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\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
\par }}{\footerl \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10093001 
\par }}{\footerr \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10093001 
\par }}{\headerf \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10093001 
\par }}{\footerf \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2964455 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2964455 
\par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}
{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8
\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s3\qc \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\cf1\cgrid {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs28\ulnone\lang1033\langfe0\langnp1033\insrsid16611761 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe0\langfenp0\insrsid16611761 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\qc \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\cf1\cgrid {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs28\ulnone\insrsid16611761 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\insrsid16611761\charrsid478042 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\qc \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\cf1\cgrid {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs28\ulnone\lang1033\langfe0\langnp1033\insrsid10755618 THE }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\lang1033\langfe0\langnp1033\insrsid16273367 PEOPLE OF GUAM}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs28\ulnone\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 ,
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16611761 Plaintiff-Appellee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 ,
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\qc \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\cf1\cgrid {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs28\ulnone\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 v.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\qc \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\cf1\cgrid {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs28\ulnone\lang1033\langfe0\langnp1033\insrsid16273367 JANICE G. SHIMIZU}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 ,
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16611761 Defendant-Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 .
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\qc \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\cf1\cgrid {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs28\ulnone\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 OPINION
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\qc \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7175279 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid7175279 Filed:  September 5, 2017}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid7175279\charrsid7175279 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid12858287 Cite as: 2017}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid2777886  Guam 11}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid16611761\charrsid14637041 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 Su}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 preme Court Case No.:  CRA15-034}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 Superior Court Case No.:  CM1046-13}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par 
\par 
\par Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam
\par Argu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  and submitted on May 20, 2016}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 Dededo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 , Guam
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par 
\par \ltrrow}\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow\ts11\trqc\trgaph120\trleft-120\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid8020699\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb
\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4860\clshdrawnil \cellx4740\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4500\clshdrawnil \cellx9240\pard \ltrpar
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid8020699 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 Appearing for Defendant-Appellant:

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid8020699 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 James N. Spivey, Jr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11928194 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11928194 Esq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16611761 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 Assistant Alternate Public Defender}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid9126353 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 238 Archbishop F.C. Flores St., Ste. 902}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid8020699 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid16597833 
\cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 Appearing for Plaintiff-Appellee:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 Jonathan R. Quan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11928194 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11928194 Esq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\cf1\insrsid16611761\charrsid11928194 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\tx5040\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid8020699 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 Assistant Attorney General
\par Office of the Attorney General}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid9126353 \tab 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid8020699 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 590 S. Marine Corps Dr., Ste. 706}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 Tamuning}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 , G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 U}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  96913}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 \cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow
\ts11\trqc\trgaph120\trleft-120\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid8020699\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4860\clshdrawnil \cellx4740\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4500\clshdrawnil \cellx9240\row }\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10695399 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 BEFORE: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 ROBERT J. TORRES}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 , Chief Justice; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537  Asso}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16611761 ciate Justice; KATHERINE A. MARAMAN, Associate Justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid12858287 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12858287 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid12858287 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12858287  The signatures in this opinion reflect the titles of the Justices at the time this matter was considered and determined.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 

\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16273367 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16611761 CARBULLIDO, J.:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16273367 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 [1]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
Defendant-Appellant Janice G. Shimizu appeals from a judgment of conviction finding her guilty of two counts of Family Violence (as a Misdemeanor).  She argues that the conviction must be reversed because the statute under which she was convicted, 9 GCA 
\'a7 30.10(a)(2), is facially invalid.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12858287 The People assert that threats of violence are not protected speech and that 9 GCA \'a7 30.10(a)(2) is not void for vagueness.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16273367 For the reasons set forth below, we reverse.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16273367 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16273367 I.  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15759525\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 [2]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
The facts of this case are essentially undisputed.  Defendant-Appellant Janice G. Shimizu was at the home of her mother, Rita Shimizu (\'93Rita\'94), to do some agreed-upon yardwork.  Shimizu became upset after performing the yard work and \'93
not being provided the soda and cigarettes she had requested.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1931212 Record on Appeal (\'93RA\'94), tab 51 at 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  (Dec. & Order, Apr. 24, 2015).  Shimizu\rquote 
s daughter, Jana Carriaga, who lived with Rita, called her aunt, Judy Ayuyu (Shimizu\rquote s sister), to report the argument between Shimizu and Rita.  Ayuyu testified that she heard \'93yelling and arguing\'94 in the background of the telephone call.  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15759525 Transcript (\'93Tr.\'94) at 52 (Jury Trial, Dec. 16, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367   Ayuyu immediately drove to her mother\rquote s house, which was five minutes awa
y from her house.  There, Ayuyu approached Shimizu and asked, \'93Sister, what\rquote s going on?\'94, to which Shimizu responded, \'93You\rquote re not my sister. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8400353 . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16273367  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8400353  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 Get out of my face.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
 at 54.  Ayuyu then told Shimizu, \'93No, you need to get out of here,\'94 and Shimizu responded, \'93No, get out or else I\rquote ll kill you. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8400353 . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
 Matter of fact, I\rquote ll kill all of you.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
 at 55.  After these statements, Shimizu then proceeded to look through her purse.  At this point, Ayuyu told Carriaga to call the police.  Ayuyu and Carriaga joined Rita insid}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8400353 e the house, locking both doors}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  as they waited for the police to arrive.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 [3]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 Ayuyu testified that after Shimizu\rquote s statements, \'93I was scared.  I mean, I have a family, and I don\rquote 
t know, you know, if she was capable of doing something, or just to scare us away, or -- I mean, I was terrified.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
 at 56.  She testified that she panicked when Shimizu started looking through her purse \'93[b]e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8400353 cause I didn\rquote t know what she ha[d]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  in it.  I mean, that
\rquote s what scared me the most.  I didn\rquote t know what was in her purse.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
 at 56-57.  When asked what was going through her mind at the time, Ayuyu replied, \'93I don\rquote t know whether, you know, she has a gun, a knife that she could just pull out and then just start attacking.  That\rquote s -- That\rquote 
s why I told [Carriaga] to just call the cops right away . . . .\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  at 57.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 [4]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 On cross-examination, Ayuyu admitted that when Shimizu made the statements, Shimizu neither raised a fist nor lunged at her, and that the threat \'93
wasn\rquote t coming at [her].\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  at 62}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8400353 -64}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 [5]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 Carriaga testified that when her mother made the statements, she was scared \'93because I couldn\rquote 
t see really, exactly what she was doing at her purse, behind her truck\'94 and \'93I didn\rquote t know what could happen next.  I mean, I guess -- I mean, I don\rquote t know.  I was just scared, and I\rquote m -- when -- when I don\rquote t know what
\rquote s going to happen next, it worries me, and I guess I get anxious.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  at 17.  Carriaga further testifie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8400353 d that she has anxiety medicine}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  and that she took one before Ayuyu arrived.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8400353 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8400353  at 18.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 When asked whether}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8400353 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  at the time}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8400353 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16273367  she was scared Shimizu would hurt her, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8400353 Carriaga}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  testified, \'93I wasn\rquote 
t sure.  I was just -- I was so worried.  I started -- When I talked to the police, I was walking away, further away from the car, like, towards the road.  I didn\rquote t know what was going to happen next.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid16273367 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  at 18.  When asked whether she had been scared that Shimi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15675271 zu would hurt her aunt, Carriaga}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16273367  testified, \'93I was scared that she could possibly hurt all of us because of the threat that was made.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367   She testified that \'93
it was a strong belief\'94 that Shimizu could hurt them, because \'93my mom\rquote s not usually the type to say something and not do it.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  at 18-19.

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 [6]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 On cross-examination, Carriaga was asked what she meant by her earlier statement that she \'93couldn\rquote t be sure\'94 
whether Shimizu really wanted to hurt her, to which she responded, \'93All I\rquote m saying is that it could have been possible.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
 at 24.  Carriaga also testified that she told police that Shimizu carries a knife with her, which factored into her fear that day.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  at 25.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 [7]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 The police arrived and searched Shimizu.  No weapons were found.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367\charrsid1931212 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 [8]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
Shimizu was charged with two counts of Family Violence (as a Misdemeanor) for placing Carriaga and Ayuyu in fear of bodily injury.  She was also charged with Harassment (
as a Misdemeanor) for her conduct towards her mother, Rita.  After trial by a jury of six, she was found guilty of both counts of Family Violence.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 [9]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 Shimizu subsequently filed a motion for judgment of acquittal notwithstanding the verdict, arguing that Guam\rquote 
s Family Violence statute requires proof that injury was imminent, and that the statute on its face is unconstitutionally vague and overbroad.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1931212 
RA, tab 45 (Mot. J. Acquittal Notwithstanding Verdict, Dec. 24, 2014).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 The trial court denied Shimizu\rquote s motion, and she timely filed her notice of appeal.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16273367 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16273367 II.  JURISDICTION
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15759525 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 [10]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
This court has jurisdiction over an appeal from a final judgment of conviction pursuant to 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 1424-1(a)(2) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14243092 (Westlaw through Pub. L. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9374683 115-4}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2777886 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14768097  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9374683 2017}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 )), 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 3107}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9374683 (b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  and 3108(a) (2005), and 8 GCA \'a7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9374683 \'a7 130.10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6102239  and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16273367  130.15(a) (2005).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16273367 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16273367 III.  STANDARD OF REVIEW
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15759525 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 [11]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 \'93
The constitutionality of a statute is a question of law reviewed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 .\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 People v. Perez}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6112936 , 1999 Guam 2 \'b6 6 (collecting cases}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 ).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16273367 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16273367 IV.  ANALYSIS
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15759525 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 [12]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
Shimizu was charged with Family Violence under 9 GCA \'a7 30.20(a), which provides that \'93[a]ny person who intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly commits an act of family violence, as defined in \'a7
 30.10 of this Chapter, is guilty of a misdemeanor, or of a third degree felony.\'94  9 GCA \'a7 30.20(a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7622298  (as amended by Guam Pub. L. 32-017:1, Apr. 11, 2013)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
.  Section 30.10 defines \'93family violence\'94 as follows:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16273367 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 (a) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367\charrsid9308722 
Family violence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  means the occurrence of one (1) or more of the following acts by a family or household member, but does not include acts of self-defense or defense of others:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li1440\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16273367 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9374683 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9374683 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367   Attempting to cause or causing bodily injury to another family  or household member;
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16273367 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9374683 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9374683 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367   Placing a family or household member in fear of bodily injury.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16273367 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 9 GCA \'a7 30.10(a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7622298  (2005)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid16462510\charrsid16595137 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1911218 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid16462510\charrsid16595137 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16462510\charrsid16595137  During the pendency of this case, 9 GCA \'a7 30.10 was amended to add a new subitem (a)(3), further defining \'93family violence\'94
 as including \'93[k]nowingly or intentionally, against the will of another, impeding the normal breathing or circulation of the blood o
f a family or household member by applying pressure to the throat or neck or by blocking the nose or mouth of a family or household member.\'94  9 GCA \'a7 30.10(a)(3) (added by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid71205\charrsid16595137 Guam }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16462510\charrsid16595137 Pub. L. 33-205:2, Dec. 15, 2016).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1911218\charrsid16595137   As the incident underlying this case occurred in December 2013, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid71205\charrsid16595137 prior to the amendment of the statute, and in any event, Shimizu was charged under 9 GCA \'a7 30.10(a)(2), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1911218\charrsid16595137 our holding today }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid71205\charrsid16595137 speaks only to the constitutionality of 9 GCA \'a7 30.10(a)(2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1911218\charrsid16595137 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid71205\charrsid16595137 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1911218\charrsid16595137 e do not discuss the propriety of 9 GCA \'a7 30.10(a)(3).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367   Shimizu was charged under s
ection 30.10(a)(2), for placing Carriaga and Ayuyu in fear of bodily injury.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14243092 RA, tab 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  at 1-2 (Ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14243092 gistrate
\rquote s Compl.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 ).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 [13]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 Shimizu argues that section 30.10(a)(2) is facially invalid.  She argues that to pass constitutional muster, section 30.10(a)(2) must
 include proof of an imminent physical threat.  Appellant\rquote s Br. at 9, 11 (Feb. 2, 2016).  \'93Otherwise,\'94 she }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14243092 maintains}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 , \'93
the statute would proscribe all fears of family members, real or imagined . . . .\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797063  at 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12732457 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14243092   She further contends:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16273367 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14243092 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 ithout this necessa
ry element, the statute fails to describe conduct which the Guam Legislature has authority to proscribe because causing a fear of the possibility of bodily injury, without a fear of impending bodily injury, is a harm so amorphous and, yet, so ubiquitous t
hat holding a defendant responsible would violate his rights to due process.  Moreover, the statute\rquote s imposition of a mere \'93reckless\'94 intent, as opposed to specific intent, further attenuates the connection between a defendant\rquote 
s actions (in this case, mere words) and the alleged resulting harm (in this case, fear of bodily injury).
\par 
\par \tab Legislatures cannot protect citizens from all imaginable fears since any attempt to do so would be so imprecise in its definition and so draconian in its effect that it would no
t be rationally related to its authority to promote the general welfare.  Likewise, defendants can not [sic] be held responsible for all fears however slight, fleeting or unreasonable they may be without violating their due process rights.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid16273367 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16273367 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  at 11-12}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797063  (citations omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 .  Shimizu }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14243092 concludes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  that the statute is therefore \'93
facially invalid for vagueness or overbroad in its proscription of innocent conduct because it does not require an imminent threat of bodily harm.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
 at 12}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1797063  (citing U.S. Const. amends. V, XIV)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 [14]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 The People respond that threats of violence are not protected speech under the U.S. Constitution.  The People argue that Shimizu\rquote 
s statements fall under a category of unprotected speech deemed \'93true threats\'94 because her statements constituted a \'93serious expression of an intent to commit an act of unlawful violence to a . . . group of individuals.\'94  Appellee\rquote 
s Br. at 3, 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid71205  (Mar. 22, 2016)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Virginia v. Black}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 , }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770215 538 U.S. 343, 359}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  (2003)).  As to Shimizu\rquote s \'93void for vagueness\'94 argument, the People counter that \'93[t]he statute is simple on its face\'94 and 
\'93applies to acts and words.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  at 8.  The People assert that \'93
[i]t is left up to a jury to determine the (1) mens rea of the defendant and (2) credibility and reasonability (in relation to the defendant\rquote s conduct) of the family member\rquote s fear.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Id.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  at 9.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 [15]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 In its Decision and Order denying Shimizu\rquote 
s motion for judgment of acquittal notwithstanding the verdict, the trial court determined that the statute did not impinge upon Shimizu\rquote s First Amendment rights because her statements fell under the category of \'93true threats\'94
 that do not enjoy First Amendment protection.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14243092 RA, tab 51}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  at 6-8 (Dec. & Order) (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 
Watts v. United States}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 , 394 U.S. 705}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770215 , 707-08}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  (1969)).  The court found that like the statute in }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Watts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 , which proscribed knowing and willful threats to take the life of or inflict bodily harm upon the President or other officer next in the order of succession, 9 GCA 
\'a7 30.10(a)(2) does not require a showing of imminence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid16273367 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2315155 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid16273367 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  The trial court elaborated:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qj \li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16273367 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
Here how a true threat should be statutorily defined is comparatively sufficient to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Watts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
.  The statutory necessity of showing the immediacy of the spoken harm or the reasonable or specific intent of the speak}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14243092 er}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  or the belief of the recipient, in }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Watts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  is notably silent.  The U.S. statute, 8 U.S.C. \'a7 871(a), that the U.S. Supreme Court reviews in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 
Watts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  simply requires that a threat of harm against the person of the President be willfully or knowingly spoken.  Guam\rquote s statute
 goes further by proscribing speech which causes family members to fear bodily injury.  Accordingly while Guam\rquote s statute is disturbingly broad, it is facially constitutionally sound.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16273367 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14243092 RA, tab 51}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
 at 8 n.4 (Dec. & Order) (citations omitted).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  at 7-8.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15759525 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 [16]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 As to Shimizu
\rquote s facial challenge to the statute, the trial court ruled that the statute, \'93[w]hile disconcertingly broad, . . . does not irrationally or unreasonably proscribe all of a recipient\rquote 
s subjective fears but is limited to those knowingly, intentionally or recklessly caused,\'94 and \'93is further limited to a specifically defined group.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid16273367 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2315155 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid16273367 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  Interestingly, while deeming the statute \'93disconcertingly broad\'94
 but not going so far as to call it overbroad, the trial court, in a footnote, gave an example of the type of conduct that could possibly be proscribed by the statute as written:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qj \li720\ri720\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16273367 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 Given that the law identifie
s as a legitimate protectable interest, the subjective fears of a family member, the law in essence criminalizes acts which might also be characterized as mean-spirited teasing.  If, for example, a family member who is extremely afraid of spiders receives
 a gift of realistic plastic spiders from another sibling, the gifting sibling, under a strict reading of the statute, could be charged with a felony.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16273367 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14243092 RA, tab 51}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
 at 9 n.5 (Dec. & Order) (citations omitted).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  at 8-9.  Furthermore, the court determined, \'93
[r]eckless as defined by statute is also limited to an objective standard.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  at 9 (citing 9 GCA \'a7 4.30 (2005)).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 [17]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 Whether or not Shimizu\rquote s statements constituted a \'93true threat,\'94 she could not be convicted under 9 GCA \'a7
 30.10(a)(2) if the statute is unconstitutional on its face.  As the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770215 United States }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 Supreme Court held in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 
Lanzetta v. New Jersey}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 , \'93[i]f on its face the 
challenged provision is repugnant to the due process clause, specification of details of the offense intended to be charged would not serve to validate it.  It is the statute, not the accusation under it, that prescribes the rule to govern conduct and war
ns against transgression.\'94  306 U.S. 451, 453 (1939)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770215  (citations omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 .  Thus, it appears that both the trial court\rquote s and the People\rquote 
s contentions regarding the \'93true threat\'94 nature of Shimizu\rquote s statements are misplaced given Shimizu\rquote s challenge }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16019608 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  the fa
cial validity of the statute.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16273367 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 [18]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
Imprecise laws can be attacked on their face under two different doctrines: overbreadth and vagueness.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid16273367 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2315155 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid16273367 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  To explain the inherent difference between vagueness and overbreadth as simply as possible, \'93
vagueness pertains to a lack of clarity in the actual content of a statute.  In contrast, overbreadth is present when a statute\rquote s language is so far reaching that it applies to conduct the state is not entitled to regulate.\'94  John F. Decker, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Overbreadth Outside the First Amendment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 , 34 N.M. L. Rev. 53, 61 (2004).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367   \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14770215 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770215 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
hen a statute is attacked as being both facially overbroad and vague, courts should divide overbreadth and vagueness analysis into a two-part test.  Overbreadth is examined first, then vagueness.\'94  John F. Decker, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid16273367 Overbreadth Outside the First Amendment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 , 34 N.M. L. Rev. 53, 62 (2004) (footnote}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9374683 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  omitted).

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15759525 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 [19]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
As Shimizu challenges 9 GCA \'a7 30.10(a)(2) on both overbreadth and vagueness grounds, each is discussed in turn.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16273367 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16273367 A.  Overbreadth
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 [20]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770215 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14770215 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 he overbreadth doctrine permits the facial invalidation of laws that inhibit the exercise of First Amendment rights if the impermissible applications of the law are substantial when 
\lquote judged in relation to the statute\rquote s plainly legitimate sweep.\rquote \'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 City of Chicago v. Morales}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 , 527 U.S. 41, 52 (1999) (quoting }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Broadrick v. Oklahoma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14770215 , 413 U.S. 601, 612-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 15 (1973)).  \'93A statute is struck down for \lquote overbreadth
\rquote  if it \lquote does not aim specifically at the evils within the allowable area of state control but sweeps within its ambit other [constitutionally protected] activities.\rquote   That is, if a statute\rquote 
s language, given its normal meaning, is so broad that the statute\rquote s sanctions may unnecessarily apply to conduct that the state is not entitled to regulate, it is overbroad.\'94  Decker, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10249087 supra}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10249087 , at 55-56}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10249087 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10249087\charrsid12344955 alteration in original) }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367\charrsid12344955 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10249087\charrsid12344955 citations and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10249087  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
footnotes omitted).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15759525 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3635314 [21}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 Lower courts have grappled with whether to apply the overbreadth doctrine in non-First Amendment cases in light of the inconsistent line of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid71205 U.S. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16273367 Supreme Court decisions on the issue, with courts either accepting, rejecting, or simply ignoring the Court in its application of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16019608 overbreadth}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10381536 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10381536  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13138340 id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  at 98-102.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16273367\charrsid672726 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3635314 [22}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 While the present case is s
omewhat framed as a First Amendment case (in that the conduct in question here involved speech), Shimizu\rquote s overbreadth argument concerns the application of the statute to cases th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8347992 
at may not even involve speech.  She offers as an example a hypothetical of a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 battered wife being fearful every time her abusive}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8347992 
 husband walks through the door and posits that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11669262 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8347992  under}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3953765  the plain language of 9 GCA \'a7 30.10(a)(2), the husband
\rquote s act of walking through the door}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8347992  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3953765 violates the statute}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 .\~ }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid16019608 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16019608  Appellant\rquote s Br. at 12.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12417391\charrsid16019608 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3635314 [23}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12417391 Although the statute can be applied to conduct classified as speech, we do not believe it falls}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  squarely within the First Amendment arena}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12417391 
.  Because the First Amendment is not clearly implicated in this case, and given the inconsistency in the case law concerning the use of the overbreadth doctrine}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid23818 
 outside the First Amendment context, we are reluctant to apply the doctrine in this case.  We determine }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13198687 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid23818 
we need not reach the issue of whether the overbreadth doctrine applies because, as discussed below, the statute in question is void for vagueness.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16273367 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16273367 B.  Vagueness}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid16273367\charrsid16649158 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15759525 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3635314 [24}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 This court has yet to declare a statute unconstitutionally }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11669262 vague.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
  Prior to the case at hand, this court has had only one other occasion in which it addressed the \'93void for vagueness\'94 doctrin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid23818 e.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367   Inte
restingly, the case in which the \'93void for vagueness\'94 doctrine was analyzed also involved Guam\rquote s Family Violence Act.  In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 People v. Perez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 , }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13198687 the defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  challenged the constitutionality of the Family Violence Act, 9 GCA \'a7 30.10 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 et seq.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 , on \'93void for vagueness\'94 and Separation of Powers grounds.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11669262 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11669262  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16273367 1999 Guam 2 \'b6 1.  This court laid out the test for determining whether a statute is void for vagueness:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16273367 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 \'93
Generally stated, the void for vagueness doctrine requires that a penal statute define the criminal offense
 with sufficient definiteness that ordinary people can understand what conduct is prohibited and in a manner that does not encourage arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement.\'94
  Although the doctrine focuses both on actual notice to citizens and arbitrary enforcement, it has been recognized that the more important aspect of [the] vagueness doctrine \'93is not actual notice, but the other principal element of the doctrine 
\endash  the requirement that a legislature establish minimal guideli}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10381536 nes to govern law enforcement.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid16273367 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16273367 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  \'b6 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10381536  (citations omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 .  The court then quoted the language of 9 GCA \'a7\'a7
 30.10(a) and 30.20(a), including the language in section 30.10(a)(2) at issue in the present case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12722563   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12722563 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12722563  \'b6
 9.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367   The court proceeded to apply the \'93void for vagueness\'94 doctrine to the portion of the Family Violence Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10381536 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16273367  allows a defendant to move for a reduction of a felony Family Violence charge to a misdemeanor, noting the list of seven factors a court must consider in ruling on such a motion.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Id.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  \'b6 12.  The court stated that the prosecutor likewise \'93
must take into consideration those [same] factors . . . because failure to do so would clearly make a felony charge of Family Violence vulnerable to a successful motion to reduce.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367   The court concluded:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16273367 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 Thus, we disagree with Appellant\rquote 
s conclusion that the Family Violence Act is unconstitutionally vague.  We hold that the statute adequately informs an individual of the proscribed activity; and more importantly, that it provides specific guidelines that discourage the arbitrar
y enforcement of the statute by the prosecuting attorney.  This is accomplished by delineating factors, relative to the determination of whether a felony or misdemeanor charge of Family Violence proceeds through the court system, that the prosecutor must 
take into account when making the charging decision.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid16273367 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16273367 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  \'b6 13.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3635314 [25}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 In the proceedings below, Shimizu challenged the applicability of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid16273367 Perez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  to her case because, she contended, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Perez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
 did not specifically analyze the constitutionality of section 30.10(a)(2), the subsection under which she was convicted.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3566923 RA, tab 51}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
 at 4 (Dec. & Order).  It is unclear whether the trial court agreed with Shimizu\rquote s arguments regarding the inapplicability of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Perez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
.  Arguably, the court found merit in her arguments because it did not rely on the holding in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Perez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  in its decision to deny Shimizu\rquote 
s motion for judgment of acquittal notwithstanding the verdict.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3635314 [26}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 Although }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Perez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16273367  in broad language held that the Family Violence Act is not unconstitutionally vague, it did so without analyzing the specific language in section 30.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10381536 10(a) defining \'93family violence.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 \'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10381536  R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 ath}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10381536 er, the court focused }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid23818 its analysis on the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  part of the Act specifically at issue in that case: the provision that a person who commits family violence is guilty of a misdemeanor or of a third degree felony.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3566923 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3566923 1999 Guam 2 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10381536 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3566923  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10381536 9-13}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3566923 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 Thus, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid23818 we find it worthwhile to revisit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  the 
\'93holding\'94 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Perez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15759525 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3635314 [27}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 The \'93void for vagueness doctrine\'94 is a long-standing principle in due process jurisprudence.  As the U.S. Supreme Court held in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Lanzetta}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 , 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16273367 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
If on its face the challenged provision is repugnant to the due process clause, specification of details of the offense intended to be charged would not serve to validate it.  It is the statute, not the accusation under it, that prescribes the rul
e to govern conduct and warns against transgression.  No one may be required at peril of life, liberty or property to speculate as to the meaning of penal statutes.  All are entitled to be informed as to what the State commands or forbids.  The applicable
 rule is stated in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Connally v. General Construction Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 , 269 U.S. 385, 391 (1926): \lquote 
That the terms of a penal statute creating a new offense must be sufficiently explicit to inform those who are subject to it what conduct on their part will render them liab
le to its penalties is a well-recognized requirement, consonant alike with ordinary notions of fair play and the settled rules of law; and a statute which either forbids or requires the doing of an act in terms so vague that men of common intelligence mus
t necessarily guess at its meaning and differ as to its application violates the first essential of due process of law.\rquote 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid16273367 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16273367 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 306 U.S. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985091 
at 453 (citations omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3635314 28}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 \'93
Vagueness may invalidate a criminal law for either of two independent reasons.  First, it ma
y fail to provide the kind of notice that will enable ordinary people to understand what conduct it prohibits; second, it may authorize and even encourage arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 
Morales}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985091 , 527 U.S. at 56 (citation omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 .  \'93[A] law fai
ls to meet the requirements of the Due Process Clause if it is so vague and standardless that it leaves the public uncertain as to the conduct it prohibits.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16273367  (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Giaccio v. Pennsylvania}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 , 382 U.S. 399, 402-03 (1966)).  \'93[T]he purpose of the fair n
otice requirement is to enable the ordinary citizen to conform his or her conduct to the law.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  at 58.
\par \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16273367 1.  Fair Notice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16273367\charrsid8144779 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3635314 [29}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Morales}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
 involved a gang loitering ordinance that defined \'93loitering\'94 to mean \'93to remain in any one place with no apparent purpose.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  at }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985091 50-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 51 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985091 & n.14 (quoting Chi., Ill., Mun.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  Code }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985091 \'a7 8-4-015(c)(1) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 1992)).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985091 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
The Illinois Supreme Court recognized that the term }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985091 \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 loit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985091 er\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16273367  may have a common and accepted meaning,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985091 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  but the definition as provided in the ordinance did not.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid16273367 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  at 56.  \'93It is difficult to imagine how any citizen of the city of Chicago standing in a public place with a group of people would know if he or she had an \lquote apparent purpose.
\rquote \'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  at 56-57.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15759525 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3635314 [30}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid224244 U.S.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  Supreme Court found the ordinance impermissibly vague for \'93
fail[ing] to give the ordinary citizen adequate notice of what is forbidden and what is permitted.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  at 60.  \'93
Since the city cannot conceivably have meant to criminalize each instance a citizen stands in public with a gang member, the vagueness that dooms this ordinance is not the product of uncertainty about the normal meaning of \lquote loitering,\rquote 
 but rather about what loitering is covered by the ordinance and what is not.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  at 57.  Furthermore,
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16273367 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985091 [t]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
he Constitution does not permit a legislature to \'93set a net large enough to catch all possible offenders, and leave it to the courts to step inside and say who could be rightfully detained, and who should be set at large.\'94
  This ordinance is therefore vague \'93not in the sense that it requires a person to conform his conduct to an imprecise but comprehensive normative standard, but rather in the sense that no standard of conduct is specified at all.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid16273367 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16273367 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
 at 60 (citations omitted).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 [3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3635314 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 Like the loitering ordinance in }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Morales}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 , 9 GCA \'a7 30.10(a)(2) fails to provide fair notice to ordinary citizens of what conduct is prohibited by the statute.  The phrase \'93
[p]lacing a family or household member in fear of bodily injury,\'94 9 GCA \'a7 30.10(a)(2), is not vague in the sense that it does not have a common and accepted mea
ning.  It is easy for a person to understand what the phrase means in its ordinary sense.  However, as a guide to what conduct is forbidden or permitted by the statute, section 30.10(a)(2) utterly fails.  As written, there is too much uncertainty about wh
at conduct is covered by the statute and what is not.  The Legislature cannot conceivably have meant to criminalize each instance in which a citizen places a family or household member in fear of bodily injury.  The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid16273367 mens rea}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  requirement in 9 GCA \'a7 30.20(a) is not enough to save this ambiguity, for even some intentional causing of fear in a family member can be innocent, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367\charrsid8347992 as illustrated in the examples }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8347992 below}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985091   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9985091 See infra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985091 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367\charrsid9985091 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3635314 [32}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 The Court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Morales}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  noted the precedent set by a number of state courts that have upheld loitering ordinances combined with some other overt act or evidence of criminal intent.  527 U.S. at 57}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12722563 
 & n.25}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985091  (citations omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 .  The Court also noted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985091 , however,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
 that state courts have uniformly invalidated loitering ordinances }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12722563 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 that do not join the term }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12722563 \lquote }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 loitering}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12722563 \rquote  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 with a second specific element of the crime.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12722563 
\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  at 57-58.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15759525 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3635314 [33}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13899923 Like the category of statutes noted in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13899923 Morales}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13899923  that were struck down as unconstitutional}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16273367 , no standard of conduct is specified in section 30.10(a)(2).  Section 30.10(a)(2) does not require an overt act, criminal intent, that the fear be reasonable, or that the fear be one of imminent bodily injury.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9512495 In the court\rquote s research on the issue, we struggled to find a family violence or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 domestic abuse statute with terms }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9512495 
as broad as ours.  Instead, each statute we have seen requires either imminence,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  reasonable fear}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9512495 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  or both.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 , N.M. Stat. Ann. \'a7 40-13-2(D)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13899923 (2)(d)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
 (West 2010) (defining \'93domestic abuse\'94 to include \'93(d) a threat causing imminent fear of bodily injury by any household member\'94); Neb. Rev. Stat. Ann. \'a7 42-903(1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13899923 (b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  (West 2012) (\'93Abuse means . . . . (b) Placing, by means of credible threat, another person in fear of bodily injury.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13899923  . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
  [C]redible threat means a verbal or written threat, . . . and conduct that is ma
de by a person with the apparent ability to carry out the threat so as to cause the person who is the target of the threat to reasonably fear for his or her safety or the safety of his or her family.\'94); R.I. Gen. Laws Ann. \'a7 15-15-1(2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13899923 (ii)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  (West 2006) (\'93\lquote Domestic abuse\rquote  means . . . (ii) Placing another in fear of imminent serious physical harm.\'94); N.C. Gen. Stat. Ann. \'a7 50B-1(a)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13899923 (2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  (West 2015) (\'93Domestic violence means . . . (2) Placing the aggrieved party or a member of the aggrieved party\rquote s family or hous
ehold in fear of imminent serious bodily injury or continued harassment . . . that rises to such a level as to inflict substantial emotional distress.\'94); 23 Pa. Stat. and Cons. Stat. Ann. \'a7 6102(a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13899923 (2)}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  (West 2008) (defining \'93abuse\'94 of family to include \'93[p]lacing another in reasonable fear of imminent serious bodily injury\'94).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3635314 [34}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 Without more, 9 GCA \'a7
 30.10(a)(2) is impermissibly vague in that it does not adequately inform citizens of what conduct is prohibited by the statute.  Specifically, in this case, it did not inform Shimizu whether telling a family member \'93get out of my face or else I
\rquote ll kill you\'94 and then looking in her purse is conduct prohibited by the statute.  Although the statute clearly proscribes placing a family member in fear of bodily injur
y, it did not provide her with standards to govern her conduct, such as requiring that the fear be reasonable or that the fear be that of imminent bodily injury.  Although her conduct may have been a clear violation of other laws, such as terrorizing,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid16273367 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4326330 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid16273367 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  \'93
A person is guilty of terrorizing if he communicates to any person a threat to commit or to cause to be committed a crime of violence dangerous to hum
an life, against the person to whom the communication is made or another, and the natural and probable consequence of such a threat, is to place the person to whom the threat is communicated or the person threatened in reasonable fear t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13899923 hat crime will be committed.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 9 GCA \'a7 19.60(a) (2005).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  it 
would not have been clear to her that her conduct was prohibited by 9 GCA \'a7 30.10(a)(2) given that the statute reaches a substantial amount of conduct,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13899923  both}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
 innocent and criminal alike.  Her conduct raises too many unanswered questions as to what would be enough to constitute a violation of the statute.  What if she did not look through her purse and just made the statements?  Or if instead she simply said, 
\'93Get out of my face\'94 or \'93Get out of my face or else\'94?  Or if she was already looking in her purse whe
n she made the statement?  Or what if her daughter or sister were irrationally fearful individuals?  The statute provides no help in distinguishing between each of these variations, thereby making it difficult to know where to draw the line in any given s
ituation.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3635314 [35}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9512495 We}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
 now turn to the second reason a statute may be invalidated for vagueness: where it violates \'93the requirement that a legislature establish minimal guidelines to govern law enforcement.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 
Kolender v. Lawson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 , 461 U.S. 352, 358 (1983)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13899923  (citation omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16273367 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16273367 2.  Arbitrary and Discriminatory Enforcement
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15759525 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3635314 [36}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 As this court noted in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Perez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 , \'93it has been recognized that the more important aspect of [the] vagueness doctrine 
\lquote is not actual notice, but the other principal element of the doctrine \endash  the requirement that a legislature establish minimal guidelines to govern law enforcement.\rquote \'94  1999 Guam 2 \'b6 7 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid16273367 Kolender}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 , 461 U.S. at 358).  \'93[V]agueness is dangerous because it permits arbitrary enforcement of the law, violating the basic principles of the Fourteenth Amendment.\'94  Decker, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13899923 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13899923 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  at 60}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12722563  (footnote omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16273367 .  \'93A law must provide \lquote ascertainable standards of guilt\rquote  that guide the arm of enforcement.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  at 61 (quoting }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Winters v. New York}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 , 333 U.S. 507, 515 (1948)).  \'93The absence of an ascertaina
ble standard of guilt in a given legal proscription gives police officers, prosecutors, and the triers of fact unlimited discretion to apply the law and, thus, there is a danger of arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement of such a law.\'94  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16273367 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  (footnote omitted).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3635314 [37}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
Section 30.10(a)(2) does not provide any guidelines whatsoever to govern law enforcement.  On the one hand, this unlimited discretion is helpful in that it allows law enforcement to decide not to arrest or prosecute conduct that, though technic
ally a violation of the statute, is otherwise innocent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3953765  (such as the plastic spider prank suggested by the trial court)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
.  On the other hand, the unfettered discretion poses a clear danger of arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement of the statute.  Because 
a substantial amount of conduct is implicated by the broad terms of the statute, it is essentially up to law enforcement to decide which violations are worthy of punishment and which are not.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3635314 [38}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 Also, the statute provides essentially no guidance to trier
s of fact.  So long as the prosecution proves that some intentional, knowing, or reckless conduct on the part of the defendant causes fear of bodily injury in a family member, the defendant must be found guilty under the Act.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9512495 Thus,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  even if there }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9512495 had been}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  
no rummaging through a purse (assuming that qualifies as an \'93overt act\'94
), Shimizu might have been found guilty.  Even if Shimizu somehow proved that her daughter or sister were irrationally fearful people, she still technically would be guilty under the statute.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3635314 [39}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12344955 Accordingly, we hold that 9 GCA \'a7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367 
 30.10(a)(2) is vague on its face }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12344955 as it provides neither fair notice as to the type of conduct prohibited by the statute nor minimal guidelines to govern law enforcement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16273367 .  The trial court\rquote s findings that there was sufficient evidence of imminence and that the victims\rquote 
 fear was reasonable are irrelevant because the jury was instructed on neither concept.  The jury was not instructed that the victims\rquote  fear must have been reasonable or that the fear must have been that of imminent bodily injury.  The judge\rquote 
s determination that sufficient evidence existed to satisfy proof of those issues is of no relevance because he was not the trier of fact in this case, and neither was listed as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9512495 an element}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  of the offense.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3635314 [40}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2587542 To the extent }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2587542 People v. Perez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2587542 , 1999 Guam 2, suggests that 9 GCA \'a7 30.10(a)(2) is not unconstitutionally vague, we overrule.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2587542\charrsid2587542 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16273367 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16273367 V.  CONCLUSION
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15759525 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3635314 [41}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15759525 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2587542 For the foregoing reasons, we hold}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16273367  that 9 GCA \'a7 30.10(a)(2) is facially invalid because it is unconstitutionally vag
ue.  It provides neither fair notice to ordinary citizens of what conduct is prohibited or permitted by the statute, nor minimal guidelines to govern law enforcement.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2587542 Accordingly, we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2587542 REVERSE.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16273367 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2777886 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3953765 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2777886 
\par 
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{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxcolumn\dobypara\dodhgt8192\dppolyline\dppolycount2\dpptx0\dppty0\dpptx4336\dppty0\dpx15\dpy257\dpxsize4336\dpysize0
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           /s/
\par \tab   F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO \tab \tab \tab \tab KATHERINE A. MARAMAN
\par \tab          Associate Justice\tab \tab \tab \tab            Associate Justice
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid269915 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid269915 
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