{\rtf1\adeflang1025\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\adeff0\deff0\stshfdbch0\stshfloch0\stshfhich0\stshfbi0\deflang1033\deflangfe1033\themelang1033\themelangfe0\themelangcs0{\fonttbl{\f0\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f2\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1{\*\panose 02070309020205020404}Courier New;}
{\f3\fbidi \froman\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05050102010706020507}Symbol;}{\f10\fbidi \fnil\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05000000000000000000}Wingdings;}{\f34\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria Math;}
{\f36\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}{\f37\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}{\f38\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604030504040204}Tahoma;}
{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f352\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\f353\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\f355\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\f356\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\f357\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\f358\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\f359\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\f360\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\f372\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 Courier New CE;}
{\f373\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 Courier New Cyr;}{\f375\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 Courier New Greek;}{\f376\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 Courier New Tur;}{\f377\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset177\fprq1 Courier New (Hebrew);}
{\f378\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset178\fprq1 Courier New (Arabic);}{\f379\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 Courier New Baltic;}{\f380\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset163\fprq1 Courier New (Vietnamese);}{\f692\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria Math CE;}
{\f693\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Math Cyr;}{\f695\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Math Greek;}{\f696\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Math Tur;}{\f699\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Math Baltic;}
{\f700\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria Math (Vietnamese);}{\f712\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\f713\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\f715\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}
{\f716\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}{\f719\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\f720\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\f722\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}
{\f723\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\f725\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\f726\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}{\f729\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}
{\f730\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\f732\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Tahoma CE;}{\f733\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Tahoma Cyr;}{\f735\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Tahoma Greek;}
{\f736\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Tahoma Tur;}{\f737\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Tahoma (Hebrew);}{\f738\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Tahoma (Arabic);}{\f739\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Tahoma Baltic;}
{\f740\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Tahoma (Vietnamese);}{\f741\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 Tahoma (Thai);}{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}
{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}
{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}
{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}
{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;\red255\green255\blue0;
\red255\green255\blue255;\red0\green0\blue128;\red0\green128\blue128;\red0\green128\blue0;\red128\green0\blue128;\red128\green0\blue0;\red128\green128\blue0;\red128\green128\blue128;\red192\green192\blue192;\red79\green129\blue189;
\caccentthree\ctint255\cshade255\red155\green187\blue89;\red255\green255\blue255;\caccentthree\ctint63\cshade255\red230\green238\blue213;\caccentone\ctint63\cshade255\red211\green223\blue238;\caccentone\ctint255\cshade255\red79\green129\blue189;
\ctextone\ctint255\cshade255\red0\green0\blue0;\caccentone\ctint25\cshade255\red237\green242\blue248;\cbackgroundone\ctint255\cshade255\red255\green255\blue255;\caccentone\ctint51\cshade255\red219\green229\blue241;
\caccentone\ctint127\cshade255\red167\green191\blue222;}{\*\defchp }{\*\defpap \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 }\noqfpromote {\stylesheet{
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \snext0 \spriority0 \styrsid13460162 Normal;}{
\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon0 \snext40 \slink15 \sunhideused \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid13460162 heading 1;}{\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \sbasedon1 \snext40 \slink16 \sunhideused \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid13460162 heading 2;}{
\s3\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon2 \snext40 \slink17 \sunhideused \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid13460162 heading 3;}{\s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\ai\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f37\fs24\cf17\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink18 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority9 \styrsid13460162 heading 4;}{\*\cs10 \additive 
\ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority1 \styrsid13460162 Default Paragraph Font;}{\*
\ts11\tsrowd\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3\tscellwidthfts0\tsvertalt\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext11 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \sqformat Normal Table;}{\*\cs15 
\additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28 \sbasedon10 \slink1 \slocked \spriority9 \styrsid13460162 Heading 1 Char;}{\*\cs16 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs26\lang3081\langfe0\langnp3081\langfenp0 
\sbasedon10 \slink2 \slocked \spriority9 \styrsid13460162 Heading 2 Char;}{\*\cs17 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs26\lang3081\langfe0\langnp3081\langfenp0 \sbasedon10 \slink3 \slocked \spriority9 \styrsid13460162 Heading 3 Char;}
{\*\cs18 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f37\fs24\cf17\lang3081\langfe0\langnp3081\langfenp0 \sbasedon10 \slink4 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 \styrsid13460162 Heading 4 Char;}{\s19\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar
\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext19 \slink20 \styrsid9313504 header;}{\*\cs20 
\additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24 \sbasedon10 \slink19 \slocked \styrsid9313504 Header Char;}{\s21\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext21 \slink22 \styrsid9313504 footnote text;}{\*\cs22 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24 \sbasedon10 \slink21 \slocked \styrsid9313504 Footnote Text Char;}{\*\cs23 \additive 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super \sbasedon10 \styrsid9313504 footnote reference;}{\*\ts24\tsrowd\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf18 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf18 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf18 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf18 \trbrdrh
\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf18 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf18 
\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tscbandsh1\tscbandsv1\tblind0\tblindtype3\tscellwidthfts0\tsvertalt\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon11 \snext24 \spriority62 \styrsid9313504 
Light Grid Accent 3;}{\*\ts24\tsrowd\tsbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf18 \tsbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf18 \tsbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw45\brdrcf18 \tsbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf18 \tsbrdrh\brdrnone \tsbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf18 \sb0\sa0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31503 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\loch\f31502\hich\af31502\dbch\af31501 \tscfirstrow Light Grid Accent 3;}{\*\ts24\tsrowd\tsbrdrt\brdrdb\brdrw15\brdrcf18 \tsbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf18 \tsbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf18 \tsbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf18 \tsbrdrh\brdrnone 
\tsbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf18 \sb0\sa0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31503 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\loch\f31502\hich\af31502\dbch\af31501 \tsclastrow Light Grid Accent 3;}{\*\ts24\tsrowd \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31503 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\loch\f31502\hich\af31502\dbch\af31501 
\tscfirstcol Light Grid Accent 3;}{\*\ts24\tsrowd\tsbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf18 \tsbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf18 \tsbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf18 \tsbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf18 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31503 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\loch\f31502\hich\af31502\dbch\af31501 
\tsclastcol Light Grid Accent 3;}{\*\ts24\tsrowd\tscellcfpat0\tscellcbpat20\tscellpct0\tsbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf18 \tsbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf18 \tsbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf18 \tsbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\tscbandvertodd Light Grid Accent 3;}{\*\ts24\tsrowd\tscellcfpat0\tscellcbpat20\tscellpct0\tsbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf18 \tsbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf18 \tsbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf18 \tsbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf18 \tsbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf18 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \tscbandhorzodd Light Grid Accent 3;}{\*\ts24\tsrowd\tsbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf18 \tsbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf18 \tsbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf18 \tsbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf18 \tsbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf18 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \tscbandhorzeven Light Grid Accent 3;}{\s25\ql \li0\ri0\sl-227\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f2\fs18\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext25 \spriority0 \styrsid9313504 Attorney Name;}{\*\cs26 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i \sbasedon10 \sqformat \spriority20 \styrsid9313504 Emphasis;}{\*\ts27\tsrowd
\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf22 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf22 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf22 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf22 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf22 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf22 
\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tscbandsh1\tscbandsv1\tblind0\tblindtype3\tscellwidthfts0\tsvertalt\tscellcbpat21\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf23\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\f31502\hich\af31502\dbch\af31501\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon11 \snext27 \spriority68 \styrsid9313504 Medium Grid 2 Accent 1;}{\*\ts27\tsrowd\tscellcfpat0\tscellcbpat24\tscellpct0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31503 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf23 \tscfirstrow Medium Grid 2 Accent 1;}{\*
\ts27\tsrowd\tscellcfpat0\tscellcbpat25\tscellpct0\tsbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf23 \tsbrdrl\brdrnone \tsbrdrb\brdrnone \tsbrdrr\brdrnone \tsbrdrh\brdrnone \tsbrdrv\brdrnone \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31503 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf23 \tsclastrow Medium Grid 2 Accent 1;}{\*
\ts27\tsrowd\tscellcfpat0\tscellcbpat25\tscellpct0\tsbrdrt\brdrnone \tsbrdrl\brdrnone \tsbrdrb\brdrnone \tsbrdrr\brdrnone \tsbrdrh\brdrnone \tsbrdrv\brdrnone \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31503 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf23 \tscfirstcol Medium Grid 2 Accent 1;}{\*
\ts27\tsrowd\tscellcfpat0\tscellcbpat26\tscellpct0\tsbrdrt\brdrnone \tsbrdrl\brdrnone \tsbrdrb\brdrnone \tsbrdrr\brdrnone \tsbrdrh\brdrnone \tsbrdrv\brdrnone \rtlch\fcs1 \ab0\af31503 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\cf23 \tsclastcol Medium Grid 2 Accent 1;}{\*
\ts27\tsrowd\tscellcfpat0\tscellcbpat27\tscellpct0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31503 \ltrch\fcs0 \tscbandvertodd Medium Grid 2 Accent 1;}{\*\ts27\tsrowd\tscellcfpat0\tscellcbpat27\tscellpct0\tsbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf22 \tsbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf22 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af31503 \ltrch\fcs0 \tscbandhorzodd Medium Grid 2 Accent 1;}{\*\ts27\tsrowd\tscellcfpat0\tscellcbpat25\tscellpct0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31503 \ltrch\fcs0 \tscnwcell Medium Grid 2 Accent 1;}{\*\cs28 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid9313504 co_searchterm;}{\s29\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af38\afs16\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f38\fs16\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 
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{\*\cs32 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24 \sbasedon10 \slink31 \slocked \styrsid9313504 Footer Char;}{\*\cs33 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16 \sbasedon10 \sunhideused \styrsid9313504 annotation reference;}{
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annotation text;}{\*\cs35 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \slink34 \slocked \styrsid9313504 Comment Text Char;}{\s36\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
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{\s39\qj \fi-601\li2041\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls28\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin2041\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\snext39 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid13460162 Num List 1;}{\s40\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls28\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \snext40 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid13460162 Paragraph - Numbered;}{\s41\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext41 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid13460162 Indent1;}{\s42\qj \fi-720\li2761\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx2160\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls28\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin2761\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon39 \snext42 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid13460162 Num List 2;}{\s43\qj \fi-720\li3481\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls28\ilvl2\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin3481\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon42 \snext43 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid13460162 Num List 3;}{\s44\ql \li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 
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\sbasedon44 \snext45 \ssemihidden \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid13460162 Quote 2;}{\s46\ql \li2160\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \sbasedon45 \snext46 \ssemihidden \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid13460162 Quote 3;}{
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\sbasedon39 \snext47 \sqformat \spriority34 \styrsid13460162 List Paragraph;}{\s48\ql \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
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\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon50 \snext51 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid13460162 Indent3;}{\s52\qj \fi-601\li2761\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
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{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-601\li2041\jclisttab\tx1440\lin2041 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23
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\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-1321\li4201\jclisttab\tx2880\lin4201 }{\listlevel\levelnfc255\levelnfcn255\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\'00;}{\levelnumbers;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-720\li3600\jclisttab\tx2520\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc255\levelnfcn255\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
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\ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-720\li5760\jclisttab\tx4680\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc255\levelnfcn255\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'00;}{\levelnumbers;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-720\li6480\jclisttab\tx5400\lin6480 }{\listlevel\levelnfc255\levelnfcn255\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'00;}{\levelnumbers;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0\hres0\chhres0 
\fi-720\li7200\jclisttab\tx6120\lin7200 }{\listname ;}\listid79839906\liststyleid760490016}{\list\listtemplateid1707377704\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
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{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1800\lin1800 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li2520\lin2520 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3240\lin3240 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3960\lin3960 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0
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People v. Tedtaotao}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid614708 , 2016 Guam 9, Opinion          \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid614708\charrsid15748452 Page }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
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\b\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 PEOPLE OF GUAM,
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Plaintiff-Appellee,
\par 
\par v.
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 ALBERT TORRES TEDTAOTAO,
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Defendant-Appellant.
\par 
\par Supreme Court Case No.: CRA14-026
\par Superior Court Case No.: CF0135-13
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 OPINION
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
\par Filed:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 March 14, 2015
\par Cite as: 2016 Guam 9
\par 
\par Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam
\par Argued and submitted on August 10, 2015
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam
\par 
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Appearing for Defendant-Appellant:
\par Peter C. Perez, Esq.
\par Law Office of Peter C. Perez
\par 238 Archbishop Flores St., Ste. 802
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910
\par \cell Appearing for Plaintiff-Appellee:
\par Brian D. Gallagher, Esq.
\par Assistant Attorney General
\par Office of the Attorney General
\par 590 S. Marine Corps Dr., Ste. 706
\par Tamuning, GU 96913\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
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\par BEFORE:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
ROBERT J. TORRES, Chief Justice; F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Associate Justice; KATHERINE A. MARAMAN, Associate Justice.
\par 
\par TORRES, C.J.:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6301211\charrsid13460162 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [1]. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s40\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls28\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6301211 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Defendant-Appellant Albert Torres Tedtaotao appeals a final judgment following his criminal convictions for Bur
glary and Theft of Property in a jury trial, claiming that the trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
s numerous evidentiary errors warrant reversal of his convictions and vacating the judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 For the reasons set forth herein, we affirm the judgment of the trial court. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qc \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6301211 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 I.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504 
\par {\*\bkmkstart SDU_516}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [2]. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s40\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls28\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6301211 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 This case arises from Tedtaotao}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s criminal convictions for Burglary (Second Degree Felony) and Theft of Property (Third Degree Felony, as a lesser included offense of Theft of Property as a Second Degree Felony).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
The conduct underlying these charges involved an early morning convenience store break-in, in which the store owner and alleged victim, Mr. Kwang Mun Yu (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Yu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 ), responded to an alarm notification and encountered two burglars in the act of stealing his money and property, one of whom was purportedly Tedtaotao.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Tedtaotao was indicted on one count each of Burglary and Theft of Property. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [3]. \tab}At trial, during the prosecution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s case-in-chief, Guam Police Officer Peter Paulino testified that he interviewed the alleged victim, Yu.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 He then testified, over Tedtaotao}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s objection, as to the answers Yu provided during the interview.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
Officer Paulino testified that Yu arrived at the store, noticed the damaged entrance, and observed a male exiting the store.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 He noted Yu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
s description of the man, and relayed the events of Yu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
s pursuit of him, explaining that Yu had recounted being attacked by the male, striking his assailant as the man attempted to enter a vehicle, and damaging the taillight of said vehicle.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Officer Paulino conveyed Yu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
s statements that the cash register drawer had been removed, that around $150.00 was missing, and that a trash bag had been filled with cartons of cigarettes.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Officer Paulino further testified that Yu allowed him to view the CCTV surveillance video showing the burglary and events Yu had described.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 In addition, Officer Paulino asserted that Yu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s statements to him were corroborated by the video footage of the encounter.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [4]. \tab}Yu testified that he was awoken early on the morning of December 16, 2
012, by an automated phone call from his alarm system alerting him to a break-in.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 He stated that he arrived at his store prior to its normal operating hours to find one of the entrances damaged.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 He encountered a large man nearly a foot taller than himself 
and engaged him in an altercation as the man made his escape.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
Yu described pursuing the burglars to their getaway car, damaging the taillight and noting the license plate number.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Additionally, Yu recounted returning to his store and discovering that the ca
sh register had been broken and many cartons of cigarettes had been removed from their display and collected into a trash bag. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [5]. \tab}
Yu also testified regarding a surveillance video that he had shown to police from his CCTV system, as well as his preparation in copying an excerpt of the footage, which was then admitted into evidence and presented to the jury over Tedtaotao}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s objection.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [6]. \tab}
The People also presented testimony from Officer Donald Nakamura regarding his attempts to identify the individuals pictured in the surveillance video.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Officer Nakamura testified that he had recognized one of the individuals as one Raymond Tedtaotao.\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s21\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9313504 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs23\super\insrsid614708 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid614708  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid614708\charrsid10772374 Raymond Tedtaotao is the brother of the Defendant. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid614708  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid614708\charrsid10772374 All other statements regarding the identification of \'93Tedtaotao\'94 refer to the Defendant, Albert Tedtaotao.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid614708  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
He began to explain an interaction with an informant regarding Tedtaotao, but the court sustained an objection for hearsay (though the testimony was not stricken from the record).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Officer Nakamura thereafter testif
ied that he presented the video footage of the crime to Probation Officer Leo Diaz and Parole Officers Dean Taitague, Ronald Santos, and Mark Fleming, who all identified Tedtaotao in the videos.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Officers Fleming and Santos testified at trial as well, ident
ifying Tedtaotao in court as the man depicted in the video footage. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [7]. \tab}
The jury returned a verdict finding Tedtaotao guilty of the crimes of Burglary (Second Degree Felony) and Theft of Property (Third Degree Felony, as a lesser included offense of Theft of Property as a Second Degree Felony).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
The trial court sentenced Tedtaotao to ten years of incarceration and ordered him to attend the first available Residential Substance Abuse Treatment Program (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 
"}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 RSAT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 ). 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [8]. \tab}Tedtaotao timely filed a Notice of Appeal challenging his convictions. 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qc \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6301211 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 II.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
JURISDICTION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [9]. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s40\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls28\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6301211 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 This court has jurisdiction over appeals from a final judgment of the Superior Court pursuant to 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7
 1424-1(a)(2) (Westlaw through Pub. L. 114-114 (2015)); 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 3107 and 3108 (2005); and 8 GCA \'a7 130.15 (2005).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 This is an appeal of a final judgment issued by the Superior Court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 See Record on Appeal (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 RA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 ), tab 83 (Judgment, Nov. 10, 2014). 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qc \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6301211 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 III.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
STANDARD OF REVIEW}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504 
\par {\*\bkmkend SDU_516}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [10]. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s40\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls28\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6301211 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 This court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 review[s] the trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s ruling on the admissibility of evidence for an abuse of discretion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 People v. Tuncap, 2014 Guam 1 \'b6 12; see also People v. Muritok, 2003 Guam 21 \'b6 32.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Specifically, a trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s decision concerning the admission of evidence over a hea
rsay objection is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 People v. Roten, 2012 Guam 3 \'b6 13; see also People v. Hayes, No. CR\endash 92\endash 00140A, 1993 WL 469357, at *2 (D. Guam App. Div. Oct. 12, 1993). 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [11]. \tab}We review admission of evidence of prior simi
lar bad acts under Rule 404(b) of the Guam Rules of Evidence (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
GRE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 ) for an abuse of discretion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 People v. Evaristo, 1999 Guam 22 \'b6
 6 (citing United States v. Santiago, 46 F.3d 885, 888 (9th Cir. 1996)); see also People v. Quintanilla, 2001 Guam 12 \'b6 9.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 However, the trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s determination of whether the evidence falls within the scope of Rule 404(b) is reviewed de novo.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 People v. Palisoc, 2002 Guam 9 \'b6 7 (citing United States v. Arambula\endash 
Ruiz, 987 F.2d 599, 602 (9th Cir. 1993)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 The trial court}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s analysis under GRE 403 is subject to review for an abuse of discretion.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Evaristo, 1999 Guam 22 \'b6 6 (citation omitted).
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [12]. \tab}
Where the trial court has abused its discretion in admitting certain evidence, the proper standard for evaluating whether reversal is required is the harmless error standard.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 See People v. Jesus, 2009 Guam 2 \'b6\'b6 53-55.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
The test for harmless error is whether it appears beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 " }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 People v. Flores, 2009 Guam 22 \'b6 112 (quoting Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1, 15 (1999)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qc \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6301211 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 IV.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
ANALYSIS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13460162 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Whether the Trial Court Erred in Admitting Video Footage of the Burglary 
\par 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [13]. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s40\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls28\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6301211 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Tedtaotao begins by challenging the admission of video footage that was copied from a CCTV system via recording on a smartphone and transferred to a USB drive.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s Br. at 14-16 (Apr. 1, 2015).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
Tedtaotao argues that such evidence was not properly authenticated under GRE 901 and that the court erred i
n admitting the video without considering the relevant factors articulated by this court for determining whether video evidence has been properly authenticated.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Id.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [14]. \tab}Both parties correctly call attention to this court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s prior decision in Tuncap, 2014
 Guam 1, in which we directly addressed the standard for determining admissibility of a surveillance video.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Tedtaotao is correct that this court did provide specific factors relevant to deciding whether video evidence has been properly authenticated, including: 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s57\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1274383 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 [T]estimony about (1) how the recording system operates, (2) the system}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s working condition and pattern of maintenance, (3) who operates the system, has access to it, and maintains its archive of recordings, (4) the quality of the recording, and (5
) the means by which the recording was copied to the format viewed at trial. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s58\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1274383 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Tuncap, 2014 Guam 1 \'b6 35.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
However, this court also explicitly cautioned that this list of factors was not required in every case and that the trial court maintains flexibility to consider relevant factors specific to the case before it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 In doing so
, we emphasized that these factors were merely guidelines to aid the trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
s consideration of specific circumstances, rather than a rigid set of tests to be satisfied.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Id. \'b6 34.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 This court further explained in detail how video evidence might be prope
rly authenticated even absent the satisfaction of these factors, stating:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s57\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1274383 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Where testimony about the system is lacking, testimony about the particular recording and the events it recorded may still be }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent claims.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 To authenticate in this manner, the trial court should look to when and where the video was first viewed by the testifying witness.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 If the video is viewed at the scene soon after the event in question and is viewed not 
from a copy but directly from the system established on-site, there is little to no risk of tampering or editing the tape.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
To confirm this reasoning, there should also be an affirmance that the contents of the recording viewed contemporaneously with the recorded event are the same as the contents of the recording sought to be introduced into evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
Authentication can be bolstered where the testifying witness was present at the scene of the recorded event soon after it happened and acknowledges that the recording depicts events that match with the scene observed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Such testimony would further corroborate that the surveillance video accurately depicts what occurred.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s58\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1274383 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Id. \'b6 36 (citations omitted). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13460162 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1274383\charrsid13460162 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [15]. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s40\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls28\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1274383 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 The People assert that the trial court conducted an ex
tensive analysis of the authenticity of the video and authentication has been established through appropriate witness testimony.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Appellee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s Br. at 10-11 (Apr. 30, 2015).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Yu, the victim with direct eyewitness knowledge of the events portrayed in the video, 
testified that he watched the surveillance video together with police officers in his store on the morning of the robbery.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Transcripts (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Tr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 ) at 17-18 (Jury Trial, Mar. 13, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Officer Paulino confirmed that he was allowed to view the CCTV surveillance video.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Tr. at 62 (Jury Trial, Mar. 12, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Yu further testified that the video clip presented in court matched the one he viewed with police that morning.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Tr. at 20-22 (Jury Trial, Mar. 13, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Both Officer Paulino and Officer Steven Topasna corrobo
rated this fact, stating that the video shown to the jury was the same as the one they saw and copied during the initial investigation of the burglary.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Tr. at 68, 97, 111-13 (Jury Trial, Mar. 12, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Given these statements, it is clear that evidence in the record properly authenticated the video under the requirements articulated in Tuncap. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [16]. \tab}
In addition to his objections to the authentication, Tedtaotao also implies that editing the surveillance footage to present as evidence only minutes of footage that was hours long, renders it inadmissible.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s Br. at 16.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 This argument is unpersuasive.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Indeed, courts addressing this issue have found that editing hours-long surveillance footage in order to present only relevant portions is acceptable and
 will not render such video evidence inadmissible.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
See, e.g., Bunch v. State, 123 So. 3d 484, 493-94 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013) (holding that edited version of surveillance footage was properly admitted in burglary prosecution where omitted portions of videos w
ere superfluous and irrelevant, as videos showed hours of footage and defendant possessed ability to play omitted portions of surveillance footage during defense}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s case-in-chief); Broadbent v. Allison, 626 S.E.2d 758, 763-64 (N.C. Ct. App. 2006) (allowing 
admission of six-minute edited video condensed from several months of footage because excerpts were time stamped and jury was made aware that footage was edited). 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [17]. \tab}We therefore find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting vide
o evidence copied from the store}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
s CCTV surveillance system and edited to include only relevant portions. 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5271003 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1274383\charrsid1274383 B. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid1274383 
Whether the Trial Court Erred in Admitting Statements of the Victim through the Testimony of Officer Paulino 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [18]. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s40\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls28\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1274383 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Tedtaotao next claims that the trial court erred in allowing certain testimony from Officer Paulino regarding Yu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s statements to him.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s Br. at 17.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Tedtaotao claims that, while Officer Paulino was testifying and describing interviewing Yu in the course of his investigation, the officer testified to the substance of Yu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s statements.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Id. at 17-20.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Tedtaotao objected multiple times on hearsay grounds.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Tr. at 43, 45, 48 (Jury Trial, Mar. 12, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 These objections were overruled by the court on the basis that the witness was }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 there for official business}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162  and because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s a police officer.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Id. at 44, 48.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 The People do not directly dispute this point, arguing instead that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 [e]ven if the trial court was not correct in allowing Officer Paulino to testify as to matters told to him by Mr. Yu, it is not reversible error.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Appellee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s Br. at 12.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [19]. \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Guam defines hearsay as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 a statement, other than one made by
 the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 J.J. Moving Servs., Inc. v. Sanko Bussan (Guam) Co., 1998 Guam 19 \'b6 32 (quoting 6 GCA \'a7
 801(c) (2005)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 A hearsay statement is not adm
issible as evidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 unless it falls into a known exception.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Id. (citing 6 GCA \'a7 802 (2005)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 We must first determine whether Officer Paulino}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s statements were, in fact, hearsay.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Officer Paulino testified that Yu arrived at the store, noticed the damaged 
entrance, and observed a male exiting the store.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
Tr. at 43, 46, 48, 50-53 (Jury Trial, Mar. 12, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
Officer Paulino noted Yu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
s description of the man, how he was dressed and what he was holding.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Id. at 52-53.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 In addition, Officer Paulino relayed the events of Yu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s pursuit, explaining that Yu recounted being assailed by the intruder, striking his attacker as he attempted to enter a vehicle and damaging the taillight of said vehicle.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Id. at 53-54.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Finally, Officer Paulino conveyed Yu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s observations upon re
turning to the store: noticing that the cash register drawer had been removed, that approximately $150.00 was missing, and that a trash bag had been filled with cartons of cigarettes.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Id. at 54-55.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 None of these statements were based upon the personal know
ledge of Officer Paulino, who was not present at the time of these events.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Rather, this evidence merely repeated out-of-court statements Yu made to Officer Paulino during an interview.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Thus, there is no doubt that such testimony includes statements }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 See J.J. Moving Servs., 1998 Guam 19 \'b6 32.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [20]. \tab}The second prong of the analysis requires determining if the statements were }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
In evaluating this question, many other jurisdictions have found that law enforcement testimony regarding a declarant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s out-of-court statement is not hearsay if used for the purpose of explaining why a government investigation was undertaken or as background to explain an officer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s state of mind and actions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
See, e.g., United States v. Reyes, 18 F.3d 65, 70 (2d Cir. 1994); United States v. Freeman, 816 F.2d 558, 563 (10th Cir. 1987); United States v. Hunt, 749 F.2d 1078, 1084 (4th Cir. 1984), cert. denied, 472 U.S. 1018 (1985).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
However, both this court and federal case law analyzing this issue have nonetheless limited the scope of such background, stating that: 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s57\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5271003 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 A p
olice officer . . . may reconstruct the steps taken in a criminal investigation, may testify about his contact with [a witness], and may describe the events leading up to a defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s arrest, but the officer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s testimony must be limited to the fact that he
 spoke to [a witness] without disclosing the substance of that conversation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
There is a clear distinction between an [officer] testifying about the fact that he spoke to [a witness] without disclosing the contents of the conversation and the agent testifyi
ng about the specific contents of the conversation which is inadmissible hearsay.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s40\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5271003 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Roten, 2012 Guam 3 \'b6 19 (alterations in original) (quoting United States v. Williams, 133 F.3d 1048, 1052 (7th Cir. 1998)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Further, evidence which is intended to provide bac
kground may nonetheless be ruled inadmissible based on the pervasiveness and overall number of out-of-court statements introduced by the prosecution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 See United States v. Cass, 127 F.3d 1218, 1222-23 (10th Cir. 1997); Garrett v. United States, 78 F.3d 1296
, 1302-03 (8th Cir. 1996), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 956 (1996) (holding that if a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 statement is both permissible background and highly prejudicial, otherwise inadmissible hearsay, fairness demands that the government find a way to get the background into evi
dence without the hearsay}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162  (internal quotation marks omitted)). 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [21]. \tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s40\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls28\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5271003 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \tab 
Here, the nature of the testimony appears intended to demonstrate the truth of matters asserted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Further, the trial court in overruling Tedtaotao}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s objection seemed to believe that such testimony is admissible due to an exception involving the witness}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s status as a police officer and the official nature of his investigation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
There is no indication that such evidence is being presented for the limited purpose of providing background or explaining the course of Officer Paulino}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s investigation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Further, the People specifically referenced factual assertions conveyed by Officer Paulino as evidence that such testimony conveyed valid facts.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 See Tr. at 4-11 (Jury Trial, Mar. 24, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 This, co
mbined with the pervasiveness of out-of-court statements referenced by the officer, demonstrates that the evidence was presented to prove the truth of the matter asserted and constitutes hearsay, inadmissible unless otherwise subject to an enumerated exce
ption.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 We now turn to whether any exception is applicable here.

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [22]. \tab}The trial court overruled Tedtaotao}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s hearsay objections on the justification that the witness was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 there for official business}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162  and because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s a police officer.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Tr. at 44, 48 (Jury Trial, Mar. 12, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
From these statements, we may infer that the trial court believed that, despite their nature as hearsay, the statements were admissible under the Public Records and Reports exception found in GRE 803(8).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 This exception does authorize the admission of a public official}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s records, reports, or statements in any form setting forth }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
matters observed pursuant to duty imposed by law as to which matters there was a duty to report.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 GRE 803(8)(B).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 However, this exception unambiguously excludes }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 in criminal cases matters observed by police officers and other law enforcement personnel.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 " }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Thus, the fact that Officer Paulino took statements from Yu in his official capacity and pursuant to his duty to conduct an investigation and report his findi
ngs does not render the relevant hearsay statements admissible. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [23]. \tab}
In addition to falling beyond the scope of the Public Records exception, the improper nature of the evidence is not cured by the fact that the testifying witness is a police officer.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Case law from several jurisdictions has held that a law enforcement officer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
s testimony repeating out-of-court statements to prove the truth of the matter presented is improper on hearsay and confrontation grounds.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
See Cass, 127 F.3d at 1222-24 (out-of-court statements repeated by FBI agent constituted hearsay because they were admitted to prove the truth of the matter asserted); Jones v. Basinger, 635 F.3d 1030, 1040-42 (7th Cir. 2011) (extensive testimony by polic
e officers regarding non-testifying informant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
s out-of-court statement to them was hearsay and violated prisoner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
s Sixth Amendment right to confront informant).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
Contrary to the conclusions of the trial court, the fact that Officer Paulino was a police officer testifying in a criminal case is precisely why the hearsay statements conveyed were not rendered admissible by statutory exception.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 See GRE 803(8)(B).
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [24]. \tab}
Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting Officer Paulino}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s testimony consisting of Yu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s statements because it was hearsay. 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5271003 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5271003\charrsid5271003 C. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid5271003 Whether the Trial Court Erred in Admitting Officer Paulino}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid5271003 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid5271003 s Testimony Asserting that the Victim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid5271003 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid5271003 s Statements to Him were Corroborated by what the Officer Observed in the Video Footage
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [25]. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s40\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls28\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5271003 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Tedtaotao also alleges that the trial court erred in admitting as evidence Officer Paulino}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s assertion that Yu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s statements to him were corroborated by the video footage.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s Br. at 20; see also Tr. at 62 (Jury Trial, Mar. 12, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Tedtaotao states that such testimony constituted impermissible credibility bolstering by a law enforcement officer, warranting reversal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Id. at 20-21.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
The People do not directly address this claim, stating merely that such evidentiary errors were harmless in light of the overwhelming evidence presented.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 See Appellee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s Br. at 12.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [26]. \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Credibility vouching }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 occurs when the government places the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 prestige of the government behind the witnesses through personal assurances of their veracity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162  and is improper.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Moses, 2007 Guam 5 \'b6 16 (quoting People v. Ueki, 1999 Guam 4 \'b6 19).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Credibility vouching is also referred to as bolstering and may arise either through comment by the prosecuting attorney, or through a government witness}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s testimony.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 See Parmelee v. Piazza, 622 
F. Supp. 2d 212, 228 (M.D. Pa. 2008) (using bolstering and vouching interchangeably); Gaston v. State, 731 S.E.2d 79, 81 (Ga. Ct. App. 2012) (finding improper bolstering through statements of a witness with regard to the believability of another}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s testimony).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
This court has previously held that testimony by a law enforcement officer that bolsters the credibility of a witness is inappropriate and may constitute harmful error where such bolstering relates to a victim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s identification of a criminal perpetrator.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Roten, 2012 Guam 3 \'b6\'b6 31, 47.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
This conclusion is based on the uniquely powerful effect of bolstering by law enforcement officers due to the high regard for their institution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Id. \'b6 31; see also United States v. Garcia-Ortiz, 528 F.3d 74, 79-80 (1st Cir. 2008) (finding error where a law enforcement officer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s testimony improperly bolstered testimony of another witness).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
Additionally, this finding is consistent with the holdings of other jurisdictions that police testimony merely asserting that a witness}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s statements had been corroborated is improper.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 See United States v. Francis, 170 F.3d 546, 551 (6th Cir. 1999). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [27]. \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 The jury was presented with both Yu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s direct testimony and the video footage of the events described.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 As such, they were perfectly capable of deciding for themselves whether the latter corroborates the former, and Officer Paulino}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s testimony improperly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 invaded the jury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s exclusive province to decide witness credibility.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Roten, 2012 Guam 3 \'b6 31 (quoting U
nited States v. Whitted, 11 F.3d 782, 785-86 (8th Cir. 1993)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
In light of these facts, this court finds Officer Paulino}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
s statement that the video footage of the scene corroborated the account of Yu to be inadmissible witness bolstering by a law enforcement witness. 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5271003 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5271003\charrsid5271003 D. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid5271003 
Whether the Trial Court Erred in Admitting Statements through the Testimony of Officer Nakamura Identifying Tedtaotao as one of the Burglars in the Video Footage
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [28]. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s40\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls28\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5271003 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Tedtaotao}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s fourth argument contends that the testimony regarding out-of-court identification of him as the man pictured in the surveillance video is inadmissible.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s Br. at 21-22.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Officer Nakamura testified that he presented the video footage of the crime to Probation Officer Diaz and Parole Officers Taitague, Santo
s, and Fleming, each of whom identified Tedtaotao in the videos.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Tr. at 29-33 (Jury Trial, Mar. 20, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Tedtaotao asserts such testimony is hearsay that should have been excluded from evidence by the trial court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s Br. at 22.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 The People address this argument merely by stating that Officer Nakamura}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s testimony that Tedtaotao was one of the persons shown in the video was cumulative of other evidence and not reversible error.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Appellee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s Br. at 12. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [29]. \tab}Hearsay is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 J.J. Moving Servs., 1998 Guam 19 \'b6 32 (quoting GRE 801(c)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 The evidence offered clearly falls with
in this definition, as the out-of-court statements of Probation Officer Diaz and Parole Officers Taitague, Santos, and Fleming were conveyed to the jury by Officer Nakamura and were presented to prove the truth of the matter asserted, that Tedtaotao was o
ne of the persons depicted in the video of the crime.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
See Tr. at 29-33 (Jury Trial, Mar. 20, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
Further, there does not appear to be any applicable exception within the rules of evidence, nor have the People put forth such justification.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 See GRE 803-804.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Accordingly, such evidence constitutes impermissible hearsay and should have been excluded by the trial court. 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5271003 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5271003 E. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
Whether the Trial Court, After Sustaining a Hearsay Objection, Erred in Failing to Strike the Hearsay Testimony or to Provide a Curative Instruction
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [30]. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s40\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls28\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5271003 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Tedtaotao next asserts that the trial court committed error when, following a sustained objection on hearsay grounds, the court failed to strike Officer Nakamura}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s testimony about an informant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s statement from the record and did not give a
 curative instruction to the jury to disregard the relevant testimony.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
s Br. at 22.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
The People respond that no error was committed due to the fact that Tedtaotao did not request any instruction at the time the objection was sustained.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Appellee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s Br at 12-13.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 The People further reiterated their claim that any purported error was harmless due to the overwhelming evidence supporting conviction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Id. at 13-15.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 This court has previously considered 
statements upon which an objection was sustained but which were neither stricken from the record nor the subject of a curative instruction to remain evidence in the case, subject to evaluation by the triers of fact and the appellate panel.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 See People v. George, 2012 Guam 22 \'b6 22 n.3 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 The People objected to this question after K.A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s mother answered it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
The trial court sustained the objection, but there was no motion to strike, and the jury was not instructed to disregard the testimony.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162  (citation omitted)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
Further, we have noted that, where the court finds evidence or statements to be improper, a corrective instruction must be given at the time of the statement and must be appropriately specific to neutralize the improper statement.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 See People v. Mendiola, 2010 Guam 5 \'b6 27.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
Thus, a failure to strike evidence and instruct the jury to disregard it where an objection has been sustained constitutes a potential error. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [31]. \tab}With regard to Tedtaotao}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s failure to request a curative instruction, the People correc
tly note our previous holding that defense counsel bears primary responsibility for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 ensuring that the error was cured in the manner most advantageous to his client, including making a timely objection, moving to strike the testimony or requesting a specia
l jury instruction at the close of the evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
People v. Muritok, 2003 Guam 21 \'b6 26 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 However, Muritok also stressed the trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s duty to instruct the jury on applicable law and placed responsibility for the failure on both counsel and the court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
Ultimately, the question of whether failure to strike improper evidence from the record and issue a corrective instruction warranted reversal of the judgment turned on the extensiveness of such improper testimony and whether it was stressed to the jury.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 In this case, the scope of the improper testimony appears quite limited.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
Indeed, the defense objection cut off the improper answer before Officer Nakamura was able to state what the informant told him with regard to Tedtaotao.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 See Tr. at 29 (Jury Trial, Mar. 20, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Further, the examining prosecutor offered to limit the scope of Officer Nakamura}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s answer, reminding him that the question related only to whom in the video he was personally able to identif
y and eliciting the answer that the officer could identify no one other than Raymond Tedtaotao.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Id. at 29-30.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 The statements of the unnamed informant were not disclosed to the jury, and the informant does not appear to be mentioned at any point other than briefly.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Consequently, we hold that the hearsay statements regarding the informant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s identification of Tedtaotao were not extensive enough to warrant reversal, due to defense counsel
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s actions in cutting off improper testimony, the trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s sustaining of the objection, and the People}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s subsequent limiting of the scope of Officer Nakamura}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s testimony.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5271003 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5271003 F. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
Whether the Trial Court Erred in Admitting Lay Witness Testimony Identifying Tedtaotao as One of the Burglars in the Video Footage
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [32]. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s40\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls28\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5271003 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Tedtaotao}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
s ensuing claim attacks the use of lay witness testimony by the People in presenting statements from a probation officer and several parole officers, identifying Tedtaotao as the man pictured in the video of the crime.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s Br. at 23-25.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 At trial, 
Officer Nakamura testified that he presented the video footage of the crime to Probation Officer Diaz and Parole Officers Taitague, Santos, and Fleming, each of whom identified Tedtaotao in the videos.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Tr. at 29-33 (Jury Trial, Mar. 20, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 In addition,
 Officers Fleming and Santos both testified, personally identifying Tedtaotao in court as the man depicted in the video footage.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 See id. at 63-66, 81-85.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 As noted above, the testimony from Officer Nakamura regarding identifications by other law enforcement officers was impermissible hearsay.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
However, Tedtaotao also argues that the direct testimony from Parole Officers Fleming and Santos violated GRE 701 regarding admissibility of lay witness testimony.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s Br. at 23-25.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [33]. \tab}GRE 701 states:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s57\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16142981 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 If the witness is not testifying as an expert, the witness}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162  testimony in the form of opinions or inferences is limited to those opinions or inferences which are (a) rationally based on the perception of the witness, and (b) helpful to a clear understanding
 of the witness}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
 testimony or the determination of a fact in issue, and (c) not based on scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge within the scope of Rule 702.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s58\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16142981 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 GRE 701.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
Tedtaotao claims that this rule is violated when a witness invades the province of the jury by providing opinion testimony as to an ultimate issue of the case, such as the identity of the criminal shown in the video of the crime.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s Br. at 23-24.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 In support of this proposition, Tedtaotao cited United States v. Calhoun, 
in which the court expressed skepticism that a parole officer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
s identification satisfied the second prong of Rule 701 of the Federal Rules of Evidence (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 FRE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 ).\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9313504 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid614708 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs23\super\insrsid614708 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid614708  \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid614708\charrsid9272347 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\fs20\insrsid614708\charrsid9272347 Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid614708\charrsid9272347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\fs20\insrsid614708\charrsid9272347 Rules}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid614708\charrsid9272347  of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\fs20\insrsid614708\charrsid9272347 Evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\insrsid614708\charrsid9272347  are essentially identical to its like-numbered counterparts in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\fs20\insrsid614708\charrsid9272347 Federal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid614708\charrsid9272347  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\fs20\insrsid614708\charrsid9272347 Rules}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid614708\charrsid9272347  of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\fs20\insrsid614708\charrsid9272347 Evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid614708\charrsid9272347 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid614708  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid614708\charrsid9272347 Therefore, interpretations of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs28\fs20\insrsid614708\charrsid9272347 Federal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid614708\charrsid9272347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\fs20\insrsid614708\charrsid9272347 Rules}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\insrsid614708\charrsid9272347  of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\fs20\insrsid614708\charrsid9272347 Evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid614708\charrsid9272347  from other jurisdictions are persuasive authority.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid614708 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid614708\charrsid9272347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid614708  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid614708\charrsid9272347 Jesus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid614708 , 2009 Guam 2 \'b6 32 n.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid614708\charrsid9272347 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid614708  (citations omitted). }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 544 F.2d 291, 295 (6th Cir. 1976).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 However, the court in Calhoun did not definitively resolve this issue, instead basing its disposition on an interpretation of FRE 403.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Id. at 296-97.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 The issue of admissibility under Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s counterpart rule, GRE 403, will be addressed by this court below. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [34]. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s40\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls28\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16142981 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
As the People correctly point out, the majority of federal courts which have applied the principles of FRE 701 to facts mirroring those presented here have found that parole officer identification of a defendant depicted in video or photo evidence 
is permissible.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
In United States v. Contreras, a criminal defendant contended that his parole officer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s testimony }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 violated the second requirement of Rule 701 because the jury could review the surveillance footage and determine for themselves, based on [the defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s] presence in the courtroom, whether he was the bank robber.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 536 F.3d 1167, 1170 (10th Cir. 2008).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 The court disagreed, explaining, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 [a] witness}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s identification testimony satisfies Rule 701}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s second requirement if there is some basis for concluding that the witness is more likely to correctly identify the defendant from the photograph than is the jury.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Id. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Based on this factor, the court concluded:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s57\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16142981 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 [The officer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
s] familiarity with Contreras offered the jury a more sophisticated identification than they could make on their own.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
She had repeated interactions with Contreras, and thus could identify him based on many factors that would not be apparent to a jury viewing the defendant only in a courtroom setting.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Accordingly, the district court did not abuse its discretion by concluding that [the officer]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s testimony complied with Rule 701.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s58\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16142981 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
This rationale and conclusion have been mirrored in several federal courts addressing this very issue.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 See,
 e.g., United States v. Beck, 418 F.3d 1008, 1015 (9th Cir. 2005) (finding a probation officer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
s testimony identifying defendant as the robber depicted in bank surveillance photo was rationally based and sufficiently helpful to be admissible as lay opinion
 testimony, where officer had met with defendant on four occasions over a two-month period); United States v. Farnsworth, 729 F.2d 1158, 1160-61 (8th Cir. 1984) (finding parole officers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162  opinions concerning identity of a person depicted in a surveillance p
hotograph admissible under FRE 701, since there is some basis for concluding that the witness was more likely to correctly identify the defendant from the photograph than was the jury).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [35]. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s40\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls28\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16142981 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Both parole officers who identified Tedtaotao had specialized familiarity with him through their extensive past interactions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
Officer Fleming stated that he had met with Tedtaotao on approximately ten occasions and Officer Santos had interacted with Tedtaotao regularly, meeting once a month for sixteen years.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Tr. at 64-65, 85 (Jury Trial, Mar. 20, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Accordingly, admitting direct testimony from Tedtaotao}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
s parole officers identifying him as the man portrayed in the surveillance footage of the crime did not violate GRE 701 regarding admissibility of lay witness testimony. 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16142981 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16142981 G. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
Whether the Trial Court erred in Admitting Evidence that Tedtaotao had a History of Incarceration and Parole
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [36]. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s40\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls28\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16142981 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Tedtaotao next asserts that the trial court erred in admitting testimony revealing his history of incarceration and as a parolee 
in violation of GRE 403 and 404(b).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s Br. at 25-26.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
This court has previously identified the relevant factors for evaluating the admission of evidence under GRE 404(b).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 People v. Camaddu, 2015 Guam 2 \'b6 12 (citing People v. Torres, 2014 Guam 8 \'b6 41).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 As we explained:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s57\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16142981 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
To be admissible under GRE 404(b), the evidence of prior acts and crimes must (1) prove a material element of the crime currently charged; (2) show similarity between past and charged conduct; (3) be based on sufficient evidence; an
d (4) not be too remote in time. . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
The four-part test stated above has been referred to as the Hinton test, reiterated in United States v. Hinton, 31 F.3d 817, 822 (9th Cir. 1994). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13460162 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Id. (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Consistent with other jurisdictions, after analyzing the evidence under GRE 404(b) factors, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
[t]he trial court must then undertake a balancing test, weighing the admissibility of the evidence using the GRE 403 factors.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Camaddu, 2015 Guam 2 \'b6 12; see also State v. Kassebeer, 193 P.3d 409, 423 (Haw. 2008).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16142981\charrsid13460162 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [37]. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s40\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls28\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16142981 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
Tedtaotao claims that the court failed to undertake the required four-factor analysis governing admission of GRE 404(b) evidence and did not properly balance the probative value and prejudicial effect of the testimony, as required by GRE 403.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s Br. at 26-30.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
The People respond by mentioning that several jurisdictions have ruled that testimony by a parole officer for the purposes of identification is admissible and not unduly prejudicial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Appellee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s Br. at 15-17. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [38]. \tab}
Despite their presentation together, this analysis actually requires inquiry into two separate types of testimony.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 First, we must determine if the witnesses}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162  mere status as parole officers makes their identification of Tedtaotao and statements regarding familiarity with him inherently inadmissible or unduly prejudicial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Specifically, the evaluation will focus on (1) Officer Fleming}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s statement that he had met with Tedtaotao roughly ten times and was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 very confident}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162  that the individual in the video was him and (2) Officer Santos}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s statements that he had interacted with Tedtaotao about once a month for sixteen years, was }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 one hundred percent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162  certain of his identification and that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 I just know Albert.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 He}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s no stranger to me.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 See Tr. at 64-65, 67, 81-82, 85, 90 (Jury Trial, Mar. 20, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Second, we must determine whether the officers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162  identification of themselves as parole officers and explanation of their relationship with Tedtaotao, which revealed his history of incarceration and parole, wa
s inadmissible or unduly prejudicial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
See id. at 60-61, 66-67, 78-79, 81-85, 89-93. 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qc \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16142981 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 1.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
Admissibility under GRE 404(b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [39]. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s40\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls28\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16142981 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 GRE 404(b) states: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show that he acted in conformity therewith.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 GRE 404(b).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Evidence of such acts is admissible, however, as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [40]. \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 With regard to the first set of statements identifying Tedtaotao in the video and describing the officers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162  frequency of contact and level of familiarity with him, we hold that GRE 404(b) is inapplicable.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 These statements do not themselves reference prior w
rongs or crimes in any way nor do they allow the jury to draw the inference of any such acts.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 See Tr. at 64-65, 67, 81-82, 85, 90 (Jury Trial, Mar. 20, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Further, the express purpose of these statements is to establish the identity of the perpetrator, which clearly falls within the rule}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s exception and would be admissible.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 See GRE 404(b). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504 

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [41]. \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Turning to the second category of statements, we must determine if testimony stating merely that the defendant has previously been incarcerated and on parole 
falls within the scope of GRE 404(b).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
At first glance, such statements refer only to a particular status of the defendant and do not themselves specifically allege any previous crimes or wrongs.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 However, the obvious inference drawn by a jury when presented
 with information regarding prior incarceration and parole is that a defendant has a history of prior criminal convictions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 This finding would be consistent with other jurisdictions, which have held that a defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s parole status is considered evidence of prior criminal acts for purposes of Rule 404(b).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
See, e.g., United States v. Cruz, 326 F.3d 392, 394-95 (3d Cir. 2003); United States v. Manarite, 44 F.3d 1407, 1418 (9th Cir. 1995).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Further, some courts conclude that evidence revealing a defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s previous incarceration is potentially excludable under Rule 404.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 See, e.g., State v. Berry, 546 S.E.2d 145, 151 (N.C. Ct. App. 2001).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [42]. \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 However, unlike a typical GRE 404(b) analysis, which compares the current charged crime to a particular past wrong, the evidence presented here merely indicates Tedtaotao}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
s previous incarceration and parole, without reference to the nature of the underlying criminal conviction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 There has been no showing that the accusations faced by Tedtaotao during his trial bore any similarity to the prior wrongs he committed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
The evidence of parole status and prior incarceration is sufficiently established via testimony from multiple parole officers.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Tr. at 65-67, 82 (Jury Trial, Mar. 20, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 However, the information conveyed is not clearly probative of the material element for which it was introduced, namely the identity of the perpetrator portrayed in the video.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
Other courts have found that, while establishing the level of familiarity a witness has with the person they are identifying is relevant to the credibility of such identification, the fact that the familiarity arose from a defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s previous incarceration is unnecessary and of no probative value.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 See United States v. Sostarich, 684 F.2d 606, 608-09 (8th Cir. 1982).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Similarl
y, the testimony of Officers Fleming and Santos identifying Tedtaotao, as well as their statements regarding their frequency of contact with him and degree of certainty in their recognition of him, are relevant to establish the witnesses}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162  extensive familiarity with Tedtaotao}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s appearance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 However, there is no additional value gained by the officers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162  identification of their profession and revelation that Tedtaotao was previously on parole and incarcerated.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Such surplusage serves only the impermissible purpose of highlighting Tedtaotao}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s propensity for criminality.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
Further, because this information is not itself necessary for demonstrating the extent of the officers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162  acquaintance with Tedtaotao or their recognition of him as one of the men depicted in the surveillance video, it does not fall within the identity exception of GRE 404(b).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
Thus, testimony provided by parole officers explaining the basis of their familiarity with the defendant for purposes of identification is admissible for identity under GRE 404(b).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 However, evidence revealing Tedtaotao}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
s history of incarceration and parole does not satisfy the factors adopted in Camaddu and is inadmissible under GRE 404(b). 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qc \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16142981 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 2.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
Admissibility under GRE 403}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [43]. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s40\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls28\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid614708 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Even if admissible under GRE 404(b), relevant evidence may still be excluded }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162  or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 confusion of the issues.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 GRE 403. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504 

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [44]. \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Tedtaotao claims that the court abused its discretion in failing to explicitly weigh the factors of Rule 403.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s Br. at 27-28.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 This court, relying on a footnote from the Ninth Circuit decision in United States v. Johnson, 820 F.2d 1065 (9th Cir. 1987), has held that the trial court has a du
ty to weigh the GRE 403 factors explicitly.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
See People v. Evaristo, 1999 Guam 22 \'b6 17.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
However, despite emphasizing the importance of a trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
s duty to weigh the competing prejudice and probative value of evidence, the Ninth Circuit nonetheless affirmed a decision in which the district court had merely conducted an implicit balancing of these factors.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Johnson, 820 F.2d at 1069-70.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Similarly, in United States v. Green, the Ninth Circuit }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid614708 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s57\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid614708 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 refused }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 to require a mechanical recitation of Rule 403}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s formul
a on the record as a prerequisite to admitting evidence under Rule 404(b),}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
 and concluded that the demands of Rule 403 are met if it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
appears from the record as a whole that the trial judge adequately weighed the probative value and prejudicial effect of proffered evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16142981 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13460162 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 648 F.2d 587, 592-93 (9th Cir. 1981) (quoting United States v. Sangrey, 586 F.2d 1312, 1315 (9th Cir. 1978)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 However, the trial court commits error where }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 the record does not disclose that the trial judge performed the necessary weigh
ing under Rule 403.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Id. at 593.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16142981\charrsid13460162 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [45]. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s40\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls28\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid614708 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Viewing the record as a whole, it is clear that the trial judge considered and balanced the competing factors presented by Rule 403.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 The admissibility of Officer Fleming and Officer Santos}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s testimony was briefed co
mprehensively by both parties, and the court held a separate hearing specifically on the motion in limine in which both parties presented arguments with regard to the probative value and prejudicial effect of the evidence in question.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 See RA, tab 48 (Mot. 
Limine, Mar. 11, 2014); RA, tab 51 (Def. Supp. Mem. Mot. Limine, Mar. 12, 2014); RA, tab 52 (Opp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 n Mot. Limine, Mar. 12, 2014); Tr. at 5-17 (Jury Trial, Mar. 12, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Additionally, in its decision denying Tedtaotao}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s motion, the trial court specifically 
mentioned the Rule 403 concerns regarding prejudice, but ultimately emphasized the importance of the testimony in assisting the jury with identification of the individual depicted in the surveillance footage.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Tr. at 18-20 (Jury Trial, Mar. 12, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Furth
er, this decision specifically referenced competing case law presented by the parties with regard to the admissibility of parole officer identification under Rule 403.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Id. (citing Calhoun, 544 F.2d 291; Contreras, 536 F.3d 1167).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Therefore, we fin
d that the trial court performed the necessary weighing required under GRE 403.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 See Green, 648 F.2d at 592-93.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 We must thus proceed to evaluate the merits of the GRE 403 decision to determine if the admission of the evidence constituted an abuse of discretion. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [46]. \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
As Tedtaotao correctly notes, the Sixth Circuit, in Calhoun, did hold that allowing testimony by a parole officer to identify a defendant in a video was unduly prejudicial and inadmissible under FRE 403 due to the risk of revealing past crimin
ality and that such prejudice could not be cured through cross-examination, as this would expose further details of detrimental character evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 544 F.2d at 296.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 However, subsequent case law from a majority of jurisdictions encountering this particular issue has found no violation of Rule 403, in many cases explicitly rejecting the holding in Calhoun.
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
In discussing this issue, the Fifth Circuit traced the relevant case law thusly: 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s57\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid614708 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Subsequent cases from the Fourth, Eighth and Ninth Circuit Courts of App
eals have criticized Calhoun, where they have not rejected it outright. . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
In United States v. Garrison, 849 F.2d 103, 107 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 996 (1988), the trial court admitted the testimony of the defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s probation officer concerning defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
s weight loss after the time of the robbery for which the defendant was being tried.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
The Fourth Circuit found that, for purposes of identification, the testimony was not so prejudicial under Rule 403 as to be inadmissible.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Similarly, in United States v. Farnsworth, 729 F.2d 1158, 1161 (8th Cir. 1984), the Eighth Circuit, confronted with a situation nearly identical to that in Calhoun, also expressly rejected the holding of Calhoun.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 The Farnsworth Court held that it was not an abuse of discreti
on for the trial court to have permitted parole officers to identify the defendant. . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
In United States v. Langford, 802 F.2d 1176, 1179 (9th Cir. 1986), the defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
s parole officer testified that the person depicted in bank surveillance photographs taken during a robbery was the defendant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 The Ninth Circuit held that given the familiarity of the parole officer with the defendant the opinion testimony of the parole officer was sufficiently probative to outweigh the danger of unfair prejudice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Then, in United States v. Butcher, 557 F.2d 666, 670 (9th Cir. 1977), the Ninth Circuit upheld the district court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s admission of opinion testimony by police and parole officers, on the basis of their prior contacts with the defendant, that the defendant was the pe
rson depicted in bank surveillance photographs.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
The Butcher Court held that it was not prejudicial for the district court to admit police and parole officers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
 testimony despite the existence of alternative evidence in the record.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 557 F.2d at 669-70.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9313504 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13460162 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid614708\charrsid13460162 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 We add our voice to the chorus of these cases insofar as they reject an inflexible holding that a trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s decision to allow a defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s parole officer to testify against the defendant is a per se violation of Rule 403.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid614708\charrsid13460162 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 United States v. Pace, 10 F.3d 1106, 1115 (5th Cir. 1993). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid614708\charrsid13460162 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [47]. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s40\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls28\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5982681 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 It is clear that the majority of jurisdictions allow parole officers to use their familiarity with criminal defendants to identify them.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
However, as indicated above, this conclusion does not mean that such testimony may include facts revealing that a defendant has been on parole or previously incarcerated.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
On the contrary, in several of the cases referenced above, the trial court did not allow the parole officer to testify as to their profession or explain the basis of their relationship with the defendant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 See, e.g., Garrison, 849 F.2d at 107 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 The witness}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s identity as parole officer was not revealed by the government . . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 ); Farnsworth, 729 F.2d at 1161 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 The court directed the government not to delve into the circumstances of the parole officers}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162  relationships with the defendant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
On direct examination, the government brought out only the number of times each witness had seen the defendant and the duration of those visits.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Further, the Fifth Circuit in Pace expressly held that the trial court abused its discretion in allowing the officer to give testimony which revealed the defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s history of parole, stating:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s57\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5982681 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 We find here on balance that the trial court committed error in allowing the probation officer to state his occupation to the jury.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 In the context of this trial, this information was unduly prejudicial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Other courts, too, have found error when a government witness reveals to the jury, or gives testimony from which t
he jury could infer, that the defendant is on probation or has been recently involved in illegal conduct.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
See United States v. Fortenberry, 860 F.2d 628, 632 (5th Cir. 1988); United States v. Poston, 430 F.2d 706, 709 (6th Cir. 1970).
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13460162 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 10 F.3d at 1116.
\par 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [48]. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s40\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls28\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5982681 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 We hold that, in light of the unique importance of the parole officers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
 testimony in this case as the only positive identifications of Tedtaotao as well as the applicable federal case law, the trial court did not err in admitting the parole officers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162  t
estimony identifying Tedtaotao as one of the individuals in the surveillance video and describing the extent of their familiarity with him under a balancing of the Rule 403 factors.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 However, the court did err in admitting evidence identifying the parole officers}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
 professions and the details of their relationship with Tedtaotao that revealed his history of incarceration and parole, as these facts were not necessary to the identification and were unduly prejudicial. 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5982681 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5982681 H. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Whether the Evidentiary Errors were Harmless 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [49]. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s40\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls28\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5982681 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 The trial court committed several evidentiary errors in conducting the jury trial of Tedtaotao.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
Specifically, the court abused its discretion in (1) allowing testimony from Officer Paulino regarding out-of-court statements made by Yu, (2) allowing Officer Paulino to assert that the victim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s statements to him were corroborated by the video footage, (3) admitting Officer Nakamura}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
s testimony regarding out-of-court identification by parole officers identifying Tedtaotao as the man pictured in the surveillance video, and (4) admitting testimony regarding Tedtaotao}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s prior incarceration and parole status.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
Where the trial court has abused its discretion in admitting certain evidence, the proper standard for evaluating whether reversal is required is the harmless error standard.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 See Jesus, 2009 Guam 2 \'b6\'b6 53-55; see also Williams, 133 F.3d at 1053 (applying si
milar standards under the FRE).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
Thus the next inquiry is whether the errors committed by the court warrant reversal of the conviction or were merely harmless.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 This court has previously addressed the appropriate standard for evaluating harmless error, explaining that:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s57\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls29\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5982681 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
[t]he test for harmless error is whether it appears beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 People v. Flores, 2009 Guam 22 \'b6 112 (quoting Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1, 15 (1999)) (internal quotation marks omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 A harmless error inquiry typically involves analysis of numerous factors, including: (1) the overall strength of the prosecution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s case; (2) the prosecutor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s conduct with respect to the improperly admitted evidence; (
3) the importance of the wrongly admitted evidence; and (4) whether such evidence was cumulative of other properly admitted evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 See United States v. Garcia, 413 F.3d 201, 217 (2d Cir. 2005).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13460162 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5982681\charrsid13460162 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 People v. Roten, 2012 Guam 3 \'b6 41 (alteration in original).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
We apply these factors to the evidence presented in this case to determine whether the conviction should remain undisturbed in spite of the numerous errors committed by the trial court. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5982681\charrsid13460162 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [50]. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s40\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls28\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5982681 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Beginning with the overall strength of the People}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s case, the court evaluates the sufficiency of properly admitted evidence in the record.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Neither party has challenged the admissibility of the direct testimony of the victim, Yu.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Yu testified that he was awoken early on the morning of December 16, 2012, by an autom
ated phone call from his alarm system alerting him of a break-in.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Tr. at 10 (Jury Trial, Mar. 13, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 He stated that he arrived at his store prior to its normal operating hours to find one of the entrances damaged.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Id. at 10-11.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 He encountered 
a large man nearly a foot taller than himself and engaged in an altercation as the man made his escape.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Id. at 11-12, 14.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Yu described pursuing the burglars to their getaway car, damaging the taillight and noting the license plate number.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Id. at 14-15.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Add
itionally, Yu recounted returning to his store and discovering that the cash register had been broken and many cartons of cigarettes had been removed from their display and collected into a trash bag.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Id. at 16.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 His testimony establishes definitively that 
a crime was committed as well as the details of events and the timeframe in which they occurred.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 We also held that surveillance video evidence of the crime was properly authenticated and admitted into the record.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 See Section A above.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 The video shows the tw
o individuals who committed the acts described by Yu, enabling identification by the jury or others.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 See Tr. at 16-22, 26-27 (Jury Trial, Mar. 13, 2014); People}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s Ex. 110 (CCTV video excerpt, Dec. 16, 2012).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Moreover, we found that the identification of Tedtaotao via direct testimony of two parole officers who viewed the video was admissible lay witness testimony and not unduly prejudicial.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 See Sections F, G above.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Their testimony directly identifies Tedtaotao as one of the individuals depicted on video whi
le committing the crime charged.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
See Tr. at 61-64, 79-81 (Jury Trial, Mar. 20, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
In addition to the jury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
s ability to evaluate the video evidence itself, witnesses possessing specialized familiarity with Tedtaotao}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s appearance due to their extensive past interactions with him confirmed that he was one of the criminals present at the scene.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 See id. at 63-66, 81-87.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
This evidence, taken together, presents an overwhelmingly strong case supporting the guilty verdict returned by the jury.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Other jurisdiction
s evaluating similar evidence have found that clear video evidence combined with testimony identifying defendants depicted in the footage is sufficient to render other testimonial errors harmless.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 See, e.g., B.K.C. v. State, 781 N.E.2d 1157, 1162-63 (Ind. 
Ct. App. 2003); Commonwealth v. Doyle, 984 N.E.2d 297, 303 (Mass. App. Ct. 2013).
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [51]. \tab}The second factor, the prosecutor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
s conduct with respect to the improperly admitted evidence, involves whether such evidence was repeatedly referenced or emphasized and whether the prosecutor used the evidence in urging a guilty verdict in summation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 See Garcia, 413 F.3d at 217-18.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
The prosecutor, through his questioning, did facilitate fairly significant extrapolation on the hearsay statements of both Officers Paulino and Nakamura.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 See Tr. at 43, 46, 48, 50-55 (Jury Trial, Mar. 12, 2014); Tr. at 29-33 (Jury Trial, Mar. 20, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 In addition, the facts revealed in both statements were emphasized in detail during the People
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s summation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Tr. at 4-12, 14 (Jury Trial, Mar. 24, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
However, as we will discuss in further detail below, these facts were also revealed through alternate avenues of properly presented evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 It is not clear whether the People}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s closing argument emphasized the improper evidence or merely relied on the admissible testimony regarding the same facts covered by the improper statements.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 See Tr. at 4-15 (Jury Trial, Mar. 24, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
This ambiguity prevents determination of whether such conduct weighs against a harmless error finding.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 The prosecutor also elicited in-depth testimony on the improper subjects of Tedtaotao}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s prior incarceration and parole status.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 See Tr. at 60-61, 66-67, 78-79, 81-85, 89-93 (Jury Trial, Mar. 20, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 He also referenced this testimony in detail during his summation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 See Tr. at 12-15 (Jury Trial, Mar. 24, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 In fairness, it appears from the references to the parole officers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162  frequency of interaction and confidence in their surveillance video identifications that the prosecutor was attempting to emphasize their familiarity
 with Tedtaotao in order to lend credibility to their identification of him, rather than simply to highlight Tedtaotao}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s past incarceration.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 In sum, these repeated references to prejudicial information of prior wrongs while urging a guilty verdict weigh against a finding of harmless error.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [52]. \tab}
Given the particular interaction of facts present in this case, we find it prudent to evaluate the 
final two factors of our inquiry together, since evidence which is merely cumulative of other properly admitted evidence is, by definition, of negligible importance to the prosecution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Here, other evidence in the record establishing the same material facts subsumes all of the improperly admitted evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 As discussed, Officer Paulino}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s conveyance of Yu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s statements regarding the events of the crime was inadmissible.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 However, Yu himself presented these same facts via direct testimony.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Tr. at 10-16 (Jury Trial, Mar. 13, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Consequently, any negative effect Tedtaotao suffered from such hearsay testimony was harmless.
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Further, Officer Paulino}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s comment that the surveillance video corroborated Yu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s account was also harmless, since the jury was presented with both Yu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s direct testimony and the video evidence itself, enabling it to determine that the video and Yu}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s account were consistent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
See Riley v. State, 166 So. 3d 705, 749-50 (Ala. Crim. App. 2013) (finding improper police testimony cumulative and harmless where jury was presented surveillance video which enabled them to identify the defendant).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
Additionally, the testimony from Officer Nakamura that provided a hearsay identification of Tedtaotao by parole officers was merely cumulative of direct tes
timony from Officers Santos and Fleming, which identified with certainty that Tedtaotao was one of the individuals shown in the video of the crime.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Finally, while the testimony of Officers Santos and Fleming revealing Tedtaotao}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s history of incarceration and parole was inadmissible, several admissible statements established their specialized familiarity with Tedtaotao}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s appearance and supported their identification of him as pictured in the video.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 See Tr. at 64-65, 67, 81-82, 85, 90 (Jury Trial, Mar. 20, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
Thus, each piece of improperly admitted evidence was of limited importance to the prosecution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s case, and material information revealed by these sources was established by alternate and admissible forms of evidence. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [53]. \tab}Based on the above facts an
d analysis, we find the errors committed by the trial court to be harmless, rather than reversible.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qc \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5982681 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 V.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
CONCLUSION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9313504 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [54]. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s40\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls28\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5982681 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 We hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting video evidence copied from the store}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s CCTV surveillance system and edited to include only relevant portions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
Further, we hold the trial court did not err in admitting the lay witness testimony of Parole Officers Santos and Fleming identifying Tedtaotao as one of the persons depicted in the video footage or their testi
mony explaining the basis of their familiarity with Tedtaotao.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 
However, we find that the trial court did abuse its discretion in admitting impermissible hearsay and bolstering testimony from Officers Paulino and Nakamura.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Further, we hold that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting testimony from Parole Officers Santos and Fleming, which revealed Tedtaotao}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s past incarceration and parole status.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Nonetheless, we find the errors committed by the trial court to be harmless. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s40 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [55]. \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 Accordingly, we AFFIRM the Judgment containing Tedtaotao}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 s criminal convictions.
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\par ___________________________________\tab \tab ___________________________________
\par F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO\tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13460162\charrsid13460162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9313504\charrsid13460162 \tab \tab KATHERINE A. MARAMAN

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\par ____________________________________
\par ROBERT J. TORRES
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