysize420\dpfillfgcr255\dpfillfgcg255\dpfillfgcb255\dpfillbgcr255\dpfillbgcg255\dpfillbgcb255\dpfillpat1\dplinehollow}}}
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{\sp{\sn fLockAgainstGrouping}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lTxid}{\sv 131072}}{\sp{\sn anchorText}{\sv 2}}{\sp{\sn fRotateText}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFitShapeToText}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fRecolorFillAsPicture}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fUseShapeAnchor}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineWidth}{\sv 3175}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLockShapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn wzName}{\sv Text Box 2}}{\sp{\sn metroBlob}{\sv {\*\svb 
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{\sp{\sn pctVert}{\sv 200}}{\sp{\sn sizerelh}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn sizerelv}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}{\shptxt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12732813 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12732813 /s/
\par }}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxcolumn\dobypara\dodhgt1\dptxbx\dptxlrtb{\dptxbxtext\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12732813 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12732813 /s/
\par }}\dpx1658\dpy159\dpxsize633\dpysize420\dpfillfgcr255\dpfillfgcg255\dpfillfgcb255\dpfillbgcr255\dpfillbgcg255\dpfillbgcb255\dpfillpat1\dplinehollow}}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12732813\charrsid12000358 
                                                                                                                       
\par ____________________________________\tab ____________________________________\tab   F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO \tab \tab \tab \tab KATHERINE A. MARAMAN
\par \tab          Associate Justice\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab Associate Justice
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12732813 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12732813\charrsid12000358 
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