{\rtf1\adeflang1025\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\adeff0\deff0\stshfdbch37\stshfloch37\stshfhich37\stshfbi0\deflang1033\deflangfe1033\themelang1033\themelangfe0\themelangcs0{\fonttbl{\f0\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f34\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria Math;}
{\f35\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset128\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604020202020204}Arial Unicode MS;}{\f37\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}{\f38\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604030504040204}Tahoma;}
{\f39\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset128\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604020202020204}@Arial Unicode MS;}{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}
{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}
{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f40\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\f41\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\f43\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\f44\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\f45\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\f46\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\f47\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\f48\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\f380\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria Math CE;}{\f381\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Math Cyr;}
{\f383\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Math Greek;}{\f384\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Math Tur;}{\f387\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Math Baltic;}{\f388\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria Math (Vietnamese);}
{\f392\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS Western;}{\f390\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS CE;}{\f391\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS Cyr;}{\f393\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS Greek;}
{\f394\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS Tur;}{\f395\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS (Hebrew);}{\f396\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS (Arabic);}
{\f397\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS Baltic;}{\f398\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS (Vietnamese);}{\f399\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS (Thai);}{\f410\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}
{\f411\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\f413\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\f414\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}{\f417\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}
{\f418\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\f420\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Tahoma CE;}{\f421\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Tahoma Cyr;}{\f423\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Tahoma Greek;}
{\f424\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Tahoma Tur;}{\f425\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Tahoma (Hebrew);}{\f426\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Tahoma (Arabic);}{\f427\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Tahoma Baltic;}
{\f428\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Tahoma (Vietnamese);}{\f429\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 Tahoma (Thai);}{\f432\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS Western;}{\f430\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS CE;}
{\f431\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS Cyr;}{\f433\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS Greek;}{\f434\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS Tur;}{\f435\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS (Hebrew);}
{\f436\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS (Arabic);}{\f437\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS Baltic;}{\f438\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS (Vietnamese);}
{\f439\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS (Thai);}{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}
{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}
{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}
{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}
{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;\red255\green255\blue0;
\red255\green255\blue255;\red0\green0\blue128;\red0\green128\blue128;\red0\green128\blue0;\red128\green0\blue128;\red128\green0\blue0;\red128\green128\blue0;\red128\green128\blue128;\red192\green192\blue192;\red255\green255\blue255;\red33\green33\blue33;}
{\*\defchp \loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37 }{\*\defpap \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 }\noqfpromote {\stylesheet{\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext0 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid4151348 
Normal;}{\s3\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs27\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs27\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon0 \snext3 \slink17 \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid4332564 heading 3;}{\*\cs10 \additive \ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority1 Default Paragraph Font;}{\*
\ts11\tsrowd\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3\tsvertalt\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext11 \ssemihidden \sunhideused 
Normal Table;}{\s15\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext15 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid16268086 Colorful List - Accent 11;}{\*\cs16 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid16268086 apple-converted-space;}{\*\cs17 \additive \b\f0\fs27 \slink3 \slocked \spriority9 \styrsid4332564 Heading 3 Char;}{\*\cs18 \additive \ul\cf2 \sunhideused \styrsid3427147 Hyperlink;}{\*\cs19 \additive \i 
\sqformat \spriority20 \styrsid3427147 Emphasis;}{\s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext20 \slink21 \sunhideused \styrsid6384817 footnote text;}{\*\cs21 \additive \fs20 \slink20 \slocked \styrsid6384817 Footnote Text Char;}{\*\cs22 
\additive \super \sunhideused \styrsid6384817 footnote reference;}{\*\cs23 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid6384817 searchterm;}{\*\cs24 \additive \fs16 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid16385918 
annotation reference;}{\s25\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon0 \snext25 \slink26 \sunhideused \styrsid16385918 annotation text;}{\*\cs26 \additive \fs20 \slink25 \slocked \styrsid16385918 Comment Text Char;}{\s27\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon25 \snext25 \slink28 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid16385918 annotation subject;}{\*\cs28 \additive \b\fs20 
\slink27 \slocked \ssemihidden \styrsid16385918 Comment Subject Char;}{\s29\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af38\afs16\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs16\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f38\hich\af38\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext29 \slink30 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid16385918 Balloon Text;}{\*\cs30 \additive \f38\fs16 \slink29 \slocked \ssemihidden \styrsid16385918 
Balloon Text Char;}{\s31\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\box\brdrsh\brdrart192\brdrw637\brsp620\brdrcf17\brdrframe1 \wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\rtlgutter\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 \snext31 \spriority0 \styrsid10899644 Body A;}{\s32\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\box\brdrsh\brdrart192\brdrw637\brsp620\brdrcf17\brdrframe1 
\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\rtlgutter\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af35\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f0\hich\af35\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 \snext32 \spriority0 \styrsid410703 Body;}
{\*\cs35 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid9786268 co_searchterm;}{\*\cs36 \additive \b \sqformat \spriority22 \styrsid3153676 Strong;}{\s37\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar
\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon0 \snext37 \slink38 \sunhideused \styrsid10159823 header;}{\*\cs38 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \slink37 \slocked \styrsid10159823 Header Char;}{\s39\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar
\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon0 \snext39 \slink40 \sunhideused \styrsid10159823 footer;}{\*\cs40 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \slink39 \slocked \styrsid10159823 Footer Char;}{\*\cs41 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid1320209 co_highlightpoints;}{\*\cs42 \additive \ul\cf12 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid10109765 FollowedHyperlink;}{\s43\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon0 \snext43 \sqformat \spriority34 \styrsid10295535 List Paragraph;}{\s44\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext44 \shidden \spriority71 \styrsid14757419 Revision;}{\s45\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink46 \sqformat \spriority29 \styrsid16611773 Quote;}{\*\cs46 \additive \i\fs22\cf1 
\slink45 \slocked \spriority29 \styrsid16611773 Quote Char;}{\s47\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext47 \sqformat \spriority1 \styrsid10639901 No Spacing;}{\*\cs48 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid6952755 
co_relatedinfo_historyitem_primary_citation;}{\*\cs49 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid6952755 co_relatedinfo_historyitem_courtline;}{\*\cs50 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid6952755 co_relatedinfo_historyitem_date;}{\s51\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext51 \slink52 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid9254223 endnote text;}{\*\cs52 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\sbasedon10 \slink51 \slocked \ssemihidden \styrsid9254223 Endnote Text Char;}{\*\cs53 \additive \super \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid9254223 endnote reference;}{\*\cs55 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid2099646 
co_starpage;}{\*\ts56\tsrowd\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3\tsvertalt\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv 
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{\subject In re: Request of I Maga'lahen Guahan Eddie Baza Calvo relative to the Interpretation and Application of Organic Act Section 1423b and what constitutes the affirmative vote of the members of I Liheslaturan Guahan, CRQ17-001}
{\author Supreme Court of Guam}{\operator Gloria Duenas-Cruz}{\creatim\yr2017\mo11\dy29\hr14\min43}{\revtim\yr2017\mo11\dy29\hr14\min43}{\printim\yr2017\mo11\dy28\hr12\min49}{\version2}{\edmins1}{\nofpages33}{\nofwords8908}{\nofchars50781}
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b and
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\f0\insrsid14291816\charrsid7363378 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15795523 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs27\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs27\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab0\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\fs28\insrsid14291816\charrsid7363378 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab0\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\fs28\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab0\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid14291816\charrsid7363378 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s3\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549484 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab0\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid14291816\charrsid7363378 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549484 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid14291816\charrsid7363378 
\par 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\cf1\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 IN RE: REQUEST OF }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs28\cf1\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 I MAGA
\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 \hich\f0 L\'c5\loch\f0 H}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs28\cf1\insrsid13109114 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs28\cf1\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 N GU\'c5\loch\f0 HAN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\cf1\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  EDDIE
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 BAZA CALVO RELATIVE TO THE INTERPRETATION AND APPLICATION OF ORGANIC ACT SECTION 1423}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\cf1\insrsid13109114 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs28\cf1\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  AND
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 WHAT CONSTITUTES THE AFFIRMATIVE VOTE OF THE
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 MEMBERS OF }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs28\cf1\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 I LIHESLATURAN GU\'c5\loch\f0 HAN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid8275229\charrsid13109114 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14291816\charrsid7363378 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14291816\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Supr\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 eme Court Case No.:  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9398463\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 CR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Q17-001}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14291816\charrsid7363378 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549484 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs27\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs27\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab0\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid14291816\charrsid7363378 OPINION
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7549484 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14291816 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid15222715 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Filed:  November 29, 2017}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid15222715\charrsid15222715 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14291816\charrsid7363378 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid14291816\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Cite as: 201}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid10968147\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid14291816\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Guam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid15489676 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 14}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs28\insrsid14291816\charrsid7363378 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14291816\charrsid7363378 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Request for Declaratory Judgment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Pursuant to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Section 4104 of Title 7 of the Guam Code Annotated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14291816\charrsid7363378 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Argued and submitted on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 September 12}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15889977\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 201}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14291816\charrsid7363378 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9398463\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Hag\'e5\loch\f0 \hich\f0 t\'f1\loch\f0 a,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14291816\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Guam
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15795523 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14291816\charrsid7363378 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8275229 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4528056 
\par \ltrrow}\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10883984\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788 \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788 \cellx9468
\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid3098313 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15795523\charrsid3098313 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Appeari
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ng for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4528056 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Petitioner
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15795523\charrsid3098313 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 I Maga\hich\f0 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4528056 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15795523\charrsid3098313 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'e5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15795523\charrsid3098313 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 hen }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15795523\charrsid3098313 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Gu\'e5\loch\f0 han}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15795523\charrsid3098313 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 :
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s32\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\box\brdrsh\brdrart192\brdrw637\brsp620\brdrcf17\brdrframe1 \wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\rtlgutter\pararsid3098313 \rtlch\fcs1 \af35\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af35\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hich\af0\insrsid15795523\charrsid3098313 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Arthur B. Clark, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\hich\af0\insrsid15795523\charrsid3098313 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Esq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hich\af0\insrsid15795523\charrsid3098313 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Sandra Cruz Miller, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\hich\af0\insrsid15795523\charrsid3098313 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Esq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hich\af0\insrsid15795523\charrsid3098313 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Office of the Governor of Guam
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Ricardo J. Bordallo Governor\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Complex
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid3098313 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15795523\charrsid4863153 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Adelup, Guam 96910}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15795523\charrsid3098313 \cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15795523\charrsid3098313 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Appearing for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4528056\charrsid3098313 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Respondent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4528056 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15795523\charrsid3098313 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 I Liheslaturan }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15795523\charrsid3098313 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Gu\'e5
\loch\f0 han}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid15795523\charrsid3098313 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 :
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s32\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\box\brdrsh\brdrart192\brdrw637\brsp620\brdrcf17\brdrframe1 \wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\rtlgutter\pararsid3098313 \rtlch\fcs1 \af35\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af35\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hich\af0\insrsid15795523\charrsid3098313 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Julian Aguon, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\hich\af0\insrsid15795523\charrsid3098313 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Esq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hich\af0\insrsid15795523\charrsid3098313 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Blue Ocean Law\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , PC
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Terlaje Professional Bldg.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 194 Hernan Cortez Ave.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hich\af0\insrsid4528056 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , Ste. 216}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hich\af0\insrsid15795523\charrsid3098313 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid3098313 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15795523\charrsid4863153 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Hag\'e5\loch\f0 \hich\f0 t\'f1\loch\f0 a, Guam 96910}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15795523\charrsid3098313 \cell 
}\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15795523\charrsid3098313 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow
\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10883984\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb
\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788 \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788 \cellx9468\row }\pard \ltrpar
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14379379 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15795523\charrsid7363378 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s32\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\box\brdrsh\brdrart192\brdrw637\brsp620\brdrcf17\brdrframe1 \wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\rtlgutter\itap0\pararsid15795523 \rtlch\fcs1 \af35\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af35\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hich\af0\insrsid15795523\charrsid7363378 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\hich\af0\insrsid15795523 \page }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\hich\af0\insrsid14291816\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 BEFORE: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\hich\af0\insrsid15889977\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 KATHERINE A. MARAMAN, Chief Justice; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\hich\af0\insrsid14291816\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 F. PHILI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\hich\af0\insrsid15889977\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 P CARBULLIDO, Associate Justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\hich\af0\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\caps\hich\af0\insrsid8275229\charrsid15489676 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 John A. Manglona}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\hich\af0\insrsid11941582\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\hich\af0\insrsid11941582\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Justice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\hich\af0\insrsid11941582\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Pro Tempore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\hich\af0\insrsid15795523\charrsid4863153 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\hich\af0\insrsid14291816\charrsid7363378 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15795523 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid14291816\charrsid7363378 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid9398463\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 MARAMAN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid14291816\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid9398463\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 C.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid14291816\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 J.:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12583019 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [1]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Petitioner }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 I Maga\hich\f0 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13850999 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 
\'e5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 he\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 n }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
\hich\f0 Gu\'e5\loch\f0 han}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  Eddie Baza Calvo (the \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Governor\'94\loch\f0 ) has filed a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4205320\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 etition seeking a declaratory judgment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 pursuant to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  7 GCA \'a7\loch\f0 
 4104 regarding the interpretation of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10832663 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16258851\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 1423b of the Organic Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10832663 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  of Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , various provisions of Guam statutory law, and the Standing Rul\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 es of the 34th Guam Legislature.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid4863153 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 In re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid11224904 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Request of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid4863153 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 I Maga\hich\f0 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11224904 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid4863153 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'e5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid4863153 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 hen }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid4863153 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Gu\'e5\loch\f0 han}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid11224904 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Eddie Baza Calvo Relative to the Interpretation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11224904 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 &}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11224904\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Application of Organic Act Section }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6381218\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 1423}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6381218 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6381218\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11224904 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 &}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11224904\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 What Constitutes }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11224904 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 he Affirmative Vote of the Members of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid95807 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 I Liheslaturan }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid95807 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Gu\'e5\loch\f0 han}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2365043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [hereinaft\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 er }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid4863153 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 In re }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Request of Calvo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2365043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , CRQ17-001, Req}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6701160 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  for Decl. J. (Ju}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9992542\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ne}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  9, 2017) (the \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Petition\'94\loch\f0 ). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4472037\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 For the reasons discussed below, we find that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  court has jurisdiction }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3176524\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  hear th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10489750\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
e Petition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  and that 2 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  2104 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10254310 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10254310\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 1.02(d)(4) of the Standing Rules of 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 the 34th Guam Legislature (the \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Standing Rules\'94\loch\f0 ) are inorganic. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16611010\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2177599\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11282950\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0     
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s32\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\box\brdrsh\brdrart192\brdrw637\brsp620\brdrcf17\brdrframe1 \wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\rtlgutter\itap0\pararsid8538535 \rtlch\fcs1 \af35\afs24\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af35\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\ulc1 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\hich\af0\insrsid6056609\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 I.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf0\hich\af0\insrsid14291816\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 FACTUAL }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\hich\af0\insrsid263140\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 AND PROCEDURAL }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf0\hich\af0\insrsid14291816\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 BACKGROUND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\hich\af0\insrsid16268086\charrsid7363378 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12583019 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [2]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 On April 11, 2017, the Governor recommended a bill to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf18\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid6701160 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 espondent }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\cf18\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 I Mina\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 trentai Kuattro Na Liheslaturan }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\cf18\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Gu\'e5\loch\f0 han}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  (the \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Legislature\'94\loch\f0 ) bearing th\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 e title: \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf18\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 An Act to Add \'a7\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
 1512.4 to Article 5, Chapter 1, Title 5, Guam Code Annotated, Relative to Authorizing the Issuance of General Obligation Tax and Revenue Anticipation Notes of the Government of Guam\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  (the \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Proposed Act\'94
\loch\f0 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid1200218\charrsid1200218 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Req. for Decl}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid6701160 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid1200218\charrsid1200218 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid6701160 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid1200218\charrsid1200218 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (7 [GC\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 A] \'a7\loch\f0  4104)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid1200218 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  at 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid8275229\charrsid1200218 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 
\loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'b6\loch\f0  4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid1200218 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (June 9, 2017)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  The Proposed Act, had it been signed into law, would have permitted the Government of Guam to issue up to $75 million of tax and revenue anticipated notes (TRANs) in each of the 2017, 2018, and 2019 fiscal years. 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [3]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 T\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 he Proposed Act was introduced by the Legislature\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Committee on Rules as Bill 1(1-S) and referred to the Legislature\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s Committee on Appropriations and Adjudication.  The Governor called the Legislature into a special session to consider Bill 1(1-S)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid3176524\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , and a
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 fter }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid3176524\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 debate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid3176524\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , the Legislature voted on it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
.  Of the fifteen members of the Legislature, fourteen were present but only thirteen voted.  Seven voted in favor of Bill 1(1-S), and six voted against it.  The Speaker of the Legislature then declared the measure h\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
ad failed to pass}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid7944141\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  on the basis that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid10489750\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 2 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  2104 and the Standing Rules require a minimum of eight affirmative votes to pass any legislation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  Following an exchange of letters between the Governor and the Legislature, the Governor filed the Petition seekin\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
g four declarations regarding the interpretation of various provisions of the Organic Act and Guam law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid4472037\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
, including a declaration that Bill 1(1-S) had appropriately passed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [4]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 In an Order dated July 7, 2017, the court stated that it believed it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid2780256 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 likely }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 had j\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 urisdiction over the Governor\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 \hich\f0 s first claim regarding \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
the interpretation of section 1423b of the Organic Act of Guam as it relates to what constitutes the affirmative vote of the members of the Guam Legislature sufficient to pass a bill.\'94\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid8275229\charrsid4863153 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 In re }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Request o\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 f Calvo}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , CRQ17-001, Order at 2 (July 7, 2017).  The court, however, found that questions regarding \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
the interpretation of section 1423i of the Organic Act\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  were not \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 appropriately before\'94\loch\f0  the court.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   The court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf18\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 thereafter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  directed \'93
\loch\f0 the parties . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  address the first issue raised by the Governor, but not the second, as we decline to consider the latter.\'94\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid8275229\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid9207345\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   The court heard argument in this matter on September 12, 2017.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid9398463\charrsid7363378 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid95807 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3358947\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 II. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid11429630 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15492142\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 JURISDICTION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid16268086\charrsid7363378 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12583019 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [5]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9207345\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 This court has original jurisdiction over requests from t
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 he Governor of Guam to issue a declaratory judgment \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9207345\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
as to the interpretation of any law, federal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9207345\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9207345\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  local, lying within the jurisdiction of the courts of Guam to decide, and upon any question affecting the powers and duties of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9207345\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 I Maga\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid11429630\charrsid7363378 
\loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'e5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9207345\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 hi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9207345\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  and the operatio\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 n of the Executive Branch, or\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9207345\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 I Liheslaturan Gu\'e5\loch\f0 han}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9207345\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , respectively.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9207345\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9207345\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 7 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  4104}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16604264 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (added by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11429630 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Guam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16604264 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11429630 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ub}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16604264 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11429630 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16604264 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 L. 29-103:2 (July 22, 2008))}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9207345\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9207345\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9207345\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 48 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10254310 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 U.S.C.A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9207345\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  \'a7\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9207345\charrsid7549484 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 1424-1(a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9207345\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9207345\charrsid4863153 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 In re }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9207345\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Request of I Mina\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 Trentai Dos Na Liheslaturan }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9207345\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Gu\'e5\loch\f0 han}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid9207345\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Relative to the Use of Funds fr\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 om the Tax Refund Efficient Payment Trust Fund}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9207345\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 2014 Guam 15 \'b6\loch\f0  12 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2365043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [hereinafter }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2365043 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 In re Tax Trust Fund}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2365043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9207345\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
(citation omitted).  For the reasons discussed below, we have jurisdiction to hear the Petition.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid95807 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid10248770\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 II. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid11429630 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 STANDARD OF REVIEW
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12583019 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [6]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Because the court sits as a\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  court of original jurisdiction, }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 48 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10254310 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 U.S.C.A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  \'a7\loch\f0  1424-1(a), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4472037\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 we address }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
each of the legal issues presented by the Petition in the first instance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5325210\charrsid7363378 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4472037\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The party alleging }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4472037\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 inorganicity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4472037\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  of a statute bears the burden }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8533483\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4472037\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 showing that enacted legislation is contrar\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 y to, or inconsistent with, the Organic Act.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8533483\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4472037\charrsid4863153 In re }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4472037\charrsid7363378 Request of Governor Carl T.C. Gutierrez, Relative to the Organicity }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11429630 &}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11429630\charrsid7363378 
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4472037\charrsid7363378 Constitutionality of Pub}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11429630 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4472037\charrsid7363378  L}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11429630 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4472037\charrsid7363378  26-35}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4472037\charrsid7363378 , 2002 Guam 1 \'b6 41}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2365043  [hereinafter }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2365043 In re Request of Gutierrez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2365043 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4472037\charrsid7363378  (collecting cases)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4472037\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 We begin any an\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 alysis regarding the organicity of a statute \'93\loch\f0 with the general rule that legislative enactments are presumed to be\~
\hich\f0 [organic].\'94\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4472037\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
 (collecting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4472037\charrsid7363378  cases); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid4863153 In re }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Request of Governor Felix P. Camacho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Relative to the Interpretation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid6297186 &}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid6297186\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Application of Sections 6 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid6297186 &}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid6297186\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 9 of the Organic Act of Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 , 2004 Guam 10 \'b6 33 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2365043 [hereinafter }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid4863153 In re }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Request of Camacho I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2365043 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0   \'93\loch\f0 
[T]he validity of acts is to be upheld if at all possible with all doubt resolved in favor of legality}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4472037\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [,]}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  and [inorganicity] will be decreed only when no o\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 ther reasonable alternative presents itself.\'94}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid4863153 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 In re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid6297186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Request of Gutierrez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 2002 Guam 1 \'b6\loch\f0  41 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6297186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 citations and internal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 quotation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6297186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  marks}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  omitted).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4472037\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Nevertheless, \'93\loch\f0 
the court must declare a legislative enactment [inorganic] if an analysis of the [organicity] clai\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 m compels such a result.\'94\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4472037\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6297186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (citations omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16735988 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4472037\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8724710 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid8724710 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid10248770\charrsid8724710 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 V. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6297186 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid15492142\charrsid8724710 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ANALYSIS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid16268086\charrsid7363378 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12583019 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [7]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 The Government of Guam was created by, and derives its authority from, the Organic Act.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 48 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8724710 U.S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10254310 .
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8724710 C.A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378  \'a7 1421a (\'93The government of Guam shall have the powers }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 set forth in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378  this chapter . . . .\'94).  In other words, \'93
[t]he Organic Act serves the function of a constitution for Guam.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 Underwood v. Guam Election Comm\rquote n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 , 2006 Guam 17 \'b6 16; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 see also Ha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15860815\charrsid7363378 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 user v. Guam (Dep\rquote t of Law)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 , 97 F.3d 1152, 1156 (9th Cir. 1996); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 Snow v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 United States}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 , 85
 U.S. 317, 319-20 (1873).  Section 1423b of the Organic Act states the following:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16735988 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 
The legislature shall be the judge of the selection and qualification of its }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 own}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378  members. It shall choose from its members its }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 own}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378  officers, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 determine its rules and procedure, not inconsistent with this chapter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 , and keep a journal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid4863153 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 
The quorum of the legislature shall consist of a simple majority of its members. No bill shall }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 become a law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378  unless it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 shall have}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 been passed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378  at a meeting, at which a quorum was present, by the affir
mative vote of a majority of the members present and voting, which vote shall be by yeas and nays.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15795523 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 48 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10254310 U.S.C.A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378  \'a7 1423b (emphas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10956080 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 s added).  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12583019 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [8]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10489750\charrsid7363378 The Governor asserts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 pursuant to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10956080 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 1423b, only}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378  two requirements are necessary for a bill to be ratified by the Legislature: (1) the presence of a quorum and (2) the affirmative vote of the majority of the present and voting members.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3176524\charrsid7363378 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 Pet}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10956080 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 r\rquote s Br. at 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid95807  (July 12, 2017)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5325210\charrsid7363378 Title}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378  2 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10956080 GCA \'a7 2104}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5325210\charrsid7363378 , however,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378  provides that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 \'93
[n]o bill shall be passed by\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378  Liheslaturan Gu}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2514160\charrsid7363378 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'e5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 han}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 \~with less than eight (8) affirmative votes of its members.\'94  2 GCA \'a7 2104}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13304302  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 .  Similarly, the Standing Rules state that \'93[u]nless otherwise required by the laws of Guam or under these Rules, any action(s) which can be taken by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 I Liheslaturan Gu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11492717\charrsid7363378 \'e5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 han}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4205320\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 requires an affirmative vote of eight (8) Members.\'94  Standing R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14493271 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9309507 34th Guam Leg}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14493271 .}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9309507  \'a7 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 1.02(d)(4).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5325210\charrsid7363378 
  Because the current membership of the Legislature consists of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4205320\charrsid7363378 fifteen }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5325210\charrsid7363378 
members, in situations where less than the full membership of the Legislature votes on proposed legislation, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid5325210\charrsid7363378 eight}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid14493271 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid5325210\charrsid7363378 vote}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5325210\charrsid7363378 
 requirement of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid95807 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5325210\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10700381\charrsid7363378 
2104 and the Standing Rules set}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14493271 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5325210\charrsid7363378  a higher bar for the passage of legislation than what is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid5325210\charrsid7363378 set forth in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5325210\charrsid7363378  the Organic Act.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [9]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 
The parties do not dispute the two requirements }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 set forth in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378  48 }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10254310 U.S.C.A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378  \'a7 1423b have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 been met}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5325210\charrsid7363378  on the facts of this case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 Pet}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14493271 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 r\rquote s Br. at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7944141\charrsid7363378 13, 16}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 -17; Resp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11751568 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 t\rquote s Br. at 18-20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8194587  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid95807 (Aug. 10, 2017)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13139562\charrsid7363378 
 (not disputing the presence of a quorum or the number of members present and voting)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 .  Rather, the parties dispute whether or not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 additional}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378  requirements for the passage of legislation can }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 be mandated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378  beyond those contained in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11751568 section}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378  1423b, and whether these additional requirements can }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 be harmonized}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378  with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11751568 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 
 1423b.  The Governor argues }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11751568 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11751568\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 
1423b sets both a floor and a ceiling to the requirements necessary to pass legislation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3176524\charrsid7363378 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378  and thus}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3176524\charrsid7363378 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378  additional requirements are contrary to this provision.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 Pet}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11751568 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 r\rquote s Br. at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13139562\charrsid7363378 24}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10686161\charrsid7363378 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10489750\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 In the Petition, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 he Governor seeks }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5325210\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the following }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 three declarations from the court:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\widctlpar\tx1800\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16735988\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16735988 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 A.\tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 That }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'a7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 1423b of the Organic\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16673519\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11751568 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 of Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 is defined}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 as requiring a majority of the members of the Guam Legislature present and voting when a quorum is present, and that such number may be less than eight (8) votes, notwithstanding as required by 2 GCA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'a7\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 2104.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1080\ri720\widctlpar\tx1800\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1080\itap0\pararsid16735988\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\widctlpar\tx1800\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16735988\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16735988 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 B.\tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 That }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'a7\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 1423b of the \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Organic Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16673519\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11751568 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 of Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  supersedes 2 GCA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'a7\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 2104 to the extent that \'a7\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
 2104 conflicts with \'a7\loch\f0  1423b. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1080\ri720\widctlpar\tx1800\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1080\itap0\pararsid16735988 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\tx1800\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16735988 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16735988 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 C.\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 That }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 pursuant to}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'a7\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 1423b of the Organic Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16673519\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11751568 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 of Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
, Bill 1(1-S) was passed by the 34th Guam Legislature with a majority of 7 out of 13 affirmatives votes ca\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 st by the members present and voting.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15492631 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15492631 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 //
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 //
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 //}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15492631\charrsid7363378 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15795523 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Pet}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15348146 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  at 9.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\super\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14116788 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\f0\super\insrsid9207345\charrsid8855836 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9207345\charrsid8855836 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  The Governor\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Opening Brief frames these declarations slightly different}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4291529 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid9207345\charrsid8855836 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9207345 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ut the substance of the proposed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9207345\charrsid8855836 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 declarations is the same.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid9207345\charrsid8855836 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9207345\charrsid8855836 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Pet}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid15348146 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9207345\charrsid8855836 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 r\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Br. at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid9207345 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 2.  The Governor has abandoned his request for a fourth \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 declaration set forth in the Petition.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid9207345 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Compare}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9207345 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Pet}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid15348146 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9207345 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  at 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid15348146 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9207345 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid9207345 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9207345 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Pet}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid15348146 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9207345 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 r\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Br. at 2.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10489750\charrsid7363378 
The Legislature, in opposition, argues that additional requirements for the passage of legislation are not prohibited so long as they }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8533483\charrsid7363378 may }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4205320\charrsid7363378 be harmonized}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4205320\charrsid7363378  with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8533483\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15348146 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1079688\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10489750\charrsid7363378 1423b.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10489750\charrsid7363378 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10489750\charrsid7363378 , Resp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15348146 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10489750\charrsid7363378 t\rquote s Br. at 18-20, 28}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12000475\charrsid7363378 -29}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10489750\charrsid7363378 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid95807\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid8194587 A.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 The Court Has Jurisdiction to Consider the Petition 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1080\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid15795523\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12583019 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [10]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 As a threshold issue, the Legislature argues the court does not have jurisdiction to consider the Petition.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13139562\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15348146  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15348146 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13139562\charrsid7363378  at 5-17.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13139562\charrsid7363378 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16735988 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2780256 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [T]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5325210\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 o pass jurisdictional muster, a party seeking a \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 declaratory judgment [under 7 GCA \'a7\loch\f0 
 4104] must satisfy three requirements: (1) the issue raised must be a matter of great public importance; (2) the issue must be such that its resolution through the normal process of law is inappropriate as it would caus\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 e
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  undue delay; and (3) the subject matter of the inquiry [must be] appropriate for section 4104 review.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13139562\charrsid7363378 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15795523 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5325210\charrsid4863153 In re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid5325210\charrsid15348146  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5325210\charrsid7363378 Request of Gutierrez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5325210\charrsid7363378 , 2002 Guam 1 \'b6 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14116788 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14116788 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14116788\charrsid14116788 7 GCA \'a7 4104}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14116788 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5325210\charrsid7363378 The parties do not dispute th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2497197\charrsid7363378 at the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5325210\charrsid7363378  first prong of this test}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378  is satisfied}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5325210\charrsid7363378 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5325210\charrsid7363378 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5325210\charrsid7363378  Resp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15348146 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5325210\charrsid7363378 t\rquote s Br. at 5.  Rather, the Legislature}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5325210\charrsid7363378 
argues that the second prong }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid5325210\charrsid7363378 is not met}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5325210\charrsid7363378 
 because no undue delay would result from requiring the Petition to go through the normal legal process.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5325210\charrsid7363378 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5325210\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid5325210\charrsid7363378 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5325210\charrsid7363378  13-17.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378   The Legislature additionally }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378 claims}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378 
 that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378 third prong }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378 is not met}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378  because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378 the question presented by the Petition does not affect the powers and duties of the Governor or the executive branch. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15348146  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Resp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15348146 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 t\rquote s Br. at 6-13.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378 We consider each of these }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378 disputed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378 prongs in turn and find }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378 them}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2497197\charrsid7363378  satisfied.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2497197\charrsid7363378 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378 e }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2497197\charrsid7363378 therefore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2497197\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378 have jurisdiction to hear the Petition.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-317\li1037\ri0\sa240\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1037\itap0\pararsid16735988 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid8194587\charrsid4863153 1.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid4863153 Consideration of These Issues Through the Normal Process of Law Would Cause Undue Delay
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12583019 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [11]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378 \'93A dec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8533483\charrsid7363378 laratory judgment may be issued\'94
 under the court\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1079688\charrsid7363378 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14379379 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1079688\charrsid7363378  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8533483\charrsid7363378 4104 jurisdiction \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378 only where \lquote the normal process of law would cause undue delay.\rquote \'94
  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid547891 In re }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378 Tax Trust Fund}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378 , 2014 Guam 15 \'b6 25 (quoting 7 GCA \'a7 4104}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8533483\charrsid7363378 ).  \'93[T]he issue of undue delay}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378  . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378 lacks}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378 
 bright line demarcation.  The question requires one to estimate, as a practical matter, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378 relative}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378  difference in speed for an issue depending on whether it travels the \lquote normal processes of law\rquote  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378 
route,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378  or that provided by 7 GCA \'a7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3816540\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378 4104.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid547891 In re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid15622722  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15622722 Request of Governor Carl T.C. Gutierrez for a Declaratory Judgment as to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378 Organicity of Guam Pub. L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15622722 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378  22-42}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378 , 1996 Guam 4 \'b6 7 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2365043 [hereinafter }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2365043 In re Organicity of Guam Pub. L. 22-42}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2365043 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2365043\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378 (emphasis added).  \'93This standard bears the additional requirement that the anticipated delay }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378 be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378  undue, that is to say, excessive or inappropriate.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378   In other words, we must (1) measure the delay relative to the time that would }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378 be consumed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378  by litigating the issue through the \'93normal process of law\'94
 and (2) determine whether this delay is \'93excessive or inappropriate.\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2780256  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14116788 See id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378 We have found this test to be met \'93where matters involved the separation of p
owers relating to the Legislature\rquote s budget bill and the Governor\rquote s management of the executive branch}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid16409187\charrsid7363378 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid547891 In re }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378 Tax Trust Fund}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378 , 2014 Guam 15 \'b6 26}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12013997\charrsid7363378  (citations omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378 .      
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [12]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid6173371 The Le}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378 gislature\rquote s assertion that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4346541\charrsid7363378  n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378 o undue delay exists}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4346541\charrsid7363378  short of crisis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378  is mispl
aced.  The Legislature argues Bill 1(1-S) is merely a mechanism to pay tax refunds sooner rather than later for fiscal years 2017, 2018, and 2019, implicitly contending the matter will be moot when tax refunds }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378 are paid}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378  in those years. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3830916\charrsid7363378  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid3830916\charrsid7363378 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378  Resp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2365043 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378 t\rquote s Br. at 16}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3830916\charrsid7363378 -17}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378 .  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378 This}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378 
 misapprehends the proper inquiry for two reasons.  First, the assessment of delay is not relative to what would have happened had Bill 1(1-S) clearly passed, but rather relative to the \'93normal process of law\'94\emdash 
that is, relative to litigating the case through the lower courts. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14116788  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14116788 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14116788\charrsid547891 In re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14116788\charrsid2365043  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14116788\charrsid7363378 Organicity of Guam Pub. L}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2365043 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14116788\charrsid7363378  22-42}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14116788\charrsid7363378 , 199}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14116788 6 Guam 4 \'b6 7.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378 Litigating the case through multiple future fiscal years\emdash potentially into 2019, or later\emdash 
would be excessive.  Second, the evaluation of the appropriateness of the delay should focus not on the effect}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3816540\charrsid7363378 s of Bill 1(1-S)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4346541\charrsid7363378  had it passed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378  but on the question posed, which is what the proper quorum and voting thresholds are to enact law.  Thus framed, it is unmistakable that litigating the case through normal processes would cause undue delay.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3816540\charrsid7363378 Litigation would likely be time-consuming}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10700381\charrsid7363378 , and this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3816540\charrsid7363378  delay is inappropriate in light of the questions presented, which weigh heavily in favor of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid3816540\charrsid7363378 quick}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3816540\charrsid7363378  resolution }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid3816540\charrsid7363378 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3816540\charrsid7363378  avoid uncertainties that could plague the lawmaking process in the absence of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10700381\charrsid7363378 finality}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3816540\charrsid7363378 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid7363378 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [13]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2497197\charrsid7363378 
In 1997, the Legislature sought guidance from this court regarding the same issues presented in the Governor\rquote s Petition in the case }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6687584\charrsid547891 In re }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2365043 Request of the Twenty-Fourth Guam Legislature for Declaratory Judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8541464  as to the Implementati
on of the Initiative Order of Dismissal Reducing Members of the Twenty-Fifth Guam Legislature}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2497197\charrsid7363378 , 1997 Guam 15}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16409187\charrsid7363378  \'b6 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8541464  [hereinafter }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8541464 In re Initiative Order}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8541464 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2497197\charrsid7363378 .  That case }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2497197\charrsid7363378 was ultimately dismissed}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2497197\charrsid7363378  without prejudice\emdash and without consideration of the underlying merits\emdash when the Legislature passed a bill that revoked the court\rquote 
s jurisdiction to hear the question presented.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2497197\charrsid7363378 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2497197\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid3830916\charrsid7363378 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid15926852\charrsid7363378 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2497197\charrsid7363378  22}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15926852\charrsid7363378 , 23}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2497197\charrsid7363378 .  We stated in dicta in that case}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4346541\charrsid7363378 , however,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2497197\charrsid7363378  that the failure to address the substantially identical questions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3816540\charrsid7363378 at issue here}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2497197\charrsid7363378  would result in undue delay.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15926852\charrsid7363378 Id. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2497197\charrsid7363378 \'b6 12.  While the Legislature attempts to distinguish this case on a factual basis, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2497197\charrsid7363378 see }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2497197\charrsid7363378 Resp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8541464 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2497197\charrsid7363378 t\rquote 
s Br. at 15-16, the factual differences pointed to by the Legislature do not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3816540\charrsid7363378 minimize the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2497197\charrsid7363378 exigency }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3816540\charrsid7363378 presented by the issues here that will continue }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2497197\charrsid7363378 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3816540\charrsid7363378 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2497197\charrsid7363378  future fiscal years, if not beyond.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3295959\charrsid7363378 
Equally as important, the foundational question of whether certain legislati}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1253782\charrsid7363378 on ha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3295959\charrsid7363378 
s passed presents a uniquely exigent question that, if not decided quickly, has potential to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14116788 impede functions of legislative and executive governance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3295959\charrsid7363378 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2497197\charrsid7363378 We see no reason to deviate from our previous statement in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2497197\charrsid547891 In re }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2497197\charrsid7363378 Initiative Order}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2497197\charrsid7363378 
, and we find that failing to address }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8533483\charrsid7363378 the Petition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2497197\charrsid7363378  under our}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8533483\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14379379 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2497197\charrsid7363378 
 4104 jurisdiction in favor of the normal process of law would result in undue delay. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378   
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-418\li1138\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1138\itap0\pararsid16735988 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3613033\charrsid547891 2.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4346541\charrsid547891 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid547891 he Subject Matter }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3816540\charrsid547891 Raised by the Petition }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid547891 is Appropriate for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid14379379\charrsid547891 Section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid547891 
 4104 Review}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid16735988 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12583019 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [14]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 The Legislature }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4346541\charrsid7363378 next}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  argues the Petition is not appropriate for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14379379 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  4104 }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 review}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 .  Title 7 GCA \'a7 4104 states, in relevant part, that the Legislature or Gove
rnor: 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16735988 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
may request declaratory judgments from the Supreme Court of Guam as to the interpretation of any law, federal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  local, lying within the jurisdiction of the courts of Guam to decide, and upon any question affecting the powers and duties of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 I Maga\rquote l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid6828174\charrsid7363378 \'e5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 hi }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 and the operation of the Executive Branch, or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 I Liheslaturan Gu\'e5han}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 , respectively.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15795523 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 7 GCA \'a7 4104.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid3816540\charrsid7363378 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 n }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid547891 In re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid12216845  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Request of Gutierrez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid3816540\charrsid7363378 
, we held that this provision should be read disjunctively in that it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  \'93permits the Governor to ask the Supreme Court for: (1)
 an interpretation of an existing law that is within its jurisdiction to decide; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
(2) an answer to any question affecting his powers and duties as governor and the operation of the executive branch.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 2002 Guam 1 \'b6 11 (emphasis added); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid547891 In re }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Tax Trust Fund}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid547891 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid12216845  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 2014 Guam 15 \'b6 12 (using similar language); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid547891 In re }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Request of I Mina\rquote Trentai Dos Na Liheslaturan Gu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12216845\charrsid7363378 
\loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'e5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 han Relative to the Power of the Legislature to Prescribe by Stat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12216845 ut}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 e the Conditions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12216845 &}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12216845\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Procedures Pursuant to Which the Right of Referendum of the People }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid5264520 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid5264520\charrsid7363378 f }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Guam Shall be Exercised}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 , 2014 Guam 24 \'b6\'b6 9, 14, 34, 42 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12216845 [hereinafter }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid547891 In re }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Right of Referendum}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12216845 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  (using similar analysis).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3816540\charrsid7363378 The Legislature }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10230188\charrsid7363378 asks}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3816540\charrsid7363378  the court to revi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid803410\charrsid7363378 sit this holding and find that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14379379 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3816540\charrsid7363378  4104 should be read }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 conjunctively rather than disjunctively.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16409187\charrsid7363378   Resp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12216845 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16409187\charrsid7363378 t\rquote s Br. at 8.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378   The Legislature then argues the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 second}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
 requirement is not met by the Petition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378  because}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  the Governor impermissibly introduces a question \'93
strictly over the authority and operation of the Legislature\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10230188\charrsid7363378 rather than}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  the execu
tive branch.  Pet}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12216845 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 r\rquote s Br. at 5-6.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3816540\charrsid7363378   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16409187\charrsid7363378 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12583019 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [15]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3816540\charrsid7363378 We decline the Legislature\rquote s invitation to reconsider our holding in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3816540\charrsid547891 In re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8804687\charrsid547891  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8804687\charrsid7363378 Request of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3816540\charrsid7363378  Gutierrez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3816540\charrsid7363378  and its progeny}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9832983 .  E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3816540\charrsid7363378 ven assuming that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14379379 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3816540\charrsid7363378  4104 should }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid3816540\charrsid7363378 be read}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3816540\charrsid7363378  conjunctively}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13135475\charrsid7363378 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3816540\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13135475\charrsid7363378 
question of whether or not legislation has validly passed necessarily impinges }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378 on the operation of the executive branch}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9832983 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378  and the Governor\rquote s powers and duties}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16409187\charrsid7363378 , because}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16409187\charrsid7363378 \'93i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
ssues involving separation of powers are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8804687\charrsid7363378 \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 undoubtedly the type of matter }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 tha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13056061\charrsid7363378 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  can be addressed in a request}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8804687\charrsid7363378  . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  under }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8804687\charrsid7363378 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  4104.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8804687\charrsid7363378 \rquote \'94}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid547891 In re }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Tax Trust Fund}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 , 2014 Guam 15 \'b6 15 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid547891 In re }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Request of Gutierrez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 , 2002 Guam 1 \'b6 24).  Some \'93law lies in a gray area where the Governor\rquote s and the Legislature\rquote 
s powers overlap, and this . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 appears}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  to be precisely the type of subj
ect matter over which section 4104 intends to grant jurisdiction.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  \'b6 }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8804687\charrsid7363378 18 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 n.1.  Section 4104}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13135475\charrsid7363378  permits}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13135475\charrsid7363378 expedited }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
review of the no}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13135475\charrsid7363378 n-requesting party\rquote s operations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  where th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13135475\charrsid7363378 ose}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  operation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13135475\charrsid7363378 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10230188\charrsid7363378 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13135475\charrsid7363378 impinge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10230188\charrsid7363378 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  on the operation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13135475\charrsid7363378 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  of another}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13135475\charrsid7363378  branch of government}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid547891 In re }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Tax Trust Fund}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 , 2014 Guam 15 \'b6 15.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10230188\charrsid7363378 For example, we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  ha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10230188\charrsid7363378 ve previously}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  found }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14379379 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  4104 jurisdiction appropriate when the Legislature has requested}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13577139\charrsid7363378  a}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 review}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  of actions taken by the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 xecutive }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 ranch, in light of specific statutes. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13057091\charrsid7363378  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9832983 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1125\charrsid1125 id.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  \'b6 54 (finding it appropriate to \'93interpret the statute as it relates to the alleged actions of the Governor\'94 but declining to \'93
opine on whether the Governor . . . violated . . . provisions in fact}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7355357\charrsid7363378  . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 .\'94); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid547891 In re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid1125  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1125 Request of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 I Mina\rquote Bente Sing\rquote ko Na Liheslaturan Gu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1125\charrsid7363378 
\loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'e5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 han}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid5274664  Rela
tive to the Application of the Earned Income Tax Credit Program to Guam Taxpayers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 , 2001 Guam 3 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13057091\charrsid7363378 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \'b6 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13057091\charrsid7363378 29-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 30 (holding executive branch must enforce Earned Income Tax Credit)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10230188\charrsid7363378 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13135475\charrsid7363378   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 The present case }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10230188\charrsid7363378 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 s an apt corollary to these cases.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10230188\charrsid7363378 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [16]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Here, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 in order to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  determine the executive branch\rquote 
s ability to issue TRANs, the Governor is requesting the interpretation of 2 GCA \'a7 2104 and the Standing Rules vis-\'e0-vis the Organic Act.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
While the \'93dividing lines among the three branches \lquote are sometimes indistinct and are probably incapable of any precise definition,\rquote \'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Zemprelli v. Daniels}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 , 436 A.2d 1165, 1168 (Pa. 1981) (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Stander v. Kelley}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
, 250 A.2d 474, 482 (Pa. 1969)), the ability of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 xecutive }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 ranch to issue TRANs is directly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378 dependent on first determining whether le
gislation has duly passed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378   The executive b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 ranch\rquote s operations are therefore quintessentially 
\'93impinged\'94 by the uncertainty over whether Bill 1(1-S) was validly passed or not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378 , in light of what quorum and bill-voting thresholds }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378 are required}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378 in order to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378  validly enact law }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378 
generally}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378  under 2 GCA \'a7 2104, the Standing Rules, and the Organic Act.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378 See Baker v. Carr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378 , 369 U.S. 186, 211 (1962) (
\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5274664 [W]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378 hether }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378 a matter has in any measure been committed by the Constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378 
 to another branch of government . . . is itself a delicate exercise in constitutional interpretation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7355357\charrsid7363378 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378  and is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7355357\charrsid7363378 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378 responsibility of this Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7355357\charrsid7363378  . . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378 \'94).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
To contrast, the Governor is not presenting a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 premature}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  question about an aspect of }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 legislation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  that has plainly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  passed; nor is he presenting a question that relates solely to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 internal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  legislative rules and proceedings.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 See }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13713879\charrsid7363378 infra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Part }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13713879\charrsid7363378 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 V.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16409187\charrsid7363378 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16409187\charrsid7363378 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
.  Rather, the Governor is asking the core, fundamental question of whether a bill }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 was validly passed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 at all}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6966050\charrsid7363378  pursuan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9832983 t to certain statutory language.  This interpretive question }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 plainly has ramifications for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9832983 
the Governor\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  powers and duties}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9832983 , as well as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  the operation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9832983 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 xecutive }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 ranch}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13135475\charrsid7363378 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 including}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13135475\charrsid7363378  the Governor\rquote s authority to sign}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378  any such}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13135475\charrsid7363378 
 passed legislation into law, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13135475\charrsid7363378 see}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13135475\charrsid7363378  48 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10254310 U.S.C.A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13135475\charrsid7363378  \'a7 1423i, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 his obligation to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13135475\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 faithfully execute the law, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 see }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 48 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10254310 U.S.C.A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378  \'a7 1422}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16735988 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [17]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  Governor\rquote s powers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 duties}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 , and obligations necessarily}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  hinge on determining whether }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 legislation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 has been validly enacted or not.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid334169\charrsid7363378 Cf. United States v. Ballin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9655702\charrsid7363378 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid334169\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid334169\charrsid7363378 144 U.S. 1, 3 (1892) (entertaining q
uestion of whether an act was validly enacted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9655702\charrsid7363378 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9655702\charrsid7363378 Zemprelli}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9655702\charrsid7363378 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9655702\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9655702\charrsid7363378 436 A.2d at 1170 (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5274664 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9655702\charrsid7363378 
he definition of a constitutional majority . . . is not merely a procedural detail of concern only to the Senate, but rather represents, in the context of the separation of powers principle, a significant \lquote check\rquote . . . .\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid334169\charrsid7363378 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6045561\charrsid7363378 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378 he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  Governor\rquote s enforcement and administrati}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid803410\charrsid7363378 ve}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
 powers and duties }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 are derived}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  from, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid803410\charrsid7363378 to some extent }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 overlap with, the legislative process, which itself depends on how local law and the Organic Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 are interpreted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6045561\charrsid7363378 .  Accordingly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14379379 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378  4104 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 review }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 appropriate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6045561\charrsid7363378 even }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 if a conjunctive test is adopted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 
We therefore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378  have jurisdiction to consider the substance of the Petition.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2636856 B.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 This Case Presents a Question of Organicity, Not Preemption
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12583019 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [18]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 Guam\rquote s self-gover
nment is constrained by the Organic Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 , and the courts must invalidate Guam statutes in derogation of the Organic Act.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 Ha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5274664 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 user}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14371923\charrsid7363378 , 97 F.3d at 1156}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid547891 In re }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 Request of Gutierrez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 , 2002 Guam 1 \'b6 36 (
\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6560635\charrsid7363378 [T]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 he Legislature }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 is prohibited}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378  from enacting laws that are inconsistent with the Organic Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5274664  . . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 \'94); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14371923\charrsid7363378 48 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10254310 U.S.C.A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14371923\charrsid7363378  \'a7 1423a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16464455\charrsid7363378  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14371923\charrsid7363378 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16464455\charrsid7363378 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14371923\charrsid7363378 
he legislative power of Guam shall extend to all rightful subjects of legislation not inconsistent with the provisions of this chapter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5274664  . . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14371923\charrsid7363378 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16464455\charrsid7363378 ); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 48 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3950624 U.S.C.A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8724710 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378  \'a7 1423b (permitting Legislature to \'93
determine its rules and procedure, not inconsistent with this chapter\'94).  The court has previously referred to this principle as \'93organicity.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid547891 In re }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 Request of Gutierrez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 , 2002 Guam 1 \'b6\'b6 4, 28; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid547891 In re }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 Request of Camacho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 , 2004 Guam 10 \'b6\'b6 1, 33.  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [19]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378 The}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378  Governor argues}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9832983  that the Organic Act preempts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378  any inconsistent Guam statute or Standing Rule.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378  Pet}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6830259 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 r\rquote s Br. at 17-20.  In opposition, the Legislature also briefly discusse}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378  preemption.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Resp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6830259 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 t\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Br. at 23-2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15932891\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  The doctrine o\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
f preemption, however, is not implicated by the question before the court.  Rather, the question presented to the court is purely one of organicity.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 Ferris v. Higley}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 , 87 U.S. 375, 378}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid878625\charrsid7363378 , 383-84}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378  (1874) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid334169\charrsid7363378 
considering the question of whether }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid878625\charrsid7363378 an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid334169\charrsid7363378  act of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid878625\charrsid7363378 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid334169\charrsid7363378  territorial legislature was inconsistent with the territory\rquote s organic act and stating }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid334169\charrsid7363378 [t]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 here remains then }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 only}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378  the further inquiry whether it is inconsistent with any part of the organic act itself}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid334169\charrsid7363378 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9832983 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid878625\charrsid7363378  not engaging an analysis of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 preemption (emphasis added)).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [20]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The doctrine of preemption derives from the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Bank of Guam v. Guam Banking Bd.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 2003 Guam 9 \'b6\loch\f0  9.  It is made applicable to Guam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 pursuant to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14371923\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
the second }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid14371923\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 phrase}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14371923\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 48 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3950624 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 U.S.C.A}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8724710 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  \'a7\loch\f0  1423a, whic\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
h prohibits local territorial laws \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 inconsistent with . . . the laws of the United States applicable to Guam.\'94\loch\f0   48 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3950624 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 U.S.C.A}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8724710 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'a7\loch\f0  1423a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 see also St. Thomas-St. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 John Hotel & Tourism Ass\rquote n v. Gov\rquote 
t of the U.S. Virgin Islands}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 , 218 F.3d 232, 237-38 (3d Cir. 2000) (finding preemption \'93principles\~are made applicable to the laws of the Virgin\~
Islands through the Revised Organic Act, which authorizes the Virgin Islands legislature to enact territorial laws that are \lquote not inconsistent with . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378  laws of the United States made applicable to the Virgin Islands}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7801164\charrsid7363378 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 \rquote \'94 (citation omitted)).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The Organic Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 itself}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , however, is the source of authority for the Legislature to act.  It is not parallel federal legislation \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 applicable to Guam\'94\loch\f0  that governs the same general issue as
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  local Guam legislation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9832983 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4552305 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 48 U.S.C.A. 
\'a7\loch\f0  1423a.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [21]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid14371923\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 U}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 se }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid16464455\charrsid7363378 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4552305 the term }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 preemption}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378  by the parties}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13577139\charrsid7363378 , in this case,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378  is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid14371923\charrsid7363378  intended to implicate a fundamentally different concept}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7305898\charrsid7363378 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 i.e.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 
, that powers of the Government of Guam are necessarily limited by the Organic Act and Congress did not vest the Government of Guam with authority to pass legislation or rules inconsistent }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid14371923\charrsid7363378 therewith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378   This principle is expressly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 set forth in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14371923\charrsid7363378 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14371923\charrsid9832983 first}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14371923\charrsid7363378  phrase of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 48 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8724710 U.S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3037307 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8724710 C.A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378  \'a7 1423a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14371923\charrsid7363378 
, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 which}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  prohibits any law \'93\loch\f0 inconsistent with the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid4417364 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 provisio\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ns of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
\hich\f0  this chapter\'94\loch\f0  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 i.e.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
, inconsistent with the Organic Act).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 If }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14371923\charrsid7363378 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16464455\charrsid7363378 ny local laws or rules violate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14371923\charrsid7363378  this provision,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378  the statute }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14371923\charrsid7363378 or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 rules are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16464455\charrsid7363378 said to be}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14371923\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 inorganic. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11554628\charrsid7363378  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14371923\charrsid7363378 While this court has on at least one occasion }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 applied preempt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14371923\charrsid7363378 ion doctrine to local Guam laws, it has done so only where}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13577139\charrsid7363378  the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14371923\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid14371923\charrsid7363378 local}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14371923\charrsid7363378  territorial law }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13577139\charrsid7363378 conflicted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14371923\charrsid7363378 
 with a separate, parallel federal law that had been made applicable to Guam. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14371923\charrsid7363378 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11554628\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid11554628\charrsid7363378 generally}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 Bank of Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 
, 2003 Guam 9.  In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14371923\charrsid7363378 contrast, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 the parties are debating }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14371923\charrsid7363378 in this case }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 whether}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13577139\charrsid7363378  the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 territorial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378  law }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13577139\charrsid7363378 conflicts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378  with the very law empowering the Territory to act.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 Cf. Clayton v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11083560 Utah Territory ex rel. Dickson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 , 132 U.S. 632 (1890) (not mentioning preemption in discussing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13577139\charrsid7363378  the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 conflict}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 
 between local territorial law and organic act); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 Springer v. Gov\rquote t of the Philippine Islands}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 
, 277 U.S. 189, 209 (1928) (same).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid11083560   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 For these reasons, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14371923\charrsid7363378 we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 focus }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14371923\charrsid7363378 our analysis }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 solely on the issue of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16464455\charrsid7363378 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14371923\charrsid7363378 rganicity,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378  a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14371923\charrsid7363378 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378  the doctrine of preemption }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 is not implicated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid331517\charrsid7363378 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid16735988 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid16205887 C.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 The Requirements of 2 GCA \'a7 2104 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid11083560 Section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12996011\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 1.02(d)(4) of the Standing Rules of the 34th Guam Legislature are Inorganic
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12583019\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [22]}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7097206\charrsid7363378 
The substance of the Petition requires this court to determine whether the numerical threshold of eight affirmative votes }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7097206\charrsid7363378 set forth in}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7097206\charrsid7363378  2 GCA \'a7 2104 for the passage of legislation conflicts with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3959105 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7097206\charrsid7363378  1423b of the Organic Act, which provides that legislation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378 must}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7097206\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7097206\charrsid7363378 be approved}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7097206\charrsid7363378 
 by the affirmative vote of the majority of the members present and voting.  There is little doubt that in certain situations }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid95807 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7097206\charrsid7363378  2104 sets a higher threshold for the passage of legislation than the Organic Act otherwise }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4291529\charrsid7363378 requires}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7097206\charrsid7363378 .  Because we consider the voting requirements }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7097206\charrsid7363378 set forth in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7097206\charrsid7363378  the Or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9832983 ganic Act to be substantive law\emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7097206\charrsid7363378 not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9832983  a mere procedural requirement\emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7097206\charrsid7363378 we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13577139\charrsid7363378 are }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11554628\charrsid7363378 compelled to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7097206\charrsid7363378  find that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid95807 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7097206\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7097206\charrsid7363378 2104}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9832983 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7097206\charrsid7363378  and its corollary at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid95807 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7097206\charrsid7363378 
 1.02(d)(4) of the Standing Rules}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13056061\charrsid7363378 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7097206\charrsid7363378  are both inorganic.  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s43\qj \li720\ri0\sl480\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15492631 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6845822\charrsid547891 1.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid7097206\charrsid547891 
The History of the Organic Act and 2 GCA \'a7 2104
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12583019 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [23]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 The Organic Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 was enacted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  on August 1, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 1950}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid3959105 ,
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  in order \'93[t]o provide a civil government for Guam.\'94  Organic Act of Guam, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10183687 Pub. L. No. 81-630}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4552305 64 Stat.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11605426  384}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11960012 , 384}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  (1950) (codified as amended at 48 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3950624 U.S.C.A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  \'a7 1421 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 et seq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9780019\charrsid7363378   While the original version of the Organic Act created and empowered the Legislature}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9780019\charrsid13000270 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid9780019\charrsid7363378  the portion later codified as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11960012 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9780019\charrsid7363378 
 1423b did not contain any majority-vote requirements for the passage of legislation.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9780019\charrsid7363378 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9780019\charrsid7363378 generally}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9780019\charrsid7363378  id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378   Section 19}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9780019\charrsid7363378  of the original version of the Organic Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 , later codified as 48 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3950624 U.S.C.A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8724710 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid803410\charrsid7363378 \'a7 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 1423i, set forth a specific congressional review regime for all local laws passed by the Government of Guam.  Thi
s section provided in pertinent part that:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16735988 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 
All laws enacted by the legislature shall be reported by the Governor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 
 to the head of the department or agency designated by the President under section 3 of this Act, and by him to the Congress of the United States, which reserves the power and authority to annul the same.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 If any such law is not annulled by the Congress of the United States within one year of the date of its receipt by that body, it shall be deemed to have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 been approved}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15795523 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 Organic Act of Guam \'a7 19, }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4552305 64 Stat. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid399871 at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4552305 389}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  (codified as amended at 48 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3950624 U.S.C.A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8724710 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  \'a7 1423i) (emphasis added).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [24]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 Nearly }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10297068\charrsid7363378 eighteen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  years after }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 Guam\rquote s initial civilian government }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9780019\charrsid7363378 was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 established by the Organic Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 , the Legislature passed Pub}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid940951 lic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid940951 aw}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 
 9-218, which added }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid940951 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4205320\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 1102.2 to th
e Government Code of Guam.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid940951 Guam}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  Pub. L. 9-218 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1979545 July 24, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 
1968).  Section 1102.2 provided that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 \'93[n]o bill shall be passed by the Legislature}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  with less than eleven affirmative votes.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378   }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 This}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 was later codified}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  as 2 GCA \'a7 2104.  2 GCA \'a7 2104, Source.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid72126 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [25]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 Less than a year later, on September 11, 1968, Congress amended the Organic Act.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16743325 Guam Elective Governor Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 , Pub. L. No. 90-497, 82 Stat. 84}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid335906\charrsid7363378 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  (1968).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13577139\charrsid7363378 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  1968 amendments were intended to, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13577139\charrsid7363378 among other things}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 , serve \'93as a further extension of the principles of local self-government to the Territory of Guam\~. . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2845073\charrsid7363378  .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 \'94  H.R. Rep. No. 90-1521 (1968), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 as reprinted in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  1968 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3564, 3564.  The amendments were intended to \'93represent[] a significant step forward in the development of full local sel
f-government in the territory of Guam, and toward the fulfillment of the political aspirations of the people of Guam.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 see also id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  3565 (1968 amendments are \'93
the latest in [a] series of steps designed to grant to the people of Guam an increasing share in the government of their island}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2845073\charrsid7363378 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 \'94).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [26]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 
While the 1968 amendments made multiple changes to the Organic Act, two are particularly important for purposes of addressing the Petition.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8544625 First, Congress repealed that}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8544625 portion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378  of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16743325 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378  1423i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid878625\charrsid7363378  that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8544625 deemed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid878625\charrsid7363378 territorial laws not otherwise annulled by Congress }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8544625 as implicitly approved by Congress 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid878625\charrsid7363378 within one year after receipt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6892611 Guam Elective Governor Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6892611\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6892611 \'a7 8(b), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6892611\charrsid7363378 82 Stat. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid399871 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6892611  847}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378 .  Second}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16743325 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12996011\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 1423b was amended to add the following provision: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16470542 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16584789 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 The quorum
 of the legislature shall consist of eleven of its members.  No bill shall }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 become a law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  unless it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 shall have}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 been passed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 
 at a meeting, at which a quorum was present, by the affirmative vote of a majority of the members present and voting, which vote shall be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16200029\charrsid7363378 by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 yeas }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16470542 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16470542\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 nays.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16470542 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid72126 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 See id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  \'a7 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6892611 (b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 .      
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [27]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10297068\charrsid7363378 
For roughly the next thirty }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 
years following the 1968 amendments, no significant changes were made to the Organic Act or local law regarding the legislative process.  In 1998, however, following a popular re
ferendum that lowered the number of members of the Legislature from twenty-one to fifteen, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 see}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 3 GCA \'a7 6101}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9136717  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14116788 2005}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9136717 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 , the Legislature amended 2 GCA \'a7
 2104 to correspondingly lower the number of votes required to pass legislation from eleven to eight.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16470542 Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  Pub. L. 24-213 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13777378 June 4, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 1998); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid878625\charrsid7363378 generally }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid547891 In re }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 Initiative Order}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10297068\charrsid7363378 1997}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  Guam 15 }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10297068\charrsid7363378 \'b6\'b6 3-10 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid878625\charrsid7363378 
providing background of circumstances following passage of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  referendum).  Roughly five months later, Congress passed further amendments to the Organic Act that
, among other things, amended }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13777378 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  1423b by striking the word \'93eleven\'94
 from the quorum requirements and replacing it with the words \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5988613 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 simple majority.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf18\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Guam Organic Act Amendments of 1998}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 , Pub. L. No. 105-291, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5988613 \'a7 3, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 112 Stat. 2785}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5988613 , 2785}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  (1998).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s43\qj \fi-374\li1094\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1094\itap0\pararsid16584789 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid9136717\charrsid547891 2.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid547891 C
ongress Did Not \'93Approve\'94\emdash Either Explicitly or Implicitly\emdash the Validity of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid14116788\charrsid547891 Section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid547891  2104}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid16584789 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid72126 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [28]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378 Before addressing the actual text of the Organic Act, 2 GCA \'a7 2104}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9780019\charrsid7363378 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378  and the Standing Rules, the court must first address whether Congress has }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9780019\charrsid7363378 \'93approved}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7097206\charrsid7363378 \'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid95807 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10297068\charrsid7363378  2104}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378 .  If Congress has, in fact, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7097206\charrsid7363378 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378 approved}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7097206\charrsid7363378 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378  of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid95807 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378  2104, the court need not address its organicity as Congress has already definitively settled }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11554628\charrsid7363378 any }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378 question}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11554628\charrsid7363378  concerning its validity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8337168\charrsid7363378 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8337168\charrsid7363378 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8337168\charrsid7363378 Ramsey v. Chaco}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8337168\charrsid7363378 , 549 F.2d 1335}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10947360\charrsid7363378 , 1338}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8337168\charrsid7363378 
 (9th Cir. 1977) (finding Congress \'93approved\'94 of local legislation and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8337168\charrsid7363378 law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid8337168\charrsid7363378  was therefore valid regardless of whether it conflicted with the Organic Act).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8337168\charrsid547891   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378 Based upon the legislative }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12996011\charrsid7363378 history and amendments to both }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid95807 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378  2104 and the Organic Act, Congress has}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3295959\charrsid7363378  not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378  definitively resolved this question.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\f0\fs24\super\insrsid10112632\charrsid7363378 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14116788 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\f0\super\insrsid10112632\charrsid10112632 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10112632\charrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 The Governor argues in support of his position that the 1968 amendments to the Organic Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4205320 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 effectively repealed\'94\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid95807 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12996011 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10112632\charrsid10112632 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 2104.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7425790 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid264862 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid1257473 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Pet}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid264862 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1257473 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 r\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s Br. at 18.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10112632\charrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   Congress has never\hich\f0 \emdash \loch\f0 in e\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ither the 1968 amendments or any subsequent amendments\hich\f0 
\emdash \loch\f0 \hich\f0 explicitly annulled 2 GCA \'a7\loch\f0 \hich\f0  2104.  Although the \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 approval\'94\loch\f0  procedure under the original 1950 Organic Act has since been repealed, under the current iteration of 48 }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid3950624 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 U.S.C.A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid8724710 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10112632\charrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
\hich\f0  \'a7\loch\f0 \hich\f0  1423i, \'93\loch\f0 [t]he Congress of \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 the United States reserves the power and authority to annul\'94\loch\f0  any local Guam law passed by the Legislature.  48 }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid3950624 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 U.S.C.A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid8724710 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10112632\charrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  \'a7
\loch\f0 \hich\f0  1423i.  \'93\loch\f0 Nothing is better settled than that\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10112632\charrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 repeals}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid10112632\charrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid10112632\charrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the same may be said of\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\insrsid10112632\charrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 annulments}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10112632\charrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , by\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid10112632\charrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 implication}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10112632\charrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , are not favored by the c\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
ourts, and that no statute will be construed as\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10112632\charrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 repealing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10112632\charrsid10112632 \~
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 a prior one, unless so clearly repugnant thereto as to admit of no other reasonable construction.\'94\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid10112632\charrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Cope v. Cope}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10112632\charrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 137 U.S.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid15207324 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid10112632\charrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 682, 68}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9191206 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10112632\charrsid10112632 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (1891) (collecting cases) (emphasis added); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid10112632\charrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 see also Sumitomo Cons\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 tr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid264862 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid10112632\charrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Co. v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid15207324\charrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Gov}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid15207324 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid15207324\charrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 t }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\insrsid10112632\charrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 of Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10112632\charrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 2001 Guam 23 \'b6\loch\f0  16 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid264862 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 stating that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10112632\charrsid10112632 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid264862 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [r]}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10112632\charrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 epeals by implication are disfavored\'94\loch\f0  and courts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid264862 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
can}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid264862\charrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10112632\charrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 avoid finding an implied repeal \'93
\loch\f0 \hich\f0 if the two statutes can be reconciled\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid264862\charrsid264862 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid264862\charrsid10112632 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (citations omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10112632\charrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid10112632\charrsid10112632 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 cf. United States v. Angcog}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10112632\charrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 190 F. Supp. 696,\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
 700 (D. Guam 1961) (finding Organic Act did not implicitly abrogate presidential executive order).  \'93\loch\f0 Implied repeals can be found in two instances: \hich\f0 \lquote \loch\f0 (1) where provisions in the two acts are in irreconcilable conflict
\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 , or \hich\f0 \lquote \loch\f0 (2) if the later act covers the\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 whole subject of the earlier one and is clearly intended as a substitute.\hich\f0 \rquote \'94\loch\f0   }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid10112632\charrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Sumitomo Constr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10112632\charrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 2001 Guam 23 \'b6
\loch\f0  16 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid10112632\charrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 People v. Quinata}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10112632\charrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , No. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1060860 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 CR-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10112632\charrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 81-0004}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1060860 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10112632\charrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 1982 WL 30546, at *2 (D. Guam App. Div. June 29, 1982)).  Because a decision whether Congress impl
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 icitly repealed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid95807 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10112632\charrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 2104 focuses on whether its terms conflict with the Organic Act, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 an analysis of whether there was an implied repeal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid10112632\charrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 collapse}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s into}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10112632\charrsid10112632 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 an a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10112632\charrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 nalysis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid95807 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11554628 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  210}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 4\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s organicity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10112632\charrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
.  We therefore need not separately address this argument, as\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  we discuss whether }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid95807 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid10112632\charrsid10112632 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  2104 is in conflict with the Organic Act at length below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378     
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [29]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10112632\charrsid7363378 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8337168\charrsid7363378 he Legislature }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10112632\charrsid7363378 argues}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8337168\charrsid7363378  that }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10947360\charrsid7363378 Congress has}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8337168\charrsid7363378  either approv}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10947360\charrsid7363378 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8337168\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8337168\charrsid7363378 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13056061\charrsid7363378 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8337168\charrsid7363378  or acquiesc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10947360\charrsid7363378 ed}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8337168\charrsid7363378  in, the existence of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid95807 section }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8337168\charrsid7363378 2104.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid878625\charrsid7363378   Resp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5988613 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid878625\charrsid7363378 t\rquote s Br. at 25-27.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8337168\charrsid7363378   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 To support its position, the Legislature relies upon the Ninth Circuit\rquote s decision in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 Ramsey v. Chaco}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 , 549 F.2d 1335 (9th Cir. 1977).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid878625\charrsid7363378   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid878625\charrsid7363378 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378   In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 Ramsey}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 , a Guam resident challenged a tax rebate program enacted by the Legislature, the precursor to which dated back }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 prior}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  the 1968 amendments to the Organic Act.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11554628\charrsid7363378 549 F.2d at 1338.  At }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13008129\charrsid7363378 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 time}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13008129\charrsid7363378  of enactment of this tax rebate program}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 
, the Organic Act stated any law that was \'93not annulled by the Congress of the United States within one year of the date of its receipt by that body, . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 shall}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  be deemed to have been approved.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid13008129\charrsid7363378 See id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5988613 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13008129\charrsid7363378 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid13008129\charrsid7363378 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 Organic Act of Guam \'a7 19, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4552305 64 Stat. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid399871 at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11605426 389}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  (codified as amended at 48 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3950624 U.S.C.A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8724710 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  \'a7 1423i).  The court noted that the challenged legislation }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 was passed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid2236955 after }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 this provision }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 
was removed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  from the Organic Act, but \'93only the percentage of taxes rebated\'94 was amended.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 
See Ramsey}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 , 549 F.2d at 1338.  \'93
The original law granting tax rebates was passed by the Guam legislature and submitted to Congress while th[e] pre-1968 version [of the Organic Act] was still in effect, and Congress failed to annul the law within the one-year period.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378   Accordingly, the court held that \'93Congress\rquote 
 failure to annul the original rebate bill within one year constituted an implied approval under former Section 19 of the Organic Act.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378   Therefore, \'93[d]espite its possible conflict with the Organic Act, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 
the original rebate law was implicitly ratified by Congress\rquote  inaction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 , and the Guam legislature\rquote 
s later alteration of the specific rebate percentages did not give rise to a possible independent violation of the Organic Act . . . .\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  \~
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15795523 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [30]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 Ramsey}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  is distinguishable }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10947360\charrsid7363378 from the facts presented here }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 in one important respect.  Unlike in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 Ramsey}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 , the precursor to present-day 2 GCA \'a7 2104 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 was adopted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  less than a full year }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13577139\charrsid7363378 before}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  the 1968 amendments to the Organic Act.  Because of this, the ratificat
ion provision contained in the pre-amended version of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1060860 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  1423i of the Organic Act was not completely satisfied 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13577139\charrsid7363378 before}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  its repeal.  Therefore, the court cannot say that Congress \'93
approved\'94 2 GCA \'a7 2104\rquote s precursor legislation under this authority.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 See Bordallo v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 Cam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13577139\charrsid7363378 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 cho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 , 416 F. Supp. 83, 85 (D. Guam 1973) (finding that post-amendment iteration of }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1060860 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  1423i \'93does not serve to validate or authenticate . . . a properly enacted law\'94), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 aff\rquote d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378 520 F.2d 763 (9th Cir. 1975).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10369949\charrsid7363378   
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid72126 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [31]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10947360\charrsid4991609 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid4991609 he Legislature}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10947360\charrsid7363378 alternatively }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378 asserts that Congress\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11889791\charrsid7363378 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378  acquiescence to the continued existence of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid95807 section}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378  2104}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10947360\charrsid7363378  is proof of its validity. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13008129\charrsid7363378  Resp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1060860 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13008129\charrsid7363378 t\rquote s Br. at 27-29.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10947360\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1060860  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10947360\charrsid7363378 This argument, however, goes too far.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5778305\charrsid7363378 Courts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10947360\charrsid7363378  have in the past noted that Congress\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid11889791\charrsid7363378 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10947360\charrsid7363378  acquiescence to local }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5778305\charrsid7363378 Guam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10947360\charrsid7363378 legislation,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378  \'93especially of [such] a long duration, lends added credibility to [its] validity.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid944486\charrsid7363378 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid547891 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378  86; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13008129\charrsid7363378 cf.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378  Nixon v. Reid}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378 , 67 N.W. 57, 59 (S.D. 1896)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13008129\charrsid7363378  (considering }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid547891 25-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13008129\charrsid7363378 
year period where act of a territorial legislature was in force)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10947360\charrsid7363378 Regardless, the United St
ates Supreme Court has been clear that this is, at best, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378 a \'93weak foundation\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10947360\charrsid7363378 
to rely upon to find local legislation organic.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378 Springer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378 , 277 U.S. at 209}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15736327\charrsid7363378 We hesitate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15736327\charrsid7363378 adopt the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 interpretive rule}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15736327\charrsid7363378 
 advocated by the Legislature}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15736327\charrsid7363378 outside of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 \'93c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10112632\charrsid7363378 ase[s] of doubtful construction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 \'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15736327\charrsid7363378 because it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 is \'93
more applicable to questions relating to the construction of a statute than to matters which go to the power of the Legislature to enact it.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378 Clayton}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378 , 132 U.S. at 642}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15736327\charrsid7363378 Moreover, 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16584789 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid15736327\charrsid7363378 [a]}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378 t all events, it can hardly be admitted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14825588\charrsid7363378 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378  as a general proposition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14825588\charrsid7363378 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378  that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14825588\charrsid7363378 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378  under the power of\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14825588\charrsid7363378 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378 ongress reserved in the organic acts of the territories to annul the acts of their }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14825588\charrsid7363378 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378 egislatures}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14825588\charrsid7363378 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378  the absence of any action by }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14825588\charrsid7363378 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378 ongress is to be construed to be a recognition of the power of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14825588\charrsid7363378 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378 egislature to pass laws in conflict with the act of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14825588\charrsid7363378 c}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378 ongress }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 under which they were created}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15736327\charrsid7363378 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15795523 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15682931\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid72126 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [32]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid533874\charrsid7363378 For all of these reasons, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 Congress has }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3295959\charrsid7363378 not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 definitively }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15682931\charrsid7363378 settled}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378  the question}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15682931\charrsid7363378 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 
 presented }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14825588\charrsid7363378 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 the Petition.  We }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10112632\charrsid7363378 must }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 therefore }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10112632\charrsid7363378 independently}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378  examine }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid95807 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12996011\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 2104 and the Standing Rules to determine whether they }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 conflict}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378  with the Organic Act.  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s43\qj \li720\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16584789 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid4991609\charrsid547891 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 3.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid547891 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Section 2104 and the Standing Rules }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid1060860\charrsid1060860 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 are in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid547891 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Conflict }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid1060860\charrsid1060860 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid547891 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  the Organic Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15682931\charrsid16584789 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid72126 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [33]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 A determination of whether a local territorial law is in derogation of the Organic Act begins with an examination of the statutory text.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid1060860  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid547891 In re }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 Request of Camacho I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 , 2004 Guam 10 \'b6 38 (examining phrase \'93general supervision and control\'94); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2236955 cf.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378  Sumitomo Constr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 , 2001 Guam 23 \'b6 17\~(\'93
It is a cardinal rule of statutory construction that courts must look first to the language of the statute itself.\'94 (citation omitted)).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
The court interprets both local statutes and the Organic Act according to their plain meaning.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid15736327\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Pangelinan v. Gutierrez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid15736327\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 2000 Guam 11 \'b6\loch\f0  23}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid15736327\delrsid15736327\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 (\'93\loch\f0 In cases involving statutory constructi\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
on, the plain language of the statute must be the starting point.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid15736327\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid15736327\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Am}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1060860 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid15736327\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Tobacco Co. v. Patterson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid15736327\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 456 U.S. 63, 68 (1982)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1060860 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13512731\charrsid547891 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 In re}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Tax Trust Fund}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 2014 Guam 15 \'b6\loch\f0  48 (same);}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13512731\charrsid547891 In re }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 Request of Camacho I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 , 2004 Guam 10 \'b6 38 (applying dictionary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2236955 definition of the word}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378  \'93control\'94).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378   Moreover, where possible, we construe statutes }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378  avoid organic infirmities.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid547891 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 In re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid1060860 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Request of Gutierrez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 2002 Guam 1 \'b6\loch\f0  41.  The United States}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid547891 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Supreme Court has held that an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid547891 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 rganic }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid547891 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ct itself\hich\f0 
\emdash \loch\f0 not just the territorial\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  law at issue\hich\f0 \emdash \loch\f0 \hich\f0 must be read, where it is \'93\loch\f0 susceptible of [such] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 a construction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 ,\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  in a manner 
\'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 that will avoid [any] conflict\'94\loch\f0  with local law.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Snow}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 85 U.S. at 322.  Thus, the court must find legislative enactments valid unless their inorganicity is \'93\loch\f0 clearl\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 y apparent.\'94
\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid547891 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 In re }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Request of Camacho I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13512731\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 2004 Guam 10 \'b6\'b6
\loch\f0  61, 70.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [34]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
Under a plain meaning analysis of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2103198 48 U.S.C.A. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12996011\charrsid7363378 \'a7 1423b and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2103198 2 GCA \'a7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2103198\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 2104, no }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6959816\charrsid7363378 absolute}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12996011\charrsid7363378  conflict exists.  While }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2103198 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  1423b requires a majority vote, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid95807 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  2104 and the Standing Rul
es set a slightly higher threshold for enacting legislation where certain circumstances are present\emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 i.e.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 , when less than the full membership of the Legislature is present and voting.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 This}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  does not result in a pure conflict in the classic sense of the term.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Greater New Haven Prop}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16673601 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  Owners Ass}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2702969 \rquote n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 City of New Haven}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 , 951 A.2d 551, 559 (Conn. 2008) (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13530811\charrsid7363378 [M]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
erely because a local ordinance . . . provides higher standards than a statute on the same subject does not render it necessarily inconsistent with the state law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13530811\charrsid7363378 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \'94 (citations omitted)); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 City of Fairmont v. Schumaker}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 , 375 S.E.2d 785, 787 (W. Va. 1988) (\'93
A higher standard of constitutional protection [in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13530811\charrsid7363378 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 state constitution] is neither an inconsistency nor a\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 conflict [with }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13530811\charrsid7363378 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 federal constitution]}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid15682931\charrsid7363378 .\'94).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15682931\charrsid7363378   Put }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid15682931\charrsid7363378 differently, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 here}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  are no situations in which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid95807 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
 2104 and the Standing Rules permit legislation to pass without also satisfying the majority vote requirement of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3412762 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3412762\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 1423b.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\super\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14116788 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\f0\super\insrsid9207345\charrsid15863803 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9207345\charrsid15863803 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid8474800 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Were that the case, then}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12996011 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid95807 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid9207345 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  2104 would}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9207345\charrsid15863803 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  be plainly inorganic.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid9207345\charrsid15863803 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid3412762 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 a.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid9207345\charrsid15863803 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\insrsid16673601 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Fed\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid16673601\charrsid15863803 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid9207345\charrsid15863803 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 of Teachers v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid13918158 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9207345\charrsid15863803 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 118 So.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid16673601 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9207345\charrsid15863803 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 3d 1033, 1062-63 (La. 2013) (finding legislation unconsti\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
tutionally passed because \'93\loch\f0 [w]hile the 51 votes in favor of SCR 99 represented a majority of the members\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid9207345\charrsid15863803 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 then present}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9207345\charrsid3412762 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9207345\charrsid3412762 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9207345\charrsid15863803 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
the total favorable vote fell two votes short of the \hich\f0 \lquote \loch\f0 majority of the members\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid9207345\charrsid15863803 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 elected}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid9207345\charrsid15863803 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  as required by\~\hich\f0 Article III, \'a7\loch\f0 \hich\f0  15(G)\'94\loch\f0 );}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid9207345\charrsid15863803 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Norman v. K}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid14370524 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 y.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid9207345\charrsid15863803 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Bd. of Managers of World\hich\f0 
\rquote \loch\f0 s Columbian Exposition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9207345\charrsid15863803 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 20 S.W.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14370524 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid9207345\charrsid15863803 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 901, 902 (Ky. 1892) (finding law was not constitutionally passed where legislature\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s interpretation of constitutional vote provisions permitted a lower threshold for passing final legislation than\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  what state constitution demanded); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid9207345\charrsid15863803 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Gilliam Cnty. v. Dep\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 t of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid1200225 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Entvl.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid1200225\charrsid15863803 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid9207345\charrsid15863803 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Quality}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9207345\charrsid15863803 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 837 P.2d 965, 973 (Or. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4987410 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Ct. App. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9207345\charrsid15863803 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 1992) (\'93\loch\f0 
The Committee [empowered to pass certain legislation by statute] is composed of only 16 legislators, 8 from each house, and therefore coul\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 d not constitute \hich\f0 \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid8416439 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9207345\charrsid15863803 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid8416439 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid9207345\charrsid15863803 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  majority of all the members elected to each House.\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 \hich\f0   No laws can constitutionally be enacted by the process described in the statute.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid8416439 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (citations omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9207345\charrsid15863803 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid9207345\charrsid15863803 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 rev}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid90484 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid9207345\charrsid15863803 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 d on other grounds}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid90484 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  sub nom.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9207345\charrsid15863803 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid9207345\charrsid15863803 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Or. Waste Sys., Inc. v. Dep\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 t of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid1200225 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Entvl.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid1200225\charrsid15863803 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid9207345\charrsid15863803 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Quali\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9207345\charrsid15863803 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  , 511 U.S. 93, 108 (1994).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\highlight7\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [35]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid6959816\charrsid7363378 This}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6959816\charrsid7363378 , however, does not end our analysis.  Unlike the cases noted above, the relevant provisions at }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid6959816\charrsid7363378 issue in this case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6959816\charrsid7363378  go to the very found}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15682931\charrsid7363378 ation of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1602763\charrsid7363378 the Legislature\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15682931\charrsid7363378 
lawmaking authority}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6959816\charrsid7363378 , which is\~\'93the kind of basic subject matter usually addressed by constitutional provision rather than legislation.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid6959816\charrsid7363378 Alaskans}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6959816\charrsid7363378  for Efficient Gov\rquote t, Inc. v. Alaska}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid6959816\charrsid7363378 , 153 P.3d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378 296, 300 (Alaska 2007).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6959816\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378  \'93The Organic Act serves the func}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15682931\charrsid7363378 tion of a constitution for Guam,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378 \'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378 Underwood}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15682931\charrsid7363378 , 2006 Guam 17 \'b6 16}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8416439\charrsid7363378  (citation omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15682931\charrsid7363378 , and \'93Guam\rquote s territorial legislature cannot redefine terms used in\'94 the Org
anic Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1602763\charrsid7363378 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1602763\charrsid7363378 Limtiaco v. Camacho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1602763\charrsid7363378 , 549 U.S. 483, 489 n.2 (2007)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378 .  As the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
 strong weight of authority in other jurisdictions indicates}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  where the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378 organic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  framework }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378 of a government }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 sets forth specific requirements for the passage of legislation, these requirements}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378  set both a floor and a ceiling;
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  additional }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
equirements set by statute will }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 be voided}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
 as contrary to the terms of the constitutional framework.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5778305\charrsid7363378 Cf.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1602763\charrsid7363378  Ritchie v. Richards}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1602763\charrsid7363378 , 47 P. 670, 672 (Utah 1896) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5732826\charrsid7363378 \'93Constitutional provisions prescribing modes of enacting laws should }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid5732826\charrsid7363378 be observed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5732826\charrsid7363378 .\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1602763\charrsid7363378 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5732826\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [36]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10297068\charrsid7363378 Only}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  two courts have directly addressed the question of whether a majority vote provision for the passage of regular legislation contained in a state constitution }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8474800\charrsid7363378 is tantamount to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  a mere }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1602763\charrsid7363378 procedural}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  requirement or a substantive provision that operates as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378 both }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 a floor and a ceiling}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1602763\charrsid7363378  preventing the adoption of any additional requirements}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 .      
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [37]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
The Governor relies heavily upon the first case to address this issue, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Alaskans for Efficient Gov}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid90484 ernment}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 , Inc. v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12614653 State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 , 153 P.3d
 296 (Alaska 2007).  In that case, an Alaskan non-profit corporation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\f0\fs24\super\insrsid2236955\charrsid7363378 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2236955 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\f0\super\insrsid2236955\charrsid15212666 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2236955\charrsid15212666 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  We note the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2236955 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Legislature attempts to distinguish }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid2236955 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Alaskans for Efficient Gov}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid90484 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ernment
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2236955 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  on the basis that the petition was brought by a non-profit corporation. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12614653 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid2236955\charrsid5778305 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2236955 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Resp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12614653 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \rquote 
\loch\f0 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2236955 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Br. at 19.  But this claimed distinction is immaterial b\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ecause the issue before the court was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2236955\charrsid2236955 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 whether a legislative}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2236955 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2236955\charrsid15212666 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 supermajority vote to pass tax-related bills}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2236955 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 conflicted with the Alaskan constitution; that it was brought by a non-profit was insignificant to the constitutional and statutory analysis.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid2236955\charrsid15212666 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2236955 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid2236955 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Alas\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 kans for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\insrsid2236955\charrsid15212666 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Efficient Gov\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2236955 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid2236955\charrsid15212666 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2236955\charrsid15212666 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 153 P.3d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2236955 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 at 297.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid2236955\charrsid15212666 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
 attempted to get an initiative petition placed on the ballot that would have, among other things, required a supermajority vote for the legislature to pass tax-related bills.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 See id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
 297.  The lieutenant governor, however, refused to certify the petition because he believed its supermajority-voting requirement would violate the Alaskan constitution had the voters approved of the petition.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378 
In addressing the substance of the lieutenant governor\rquote s position, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 court found that \'93
[b]y giving the legislature the duty to adopt procedural rules for enacting law, while spelling out the precise vote required to enact bills as law,\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378 
[the Alaskan Constitution]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \~unmistakably signals that Alaska\rquote 
s constitutional framers intended the majority-voting provision to be a substantive requirement instead of a mere procedural rule.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  300.  The court specifically rejected the argument that the majority}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid90484 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 vote provision was intended \'93to set a floor, not a ceiling: to require at least a majority vote while allowing laws imposing stricter requirements.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12452898\charrsid7363378 Thus, the court concluded that \'93
the majority-vote requirement operates as a constitutionally based subject-matter restriction, prohibiting the enactment of any law that proposes to modify the majority-vote standard.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12452898\charrsid7363378 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12452898\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12452898\charrsid7363378 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12452898\charrsid7363378  302.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [38]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378 
The Washington Supreme Court recently reached the same conclusion in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378 League of Educ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12614653 ation}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378  Voters v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12614653 State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378 
, 295 P.3d 743, 745-46 (Wash. 2013) (en banc).  There, the court held a statute imposing a supermajority-voting requirement on certain legislation conflicted with the simple majority-voting requirements of the constitution and was therefore void.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378  752.  The court found that under a \'93commonsense understanding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5200415\charrsid7363378 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378 \'94 the \'93plain language\'94 in the constitution stating that \'93[n]o bill shall }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378 become a law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378  unless on its final passage . . .\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378  majority of the members elected to each house be recorded thereon as voting in its }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378 favor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378 \'94 means that \'93any bill receiving a simple majority vote will become law.\'94  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378  7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5200415\charrsid7363378 49-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378 50.  The court also relied upon \'93an informal principle . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378 favoring}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378  a simple majority vote for ordinary legislation\'94 and found that \'93the constitutional language and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378 history in this case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378  illustrates that the framers n
ever intended ordinary legislation to require a supermajority vote.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378   }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5200415\charrsid7363378 The court noted that r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378 eading the Washington Constitution as setting only a floor for the passage of legislation 
\'93would fundamentally alter our system of government, and such alteration is possible only through constitutional amendment.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12452898\charrsid7363378 Therefore, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5200415\charrsid7363378 the court held that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12452898\charrsid7363378 the Washington Constitution \'93prohibits either the people or the legislature from passing legislation requiring more than a simple majority for the passage of . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12452898\charrsid7363378 ordinary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12452898\charrsid7363378  legislation.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12452898\charrsid7363378 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12452898\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12452898\charrsid7363378 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12452898\charrsid7363378  753.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [39]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1734518\charrsid7363378 Both }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12452898\charrsid7363378 of these courts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10297068\charrsid7363378 relied, in part,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12452898\charrsid7363378 
 on the existence of different voting requirements contained elsewhere in their jurisdiction\rquote s respective constitutions.  As noted by the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12452898\charrsid7363378 Alaskans for Efficient Gov}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12614653 ernment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12452898\charrsid7363378  court, the \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
constitutional framers, well aware of their ability to require more stringent voting requirements, included such requirements in the Alaska Constitution for laws dealing with various subjects.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12452898\charrsid7363378 153 P.3d at 301; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12452898\charrsid7363378 see also League of Educ. Voters}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12452898\charrsid7363378 , 295 
P.3d at 751.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \~ }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8928339\charrsid7363378 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9655702\charrsid7363378  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9655702\charrsid7363378 Alaskans for Efficient Gov}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12614653 ernment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8928339\charrsid7363378 
 court found that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9655702\charrsid7363378 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 hese }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9655702\charrsid7363378 
more stringe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1378821\charrsid7363378 nt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9655702\charrsid7363378  voting requirements elsewhere in the Alaska Constitution \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 a[re] convincing evidence of the framers\rquote  intent to include provisions in the Alaska Constitution describing all instances in which supermajority votes could be required to enact a bill.\'94  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9655702\charrsid7363378 153 P.3d at 301.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12452898\charrsid7363378   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Like }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12452898\charrsid7363378 both }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12452898\charrsid7363378 
 Alaska and Washington Constitutions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 , the Organic Act also sets forth various situations in which more than a majority vote is necessary for the Legislature to undertake }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 specific}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 action}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5778305\charrsid7363378 , e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5778305\charrsid7363378 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 48 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3950624 U.S.C.A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8724710 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  \'a7\'a7 1422a, 1423i. 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [40]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11033050\charrsid7363378 another }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 similar case, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Zemprelli v. Daniels}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  found that what constitutes a constitutional \'93majority\'94 is \'93not appropriate subject ma
tter for legislative rulemaking.\'94  436 A.2d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12614653 at 1170}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5732826\charrsid7363378 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid5732826\charrsid7363378 cf. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5732826\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Bd. of Trustees of Sch. Dist. of Fairfield }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid5732826\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Cnty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5732826\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 . v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12614653 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5732826\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 718 S.E.2d 210, 211 (S.C. 2011) (\'93\loch\f0 
We further note the premise that, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5732826\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 absent a constitutional provision to the contrary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5732826\charrsid547891 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5732826\charrsid12614653 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5732826\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
the legislature acts \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 and conducts business through majority vote.\'94\loch\f0  (emphasis added))}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 .  In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Zemprelli}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 , the Pennsylvania Senate had voted to seat an executive appointee by a vote of 25 in favor to 22 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 against}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1464592\charrsid7363378 436 A.2d}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  at 1166.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3962237\charrsid7363378 Under normal circumstances}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 , the Pennsylvania Senate has 50 members, but the number in office at the time of this vote was only 48.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9655702\charrsid7363378   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9655702\charrsid7363378 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378   The Pennsylvania Constitution provided that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 senate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  confirmation required an affirmative vote by \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid7160972\charrsid7363378 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7160972\charrsid7363378 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 majority}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \~of the members elected to the Senate,\'94
 and under Senate rules, a \'93majority of the Senators elected shall mean a majority of the Senators elected, living, sworn, and seated.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  (citing Senate Rule XXII, subparagraph 8, 104 Pa. Code \'a7 11.22(i)).\~ One senator objected after the vote, arguing the \'93majority of the members elected to the Senate\'94
 should be read to mean all 50 senators, regardless of whether or not all 50 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 were currently seated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 , thus requiring 26 votes for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 senate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  confirmation.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378   
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [41]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
After determining that this was not a political question left solely to interpretation by the state senate, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 see id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
 1170, the court rejected the objecting senator\rquote s arguments, indicating it would be \'93irrational\'94 to require a vote that\emdash at least in some instances\emdash would require more than a majority:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16584789 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 In our view, to comput
e a majority based on a number greater than the total voting group, even where, as here, the potential for ambiguity may exist, would be irrational.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3962237\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  The purpose of\~Article IV, section 8(a)\~in requiring a majority of \'93members elected\'94 would appear to be to
 ensure that the entire body of the Senate participates in the executive appointment confirmation process, rather than just a quorum. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3962237\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Thus, if in the instant situation the two persons not in office at the time of the vote on Respondent Daniels\rquote  nomination were instead merely absent, petitioners\rquote 
 method of computing a majority would have been correct. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3962237\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 To include }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 among }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
the number of individuals charged with the responsibility of reviewing the qualifications of the Governor\rquote s nominees, senators-elect or form
er senators, neither entitled to vote in the Senate, would in no way enhance the ability of the Senate to advise and consent. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3962237\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 What it would do, however, is cause\~Article IV, section 8(a)\~to require greater than a majority vote whenever there was a vacancy in the Senate.\~ }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 This}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
 would place a proportionately greater burden on the executive branch when a vacancy or vacancies exist in the Senate, which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 could in turn}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  encourage needless delay in filling appointive positions.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15795523 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  at 1171.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1602763\charrsid7363378 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid72126 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [42]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1602763\charrsid7363378 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid5732826\charrsid7363378 hile 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid5732826\charrsid7363378 Zemprelli}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid5732826\charrsid7363378  de
alt with the requirements to confirm executive appointments, not the requirements to pass legislation, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13577139\charrsid7363378 reasoning is persuasive.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13056061\charrsid7363378 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid5732826\charrsid7363378  court\rquote s decision stems}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1522270\charrsid7363378  in part}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid5732826\charrsid7363378 
 from the fear that legislative rulemaking imposing additional requirements }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9727970\charrsid7363378 for undertaking legislative action }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid14158540\charrsid7363378 greater }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid5732826\charrsid7363378 
than what are set forth in the organic law has the potential to throw carefully-calibrated constitutional }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1522270\charrsid7363378 requirements }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid5732826\charrsid7363378 into disarray.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5732826\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1522270\charrsid7363378  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1522270\charrsid7363378 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13645447 id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3409674  at 1170 (\'93T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1522270\charrsid7363378 he definition of a constitutional majority . . . is not merely a procedural detail of concern only to the Senate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14158540\charrsid7363378  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1522270\charrsid7363378 
. . . .  When the Constitution clearly sets forth the manner in which something shall be done, that procedure must be followed to the exclusion of all others, including a procedure which the legislature m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid3409674 ay prefer.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1522270\charrsid7363378 \'94 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13645447 citations and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1522270\charrsid7363378 internal quotation marks omitted)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5732826\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13645447  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5732826\charrsid7363378 This same concern is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10297068\charrsid7363378 plainly apparent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5732826\charrsid7363378 
 when considering the full ramifications of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid95807 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5732826\charrsid7363378  2104.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 If}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid5732826\charrsid7363378 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5732826\charrsid7363378 
 for example, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 several members }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5732826\charrsid7363378 of the Legislature }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 to suddenly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid5732826\charrsid7363378  resign or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  pass away}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10297068\charrsid7363378 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5732826\charrsid7363378 replacement member}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10297068\charrsid7363378 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5732826\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10297068\charrsid7363378 were}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5732826\charrsid7363378  not appointed and seated immediately}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 , the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13577139\charrsid7363378 eight}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13645447 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 vote requirement in }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid95807 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  2104 would }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
be transformed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  into a supermajority}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13645447 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
vote}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1079688\charrsid7363378  requirement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5732826\charrsid7363378 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [43]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1464592\charrsid7363378 
Other authority also strongly suggests that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid95807 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1464592\charrsid7363378  2104 is inorganic.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid1464592\charrsid7363378 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1464592\charrsid7363378 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1464592\charrsid7363378 Howard Jarvis Taxpayer\rquote s Ass\rquote 
n v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1464592\charrsid7363378 City of San Diego}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10297068\charrsid7363378 , 15 Cal. Rptr.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid621119\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1464592\charrsid7363378 
3d 457, 464-65 (Ct. App. 2004) (finding a supermajority-voting requirement regarding amendments to a city charter conflicted with state constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9727970\charrsid7363378 al
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1464592\charrsid7363378  provision that stated such charters may be amended by majority vote)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid15682931\charrsid7363378 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid15682931\charrsid7363378  Brawner v. Curran}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid15682931\charrsid7363378 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid15682931\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid15682931\charrsid7363378 119 A. 250}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10297068\charrsid7363378 , 254}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid15682931\charrsid7363378  (Md. 1922) (\'93
But in the act under consideration the Legislature has added a new qualification or condition to the passage of Legislation in addition to and entirely dehors anything in the Constitution. . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15682931\charrsid7363378   The effect of that provision is not in any way to amend the Constitution, but to violate it.\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1464592\charrsid7363378 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4202600\charrsid7363378 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4202600\charrsid7363378 B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid621119\charrsid7363378 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4202600\charrsid7363378 llin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4202600\charrsid7363378 
, for example, the United States Supreme Court indicated in dicta that the constitutional requirement of the presence of a majority to create a quorum could not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4202600\charrsid7363378 be altered}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4202600\charrsid7363378 :
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16584789 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4202600\charrsid7363378 The constitution provides that \lquote 
a majority of each [house] shall constitute a quorum to do business.\rquote  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13645447  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4202600\charrsid7363378 
In other words, when a majority are present the house }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4202600\charrsid7363378 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid621119\charrsid7363378 n [sic]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4202600\charrsid7363378  in a position to do business. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13645447  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4202600\charrsid7363378 Its capacity to transact business is then established, created by the mere presence of a majority, and does not depend upon the disposition or assent or action of any single\~
member or fraction of the majority present. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13645447  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4202600\charrsid7363378 All that the constitution requires is the presence of a majority, and
 when that majority are present the power of the house arises.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15795523 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4202600\charrsid7363378 144}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4202600\charrsid7363378 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4202600\charrsid7363378 U.S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4202600\charrsid7363378 .\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid334169\charrsid7363378 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4202600\charrsid7363378 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4202600\charrsid7363378 5-6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4202600\charrsid7363378 \~(}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4202600\charrsid7363378 1892}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1378821\charrsid7363378 );}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1378821\charrsid7363378  cf. Powell v. McCormack}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1378821\charrsid7363378 , 395 U.S. 486, 550 (1969) (finding Congress could not impose additional qualifications on its members beyond those prescribed in the Constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13770261\charrsid7363378 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4202600\charrsid7363378 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid72126 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [44]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4202600\charrsid7363378 Additionally}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1464592\charrsid7363378 , c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 ourts have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1464592\charrsid7363378 repeatedly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
 held that one legislature cannot attempt to bind future legislatures by imposing higher standards for the passage or repeal of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 specific}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  legislation.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 , }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Atlas v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1200225 Bd.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1200225\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 of Auditors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid547891 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid13645447  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 275 N.W. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 507, 509 (Mich. 1937) (\'93
The power to amend and repeal legislation as well as to enact it is vested in the\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid16130612\charrsid7363378 L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 egislature, and the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid16130612\charrsid7363378 L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 egislature cannot restrict or limit its right to exercise the power of legislation by prescribing modes of procedure for the repeal or amendment of statutes; nor may one }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid16130612\charrsid7363378 L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 egislature restrict or limit the power of its s}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid16130612\charrsid7363378 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 ccessors.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 ); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 State ex }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 rel}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 . Stenberg v. Moore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 , 544 N.W.2d 344}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14158540\charrsid7363378 , 348-49}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  (Neb. 1996) (same).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2102323\charrsid7363378 This }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1464592\charrsid7363378 general principle strongly suggests that were a future Legislature\emdash as opposed to the Governor\emdash intent on challenging }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid95807 section}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1464592\charrsid7363378  2104\rquote s organicity as an invalid restriction on its lawmaking }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1464592\charrsid7363378 
authority, we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1464592\charrsid7363378  would }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1079688\charrsid7363378 likely }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1464592\charrsid7363378 be compelled to find }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid95807 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1464592\charrsid7363378  2014 inorganic for this reason.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14963439\charrsid7363378 Such a situation is not far-fetched, as the Legislature has previously requested that this court weigh in on the identical question presented by the Governor in the Petition.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14963439\charrsid7363378 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14963439\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14963439\charrsid547891 In re }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14963439\charrsid7363378 Initiative Order}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14963439\charrsid7363378 , 1997 Guam 15 \'b6 9 n.3.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid1464592\charrsid7363378 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [45]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14963439\charrsid7363378 
Although we ultimately did not reach the merits in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14963439\charrsid6779952 In re }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14963439\charrsid7363378 Initiative Order}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14963439\charrsid7363378 , one aspect of that case bears particular consideration.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid14963439\charrsid7363378 We noted}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid11033050\charrsid7363378  that in 1997,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid14963439\charrsid7363378  the 24th Guam Legislature adopted \'93
Resolution No.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13645447  97-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid14963439\charrsid7363378 
37, which directed the submission to Congress of a proposed amendment to the Organic Act\'94 that \'93called for the legislative quorum to be defined as a majority of the legislators }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid14963439\charrsid7363378 and the number of votes required to pass Guam\rquote s laws to be that set by Guam lawmakers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid14963439\charrsid7363378 .\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14963439\charrsid7363378   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14963439\charrsid6779952 In re }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14963439\charrsid7363378 Initiative Order}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14963439\charrsid7363378 , 1997 Guam 15 \'b6 9 n.3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1079688\charrsid7363378  (emphasis added)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14963439\charrsid7363378 .  The portion of this proposed amendment related to the number of vo
tes necessary to pass legislation would have, of course, been unnecessary if the Legislature was already permitted to set such a number, as 2 GCA \'a7 2104 purports to do.  Notably, Congress did }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14963439\charrsid7363378 not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14963439\charrsid7363378  adopt such a rule in its 1998 amendments to the Organic Act.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14963439\charrsid7363378 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14963439\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13638965 Guam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14963439\charrsid7363378 Pub. L. 24-213.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12525909\charrsid7363378   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13125391\charrsid7363378 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [46]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12525909\charrsid7363378 
We must construe the Organic Act \'93in light of legislative intent,\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12525909\charrsid6779952 In re }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12525909\charrsid7363378 Tax Trust Fund}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12525909\charrsid7363378 , 2014 Guam 15 \'b6 48 (citation omitted), which requires us to \'93look to the legislative history,\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12525909\charrsid6779952 In re }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12525909\charrsid7363378 Right of Referendum}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12525909\charrsid7363378 , 2014 Guam 24 \'b6
 13 (citation omitted).  The history of the Organic Act provides clear indication from Congress that each successive amendment was intended to provide greater self-governance to Guam.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12525909\charrsid7363378 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12525909\charrsid7363378 , H.R. Rep. No. 90-1521 (1968), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12525909\charrsid7363378 
as reprinted in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12525909\charrsid7363378  1968 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3564, 3564.  But, Congress\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2914674\charrsid7363378 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12525909\charrsid7363378  refusal to adopt Resolution No. 97}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13638965 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12525909\charrsid7363378 37 }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5770341\charrsid7363378 when it could have done so in its 1998 amendments to the Organic Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12525909\charrsid7363378 
is weighty evidence that Congress intended to reserve the authority to set the number of votes necessary to pass legislation for itself. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8203535\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14963439\charrsid7363378 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [47]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1464592\charrsid7363378 
The fact that the Organic Act empowers the Legislature to \'93determine its rules and procedure, not inconsistent with this chapter,\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4202600\charrsid7363378 does not change our analysis.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5770341\charrsid7363378 48 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3950624 U.S.C.A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8724710 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid5770341\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1464592\charrsid7363378 \'a7 1423b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4202600\charrsid7363378 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2914674\charrsid7363378 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 llin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 , the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2914674\charrsid7363378 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4202600\charrsid7363378 ourt }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 was asked to determin
e whether a House Rule counting members present but not voting for purposes of establishing a quorum was constitutional.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4202600\charrsid7363378 144}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid4202600\charrsid7363378 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4202600\charrsid7363378 U.S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4202600\charrsid7363378 .\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15940762\charrsid7363378 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4202600\charrsid7363378 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4202600\charrsid7363378 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 .  The court noted that \'93[t]he constitution empowers each house to determine its rules of proceedings,\'94 but }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2914674\charrsid7363378 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 ongress}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  \'93may not by its rules ignore constitutional restraints or violate fundamental rights . . . .\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378   Moreover, \'93there should be a reasonable relation between the mode or method of proceeding established by the rule and the result which is sought to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 be attained}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 .\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Id.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378   Ultimately, \'93[t]he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
 has prescribed no method of making th[e] determination [of whether a quorum is present], and it is therefore within the competency of the house to prescribe any method which shall be reasonably certain to ascertain the fact.\'94 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 at}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  6.  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [48]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
Other courts have also expressly held the legislature is permitted to adopt internal rules to determine whether the requirements of a state constitution have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 been met}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 , subject to constitutional constraints.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4202600\charrsid7363378 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4202600\charrsid7363378 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4202600\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Heimback v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13638965 State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13638965 454 N.Y.S.2d 993, 998}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4202600\charrsid7363378  (App. Div. 1982) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4202600\charrsid7363378 inding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  that the state legislature is permitted to make its own rules for determining when a quorum is present }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid5770341\charrsid7363378 in a case where}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  the \'93rules and custom\'94 for making this determination \'93
are a reasonable and practical interpretation of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4202600\charrsid7363378  the constitutional requirement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4202600\charrsid7363378 ); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Integration of Bar Case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
, 11 N.W.2d 604, 617 (Wis. 1943).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4202600\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15940762\charrsid7363378 Put differently, the internal procedures of the Legislature are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid15940762\charrsid7363378 generally}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15940762\charrsid7363378  fully within its ambit.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15940762\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid16000239 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13577139\charrsid7363378 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Brown v. Hansen}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 , 973 F.2d 1118, 112}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4740613\charrsid7363378 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16000239 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4740613\charrsid7363378 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
 (3d Cir. 1992) (ruling court could only assess whether legislature complied with external law\emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 i.e.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13577139\charrsid7363378 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  the U.S. Virgin Islands Revised Organic Act\emdash n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15940762\charrsid7363378 ot internal legislative rules).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 None of these cases, however, altered the actual number of votes nec
essary for the passage of final legislation.  Indeed, the court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Alaskans for Efficient Gov}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16000239 ernment}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  distinguished internal Alaskan legislative rules on this basis:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16584789 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 To support its position that\~section 14
\rquote s majority-vote clause just sets a minimal level for enacting bills into law, AFEG further cites numerous instances in which the legislature has adopted rules establishing voting requirements, including some rules requiring supermajority votes. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16000239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Yet all}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
 of the cited rules either deal with non-substantive 
matters relating to internal legislative procedures or simply mirror substantive voting requirements expressly included in the Alaska Constitution.  AFEG identifies no rule that alters any provision of the constitution specifying the votes for enacting a 
bill; nor does AFEG cite any rule establishing a supermajority requirement for enacting any bill not already covered by supermajority requireme}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9727970\charrsid7363378 nts set out in the constitution
\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 s text. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16000239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
And AFEG points to no authority suggesting that the legislature, the Department of Law, or this court has ever interpreted the constitution to allow a rule of this sort.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15795523 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
Alaskans for Efficient Gov\rquote t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid15940762\charrsid7363378 , 153 P.3d at 301; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid15940762\charrsid7363378 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 ee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid15940762\charrsid7363378  also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid14158540\charrsid7363378 Powell}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid14158540\charrsid7363378 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid14158540\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 395 U.S.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid14158540\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1378821\charrsid7363378 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  543 (\'93Congress, by the Federal Constitution, are not authorized to prescribe the qu
alifications of their own members, but they are authorized to judge of their qualifications; in doing so, however, they must be governed by the rules prescribed by the Federal Constitution, and by them only.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  (quoting 17 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 annals}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
 of Cong. 871 (1807}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14963439\charrsid7363378 ))}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16000239 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14963439\charrsid7363378 .  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid15940762\charrsid7363378 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 he distinction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  between cases such as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Alaskans for Efficient Gov}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16000239 ernment}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 League of Educ}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16000239 ation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  Voters}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
 and those deferring to legislative rulemaking }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15940762\charrsid7363378 clear}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \emdash determining }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 how }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 whether}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
 the necessary votes exist is with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10297068\charrsid7363378 in the legislature\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10297068\charrsid7363378 authority
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10297068\charrsid7363378  while }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15940762\charrsid7363378 altering}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 the necessary number of votes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1079688\charrsid7363378  needed for approval}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  is not.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15940762\charrsid7363378   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15940762\charrsid7363378 See B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2914674\charrsid7363378 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15940762\charrsid7363378 llin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15940762\charrsid7363378 , 144 U.S. at 5-6.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid72126 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [49]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
As noted above, this court must presume that local territorial legislation is organic and read that legislation and the Organic Act in harmony}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14963439\charrsid7363378 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  where possible.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14963439\charrsid7363378 Here, doing so is not possible.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 While 2 GCA \'a7 2104 and the Standing Rules do not present an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 absolute}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  conflict with the Organic Act, the jurisprudence at both the federal and state levels weighs strongly in favor of finding an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 actual}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  conflict exists.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15940762\charrsid7363378 As we noted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid6779952 In re }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Right of Referendum}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 , \'93[t]he primary purpose of [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16000239 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 
 1423b] is to set the requirements for the Legislature\rquote s passage of bills . . . .\'94  2014 Guam 24 \'b6 30.  With Congress having set these requirements, the Legislature is not at liberty to reinterpret them}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14158540\charrsid7363378  more stringently.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Limtiaco}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 , 549 U.S. at 489 n.2.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid15940762\charrsid7363378 We therefore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  find that 2 GCA \'a7 2104 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16000239 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4205320\charrsid7363378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 1.02(d)(4) of the Standing Rules are inorganic.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid6779952 In re }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Request of Gutierrez}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 , 2002 Guam 1 \'b6 41 (\'93[T]he court must declare a legislative enactment unconstitutional if an analysis of the constitutional claim compels such a result.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6386315\charrsid7363378  (citations omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 ).   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3950748\charrsid7363378 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14116788 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid4485792\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 V.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid15492142\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 CONCLUSION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid5257515\charrsid7363378 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15492631 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [50]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid72126 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 For the reasons dis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1079688\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 cussed above, we find that the court has}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  jurisdiction to consider the Petition and further \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
\hich\f0 find that 2 GCA \'a7\loch\f0 \hich\f0  2104 and Standing Rule \'a7\loch\f0  1.02(d)(4) are inorganic. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16000239 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Nevertheless, for the reasons }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 set forth in}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  our July 7, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 2017}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Order, we decline to address whether Bill 1(1-S) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 was appropriately passed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 as requested in the Petition.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid6779952 In re }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Request of Calvo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 , CRQ17-001, Order at 2 (July 7, 2017); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 see also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid16000239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid6779952 In re }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 Tax Trust Fund}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 , 2014 Guam 15 \'b6 54 (finding it appropriate to \'93
interpret the statute as it relates to the alleged actions of the Governor\'94 but declining to \'93opine on whether the Governor . . . violated . . . provisions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid6386315\charrsid7363378 [of the statute] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378 in fact\'94).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12525909\charrsid7363378 We therefore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12525909\charrsid7363378  make}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2099646\charrsid7363378  the following declarations:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2835472\charrsid7363378 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li1152\ri720\sa240\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1152\itap0\pararsid15492631 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid15489676 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (1)\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12525909\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Pursuant to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12525909\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  48 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3950624 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 U.S.C.A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8724710 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12525909\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  \'a7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12525909\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12525909\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 1423b, when a quorum is present as defined under this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12525909\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 provision,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12525909\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  if proposed legislation receives \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12525909\charrsid7363378 the affirmative vote of a majority of the members present and voting,\'94 it shall be deemed to have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12525909\charrsid7363378 passed}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13577139\charrsid7363378 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12525909\charrsid7363378  and no further requirements necessary to pass legislation may }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12525909\charrsid7363378 be imposed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12525909\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ; and 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15489676 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16735988 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Title }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12525909\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 2 GCA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12525909\charrsid7363378 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'a7\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12525909\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 2104 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16000239 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12525909\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  1.02(d)(4) of the Standing Rules of the 34th Guam Legislature are \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 inorganic }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1079688\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 in that they seek to impose an additional requirement for the passage of legislation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13125391\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  beyond that which is required by 48 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3950624 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 U.S.C.A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8724710 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13125391\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  \'a7\loch\f0  1423b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1079688\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ; and 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li1152\ri720\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1152\itap0\pararsid15492631 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16735988 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (3)\tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12583019 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Title }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1079688\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 2 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  2104 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16000239 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1079688\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  1.02(d)(4) are invalid and void}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12525909\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 . 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15489676 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1079688\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 A j}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12525909\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 udgment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1079688\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 incorporating these de
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 clarations }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12525909\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 will }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1079688\charrsid7363378 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 be separately }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12525909\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 issue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1079688\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12525909\charrsid7363378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12525909 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6116318 
\par }{\*\themedata 504b030414000600080000002100e9de0fbfff0000001c020000130000005b436f6e74656e745f54797065735d2e786d6cac91cb4ec3301045f748fc83e52d4a
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