{\rtf1\adeflang1025\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\adeff0\deff0\stshfdbch37\stshfloch37\stshfhich37\stshfbi0\deflang1033\deflangfe1033\themelang1033\themelangfe0\themelangcs0{\fonttbl{\f0\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f1\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604020202020204}Arial;}
{\f2\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1{\*\panose 02070309020205020404}Courier New;}{\f3\fbidi \froman\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05050102010706020507}Symbol;}{\f10\fbidi \fnil\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05000000000000000000}Wingdings;}
{\f34\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria Math;}{\f37\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}{\f38\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604030504040204}Tahoma;}
{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f39\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\f40\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\f42\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\f43\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\f44\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\f45\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\f46\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\f47\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\f49\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Arial CE;}
{\f50\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial Cyr;}{\f52\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Arial Greek;}{\f53\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial Tur;}{\f54\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Arial (Hebrew);}
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{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}
{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}
{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}
{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}
{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}}
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{\*\cs20 \additive \f0\fs24 \slink19 \slocked \styrsid16611761 Footer Char;}{\*\cs21 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid16611761 page number;}{
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\sbasedon0 \snext22 \sqformat \spriority34 \styrsid6687629 List Paragraph;}{\*\cs23 \additive \b\f0\fs28 \slink1 \slocked \spriority9 \styrsid3563884 Heading 1 Char;}{
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\sbasedon0 \snext24 \slink25 \sunhideused \styrsid5059321 footnote text;}{\*\cs25 \additive \f0\fs20 \slink24 \slocked \styrsid5059321 Footnote Text Char;}{\*\cs26 \additive \super \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid5059321 footnote reference;}{\*\cs27 
\additive \fs16 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid9315331 annotation reference;}{\s28\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
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\sbasedon28 \snext28 \slink31 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid9315331 annotation subject;}{\*\cs31 \additive \b\f0\fs20 \slink30 \slocked \ssemihidden \styrsid9315331 Comment Subject Char;}{
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{\subject M Electric Corp. v. Phil-Gets (Guam) Int'l Trading Corp., CVA15-013}{\author Supreme Court of Guam}{\operator Gloria Duenas-Cruz}{\creatim\yr2016\mo12\dy30\hr9\min43}{\revtim\yr2016\mo12\dy30\hr9\min45}{\printim\yr2016\mo12\dy28\hr14\min30}
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\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5059321 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid16611761\charrsid5059321 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM
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\par 
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PHIL-GETS (GUAM) INTERNATIONAL TRADING CORPORATION dba J&B MODERN TECH and CHUNG KUO INSURANCE COMPANY LTD}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid14685953 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid16611761\charrsid5059321 ,
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\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 .
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\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3430180 Supreme Court Case No.:  CVA15-013}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3430180\charrsid271537 
\par Superior Court Case No.:  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3430180 CV1423-10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3430180\charrsid271537 
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\par 
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\b\insrsid16611761\charrsid7223310 
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4210710 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid4210710 Filed:  December 28, 2016}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs28\insrsid4210710\charrsid4210710 
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid8666855 Cite as: 2016}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs28\insrsid16611761\charrsid14637041  Guam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid3430180 35}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid16611761\charrsid14637041 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par 
\par Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam
\par Argu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16670780 ed and submitted on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8666855 February 22, 2016}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par 
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\clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4860\clshdrawnil \cellx4740\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4500\clshdrawnil \cellx9240\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid5059321 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid16611761\charrsid5059321 Appearing for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe0\langfenp0\insrsid3631595\charrsid5059321 Plaintiff-Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid16611761\charrsid5059321 :
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15954787 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3631595 Thomas M. Tarpley}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15954787 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15954787 Esq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15954787\charrsid15954787 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3631595 Thomas McKee Tarpley Law Firm
\par 414 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10767927 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3631595  Soledad Ave., Ste. 904
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15954787 Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid16597833 \cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid5059321 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs16\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid16611761\charrsid5059321 Appearing fo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid3631595\charrsid5059321 r }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs16\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe0\langfenp0\insrsid3631595\charrsid5059321 Defendant-Appellee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid16611761\charrsid5059321 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid16611761\charrsid5059321 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15954787 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3631595 Seth Forman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15954787 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid15954787 Esq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15954787 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3631595 Dooley Roberts & Fowler LLP
\par 865 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10767927 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3631595  Marine Corps Dr., Ste. 201
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid3631595 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3631595 Tamuning, GU 96913}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15954787 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid14031029 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 \cell }\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow
\ts11\trqc\trgaph120\trrh1665\trleft-120\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid15954787\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4860\clshdrawnil \cellx4740\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4500\clshdrawnil \cellx9240\row }\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16392598 \page }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 BEFORE: }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 ROBERT J. TORRES}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 , Chief Justice; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16611761\charrsid271537  Asso}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 ciate Justice; KATHERINE A. MARAMAN, Associate Justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 

\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2771423 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16611761\charrsid3631595 CARBULLIDO, J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16611761 .:}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3631595 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13241611 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13241611 [1]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13241611 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid984238\charrsid984238 Plai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid746267 ntiff-Appellant M Electric Corporation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid984238\charrsid984238  (\'93MEC\'94) appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid984238 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid984238\charrsid984238  from a final judgmen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6501920 t entered in favor of Defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid984238\charrsid984238 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid746267 Appellees Phil-Gets (Guam) International Trading Corporation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid984238\charrsid984238  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11038378 d/b/a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid984238\charrsid984238  J&B Modern T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid746267 ech, and Chung Kuo Insurance Company}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid984238\charrsid984238 , Ltd. (\'93Chung Kuo\'94) (collectively}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10382558 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid984238\charrsid984238  \'93J&B\'94).  MEC argues that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3757236 the trial court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid984238\charrsid984238 
(1) abused its discretion in denying its request for Leave to File Amended Complaint (\'93motion to amend\'94) to include a claim for compensable overtime costs (\'93overtime claim\'94), (2) erred in finding that its claim for equipment standby costs (
\'93standby claim\'94) was barred by a \'93no damage for delay\'94 (\'93NDFD\'94) contract provision, and (3) erred in dismissing its claim for additional excavation expenses (\'93excavation claim\'94).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13241611 [2]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13241611 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid984238\charrsid984238 
J&B argues that the judgment should be affirmed because (1) the Supreme Court of Guam does not have jurisdiction over the denial of MEC\rquote s motion to amend or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11363797 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid984238\charrsid984238  in the alternative}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11363797 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid984238\charrsid984238  the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid746267 trial court\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid984238\charrsid984238  decision was not an abuse of discretion, (2) the NDFD clause is valid and relevant exceptions do not apply, and (3) the terms of the Subcontrac}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271 ts bar MEC\rquote 
s excavation claim.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid984238\charrsid984238   J&B also raises the issue of whether the overtime claim is time barred as to Defendant-Appellee Chung Ku}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1517252 o by arguing that }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1517252\charrsid2958848 MEC failed to present any evidence concerning Chung Kuo, and failed to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid984238\charrsid984238 bring suit on the overtime claim a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid984238 gainst Chung Kuo within the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid746267  applicable}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid984238  one-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271 year deadline.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid984238\charrsid984238  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid984238  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid984238\charrsid984238 MEC responds by arguing that Chung Kuo is jointly and severally liable by the terms of 5 GCA \'a7
 5304 as a surety of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid746267 J&B\rquote s bond obligations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid984238 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13241611 [3]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13241611 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid350225 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid984238 e hold that this court has appellate jurisdiction, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid984238 the trial court abused its discretion when denying the motion to amend, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid984238 the overtime claim is not time-barred with respect to Chung Kuo, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid984238 NDFD clause}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid746267 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid984238  stated in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid746267  the contracts at issue cover the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid746267\charrsid16077916 type of delays}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid746267 
 incurred by MEC }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid350225 but further findings are required to determine whether}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid746267  an exception to the NDFD clauses applies, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid350225 and
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid350225\charrsid350225  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid350225 the trial court did not err in denying MEC\rquote s ex
cavation claim.  For the reasons detailed herein, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid984238\charrsid350225 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9661687 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6687629 I.  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6687629\charrsid2771423 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9661687 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 A.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321\charrsid5059321 Procedural}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321  Background}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321\charrsid5059321 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13241611 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13241611 [4]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13241611 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 MEC initiated the underlying action by filing its Complaint for Declaratory Relief and Money}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271  Owed on Construction Project.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321   J&B answered a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271 nd moved for summary judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321   The }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2124854 trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321  entered judgment in favor of J&B upon its Motion for Summary Judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271   MEC filed its first appeal.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2124854 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13241611 [5]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13241611 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 Upon review, this c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid746267 ourt reversed the trial court}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 \rquote s grant of summary judgment and remanded the case for further proceedings.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5059321 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid984238  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15796481 Elec. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5059321 Corp. v. Phil-Gets (Guam) Int\rquote l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9923243  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10382558 Trading Corp. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9923243 (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9923243 M Elec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10382558 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9923243  I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9923243\charrsid5194717 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9923243 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 , 2012 Guam 23 \'b6 50.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13241611 [6]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13241611 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 On remand, MEC requested leave to amend its Comp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid746267 laint}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321   After accepting opposition and reply briefs, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2124854 trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 
 denied MEC\rquote s request.  After a bench trial, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2124854 trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321  entered judgment on the merits in favor of J&B.  MEC timely filed its}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271  second appeal in this matter.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9661687 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 B.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321\charrsid11996730 Factual Background}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5059321\charrsid15170797 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2771423 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13241611 [7]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13241611 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1665167 Guam Power Authority (\'93GPA\'94) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 
hired J&B under construction contracts (\'93Contracts\'94) to perform work on two underground power line conversion proje}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271 cts (collectively}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10382558 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271  \'93Projects\'94).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321   The first was to convert power lines from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11875345 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 Macheche}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12066289  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10382558 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4199596 ubstation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321  to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11875345 the 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 Guam International Airport Authority (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10697606 \'93GIAA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271 \'94).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 
  The second was to convert power lines from Macheche}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12066289  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10382558 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4199596 ubstation to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5059321 Harmon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4199596  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10382558 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4199596 ubstation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321  to S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10697606 an Vitores}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4199596  existing electrical manhole}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10697606  (\'93San Vitores}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271 \'94).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321   J&B hired MEC as a subcontractor to \'93provide labor, equipment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8410480 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321  and materials to excavate, install underground pipes}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2958848 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321  and restore excavated areas and roads.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5059321 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid984238  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5059321 Elec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10382558 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5059321  I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 , 2012 Guam 23 \'b6 3.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5059321\charrsid7017481 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13241611 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13241611 [8]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13241611 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 GPA held a pre-bid conference prior to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271 awarding the Contracts to J&B.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321   An engineering manager for GPA, Joven Acosta, testi
fied that he informed bidders at the pre-bid conference that delays obtaining permits from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10697606 the Guam Department of Public Works (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 DPW}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10697606 \'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271  should be expected.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321   He also testified that he informed bidders to increase }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2124854 
their bids to account for delay-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 related cost}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2124854 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321  because \'93getting the permits f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2124854 ro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 m DPW [would] be a challenge.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6241983 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6241983 Transcripts (\'93Tr.\'94
) at 31 (Bench Trial, Nov. 13, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5059321 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13241611 [9]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13241611 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 Generoso Bangayan, J&B\rquote s president, testified that he was present at the pre-bid conferenc}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271 e and heard Acosta\rquote s comments.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1731709  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 Acosta\rquote 
s comments were not reflected in writing in any of the c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271 ontracts or related documents.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13241611 [10]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13241611 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 Noel Lomtong, MEC\rquote s project engineer on the Projects}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3540388 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321  testified that he and Carlos Nunez were present for the p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271 re-bid conference.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2124854   The sign-}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 in sheet for the pre-bid conference showed the names of both men and listed their company of affiliation as \'93M Electric.\'94  Def.\rquote s Ex. I (Sign In Sheet for Pre-Bid Confere}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3744312 nce Bid No. GPA-020-07)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12478280 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12478280\charrsid9661687 M }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15796481\charrsid9661687 Elec. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12478280\charrsid9661687 Corp. v. Phil-Gets (Guam) Int\rquote l Trading Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12478280\charrsid13767548 , CV1423-10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 .  The contact numb
er listed for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271  Nunez was MEC\rquote s phone number.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13241611 [11]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13241611 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 MEC\rquote s president}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1665167\charrsid1665167  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1665167 and general manager}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 , Marcelo Moises, testified that Nunez was an MEC employee at the time of the pre-bid confer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271 
ence but Lomtong was not.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321   He also testified that Nunez was simultaneously employed as a project manager with DA-RI Trenchless (\'93DA-RI\'94), a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid883403 Philippine}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321  company.  He testified that MEC was not involved in the Projects at the time of the pre-bid conference because it was not capable of performing the horizontal drillin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15473271 g originally required by J&B.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321   The trial court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid883403 was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid883403\charrsid2457597 
not persuaded that Nunez and Lomtong did not attend the pre-bid conference as representatives of MEC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13241611 [12]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13241611 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 MEC began working with J&B on the Projects after the pre-bid conference when J&B accepte}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271 d MEC\rquote s written job proposals.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321   J&B accepted and signed the proposals for each of the Proj}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2124854 
ects and drafted corresponding s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 ubcontracts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2124854  (\'93Subcontracts\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5059321   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13510628 Moises }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 signed the Subcontracts and initialed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9703304 each }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5059321 page. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15473271  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 This court held in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5059321 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid984238  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5059321 Electric I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321  that the Subcontracts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid883403  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 were supported by considerati}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271 on and binding on the parties.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12783585 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13241611 [13]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13241611 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 The Subcontracts both contained \'93time of the essen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12783585 
ce\'94 (\'93TOE\'94) clauses.  The GIAA S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 ubcontract read: \'93The Subcontractor shall substantially complete the Work to the satisfaction of the Contractor and the Owner on or before }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2457597 December 20, 2008}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 .  Time shall be of the essence in the Subcontractor\rquote s performance of this Agreement.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9138388 Record on Appeal (
\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 RA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9138388 \'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 , tab 15, Ex. A at 2 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2753369 
Subcontract Agreement, Mar. 24, 2008).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12783585 The San Vitores S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 ubcontract contained a nearly identical clause, modifying only the completion date, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11753980 January 13, 2009}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 .  RA, tab 15, Ex. B at 2 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2753369 Subcontract Agreement, Apr. 16, 2008).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13241611 [14]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13241611 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 The Subcontracts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12783585  and prime Contracts}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11753980 each }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12783585 contained}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271 NDFD c}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 lause}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12783585 s.  The Subcontract NDFD clauses }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 provided for extension of time as the exclusive remedy available t}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271 o MEC for delays caused by J&B.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321   The NDFD}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid746267  clauses}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 
 required a written claim \'93within five}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13454958  . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321  days from the inception of such delay.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15620812 
RA, tab 15, Ex. A at 2 (Subcontract Agreement, Mar. 24, 2008); RA, tab 15, Ex. B at 2 (Subcontract Agreement, Apr. 16, 2008)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321\charrsid9661687 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12783585\charrsid9661687  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12783585\charrsid5451389  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12783585 The prime Contracts between GPA and J&B contained a general NDFD clause which stated that \'93
[n]o extended overhead costs or standby costs shall be awarded/granted as a result of delays from the Civil work.\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12783585\charrsid6232414  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1077538 Def.\rquote s
 Ex. C at SP-2 (Special Provisions, San Vitores Contract), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1077538\charrsid9661687 M }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15796481\charrsid9661687 Elec. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1077538\charrsid9661687 Corp. v. Phil-Gets (Guam) Int\rquote l Trading Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1077538\charrsid13767548 , CV1423-10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1077538 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5059321 The Subcontracts contained \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid817610 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 hange}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid817610 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid817610 to Plans}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 \'94 provisions, requiring a written, signed order prior to any work performed that differed from that described by the agreements and stating that \'93
the Contractor shall be under no obligation to pay for . . . unauthorized work.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6520309 RA, tab 15, Ex. A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5059321  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 at }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6520309 2-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid817610  (Subcontract Agreement, Mar. 24, 2008)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6520309 ; RA, tab 15, Ex. B at 2-3}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid817610  (Subcontract Agreement, Apr. 16, 2008)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321\charrsid8588651 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13241611\charrsid16663965 [15]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13241611 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 
At numerous times during performance of work under the Subcontracts, MEC experienced delays based on not being able to obtain the necessary permits from the Department of Public W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271 orks (\'93DPW\'94).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2034981   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 Lomtong testified that no change order was made until the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2034981  Projects were completed.  Tr. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 at 85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2034981  (Bench Trial, Nov. 5, 2014)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321  (\'93
No, because they told us that . . . we have to do the other change order until [sic] . . . the project was done.\'94).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2034981   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 
The vice-president of J&B, Nelia Bangayan, testified that upon completion of the Projects, J&B paid MEC }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271 the full contract amount.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 
  GPA did not pursue liquidated damages for the delays.  Acosta testified at trial that GPA did not assess damages against J&B because the company understood that obtaining highway encroachment permits }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9584991 from }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 DPW would be difficult and incleme}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271 nt weather was to be expected.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321\charrsid2034981 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13241611 [16]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13241611 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 J&B moved for summary judgment, arguing that the plain and unambiguous terms of the Contracts and Sub
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271 contracts barred MEC\rquote s claims.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321   MEC opposed J&B\rquote s motion, arguing that the Subcontracts were n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271 
ot legally binding.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12783585  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid746267 trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5059321  entered judgment in favor of J&B upon its Motion for Summary Judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7214126  in March 2012 (\'93March 2012 Judgment\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13241611 [17]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13241611 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7214126 MEC appealed the March 2012 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid746267 J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 udgment, arguing that its job proposals were legally binding, the Subcontracts were not legally binding, NDFD clauses were not enforceable in Guam, and the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12783585 trial court}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321  erred by not addressin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271 g its other claims for damages.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321\charrsid12783585 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13241611 [18]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13241611 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 On appeal, this court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4871006  in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4871006 M Electric I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4871006 , 2012 Guam 23}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16663965 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321  reversed the trial court\rquote 
s grant of summary judgment and rem}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271 anded for further proceedings.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 
  We held that the Subcontracts were legally binding on MEC and J&B and that material questions of fact existed that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271  required further proceedings.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13241611 [19]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13241611 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 Addressing the substance of MEC\rquote s
 arguments, we held that (1) a material question of fact existed as to whether work delays were unreasonable and not contemplated by the parties at the time of the agreement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15288054 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid656959 id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15288054\charrsid15288054  \'b6 46}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 ; (2) the terms of the Subcontracts did not preclude MEC from claiming da
mages based on the additional costs for trench excavation and backfilling}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15288054 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15288054\charrsid15288054 id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16276615\charrsid16276615  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid656959\charrsid15288054 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid656959  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15288054 47}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 
; and (3) MEC mistakenly brought its claim for overtime pay for the first time in opposition to J&B\rquote s motion for summary judgm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1731709 ent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15288054 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15288054\charrsid15288054 id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15288054  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid656959\charrsid15288054 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid656959  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15288054 48}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15993941  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 (\'93[A]n issue or claim may not be raised for the first time in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15993941 an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 opposition to a motion for summary judgment.\'94).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13241611 [20]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13241611 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271 After remand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7496010 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5059321 MEC moved to amend its Complaint to include its overtime claim in the amount of $213,314.23.  MEC acknowledged that it did not include this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321\charrsid7216194 claim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5059321  in its Complaint but argued that it previously provided notice of the overtime costs in a response to J&B\rquote s request for discovery, and in opposition to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271 J&B\rquote 
s summary judgment motion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13241611 [21]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13241611 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 J&B opposed the motion, arguing that MEC\rquote s delay in asserting the overtime }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271 claim prejudiced J&B.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321   J&B argued that MEC demonstrated bad fai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271 th and asserted futile claims.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5059321   The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7496010 trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271  denied MEC\rquote s motion to amend.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13241611 [22]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13241611 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321 After a bench trial, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7496010 trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321  entered judgment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15473271 on the merits in favor of J&B.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5059321\charrsid5059321 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1919661 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6687629 II.  JURISDICTION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6687629\charrsid2771423 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13241611\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13241611 [23]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13241611 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6687629\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 This c\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
ourt has jurisdiction over appeals from a final judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10033374 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  of the Superior Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6687629\charrsid14224286 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 .  48 U.S.C.A. \'a7\loch\f0  1424-1(a)(2) (Westlaw through Pub. L. 114-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10033374 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid11676019 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 54}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10033374\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6687629\charrsid14224286 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 (2016)); 7 GCA \'a7\'a7\loch\f0  3105, 3107(b), 3108(a) (2005).
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1919661 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6687629 III.  STANDARD OF REVIEW}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3563884\charrsid1919661 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13241611\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13241611 [24]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13241611 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Whether this court has appellate jur
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 isdiction \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 is a threshold issue which must be resolved prior to review of the merits of a dispute.\'94\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Hawaiian Rock Prods. Corp. v. Ocean Hous., Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 2016 Guam 4 \'b6\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
 13 (citations omitted).  This determination \'93\loch\f0 requires an interpretation of relevant statutor\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 y authority as well as resolution of a mixed question of law and fact, both of which are conducted }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 .\'94\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (citations omitted).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13241611 [25]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13241611 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Whether the trial court erred by denying a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15215414 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Guam Rules of Civil Procedure (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 GRCP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15215414 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'94\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7038692 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Rule }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 15(a) motion to amend is revi\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ewed for abuse of discretion.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See Foman v. Davis}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962) (applying abuse of discretion standard to denial of FRCP 15(a) request to amend); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 see also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Rosenbaum v. City }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid8729821 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 &}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid8729821\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid66125 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Cty.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid66125\charrsid14224286 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 of San Francisco}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 484 F.3d 1142, 1151 (9th Cir. 2007) (applying \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 abuse of discretion standard to denial of FRCP 15(b) request to amend).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\dbch\af37\insrsid16403177 
\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3430180 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid16403177 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16403177 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   GRCP 15 was derived fr}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11016906 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 om its federal counterpart, Guam R. Civ. P.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16403177 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  15}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11016906 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16403177 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2503152 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 SO\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 URCE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16403177 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , and federal decisions construing rules from which our own are derived are persuasive authority}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11016906 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11016906 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16403177\charrsid16403177 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ee, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16403177 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid3243103 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 People}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3243103\charrsid16403177 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16403177\charrsid16403177 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 v. Quitugua}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16403177 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 2009 Guam 10 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16403177\charrsid14224286 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9661687 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  10.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13241611 [26]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13241611 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid7099166 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Whether}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  a claim is time-barred as to a defendant is a mixed question of law and fact}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12926647\charrsid14224286 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  We review mixed questions of law and fact}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid12926647\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Gutierrez v. Guam Power Auth.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 2013 Gua\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
\hich\f0 m 1 \'b6\loch\f0  8.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13241611 [27]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13241611 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Whether a claim is barred by the terms of a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7410408\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 NDFD}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  clause }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16531835 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 and w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16531835\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
hether the trial court erred in denying MEC\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s excavation claim }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16531835 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 are}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid16531835\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  mixed question}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16531835 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid16531835\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  of law and fact}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16531835 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid12926647\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 We review mixed questions of law and fact }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Gutierrez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 2013 Guam 1 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12926647\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  8.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid16531835 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13241611 [28]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13241611 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Findings of fact upon which a trial court\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s ruling is based are set aside only if clearly erroneous.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Macris v. Swavely}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 2008 Guam 18 \'b6\loch\f0  9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12926647\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12926647\charrsid12926647 (citation omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6687629\charrsid14224286 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9661687 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6687629 IV.  ANALYSIS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3563884\charrsid2771423 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\qj \fi-446\li446\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin446\itap0\pararsid9661687 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid11949857\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 A.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Whether }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid11016906 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 this Court has Appellate Jurisdiction t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid11016906\charrsid14224286 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 o Hear }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 MEC\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid11016906 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Appeal of the T\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 rial Court\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Denial of i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid11016906\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 GRCP }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid11016906 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 15(a) Motion t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid11016906\charrsid14224286 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 o Ame}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid11016906 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 nd to Include i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid11016906\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ts Overtime Claim}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3563884 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9661687 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid11016906\charrsid11016906 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13241611\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8067971 [29]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8067971 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315331 MEC\rquote s Notice of Appeal designated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1055744 an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315331 appeal from Judgment of the Superior Court dated June 1, 2015 (\'93
Final Judgment\'94).  RA, tab 89 at 1 (Notice of Appeal, June 17, 2015) (designating appeal from RA, tab 85 (Judgment, June 1, 2015)).  Likewise, MEC\rquote s \'93Jurisdictional Statement\'94 designated \'93
appeal of a final judgment . . . which disposed of the merits of the claims therein.\'94  Appellant\rquote s Br. at 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid738016  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid738016\charrsid984238 Sept. 1, 2015}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid738016 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315331 .  The trial court denied MEC\rquote s motion to amend in a Decision and Order dated August 21, 2013.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid738016 
RA, tab 50 at 4 (Dec. & Order, Aug. 21, 2013)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3163890 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315331\charrsid9315331 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8067971\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8067971 [30]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8067971 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315331 J&B argues that the Supreme Court of Guam does not have jurisdiction over the issue of MEC\rquote s overtime claim because MEC did not properly appeal the trial court\rquote 
s denial of its motion to amend.  Appellee\rquote s Br. at 54}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid738016  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3163890 Oct. 26, 2015}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid738016 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9315331 .  Specifically, J&B argues that MEC was required by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10697606  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11016906 Rules 3(c)(1) and 4.1 of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10697606 
Guam Rules of Appellate Procedure (\'93GRAP\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315331  to designate the Decision and Order denying MEC\rquote s motion to amend in either its Notice of Appeal or its Statement of Jurisdiction.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9315331 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315331 at 54-55.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13398880   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315331 
MEC argues that its Notice of Appeal is sufficient under GRAP 3(c)(1) and 4.1 because it designated the Final Judgment.  Appellant\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11887593 Reply }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315331 Br. at }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11887593 1-3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3163890  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9925804 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3163890 Nov. 23, 2015}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9925804 )}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315331 .  Specifically, MEC argues that a designation of a final judgment \'93is sufficient to support review of all earlier orders that merge in the final judgment.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid3163890 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9315331\charrsid3163890 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315331  at 2 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15413131 (emphasis omitted) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315331 
(quoting 5 Am. Jur. 2d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9315331\charrsid9661687 Appellate Review}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315331  \'a7 303).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13398880   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9315331 We are therefore asked to determine whether designating a final judgment in a notice of appeal is sufficient to provide jurisdiction over a previous decision and order entered within the same litigation.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8067971 [31]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8067971 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315331 GRAP 3(c)(1) states in pertinent part: \'93The notice of appeal shall }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid149141 . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315331 specify the party or parties taking the appeal; and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid149141 . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315331 
designate the judgment, order, or part thereof appealed from.\'94  GRAP 4.1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11887593 (a)(5)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315331  states that \'93
the Appellant shall submit a statement of jurisdiction to the court. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8025396  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315331 Such statement shall contain . . . an attached copy of the judgment or order appealed from.
\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315331\charrsid9315331 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8067971 [32]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8067971 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6967836 The purpose of the notice of appeal is \'93
to advise the opposing party that an appeal is being taken from a specific judgment.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6967836\charrsid6967836 Sananap v. Cyfred, Ltd.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6967836 , 2008 Guam 10 \'b6
 18 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6967836\charrsid6967836 Markam v. Holt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6967836\charrsid5138265 , 369 F.2d 940, 942 (5th Cir. 1966)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6967836 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6967836\charrsid5138265 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6967836   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15817245\charrsid14224286 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
[S]uch notice should . . . contain sufficient information so as not to prejudice or mislead the appellee.\'94\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid15817245\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15817245 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8025396 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (alteration in original) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15817245 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid15817245\charrsid4815216 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Markam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15817245\charrsid4815216 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
, 369 F.2d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15817245 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15817245\charrsid4815216 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  942}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid8025396 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15817245 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid8025396 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 see
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15817245 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid15817245\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Torres v. Oakland Scavenger Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15817245\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 487 U.S. 312, 318 (\'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
The specificity requirement of Rule 3(c) is met only by some designation that gives fair notice of the specific individual or entity seeking to appeal.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15817245 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 )}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15817245\charrsid14224286 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15817245 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8067971 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8067971 [33]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8067971 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6967836\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 A court may not waive the jurisdictio\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 nal requirements of a notice of appeal, even for good cause shown.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid6967836\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Sananap}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6967836\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 2008 Guam 10 \'b6\loch\f0  10}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6126463 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6967836 Examples of jurisdictional defects }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8282524 include }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6967836 failure to name the appellant, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6967836 Torres}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6967836 , 487 U.S. at 318}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248564 
, and failure to name any judgment, order, or part thereof}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5658827 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1972694 Brooks v. Toyotomi Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1972694 , 86 F.3d 582, }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5658827 584 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248564 (6th Cir. 1996), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6248564 abrogat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1534615 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid1382680  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6248564 on other grounds by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6248564  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1534615 Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env\rquote t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1534615 , 523 U.S. 83, 93-102 (1998)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1972694\charrsid1382680 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1382680   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6126463 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6967836 e }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16131497 retain jurisdiction when a notice of appeal is the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6967836\charrsid16387920 \'93functional equivalent\'94 of that which is required by the rules.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6967836\charrsid6967836 Sananap}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6967836 , 2008 Guam 10 \'b6 13.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6967836\charrsid1382680 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8067971\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8067971 [34]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8067971 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6967836 Federal courts facing this issue have held that a notice of appeal that names only the final judgment is \'93sufficient to support review of all earlier orders that merge\'94 into that judgment.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6967836 McBride v. CITGO Petrol}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12195712 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6967836  Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6967836 , 281 F.3d 1099, 1104 (10th Cir. 2002); }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6967836 see also Baldwin v. Redwood City}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6967836 , 540 F.2d 1360, 1364 (9th Cir. 1976) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3298940 holding that i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6967836 nterlocutory order}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3298940 s that are not appealed individually}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6967836  merge in the final judgment and may be challenged in an app
eal from that judgment); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6967836 Blitzstein v. Ford Motor Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6967836 , 288 F.2d 738, 740 (5th Cir. 1961) (ruling that appellate jurisdiction is supported when final }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14814686 judgment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6967836 is designated and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14814686 the record indicates a party\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6967836 
 clear intent to raise }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14814686 a particular }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6967836 issue).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8067971 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8067971 [35]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8067971 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6230703 J&B cites }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9010789 Sananap}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6230703  for the proposition that an appellant must comply strictly with GRAP 3(c)(1), or face \'93consequences.\'94  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2897517 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6230703 Appellee\rquote s Br. at 54-55 (quoting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9460864  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9460864 Sananap}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9460864 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6230703  2008 Guam 10 \'b6 10).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7290853 J&B\rquote s reliance on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6230703  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7290853 Sananap}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7290853  is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6230703 misguided.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8067971 [36]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8067971 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6230703\charrsid15825723 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6230703\charrsid15825723 Sananap}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6230703\charrsid15825723 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6230703\charrsid6230703  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6230703 we dismissed an appeal as untimely based on failure to comply with GRAP 3(a).  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2897517 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6230703 2008 G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13834335 uam 10 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13592892 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13834335  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13592892 6, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13834335 32.  In that case, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6230703 appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13834335 s filed their }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2897517 September 22, 2006 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1382680 Notice of Appeal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2897517 immediately }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6230703 
after the entry of final judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9460864 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6230703  but }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2897517 the Notice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6230703 
designated appeal from a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1382680  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6230703 Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law (\'93Findings\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2897517  issued August 1, 2006 (}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2897517\charrsid16080564 i.e.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2897517 , past the 30-day deadline required by GRAP 3(a))}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6230703 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid6230703 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6230703  \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2897517 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6230703  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2897517 4, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5338453 6.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1382680 Therefore, we held }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6230703 that the Notice of Appeal was \'93untimely with respect to the Findings to which it refers.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6230703 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2897517  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2897517 \'b6\'b6 6, 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6230703\charrsid12610365  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6230703 
(\'93If the Notice of Appeal had instead referred to the First Amended Judgment docketed that same morning, it would have been timely.\'94).  When questioned at oral argument, counsel for appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13834335 s}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6230703  refused to acknowledge the deficiency, insisted the notice was compliant with GRAP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11748670  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6230703 
3(a), and argued the rule was ambiguous.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6230703 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6230703 \'b6 22.  For these reasons, we held the appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13834335 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6230703  responsible for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13834335 their}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6230703  untimeliness.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2897517 See i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid6230703 d. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6230703 \'b6 24 (\'93We are confident, therefore, that a dismissal will further our policy of encou
raging compliance with our Rules, while at the same time avoiding substantial injustice to the pa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9010789 rties.\'94).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6230703\charrsid1719594 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8067971 [37]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8067971 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15611209 Here, unlike in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15611209 Sananap}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15611209 , MEC\rquote s Notice of Appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8782950 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15611209 designating appeal from the Final Judgment of the trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8782950 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15611209 is not defective.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10048088 MEC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10316549 \rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10048088 
 designat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10316549 ion of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10048088  the Final J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6230703 
udgment does not preclude it from raising an issue decided by a prior, interlocutory order because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10048088 such}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6230703  order}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10048088 
s are}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6230703  merged in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10048088 the judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9010789 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8067971 [38]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8067971 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6230703 In summary, this court has jurisdiction over}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7290853  MEC\rquote 
s appeal of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6761077 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7290853 denial of its overtime claim because MEC\rquote 
s Notice of Appeal properly designated the Final Judgment in accordance with GRAP 3(c)(1) and the prior interlocutory order merged with that judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6230703 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid6230703 
\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3430180 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid14617334 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14617334 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 J&B also argues that no valid oral motion was made that could be encompassed by the Final Judgment.  A\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ppellee\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s Br. at 55.  However, because the prior interlocutory order merges with the Final Judgment, this argument is moot.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315331\charrsid2771423 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sa240\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2771423 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid11949857\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 B.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Whether the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9460864 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 rial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9460864 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ourt }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9460864 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 rred by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9460864 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 enying MEC\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s GRCP 15(a) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9460864 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 otion to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9460864 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Amend}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8067971 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8067971 [39]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8067971 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 MEC argues that the trial court abused its discretion in denying it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7410408 
s motion to amend the Complaint}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674  to include an overtime }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7410408 claim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 
 because GRCP 15(a) announces a liberal policy toward granting amendment and limits the trial court\rquote s discretion.  Appellant\rquote s Br. at 7.  MEC also argues the evidence does not show bad faith or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7410408 
prejudice to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674  J&B.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16742294 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674  at 7-9.  J&B argues the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying MEC\rquote 
s motion to amend because MEC acted in bad faith and MEC\rquote s delay prejudiced J&B.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid6316674 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s24\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3430180 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid14617334 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14617334 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14617334\charrsid5589783 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
J&B also argues the overtime claim included requests for compensation in the form of gross receipts tax (\'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 GRT\'94\loch\f0 ) reimbursements tha\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 t were futile and duplicative.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11042402 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Appellant\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Br.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14617334\charrsid5589783 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14617334\charrsid5589783 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 at 58-59.  The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11042402 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14617334\charrsid5589783 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1382680 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  discussed but}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14617334\charrsid5589783 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  did not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1382680 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 reach}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14617334\charrsid5589783 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  MEC\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s requests for GRT reimbursements in its }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1382680 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
ultimate ruling because it denied MEC\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s overtime claim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14617334\charrsid5589783 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  RA, tab 50 (Dec. & Order, Aug. 21, 2013).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6316674   Appellee\rquote s Br. at 56-58.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7825124   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7825124\charrsid7825124 
Specifically, J&B argues that MEC delayed its decision to raise the overtime claim until after J&B had \'93waived and lost any opportunity to claim indemnification from GPA\'94 and lost the ability to defend against the overtime claim by performing a 
meaningful investigation of the alleged overtime work and costs.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7825124\charrsid7825124 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7825124\charrsid7825124  at 57.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7825124\charrsid6036475 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8067971 [40]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8067971 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 GRCP 15 allows for amendment to pleadings \'93
by leave of court or by written consent of the adverse party\'94 and states that \'93leave shall be freely given when justice so requires.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8729821 Guam R. Civ. P. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 
15(a).  This rule was derived from its federal counterpart, Rule 15 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (\'93FRCP\'94).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8729821 Guam R. Civ. P. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 15}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8729821 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674  SOURCE.  While these rules are not identical, GRCP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1382680  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 
15 generally tracks the language of FRCP 15.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6316674 Compare }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8729821 Guam R. Civ. P. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 15(a) (\'93[L]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674\charrsid342389 eave }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 [to amend] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674\charrsid342389 shall be freely given when justice so requires}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid6316674\charrsid3430180  . . . .\'94),}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6316674 with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8729821 Fed. R. Civ. P. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 15(a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10497837 (2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674  (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674\charrsid4015922 The court should freely give leave}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674  [to amend]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674\charrsid4015922  when justice so requires}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 .\'94).  \'93Generally, when a legislature adopts a
 statute which is identical or similar to one in effect in another jurisdiction, it is presumed that the adopting jurisdiction applies the construction placed on the statute by the originating jurisdiction.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid6316674\charrsid3430180 Sumitomo Constr. Co. v. Zhong Ye, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid6316674\charrsid3430180 , 1997 Guam 8 \'b6 7.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 
  Therefore, federal interpretation of FRCP 15 is persuasive when interpreting our own GRCP 15.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8067971 [41]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8067971 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 
Whether the trial court erred by denying a GRCP 15(a) motion to amend is reviewed for abuse of discretion.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6316674 See Foman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 , 371 U.S. at 182 (applying a
buse of discretion standard to denial of FRCP 15(a) request to amend); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9388955 cf.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6316674 Rosenbaum}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 , 484 F.3d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8729821 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674  1151 (applying abuse of discretion standard to denial of FRCP 15(b) request to amend).  \'93
A trial court abuses its discretion when its decision is based on clearly erroneous factual findings or an incorrect legal standard.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6316674 Agana Beach Condo. Homeowners\rquote  Ass\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6316674\charrsid398109 n v. Untalan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 , 2015 Guam 35 \'b6 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5732365 12 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6316674 Bank of Guam v. Reidy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 , 2001 Guam 14 \'b6 11).  \'93A finding of fact is clearly erroneous where it is not supported by su
bstantial evidence, and this court is left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6316674 Ptack v. Ptack}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 , 2015 Guam 5 \'b6 24 (quoting 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6316674 Kloppenburg v. Kloppenburg}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 , 2014 Guam 5 \'b6 17).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8067971 [42]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8067971 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 Federal courts grant leave to amend liberally and d
eny a request to amend only when an apparent reason for denying the amendment exists.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5732365 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6316674 Foman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 , 371 U.S. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8729821 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674  182.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8729821 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8729821 Foman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8729821 , t
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 he United States Supreme Court announced the following general standard to be employed by the district courts:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid6316674 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674\charrsid11998359 If the underlying 
facts or circumstances relied upon by a plaintiff may be a proper subject of relief, he ought to be afforded an opportunity to test his claim on the merits. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8729821  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6316674\charrsid11998359 In the absence of any apparent or declared reason\emdash such as undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motiv
e on the part of the movant, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue prejudice to the opposing party by virtue of allowance of the amendment, futility of amendment, etc.\emdash 
the leave sought should, as the rules require, be \'93freely given.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6316674 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8729821 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 
  The Court also stated that \'93outright refusal to grant the leave without any justifying reason\'94 amounts to an abuse of the trial court\rquote s discretion and is \'93inconsistent with the spirit\'94 of the rules of procedure.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6316674 Id.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 We have acknowledged and applied the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6316674 Foman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674  standard as a matter of Guam law,}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6316674  A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13837900 rashi & Co. v. Nakashima Enterprises}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6316674 , Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 , 2005 Guam 21 
\'b6 16, and directed trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14837590 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674  to consider }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14837590 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14837590 Foman}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14837590  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 factors when deciding a request for leave to amend}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6555025 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid6316674\charrsid2044421 Guam Top Builders, Inc. v. Tanota Partners}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 , 2006 Guam 3 \'b6 26.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674\charrsid5664329 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8067971 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8067971 [43]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8067971 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7342072\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 MEC first raised its overtime claim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2102405\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
, albeit improperly,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7342072\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6316674\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
in opposition to J&B\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Motion for Summary Judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7342072\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , approximately }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid3813872\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ten }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7342072\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 months after filing its Complaint}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid6316674\charrsid14224286 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\dbch\af37\insrsid6316674\charrsid14224286 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s24\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3430180 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid14617334 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14617334 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  MEC arg\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
ues that it notified J&B of its overtime claim as early as March 2, 2011, Appellant\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Br. at 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1118378 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14617334 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  however}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1118378 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14617334 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  this court has already found that the claim wa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid540653 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s first raised on June 23, 2011. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14617334 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14617334 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See M Elec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1118378 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14617334 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14617334 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 2012 Guam 23 \'b6\loch\f0  48.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6316674\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid6316674\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 M Elec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid15599653 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid6316674\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6316674\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
\hich\f0 , 2012 Guam 23 \'b6\loch\f0  48; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid6316674\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 see}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid15599653 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  also}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid6316674\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6316674\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 RA, tab 22 at 16
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6632303 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Pl.\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6316674\charrsid14224286 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Opp\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 n Mot. Summ. J., June 23, 2011)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7407475\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (claim raised)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid7342072\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid7342072\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid7342072\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5074900 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 A, tab 1 (Compl., Aug. 19, 2010) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid7407475\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (claim not raised)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6316674\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid7342072\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 MEC moved to amend following resolution of its first appeal, more than two}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2102405\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 years after the filing of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7825124\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7342072\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Complaint.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14485270 RA, tab 40 (Leave to File Am. Compl., Mar. 1, 2013); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7342072 
RA, tab 1 (Compl.).  MEC provided only one justification for such delay, arguing that its overtime claim was not included in its Complaint as the result of \'93oversight.\'94  RA, tab 41 at 1 (Mem. Supp. Pl.\rquote s Am. Compl., Mar. 1, 201
3).  MEC did not elaborate on the facts and circumstances surrounding the oversight or provide particular reasons for the oversight.  RA, tab 50 at 3 (Dec. & Order).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6316674\charrsid11042402 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8067971 [44]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8067971 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674\charrsid5455649 Courts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 
 generally allow leave to amend pleadings to correct mere oversight.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6316674 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6316674\charrsid8329571 Lanahan v. Kawasaki Motors Corp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid6316674\charrsid16258944 ., U.S.A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674\charrsid8329571 , 93 F.R.D. 397}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1518826 , 399}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674\charrsid8329571  (D. Md. 1982); }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6316674\charrsid8329571 Green v. Wolf Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674\charrsid8329571 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6316674\charrsid8329571  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6316674\charrsid8329571 50 F.R.D. 220}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1518826 , 223}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674\charrsid8329571  (S.D.N.Y. 1970); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6316674 Brennan v. Smith\rquote }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6316674\charrsid8329571 s Estate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674\charrsid8329571 , 301 F. Supp. 307}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1518826 , 308}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6316674\charrsid8329571  (M.D. Pa. 1969);}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6316674  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6316674\charrsid8329571 Schwartz v. Am}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1118378 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6316674\charrsid8329571  Stores Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674\charrsid8329571 , 22 F.R.D. 38}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1518826 , 38}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674\charrsid8329571 
 (E.D. Pa. 1958).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674   There is no maximum number of days or \'93deadline within which a party must file }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1518826 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 
motion to amend.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6316674 Hoving v. Lawyers Title Ins. Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 , 256 F.R.D. 555, 572 (E.D. Mich. 2009) (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6316674 
Lloyd v. United Liquors Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 , 203 F.2d 789, 793 (6th Cir. 1953)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674\charrsid8600047 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8067971 [45]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8067971 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6316674 Lanahan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6316674 , the United States, as third-party defendant, moved to amend its answer to deny allegations after initially admitting to the allegations in its original answer.  93 F.R.D. at 39}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7559574 8}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 .  The district court granted its motion for leave to amend, holding that filing of its original answer was \'93occasioned by oversight,\'94
 counsels were put on notice approximately one week after the oversight, and the motion was filed approximately one month after the original answer was filed.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6316674 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7559574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7559574\charrsid7559574 at 399.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6316674   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 When arriving at it
s holding, the court relied on three primary rationales: (1) the liberal policy of allowing amendment, (2) the fact that the opposing party would not be prejudiced by the amendment, and (3) the relatively short duration of delay.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1189056 See i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6316674 d.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8067971 [46]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8067971 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6316674 Green}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6316674 , plaintiff moved to amend his complaint nearly four years after filing but before trial, offering no excuse for the delay other than}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14485270 
 that a new theory had not occurred to the attorney previously}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid6316674 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s24\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3430180 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid14617334 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14617334 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  The court stated the following with\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  regard to the plaintiff\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s justification:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid3430180 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14617334\charrsid3753736 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Plaintiff offers little to exculpate himself. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14617334 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14617334\charrsid3753736 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
He does not assert a change of law or newly discovered facts or some other cognate excuse. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14617334 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14617334\charrsid3753736 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Rather, he admits frankly that all of the information necessary for his pro\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 posed amended complaint was known to him from the start. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14617334 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14617334\charrsid3753736 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
The only explanation offered is that the securities laws are complex and that the theory which he attempts to plead now simply did not occur to him previously.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14617334 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14617334\charrsid3753736 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  These points are raised by defendants\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  in opposition to plaintiff's motion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14617334 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14617334\charrsid3753736 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 However, neither long delay nor the fact that a proposed amendment is motivated by an afterthought of counsel as to the best theory upon which to proceed, by themselves, suffice as reas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14617334 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ons for denying leave to amend.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14617334\charrsid3753736 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3430180 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14617334 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Green}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14617334 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 50 F.R.D. at 223 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14617334\charrsid655674 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Middle Atl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9862671 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14617334\charrsid655674 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Util}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9862671 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14617334\charrsid655674 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 Co. v. S. M. W. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10161771 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Dev.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10161771\charrsid655674 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid14617334\charrsid655674 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14617334\charrsid3753736 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 392 F.2d 380, 384}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16279530 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14617334\charrsid3753736 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 385 (2d Cir.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9862671 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14617334\charrsid3753736 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
1968)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14617334 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11042402 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674   50 F.R.D. at 223.  The district court granted his motion for 
leave to amend, holding that defendant failed to adequately show that it would be prejudiced by plaintiff\rquote s proposed amendment:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid6316674 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674\charrsid3753736 
Defendants aver that they have conducted this litigation thus far on the basis of the claims asserted in the original complaint. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1118378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674\charrsid3753736 
This may be assumed, but defendants do not go beyond this statement to demonstrate what real prejudice arises from this state of facts.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674\charrsid3753736 
 For example, no showing is made of what delay aside from the time required to file an answer will ensue if the proposed amendment is allowed. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674\charrsid3753736 
Nor do defendants attempt to demonstrate that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674  evidence relevant to plaintiff\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674\charrsid3753736 s new claims now is no longer }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6316674\charrsid2570711 available. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674\charrsid2570711 In short, defendants\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674\charrsid3753736 
 mere statement of the obvious advances their claim of prejudice not at all.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6316674 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6316674\charrsid2570711 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6316674\charrsid2570711   The court acknowledged that \'93[d]elay as a predicate for a finding of bad faith is a sufficient reason to deny leave to amend}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9862671 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6316674\charrsid2570711 \'94 but nonetheless chose not to find bad faith \'93since it is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3686191 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 rely}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15144187  [sic]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674\charrsid2570711  possible that even skilled counsel might overlook an apparent theory of law for approximately four years.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6316674\charrsid2570711 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674\charrsid8600047 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8067971 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8067971 [47]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8067971 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6316674 Brennan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 
, plaintiff moved to amend its complaint to add the name of the administratrix of the defendant estate as a party after initially naming only the estate itself.  301 F.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13850903  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6316674 Supp. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9862671 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674  30}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3825752 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 .  The district court granted plaintiff
\rquote s motion for leave to amend because \'93failure to designate the proper party was an excusable oversight.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6316674 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 at 30}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3825752 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 .  The court reasoned that the plaintiff did not commit its error in designating the defendant party deliberately and that the administratrix \'93knew or should have known\'94
 that the action \'93would have been brought against her as administratrix\'94 but for such an error.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6316674 Id.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8067971 [48]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8067971 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6316674 Schwartz}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6316674 , defendant moved to amend its answer to include the applicable statute of limitations as a defense.  22 F.R.D. at 38.  The court held that \'93justice so requires\'94 leave to amend \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6316674\charrsid5833427 where the granting of the motion results in no }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 prejudice to the opposing party.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6316674 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6316674   The court held further that simple prejudice of a plaintiff\rquote s claim becoming barred by the applicable statute of limitations does not constitute sufficient prejudice to deny leave to amend under Rule 15(a).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6316674 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6316674\charrsid5833427 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8067971 [49]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8067971 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 
These rulings are all consistent with the controlling principle that a non-moving party, or the court itself, must e
vidence something more than delay based on mere oversight in order to justify a denial of leave to amend.  That is to say, an affirmative showing of something more than an honest mistake is required.  As above, delay may serve as \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674\charrsid2570711 a predicate for a finding of bad faith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3825752  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 or other justification}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9590939 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674  but}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2102405  even under those circumstances}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 
 there must be a showing of something more.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6316674\charrsid4263424 Green}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674\charrsid4263424 50 F.R.D. at 223}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6316674 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8067971 [50]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8067971 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14495071 In its Decision and Order denying leave to amend, the trial court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16258944 agreed with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14495071  J&B\rquote s argument that MEC\rquote s \'93failure to assert or explain its oversight is persuasive evidence of the inferred finding of a bad faith motive or dilatory tactic.
\'94  RA, tab 50 at 3 (Dec. & Order)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14495071\charrsid7825124 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14495071   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7825124 We interpret this endorsement as an inferred }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7825124\charrsid10185329 finding of bad faith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7825124 , supported by various facts described in J&B\rquote s argument in opposition to MEC\rquote s motion to amend:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid7825124 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7825124 
[MEC] had to know it was paying that overtime when the project was underway.  [MEC] has offered no explanation for not withholding the overtime claim in its progress billings, in its Nov
ember 2009 meeting with Ms. Bangayan, in its claim to Chung Kuo, and finally its complaint in this action.  No construction company would simply forget to assert a claim for over $213,314.23 in overtime through all these steps, and then suddenly remember 
it long after the project was over and try to sneak it into}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3825752  a case in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7825124 
 a discovery response.  It can only be inferred that [MEC] acted in bad faith because of some perceived tactical advantage in delaying notice of the overtime claim, such as precluding a timely and thorough investigation of a dubious claim.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7825124 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7825124 RA, tab 46 at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3825752 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7825124 -7 (Opp\rquote n Mot. Am. Compl., Mar. 29, 2013).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8067971 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8067971 [51]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8067971 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7825124 On appeal, J&B cites a number of cases for the proposition that a trial court may infer bad faith \'93when plaintiffs possess relevant informati
on concerning facts or claims before filing their complaints but, without any satisfactory explanation . . . withhold such facts or claims from the complaint and instead seek leave to amend to add such . . . claims after litigation is well underway.\'94
  Appellee\rquote s Br. at 58 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7825124 Williams v. Savage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7825124 , 569 F.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3825752  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7825124 
Supp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3825752  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7825124 
2d 99, 107-08 (D.D.C. 2008) (denying leave to amend and finding bad faith where movant requested dismissal of case despite knowing facts constituting amendment at time of initial pleadings and providing no justification for delayed request); }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7825124 Aloe Vera of Am}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid199193 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7825124 , Inc. v. United States}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7825124 
, 233 F.R.D. 532, 535-36 (D. Ariz. 2005) (denying leave to amend and finding bad faith where movant requested during discovery after twelve of thirteen depositions had been performed); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7825124 GSS Prop}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid199193 s.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7825124 , Inc. v. Kendale Shopping}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7825124  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7237892 Ctr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7825124 , Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7825124 , 119 F.R.D. 379, 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3825752 80-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7825124 
81 (M.D.N.C. 1988) (denying leave to amend and finding bad faith where movant requested during discovery despite knowing all facts constituting amendment prior to filing action and stipulating to satisfactory pleadings); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7825124 Sprint Comm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12195712 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7825124 \rquote n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12195712 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7825124 
 Co. v. Vonage Holdings Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7825124 , 500 F.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid857513  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7825124 Supp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid857513  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7825124 2d 1290, 13}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3825752 47-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7825124 48 (D. Kan. 2007) (denying leave to amend where movant requested on last day of discovery after multiple exten}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6846581 sions)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2102405 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6846581 .  We view these cases favorably}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7825124 
 to the extent that they provide examples of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2102405  a number of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7825124  acceptable scenarios under which a trial court may infer a finding of bad faith.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6846581\charrsid6846581 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8067971 [52]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8067971 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2102405 Indeed, o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7825124 
ther courts have held that denial of a motion to amend is justified when the moving party is motivated to amend its pleadings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2102405  as a tactic intended}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7825124 
 to delay or defeat an unfavorable ruling upon summary judgment.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7825124 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7825124\charrsid8806615 Wimm v. Jack Eckerd Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7825124\charrsid8806615 , 3 F.3d 137}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7825124 , 139-40}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7825124\charrsid8806615  (5th Cir. 1993)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7825124 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7825124\charrsid8806615 Trans Video }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7237892 Elec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12195712 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7237892 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7825124\charrsid8806615 , Ltd. v. Sony }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7237892 Elec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12195712 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7237892 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7825124\charrsid8806615 , Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7825124 , 278 F.R.D. 505, 509-10 (N.D. Cal. 2011), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7825124\charrsid8806615 aff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12195712 
\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7825124\charrsid8806615 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7825124 , 475 Fed. Appx. 334 (Fed. Cir. 2012)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13446426  (per curiam)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7825124 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7825124\charrsid5462891 Reisner v. Gen. Motors Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7825124\charrsid5462891 , 511 F. Su}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7825124 
pp. 1167, 1172 (S.D.N.Y. 1981)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7825124\charrsid7095318 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7825124\charrsid5462891  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7825124 aff\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7825124\charrsid5462891 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7825124\charrsid5462891 , 671 F.2d 91}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3825752 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5580391  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3825752 
100}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7825124\charrsid5462891  (2d Cir. 1982),}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7825124\charrsid5462891  cert. denied}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7825124\charrsid5462891 , 459 U.S. 858}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7825124  (1982).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9112175 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8067971 [53]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8067971 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2102405 Nevertheless}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9112175 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7237892 GRCP }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9112175 15(a) is governed by a liberal policy, weighted in favor of granting amendment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9112175\charrsid8016592 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid9112175\charrsid8016592 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3224265  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9112175\charrsid8016592 Foman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9112175\charrsid8016592 , 371 U.S. at 182}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3224265 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9112175\charrsid12343824 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9112175  rule bestows upon a plaintiff a right}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12343824 
, albeit a qualified one,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9112175  to have his or her valid claim heard on the merits.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1200278 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3224265 id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9112175 (\'93[A] plaintiff . . . ought to be afforded an opportunity to test his claim on the merits.\'94).  We will therefore allow amendment of a complaint to correct \'93mere oversight\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12343824  in the absence of aforementioned }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12343824 Foman }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12343824 factors.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7825124\charrsid12343824 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8067971 [54]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8067971 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651863 When reviewing the record in this case, we find that the trial court\rquote 
s inferred finding of bad faith is not supported by substantial evidence.  The record shows}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9112175  that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651863  all work on the Projects}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15408279  was completed by late November}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651863  2009, prior to filing of the Complaint.  Tr. at 35}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15165207 -36}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651863 
 (Bench Trial, Nov. 5, 2014); RA, tab 1 (Compl.).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3224265 Therefore, the trial could have properly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651863  infe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3224265 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651863 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3224265 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651863  that MEC knew of the facts related to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651863\charrsid984238 compensable}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651863  overtime costs prior to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9112175 filing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651863 .  However, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3224265 
the trial court was unsupported in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651863  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9850866 infer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3224265 ring}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5074900  more.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3224265 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8067971 [55]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8067971 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9850866 We disagree with the trial court that MEC\rquote s knowledge of the facts and failure to act was}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651863  sufficient }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid862700 to support}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651863  an inferred finding of bad faith.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9850866   We see no}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4856090  compelling}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9850866  reason to foreclose the possibility that MEC\rquote s failure to initially plead its overtime claim was the result of an honest mistake.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11163585 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8067971 [56]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8067971 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid862700 The trial court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3224265 agreed with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid862700  J&B\rquote s arguments in an opposition motion }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3224265 when making its inferred finding.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid862700   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11163585 
RA, tab 50 at 3 (Dec. & Order) (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11163585\charrsid7825124 [J&B] also argue[s] that [MEC\rquote s] failure to assert or explain its oversight is persuasive evidence of the inferred f
inding of a bad faith motive or dilatory tactic.  The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6372612 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11163585\charrsid7825124 ourt agrees.\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11163585 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11163585 see}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6372612  also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11163585  RA, tab 46 at 5-7 (Opp\rquote n Mot. Am. Compl.).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11163585\charrsid7095318   }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid862700 However, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2102405 neither the trial court nor }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14505446 J&B have persuaded this court that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid862700  MEC\rquote s failure to include its overtime claim was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9850866  motivated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11163585  by bad faith or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9112175  was}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11163585  solely intended}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9850866  to frustrate J&B\rquote s motion for summary judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11163585 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8067971 [57]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8067971 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13767548\charrsid13767548 The trial court also made }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12343824 an}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13767548\charrsid13767548  explicit finding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12343824  of prejudice.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12343824\charrsid13767548 RA, tab 50 at 3-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12343824 4 (Dec. & Order) (\'93[A]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13767548\charrsid13767548 llowing [MEC] to amend its }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13515774 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13767548\charrsid13767548 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13515774 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13767548\charrsid13767548 omplaint would unduly prejudice [J&B].\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12343824 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13767548\charrsid13767548   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10835045 Left with little explanation for this finding, we shall assume the court found J&B\rquote s arguments persuasive.  Assuming the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13767548\charrsid13767548 finding }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12343824 was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13767548\charrsid13767548  supported by J&B\rquote s argument that MEC\rquote 
s bad-faith delay prevented J&B from seeking indemnification from GPA and carrying out timely and thorough discovery of the delayed overtime claim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10835045 , we will assess those rationales}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13767548\charrsid13767548 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13515774 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13767548\charrsid13767548 RA, tab 46 at 5 (Opp\rquote n Mot. Am. Compl.).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8067971 [58]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8067971 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13767548\charrsid13767548 We are not persuaded by J&B\rquote 
s argument that it was prejudiced by losing the opportunity to seek indemnity from GPA.  The prime Contracts between GPA and J&B expressly indemnified GPA against \'93all loss, damage, or expense . . . arising out of the performance of the work.\'94  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1077538\charrsid16080564 M }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8158447\charrsid16080564 Elec. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1077538\charrsid16080564 Corp. v. Phil-Gets (Guam) Int\rquote l Trading Corp.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1077538\charrsid13767548 , CV1423-10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4077141\charrsid4077141  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4077141 (Def.\rquote s Ex. E at GC-12 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4077141\charrsid13767548 General C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4077141 onditions, San Vitores Contract))}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13767548\charrsid13767548 
.  While we acknowledge the merits of this issue were not litigated, we view this language as relevant to the extent that it shows a lack of substantial evidence in support of the trial court\rquote s finding of prejudice based on J&B\rquote 
s lost indemnity argument.  The record contains no other evidence with regard to this issue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4077141 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13767548\charrsid13767548  and thus we cannot say that the trial court
\rquote s decision is substantially supported under this rationale}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11500069 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13767548\charrsid13767548 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8067971 [59]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8067971 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13767548\charrsid13767548 We must now assess the court\rquote s finding of
 prejudice based on the rationale that J&B suffered a diminished opportunity to carry out effective discovery as a result of MEC\rquote s delay.  RA, tab 50 at 3-4 (Dec. & Order) (\'93[A]llowing [MEC] to amend its Complaint would unduly prejudice [J&B].
\'94); RA, tab 46 at 5 (Opp\rquote n Mot. Am. Compl.)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7095318 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13767548\charrsid13767548 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8067971 [60]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8067971 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13767548\charrsid13767548 In its opposition to MEC\rquote s motion to amend, J&B argued the following:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid13767548 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13767548\charrsid13767548 
J&B may have been able to adequately investigate what workers actually worked what hours on what projects if [MEC] had claimed the alleged overtime c
osts when submitting progress billings.  It would have been more difficult for J&B to investigate the overtime claims if [MEC] had raised them when it first presented J&B with all of [MEC\rquote s] other claims in November }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16611423 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13767548\charrsid13767548 2009.  The difficulty increased by the time [MEC] filed its original [C]omplaint . . . on August 19, 2010. . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4077141  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13767548\charrsid13767548 By withholding the overtime claim and not seeking leave to amend until now long after the projects are over, [MEC] has prejudiced the ability of the defendants to . . . defend aga
inst the overtime claim . . . . 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri720\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid13767548 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13767548\charrsid13767548 RA, tab 46 at 5-6 (Opp\rquote n Mot. Am. Compl.).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8067971 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8067971 [61]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8067971 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13767548\charrsid13767548 The record shows work on the Projects}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15408279  was completed by late November}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13767548\charrsid13767548  2009.  Tr. at 35}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13515774 -36}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13767548\charrsid13767548  (Bench Trial, Nov. 5, 2014).  MEC first asserted its overtime claim in opposition to J&B\rquote 
s Motion for Summary Judgment, more than one year later, in June 2011.  RA, tab 22 at 16 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9525017 Pl.\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13767548\charrsid13767548 Opp\rquote 
n Mot. Summ. J.).  We cannot say with any certainty that J&B was unduly prejudiced based solely }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11500069 upon }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13767548\charrsid13767548 this lapse of time.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14751891 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14751891 [62]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14751891 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13767548\charrsid13767548 When asserting its overtime claim for the first time, MEC }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13515774 stated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13767548\charrsid13767548 :
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid13767548 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13767548\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 On both projects J&B ordered }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\dbch\af37\insrsid13767548\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 acceleration }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13767548\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
of the work to make up for delays, requiring MEC to work 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid11500069\charrsid4077141 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid13767548\charrsid4077141 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13767548\charrsid16080564 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 As a result of this change, MEC had to pay overtime to its workers,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13767548\charrsid4077141 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13767548\charrsid16080564 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 costing MEC a tot\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
al of $213,314.23, which J&B has not paid.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13767548 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13767548\charrsid16080564 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13767548 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13767548\charrsid16080564 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 RA, tab 22 at 5 (Pl.\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s Opp\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 n Def.\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Mot. Summ. J.).  After resolution of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3564412\charrsid16080564 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid13767548\charrsid16080564 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid13767548\charrsid16080564 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 M Electric I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid13767548\charrsid16080564 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13767548\charrsid13767548 MEC requested leave to amend its Complaint to include, in part, the following language:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\dbch\af37\insrsid13767548\charrsid14224286 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid13767548 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13767548\charrsid13767548 J&B ordered [MEC] to ac
celerate its work by working around the clock, seven days a week, for which [MEC] had to pay its workers $213,314.23 in overtime pay.  This was a major change in the work sequence for which [MEC] is entitled to compensation, including a reasonable allowan
ce for overhead, profit, and GRT reimbursement, under either the changes in Work clause of the [S]ubcontract, or in quantum meruit for work performed outside the contract.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13767548 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13767548\charrsid13767548 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13767548 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13767548\charrsid13767548 RA, tab 41}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4077141 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13767548\charrsid13767548  Attach}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4077141 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13767548\charrsid13767548  \'b6 11 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10162869 Mem. Supp. Pl.
\rquote s Am. Compl., }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13767548\charrsid13767548 Draft Am. Compl., Mar. 1, 2013).  MEC filed, simultaneously with its Memorandum in Support of its leave to amend, a copy of its 2011 Responses to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10835045 J&B\rquote s first discovery request}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13767548\charrsid13767548 , which included twelve pages of documented overtime costs.  RA, tab 39}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4077141 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13767548\charrsid13767548  Attach}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4077141 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13767548\charrsid13767548  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12218623 
Decl. Thomas M. Tarpley Supp. Pl.\rquote s Mot. Am. Compl., }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13767548\charrsid13767548 
Overtime Costs, Mar. 2, 2011).  This evidence shows that MEC had calculated its overtime costs and provided them to J&B as early as Mar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4077141 ch}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13767548\charrsid13767548 
 2, 2011.  Despite the availability of this evidence, the trial court was persuaded by J&B\rquote s argument that J&B was unduly limited in collecting its own evidence with regard to MEC\rquote s claim.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11042402 
  We are not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14505446  persuaded.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13767548\charrsid13767548 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14751891 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14751891 [63]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14751891 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14505446 In summary, the trial court\rquote s findings of bad faith and prejudice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11500069 were clearly erroneous because they were not supported by substanti
al evidence.  This court is left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made and that MEC should have been granted the opportunity to test its claim on the merits at trial.  We therefore hold that the trial court abused its discretion
 in denying MEC\rquote s motion to amend.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6972397\charrsid8016592 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sa240\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2771423 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid11949857\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 C.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4077141 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Whether the Overtime Claim is Time B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 arred as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4077141 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
to Defendant-Appellee Chung Kuo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\dbch\af37\insrsid3563884\charrsid14224286 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14751891 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14751891 [64]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14751891 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13258380\charrsid13258380 
J&B raises the issue of whether the overtime claim is time barred as to Chung Kuo by arguing that MEC failed to present evidence at trial concerning the party}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11617237 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605948  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11617237\charrsid13258380 Appellee\rquote s Br. at 50}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11617237 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605948 and that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4605948\charrsid13258380 Chung Kuo is \'93only liable on the express terms of the bonds}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11617237 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605948\charrsid13258380 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13258380\charrsid13258380  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11617237\charrsid1404233 id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11617237  at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13258380\charrsid13258380  60}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4605948  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605948\charrsid13258380 (citing 74 Am. Jur. 2d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4605948\charrsid16080564 Suretyship}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605948\charrsid13258380  \'a7 18}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605948 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13258380\charrsid13258380 .  MEC responds by arguing that Chung Kuo is jointly and severally liable by the terms of 5 GCA \'a7 5304}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4605948  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605948\charrsid13258380 (Contract Performance and Payment Bonds)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13258380\charrsid13258380  as a surety of J&B\rquote s bond obligations (\'93Bonds\'94
).  Reply Br. at 17-18}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5180904  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605948\charrsid13258380 (citing 12 Am. Jur. 2d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4605948\charrsid16080564 Bonds}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605948\charrsid13258380  \'a7 21)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13258380\charrsid13258380 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13258380\charrsid4605948 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14751891\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14751891 [65]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14751891 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605948 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605948\charrsid7430265  surety bond is a contract, and \'93[i]n determining whether a party is relieved of its duty t
o perform under a surety bond, courts interpret the bond, like any other contract, according to its terms.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4605948\charrsid13258380 Granger Constr. Co. v. TJ, LLC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4605948\charrsid7430265 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4291924 21 N.Y.S.3d 491, 493}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605948\charrsid7430265  (App. Div. 2015).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605948\charrsid4605948  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605948  However, to the extent that a surety bond conflicts with the Guam Code, our statutes are controlling.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4605948 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605948 
18 GCA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605948\charrsid15809480 \'a7 88101}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3564412  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605948  (declaring unlawful }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3306605 any }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605948 contract contrary to express provision of law)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605948\charrsid15809480 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605948  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4605948 
see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4605948\charrsid603744 Minardus v. Zapp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605948\charrsid603744 , 112 S.W.2d 496, 498 (Tex. Civ. App. 1938)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605948  (}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605948\charrsid603744 \'93A contract is illegal where it is made in violation of a statute, or a regulatory rule making effective such statute, or where it is contrary to public policy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4605948  . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605948\charrsid603744 .\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605948 ). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605948\charrsid4605948  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4605948\charrsid603744 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605948 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605948\charrsid603744 
 bond issued to meet a specific statutory obligation may not, as a matter of public policy, dilute the minimum statutory protections provided the statutory beneficiaries, and minimum requiremen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11042402 
ts are read into the bond}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605948\charrsid603744 .\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4605948\charrsid13258380 Mount Florence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13908577 Grp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13908577\charrsid13258380  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4605948\charrsid13258380 v. City of Peekskill}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605948\charrsid603744 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4291924 
652 N.Y.S.2d 814, 816}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605948\charrsid603744  (App. Div. 1997)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11042402  (citation omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605948\charrsid603744 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605948 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14751891 [66]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14751891 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13258380\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Title 5 GCA \'a7\loch\f0 
 5304(d) and (e) grants materialmen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4605948\charrsid14224286 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13258380\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  laborers, and subcon
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 tractors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6711380\charrsid14224286 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13258380\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 such as MEC, a right to bring suit on unpaid claims, subject to the limitation that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4605948\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 such a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid13258380\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 suit is brought within one year of completion of work.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14751891 [67]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14751891 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4605948\charrsid14224286 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'93\loch\f0 
An amendment of a pleading relates back to the date of the original pleading when}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12870162\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid4605948\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid11824058\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid4605948\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 cl\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
aim or defense asserted in the amended pleading arose out of the conduct, transaction, or occurrence set forth or attempted to be set forth in the original pleading . . . .\'94\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4291924 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Guam R. Civ. P.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4291924\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4605948\charrsid14224286 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 15(c)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid11824058\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , (c)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6711380\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
(2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4605948\charrsid14224286 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14751891 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14751891 [68]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14751891 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13258380\charrsid6313604 MEC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13258380  completed work on the Projects in November 2009.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13258380\charrsid13258380   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13258380 MEC filed its Complaint in the underlying action on August 19, 2010.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13258380\charrsid13258380   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13258380 
Therefore, MEC satisfied the one-year statutory deadline to bring suit on unpaid claims.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13258380\charrsid13258380   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13258380 
The terms of the bond establish a similar one-year filing deadline with no mention of relation back.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13258380\charrsid13258380   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13258380 
The issue here is that the original Complaint did not contain a claim for overtime damages.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13258380\charrsid13258380   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13258380 
J&B argues that failing to bring suit on the overtime claim within the one-year bond deadline relieved Chung Kuo of liability under the terms of the bond.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13258380\charrsid13258380   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13258380 However, the overtime claim, when added to the Complaint, will relate back to the date of the original Complaint.  This will satisfy the one-year, 5 GCA \'a7 5304(e) limitation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13258380\charrsid13258380   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13258380 The terms of the surety bond may not limit MEC\rquote s statutory right to bring suit within this time period.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14751891 [69]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14751891 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4605948 Taking the above into account}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13258380 
, we hold that the overtime claim is not time-barred with respect to defendant Chung Kuo.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid13258380\charrsid2771423 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sa240\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2771423 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11949857 D.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6907179 Whether the NDFD C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3563884 lause }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6907179 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3563884 tated in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6907179 P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3563884 rime }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6907179 Contract Barred MEC
\rquote s S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3563884 tandby }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6907179 Claim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid3563884\charrsid2771423 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14751891 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14751891 [70]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14751891 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14503356\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The trial c\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
ourt denied MEC\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s standby claim as barred by NDFD clauses contained within the Subcontracts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10245619\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
, finding that none of the exceptions previously enumerated by this court applied that would allow the claim.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14503356\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 RA, tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid883408\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 84 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14503356\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 at 11-13 (Finds. Fact & Concl. L., May 22, 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 2015) (analyzing each of four exceptions previously enumerated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10245619\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid14503356\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid984238\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid14503356\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Electric I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14503356\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 2012 Guam 23 \'b6\loch\f0  37).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14751891 [71]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14751891 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14503356\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 MEC argues }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10245619\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14503356\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 erred in denying its standby claim because J&B caused unreasonable delays resulting in a breach of contract.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid14503356\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14503356\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Appellant\hich\f0 \rquote \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s Br. at 10-19.  J&B argues the standby claim was properly denied because NDFD clause}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid883408\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s, both those provided by the terms of the Subcontracts and those}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9988779\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 incorporated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid883408\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  therein by reference to the Contracts,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14503356\charrsid14224286 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  barred the claim.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid14503356\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14503356\charrsid14224286 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Appellee\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Br. at 29-3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9128460\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid14503356\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (discu\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ssing enforceability of NDFD clauses and disputing applicability of exceptions to the present facts).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14751891 [72]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14751891 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14503356\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 We are}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10245619\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  therefore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14503356\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid10245619\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 asked to determine whether}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14503356\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  NDFD clause}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10245619\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14503356\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  barred MEC\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s standby claim.  This requires determining whether the delays experienced by MEC\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  fall under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14505446\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 applicable }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14503356\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 NDFD clau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10245619\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid14505446\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14503356\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid9988779\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , if so,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14503356\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 whether an exception applies that would nevertheless allow the claim.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14751891 [73]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14751891 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4486545\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 NDFD}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid14503356\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  clauses are contract provisions that exculpate a party from liability for damages resulting from delays in performance by limiti\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ng the other party
\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s remedy to an extension of time to complete the performance.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid14503356\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid984238\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid14503356\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Elec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid13655701 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14503356\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid14503356\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid14503356\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 2012 Guam 23 \'b6\loch\f0  33.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10245619\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10245619 Such}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14503356  clauses are valid and enforceable in Guam, subject to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9988779  the following recognized exceptions: 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid12783585 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9988779 (1) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14503356\charrsid809266 
unreasonable delays not contemplated by the parti}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9988779 es when the agreement was made; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14503356\charrsid809266 
(2) delays not covered by the plain language of the clause; (3) delays caused by the contractor\rquote s bad faith or its willful, malicious, or grossly negligent conduct; and (4) delays resulting from a breach of a fundamental obligation of the contract.
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9988779 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2771423 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4486545 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9988779 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6452078  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14503356\charrsid809266 37}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6452078  (footnote omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14503356\charrsid809266 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid14503356\charrsid14224286 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14751891 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14751891 [74]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14751891 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9988779 While the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid883408 trial court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9988779 focus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid883408 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9988779  on th}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226 e terms of the Subcontracts, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid883408 it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226 overlook}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid883408 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226  the fact that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9593226\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  the Contract}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12783585\charrsid14224286 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9593226\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  between GPA and J&B contained NDFD clause}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12783585\charrsid14224286 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9593226\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  under Section 6 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12783585\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
their}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9593226\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Special Provisio\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ns.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid801532\charrsid14224286 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid883408\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid883408\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
RA, tab 84 at 11-13 (Finds. Fact & Concl. L.)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14369143\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid801532 RA, tab 15}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13655701 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid801532  Ex. C at SP-2 (Special Provisions, GIAA Contract); RA, tab 15}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7953831 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid801532 
 Ex. D at SP-2 (Special Provisions, San Vitores Contract).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid801532\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9128460 Because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid883408 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226  Subcontracts between J&B and MEC incorporated the terms of the Contract}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12783585 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid883408 the Contract }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226 NDFD clause}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12783585 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid883408  must also be considered}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9593226 .  Section 6 of the Contract Special Provisions stated the following: \'93No extended overhead costs or standby costs shall be awarded/granted as a result}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14369143  of delays from the Civil work.\'94  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid801532 RA, tab 15}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7953831 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid801532  Ex. C at SP-2 (Special Provisions, GIAA Contract)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1404233 
 (emphasis omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid801532 ; RA, tab 15}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7953831 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid801532  Ex. D at SP-2 (Special Provisions, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10114087 
San Vitores }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid801532 Contract)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1404233  (emphasis omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid801532 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid801532\charrsid14224286 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14751891 [75]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14751891 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226 First, we must determine whether the delays at issue fall within the definition of the \'93
Civil work.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14503356 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14503356\charrsid13180227 
The language of a contract is to govern its interpretation, if the language is clear and explicit, and does not involve an absurdity.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14503356 \'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14503356\charrsid13180227 18 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11665452 GCA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14503356\charrsid13180227  \'a7 87104}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14503356  (2005).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14503356 When capitalized terms are used in building contracts, we first look to their meaning as defined in the General Conditions of the contract.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14503356\charrsid14378761 4 Am. Jur. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14503356\charrsid16077916 Legal Forms}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14503356\charrsid14378761  2d \'a7 47:179}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14503356 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226   }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14503356\charrsid14378761 If the terms are not defined in the General Conditions, we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14503356 next look to their meaning}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14503356\charrsid14378761  in accordance with their use in the portion of the contract where the terms are found}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14503356 , followed by their ordinary meaning}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14503356\charrsid14378761 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14503356   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5380612 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14503356 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12067305 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid277219 ee }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2850155 also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14503356\charrsid13180227 State ex rel. Petro v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14503356\charrsid13180227 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13655701 104 Ohio St. 3d 559, 2004-Ohio-7102, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14503356\charrsid13180227 820 N.E.2d 910, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13655701 at 
\'b6 23}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14503356\charrsid13180227  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14503356 holding undefined words are assigned ordinary meaning unless other meaning is clear from the document).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14503356\charrsid13180227 \'93The fact that the parties fail to specifically define a term within the contract does not make the term ambiguous.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16388866 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14503356\charrsid13180227   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16388866 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16388866  (citation omitted).  \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14503356\charrsid13180227 Instead, common, undefined words appearing in a written instrument will be given the
ir ordinary meaning unless manifest absurdity results, or some other meaning is clearly evidenced from the face or overall contents of the instrument.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13655701 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5380612  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14503356\charrsid13180227 (citation and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5380612 internal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7095318 quotation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16341954 marks }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7095318 omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14503356 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14751891 [76]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14751891 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226\charrsid6232414 The term \'93Civil work\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226 
 does not appear in the \'93Definitions\'94 section of the General Conditions of the Contracts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12478280 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12478280 see}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7095318 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12478280  e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12478280 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10380538\charrsid16077916 M Elec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10772504 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10380538\charrsid16077916  Corp. v. Phil-Gets (Guam) Int\rquote l Trading Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10380538\charrsid13767548 , CV1423-10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16388866 (Def.\rquote s Ex. E at GC-1 (General Conditions, San Vitores Contract)), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226 and is used only once in the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10380538  remaining sections of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226  General Conditions, restating the previous Special Conditions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14505446 language }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226 verbatim.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9593226\charrsid6232414   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9593226\charrsid1839515 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10114087  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10380538 RA, tab 15}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7953831 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10380538  Ex. E at GC-33 (General Conditions, GIAA Contract); RA, tab 15}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7953831 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10380538 
 Ex. F at GC-33 (General Conditions, San Vitores Contract).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10114087\charrsid10380538 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14751891 [77]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14751891 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226 However, the Contracts employ the term \'93work\'94 throughout the documents.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9593226 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13435381\charrsid16077916 M }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15796481\charrsid16077916 Elec. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13435381\charrsid16077916 Corp. v. Phil-Gets (Guam) Int\rquote l Trading Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13435381\charrsid13767548 , CV1423-10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10772504 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10772504\charrsid6232414 Def.\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10772504 Ex. E at GC-16 (General Conditions, San Vitores Contract))}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10772504\charrsid13435381  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226 (\'93The Contractor shall provide competent engineering services to execute the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9593226\charrsid10646850 work}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226  in accordance with the contract requirements.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10646850  (emphasis added)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226\charrsid9593226 
  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226 This usage is not defined and must be assumed to be in accordance with the common meaning of the term \'93work.\'94  The common meaning of \'93work\'94 is broad and includes all lab
or and tasks performed in fulfillment of the Contracts.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9593226 Work}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226\charrsid16077916 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9593226 Black\rquote s Law Dictionary}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226  (10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5534240 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226  ed. 2014) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226\charrsid8791026 \'93
Physical and mental exertion to attain an end, esp. as controlled by and for the benefit of an employer; labor.\'94).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid9593226\charrsid9593226 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14751891 [78]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14751891 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226 MEC attributed the delays giv}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10646850 ing
 rise to its standby claim to delays in obtaining}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10646850 permits, caused by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226 
 the discovery of differing subsurface conditions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226\charrsid9593226   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10646850 It is our view that these delays were}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226 
 attributable to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10646850 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226 work}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10646850 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226 
 under the Contracts.  Therefore, based on the generally accepted definition of \'93work,\'94 the delays at issue fall within the scope of the NDFD clause, subject to any applicable exceptions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\ul\insrsid9593226\charrsid7499533 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14751891 [79]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14751891 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14505446 We }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226 must}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14505446  now}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226  determine whether the delays fall within the first recognized exception.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11808686   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11808686 See generally 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11808686 Appellant\rquote s Br. (raising only first exception). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226  That is, we must determine whether the delays were \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9593226\charrsid809266 unreasonable delays not contemplated by the parties when the agreement was made}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226 .\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9593226\charrsid9593226   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5534240 M Elec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6305194 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5534240  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5534240\charrsid5534240 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5534240 
, 2012 Guam 23 \'b6 37.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226\charrsid5534240 This}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226  analysi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6454765 s is twofold.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14751891 [80]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14751891 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710 To determine whether delays}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14505446  are}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14505446 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710 not contemplated by the parties,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14505446 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13897345  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13897345\charrsid12067305 id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13897345 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710 
 the court must inquire into the reasonable foreseeability of the type of delays in question}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13897345 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13897345 see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid13987710\charrsid11825556 J & B Steel Contractors, Inc. v. C. Iber & Sons, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710\charrsid11825556 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710\charrsid11821258 642 N.E.2d 1215, 1222 (}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15807239 Ill. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710\charrsid11821258 1994)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710\charrsid13435381  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710\charrsid11825556 (
\'93Reasonable foreseeability is the touchstone of the exception.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710 \'94); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13987710\charrsid11825556 Peckham R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid214032 d.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13987710\charrsid11825556  Co. v. State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid214032 300 N.Y.S.2d 174, 176}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710  (App. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid214032 Div. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710 1969) (\'93[C]ontemplation involves only such delays as are reasonably foreseeable . . . .\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2978806 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2978806\charrsid11825556 aff\rquote d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid214032 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2978806\charrsid11825556  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid214032 269 N.E.2d 826}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2978806  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid214032 N.Y. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2978806 1971)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710 .  Foreseeability analysis requires consideration
 of the nature of the relationship between the contracting parties, the objectives of that relationship, and any relevant attendant circumstances, such as trade practices and customs.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13987710\charrsid2893850 See}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13987710  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13987710\charrsid11825556 J & B Steel Contractors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710\charrsid11825556 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13987710\charrsid11821258 642 N.E.2d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15807239 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710\charrsid11821258  1222}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13987710\charrsid2893850  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13987710\charrsid2893850 Ace Stone, Inc. v. Wayne}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710 , 221 A.2d 515, 520 (N.J. 1966) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13987710\charrsid13041901 holding that when ascertaining contemplation of parties}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710\charrsid13041901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710 
\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710\charrsid13041901 the attendant circumstances including trade practices and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710 customs [are] clearly admissible\'94).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5380612 Such an inquiry necessarily requires consideration of extrinsic evidence.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710\charrsid11821258 
Only unforeseeable delays and obstructions or those not naturally arising from performance of the work itself or the subject of the contract come within the exception.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710 \'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid13987710\charrsid14622968 J & B Steel Contractors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710\charrsid14622968 , 642 N.E.2d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6976381 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710\charrsid14622968 
 1222}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13987710 see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6976381 also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid214032\charrsid14622968 Corinno Civetta Constr. 
Corp. v. City of New York}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid214032\charrsid14622968 , 493 N.E.2d 905, 910 (N.Y. 1986)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710  (\'93[E]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710\charrsid8875628 
ven broadly worded exculpatory clauses}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710  . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710\charrsid8875628  are generally held to encompass only those delays which are reasonably foresee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710 able, arise from the contractor\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710\charrsid8875628 s work during performance, or which are mentioned in the contract}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710 .\'94)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710\charrsid14622968 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14751891 [81]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14751891 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14505446 To}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226  determine whether the delays}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14505446  are \'93unreasonable,\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11303896 M Elec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid214032 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11303896  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid11303896\charrsid5534240 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11303896 , 2012 Guam 23 \'b6 37, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14505446 the court must look to whether the delays}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1396688  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14505446 were}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9593226  of an unreasonable duration considering the facts and circumstances }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710 surrounding the agreement}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11303896 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11303896 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13987710 ee }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13987710\charrsid24773 
Howard Contracting Inc. v. G.A. MacDonald Constr. Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710\charrsid24773 , 83 Cal. Rptr. 2d 590, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710 595-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710\charrsid24773 
96 (Ct. App. 1999) (holding four-month delay by owner }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710 obtaining }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710\charrsid24773 permits unreasonable}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710 
 under circumstances}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710\charrsid24773 ); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13987710\charrsid15620704 Dickinson Co. v. Iowa State Dep\rquote t of Transp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13987710\charrsid24773 , 300 N.W.2d 112, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710 114-15 (Iowa 1981) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710\charrsid2845911 holding party failed to show two-year delay for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710  50-day}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710\charrsid2845911  construction project was unreasonable in highway construction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12395082 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13987710 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14751891 [82]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14751891 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710 
A delay must satisfy both elements in order to qualify for the exception, unless the delay was so manifestly extreme that the parties cannot be said to have contemplated such a delay.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid4214383   }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14503356\charrsid10094811 Dickinson Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14503356\charrsid10094811 , 300 N.W.2d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12594347 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14503356  114-15}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14503356\charrsid10094811  (\'93[A] delay may be so extreme as to be a kind not contemplated.\'94).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710 
  If the delays reach the level of manifestly extreme unreasonableness, then it cannot be said that they were actually contemplated by the parties and the exception must apply to bar the enforcement of the NDFD clause, thus allowing the claim.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6454765\charrsid6454765 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2771423 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14751891 [83]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14751891 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6454765 MEC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6454765 has }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710 raised the issue of whether a court may consider extrinsic evidence when det
ermining whether this exception applies.  MEC argues the parol evidence rule bars a trial court from considering any extrinsic evidence when interpreting integrated contracts such as the ones at issue in this case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6454765   Appellant\rquote s Br. at 16 (\'93The subcontract was an integrated document, excluding such prior oral statements or understandings.\'94).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14751891 [8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11877163 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14751891 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14751891 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6454765 
We recognize that courts take a variety of approaches when confronted with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid350225 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6454765  question}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid350225  before us}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6454765 .  Some courts have expressly forbidden the introduction of parol evidence to determine whether delays were contemplated by the parties.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6454765 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6454765 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6454765 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12594347 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6454765  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13254480 Eng\rquote rs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6454765 , Inc. v. State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6454765 , 437 P.2d 216}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16145002 , 218}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6454765  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14505446 Utah }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6454765 1968) (holding that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16145002 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6454765 
broad NDFD provision was not ambiguous and that parol evidence was not admissible to show that delay was unreasonable or was not contemplated by the parties).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2248455 
  Other courts have expressly permitted the introduction of parol evidence to determine whether delays were contemplated by the parties.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2248455 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2248455 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2248455  Ace Stone}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2248455 , 221 A.2d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12594347 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2248455  520 (holding that when ascer
taining contemplation of parties, \'93formal interpretive rules are readily subordinated and parol evidence of the attendant circumstances including trade practices and customs is clearly admissible\'94).  We adopt the latter approach.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5980068 We}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710  hold that extrinsic evidence is admissible in order to determine whether delays were unreasonable and not contemplated by the parties.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13987710\charrsid2248455 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11877163 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11877163 [85]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11877163 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14503356 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14503356 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid984238  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14503356 Electric I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14503356 
, we stated that time of the essence (\'93TOE\'94) clauses \'93complicate matters}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16145002 \~.\~.\~. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14503356 because, when violated, they can result in m
aterial breach and render a delay per se \lquote unreasonable}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4023682 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16145002 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14503356 \'94  2012 Guam 23 \'b6 43}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14503356\charrsid12395082  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14503356 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14503356 Mustang Pipeline Co. v. Driver Pipeline Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14503356 
, 134 S.W.3d 195, 196 (Tex. 2004); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14503356 Lotz v. City of McKeesport}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14503356 , 453 A.2d 74, 76 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 1982)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710 
  Although we discussed the possibility that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1396688 violation of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710 a TOE clause }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1396688 may }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13987710 render delays unreasonable, we did not commit ourselves to the position that such delays invariably amount to a per se breach of contract.  Instead, the court must consider a TOE clause as part of its determination of reasonableness}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5980068 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13987710  unique to the facts and circums}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5074900 tances of the individual case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2248455 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11877163 [86]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11877163 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2248455 
In this case, neither party clearly articulated the individual periods of delay in its appellate briefs or at oral argument.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2248455 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s24\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3430180 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid14617334 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14617334 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14617334 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14617334 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , Appellant\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 \hich\f0 s Br. at 3-4 (describing the delays as \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 various,\'94\loch\f0  resulting in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13435381 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 a standby claim for 162 days).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2248455   However, the trial court\rquote s findings of fact provide some insight}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5980068 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5980068\charrsid5980068  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5980068 delineating two distinct periods of delay}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2053265  for a total of 162 days: \'93
(1) from March 30, 2009 to July 11, 2009, for which MEC claims 103 days; and (2) from August 17, 2009 to October 15, 2009, for which MEC claims 59 days.\'94  RA, tab 84 at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2248455 8 (Finds. Fact & Concl. L.)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2053265 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5980068 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11877163 [87]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11877163 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7342663 In summary, determining whether the delays were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7342663\charrsid809266 unreasonable delays not contemplated by the parties when the agreement was made}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7342663  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5980068 
requires a determination of whether the parties contemplated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7342663  the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5980068  types of delays and whether the duration of each period of delay was reasonable}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2248455 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8850482   We believe the trial court is i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7342663 n the best position to make these}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8850482  dete}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9522699 rmination}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7342663 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9522699  in the first instance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2248455 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11877163 [88]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11877163 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9522699 Taking the aforementioned into account, we ask the trial court to determine whether
 the delays giving rise to MEC\rquote s standby claim }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid731001 satisfy the first recognized exception}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9522699 , given the facts and circumstances.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3943348   In order to satisfy the first exception, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2758368 trial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3943348 court must find either (1) that both the type of delays }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11676019 was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3943348  unforeseeable and the actual delays experienced were of an unreasonable duration, or (2) that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2758368 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3943348 duration of delay reached the level of manifestly extreme unreasonableness}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11676019 \emdash even }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3943348 
if the delays were of a type theoretically contemplated.  Stated another way, i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9522699 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7342663  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9522699 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7342663  type of delays was foreseeable}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9522699 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid5066857 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s24\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3430180 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid5066857 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5066857 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5117521 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 To determine forese
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 eability}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5066857 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5117521 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 trial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5066857 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 court must determine whether the type of delays }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11676019 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5066857 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 contemplated by the parties, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5117521 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 for example}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid395354 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5066857 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 whether the parties contemplated a single period of delay to obtain a single permit, or multiple periods of delay to obtain numerous permits f\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
or smaller portions of the projects.  If the court determines that the parties contemplated the type of delays experienced, then the first NDFD exception cannot apply unless the actual duration of the delays reached the level of manifestly extreme unreaso
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ableness. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5117521 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Such manifestly extreme unreasonableness will serve to override the foreseeability requirement.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9522699  then the first NDFD exception does not apply unless the delays were of a manifestly extreme duration.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid3943348 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s24\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3430180 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid3943348 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3943348 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5066857 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
To determine whether the actual duration of the delays reached the level of manifestly extreme unreasonable}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5117521 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ness, the trial court must consider the \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
evidence before it, including any relevant extrinsic evidence.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9522699   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7342663 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9522699 
f the delays were of a reasonable duration, then the first NDFD exception does not apply and MEC\rquote s standby claim is barred by the NDFD clause in the prime Contract}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7342663 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9522699 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11877163 [89]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11877163 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13642595\delrsid16145002 
This determination will require consideration of the nature of the relationship between the contracting parties, the objectives of that relationship, and any relevant extrinsic evidence and attendant circumstances.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13642595 We therefore revers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8850482 e and remand to the trial court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1732847 to determine}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8850482  this issue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1732847  in accordance with this opinion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8850482 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid14503356\charrsid2771423 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5600844 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11949857 E.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3563884 Whether the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5600844 Trial Court E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3563884 rred in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5600844 D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3563884 enying MEC\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5600844 Excavation Claim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\ul\insrsid3563884\charrsid2771423 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11877163 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11877163 [90]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11877163 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2505676 MEC argues that the trial court\rquote s denial of its excavation claim was based upon an improper, }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2505676\charrsid2505676 sua sponte}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2505676  adoption of the affirmative defense of \'93failure-to-give-notice.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid2505676\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Appellant\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Br. at 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14617334\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2505676\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  J&B responds by arguing that it properly raised the lack of notice defense at trial.  Appellee\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Br. at 39.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid2505676\charrsid2505676 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11877163 [91]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11877163 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2505676 A responsive pleading must contain all affirmative defenses.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5600844 Guam R. Civ. P. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2505676 8(c).  \'93Failure to bring a defense at that time results in waiver and precludes a party from asserting it at a later point.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid2505676 Hemlani v. Hemlani}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2505676 , 2015 Guam 16 \'b6 23.  An affirmative defense is a \'93defendant\rquote s assertion of facts and arguments that, if true, will defeat the plaintiff\rquote 
s . . . claim, even if all the allegations in the complaint are true.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2505676 Affirmative Defense}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2505676\charrsid16077916 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid2505676\charrsid13435381 Black\rquote s Law Dictionary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2505676  (10th ed. 2014).  Affirmative defenses need no}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16077916 t be pleaded in specific terms:}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10754592 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16077916 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2505676\charrsid213181 In determining whether general, non-specific l}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2505676 anguage in a defendant\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2505676\charrsid213181 
s answer, as was used here, suffices to preserve an affirmative defense, an inquiring court must examine the totality of the circumstances and make a practical, commonsense ass}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2505676 essment about whether Rule 8(c)
\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2505676\charrsid213181 s core purpose\emdash to act as a safeguard against surprise and unfai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2505676 r prejudice\emdash has been vindicated.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10754592 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11877163 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2505676\charrsid2511586 Williams v. Ashland Eng\rquote g Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2505676\charrsid213181 , 45 F.3d 588, 593 (1st Cir. 1995)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10751600 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13435381\charrsid13435381  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid2505676\charrsid2511586 abrogated on other grounds}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2505676\charrsid213181  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2505676\charrsid2511586 by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13435381  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2505676\charrsid2511586 Carpenters Local Union No. 26 v. U.S. Fid. & Guar. Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2505676\charrsid213181 , 215 F.3d 136}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14617334 , 138}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2505676\charrsid213181  (1st Cir. 2000)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2505676 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2505676\charrsid2511586 see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8286245 also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2505676\charrsid2511586 Herrera v. Churchill McGee, LLC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2505676\charrsid22948 , 680 F.3d 539, 546-547 (6th Cir. 2012)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10899342  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10899342\charrsid22948 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10899342 general pleading put plaintiff on notice of defendant\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10899342\charrsid22948 
s collateral estoppel defense and could have conducted necessary discovery and briefed issue on appeal)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2505676\charrsid22948 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2505676\charrsid2511586 cert. denied}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2505676\charrsid22948 , 133 S. Ct. 653 (2012).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2505676 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11877163 [92]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11877163 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2505676 J&B included in its Answer the affirmative defense of \'93
the terms of the Subcontracts between [MEC] and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14617334 . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2505676 J&B.\'94  RA, tab 7 at 4 (Answer, Aug. 30, 2010).  We found in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid2505676 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14617334 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2505676 Electric }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2505676\charrsid74807 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2505676 , }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2505676\charrsid74807 2012}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2505676  Guam 23 \'b6 49, that the Subcontracts were val}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2579565 id and binding on the parties.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3744312 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11877163 [93]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11877163 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3744312 Article Four of the Subcontracts required written \'93change orders\'94
 prior to compensation of additional work claims:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid4486545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3744312\charrsid13267371 Section 4.1.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3744312 
  No alterations shall be mad
e to the Work described in the plans and specifications, except upon written order of the Contractor or the Owner.  The Contractor may, at any time, by written order, make changes in the plans and specifications, which changes shall be evidenced by \'93
change orders\'94 signed by the Contractor and accepted by the Subcontractor.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3744312 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3744312 
\par . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4486545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3744312 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid4486545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3744312\charrsid13267371 Section 4.3.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3744312 
  If any extra, additional, or different work be performed by the Subcontractor without previous written order by the Contractor, the Contractor shall be under no obligation to pay for such unauthorized work.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3744312 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3744312 
RA, tab 15, Ex. A at 2-3 (Subcontract Agreement, Mar. 24, 2008); RA, tab 15, Ex. B at 2-3 (Subcontract Agreement, Apr. 16, 2008).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11877163 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11877163 [94]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11877163 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2505676 The Subcontracts also incorporated the terms of the Contracts, which required notification prior to disturbing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6233016 materially different }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2505676 subsurface or latent conditions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3744312   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3744312\charrsid5862439 Article III(1)(b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3744312  of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3744312\charrsid5862439  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3744312 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12154783 prime }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3744312 Contracts states}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3744312\charrsid5862439  the following:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid7953831 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3744312\charrsid5862439 
If, in the performance of the contract, subsurface or latent conditions at the site are found to be materially different from those indicated on the drawings and specifications}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7953831  . . . t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3744312\charrsid5862439 he attention of the Contracting Officer shall be called immediately to such condi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7953831 tions before they are disturbed.  Upon such notice . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3744312\charrsid5862439  the Contracting Officer shall promptly
 make such changes in the drawings and specifications as he finds necessary to conform to the different conditions, and any increase or decrease in the cost of the work shall be adjusted as provided under Changes in Work.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid350225 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13435381\charrsid16077916 M }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3174517\charrsid16077916 Elec. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13435381\charrsid16077916 Corp. v. Phil-Gets (Guam) Int\rquote l Trading Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13435381\charrsid13767548 , CV1423-10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10754592\charrsid10754592  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10754592 (Def.\rquote s Ex. E at GC-5 (General Conditions, San Vitores Contract))}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7953831 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7953831 see}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10754592  also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7953831  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3744312\charrsid5862439 RA, tab 84 at 14 (Finds. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3744312 Fact & Concl. L., }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7953831 May 22, 2015).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11877163 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11877163 [95]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11877163 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2505676 By pleading the terms of the Subcontracts as an affirmative defense, J&B put MEC on notice at the outset of the litigation that J&B intended to rely on the two Subcontracts at issue in this litigation to avoid MEC\rquote 
s claims.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11534371   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3823040 This included any incorporated terms, such as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12154783 Article III(1)(b) of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3823040  prime Contracts.  Thus, J&B satisfied Guam requirements for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6233016 including an affirmative defense in its }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3823040 responsive pleading.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2505676 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11877163 [96]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11877163 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11534371 
The trial court denied the excavation claims based on a finding that MEC failed to satisfy the Contracts because it did not provide notice to J&B of the changed circumstances.  RA, tab 84 at 14 (Finds. Fact & Concl. L.) (\'93
[MEC] failed to introduce any persuasive specific evidence that [J&B\rquote s] attention was immediately called to the changes or that the change order process was timely initiated.\'94).  Specifically, the trial court found that \'93
MEC did not request additional trenching costs before doing the additional work, or at any time before February 2010.\'94  RA, tab 84 at 9 (Finds. Fact & Concl. L.).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3360605  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11534371  A trial court\rquote s findings of fact will be set aside }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10754592 only }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11534371 if clearly erroneous.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11534371 Ma
cris v. Swavely}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7953831 , 2008 Guam 18 \'b6 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11534371  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6963886 (citation omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7953831 . }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11534371  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9509532 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11534371 he court\rquote s f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3744312 inding is not clearly erroneous}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10754592 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3744312  and thus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11534371  we will not overturn it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid11534371 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3430180 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid14617334 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14617334 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 MEC does not contest this finding of fact.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3744312   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11534371 The trial court reasoned that because MEC did not adhere to the procedures provided by the Contracts}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11534371\charrsid16327833  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11534371 for seeking additional compensation for materially different conditions, its excavation claim must fail.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs26\super\insrsid11534371 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3430180 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid14617334 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14617334 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14617334\charrsid15668900 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 This conclusion was dispositive with regard to the claim for excavating below and around existing utilities as well as the claim for excavation re\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
lated to the manhole stubs.  RA, tab 84 at 13-14 (Finds. Fact & Concl. L.).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11534371   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11534371\charrsid9769886 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11534371 
RA, tab 84 at 14 (Finds. Fact & Concl. L.).  We agree.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11877163 [97]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11877163 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11534371 In summary,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9509532  we affirm the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11534371  trial court\rquote s decision to deny the excavation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9509532  claim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12870162 , finding no error.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3563884\charrsid2771423 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16077916 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6687629 V.  CONCLUSION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11534371\charrsid2771423 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11877163 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11877163 [98]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11877163 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2771423\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 As a threshold matter, we hold that t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid11150022\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 his court has appellate jurisdiction to hear MEC\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s appeal of the trial court\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s denial of its motion to amend because }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11150022 MEC\rquote s Notice of Appeal properly designated the Final Judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10754592 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11150022  and the relevant interloc
utory order merged with that judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid984238   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2771423\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Next, we hold that t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid11150022\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 he trial court abused its discretion by denying MEC\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s GRCP 15(a) motion to amend because the findings upon which its decision was based were not suppo}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8016592\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 rted by substantial evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10754592 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid16674391\charrsid14224286 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  and the liberal \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 policy of granting amendment should have afforded MEC the opportunity to litigate the merits of its overtime claim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5584764\charrsid14224286 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid984238   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9509532 We hold that the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9509532\charrsid11534371 
 overtime claim is not time-barred with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9509532  respect to Chung Kuo because the claim will relate back to the date of the original
 Complaint, satisfying the one-year statutory limitation.  We find that the NDFD clause stated in the prime Contracts, by its terms, covers the type of delays incurred by MEC.  However, we ask the trial court to determine, taking into account relevant ext
rinsic evidence, whether the first exception to the applicability of such clause applies. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9509532\charrsid9509532  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9509532 
Finally, we hold that the trial court did not err in denying MEC\rquote s excavation claim.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11534371\charrsid2771423 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11877163 [9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid205002 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11877163 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11877163 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15367877 
For the reasons described herein, we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15367877\charrsid7214126 AFFIRM}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15367877  in part, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15367877\charrsid7214126 REVERSE}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15367877  in part, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15367877\charrsid7214126 REMAND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15367877  for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1516228 
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