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{\subject People v. Ongiil, CRA15-033}{\author Supreme Court of Guam}{\operator Gloria Duenas-Cruz}{\creatim\yr2016\mo12\dy30\hr9\min8}{\revtim\yr2016\mo12\dy30\hr9\min58}{\printim\yr2016\mo12\dy27\hr12\min58}{\version4}{\edmins2}{\nofpages19}
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\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\insrsid16611761 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\insrsid16611761\charrsid478042 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\qc \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\lang1033\langfe0\langfenp0\insrsid8528441 PEOPLE OF GUAM}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 ,
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16611761 Plaintiff-Appellee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 ,
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\qc \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 v.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\qc \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\lang1033\langfe0\langfenp0\insrsid8528441 BLANE NGIRNGESANG ONGIIL}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 ,
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16611761 Defendant-Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8746431 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8746431\charrsid271537 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8746431 Supreme Court Case No.: CRA15-033}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8746431\charrsid271537 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13139319 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8746431\charrsid271537 Superior Court Case No}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8746431 s}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8746431\charrsid271537 .: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8746431 CF0611-14 and CF0674-10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe0\langfenp0\insrsid8746431\charrsid13139319 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5063677 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5063677\charrsid271537 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\qc \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5063677 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\insrsid5063677\charrsid9191800 OPINION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\lang1033\langfe0\langfenp0\insrsid5063677 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\qc \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7081532 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid7081532 Filed:  December 27, 2016}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid7081532\charrsid7081532 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid8528441 Cite as: 2016}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid16611761\charrsid14637041  Guam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid5063677 34}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid16611761\charrsid14637041 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par 
\par Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam
\par Argu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16670780 ed and submitted on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8528441 May 16, 2016}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10424796 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par \ltrrow}\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow\ts11\trqc\trgaph120\trrh1665\trleft-120\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid15954787\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4860\clshdrawnil \cellx4740\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4500\clshdrawnil \cellx9240\pard \ltrpar
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid147345 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 Appearing for Defendant-Appellant:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15954787 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid75618 F. Randall Cunliffe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15954787 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15954787 Esq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15954787\charrsid15954787 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9795344 Cunliffe & Cook}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid75618 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9795344 210 Archbishop Flores St., Ste. 200
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9795344 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid16597833 \cell }\pard \ltrpar
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid147345 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid16611761\charrsid15954787 Appearing for Plaintiff-Appellee:}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid15954787 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15954787 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid75618 James C. Collins}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15954787 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15954787 Esq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15954787  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15954787\charrsid16670780 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9795344 Assistant Attorney General}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid75618 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9795344 Office of the Attorney General
\par Prosecution Division
\par 590 S. Marine Corps Dr., Ste. 706
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9795344 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9795344 Tamuning, GU 96913}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 \cell 
}\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow
\ts11\trqc\trgaph120\trrh1665\trleft-120\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid15954787\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4860\clshdrawnil \cellx4740\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4500\clshdrawnil \cellx9240\row }\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11626675 \page }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 BEFORE: }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 ROBERT J. TORRES}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 , Chief Justice; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16611761\charrsid271537  Asso}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 ciate Justice; KATHERINE A. MARAMAN, Associate Justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 

\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3344575 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9795344\charrsid9795344 TORRES, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14580892 C.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9795344\charrsid9795344 J.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16611761\charrsid9795344 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16611761 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1263657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1263657 [1]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1263657 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 Defendant-Appellant Blane Ngirngesang Ongiil appeals from a final judgment sentencing him to three years incarceration for Driving While under the Influence of Alcohol (\'93DUI\'94) (As a Third Degree Felony).}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid3344575 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5063677 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid3344575 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575  Ongiil was also convicted of Failure to Have a Driver\rquote 
s License in Immediate Possession (As a Violation), Failure to Have Insurance (As a Violation), and Straddling (As a Violation).  No fines were imposed for these violations.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575   Ongiil argues }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10424796 Plaintiff-Appellee People of Guam (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 the People}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10424796 \'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575  failed to pro
vide sufficient evidence to obtain a DUI conviction under the fourth-offender statute, the trial court erred by allowing the People to mention Ongiil\rquote s exercise of his right to remain silent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3757571\charrsid3757571  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3757571 in violation of the Fifth Amendment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 , and he was not provided suff
icient notice that his probation in a separate case would be at issue in his sentencing hearing in this case.  The People argue that three prior DUI convictions were proven by two}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4481062  separate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575  judgments, Ongiil \'93opened the door\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3757571 by introducing evidence of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 his 
silence, and Ongiil was provided sufficient notice that his probation in a separate case would be at issue during his sentencing hearing.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1263657 [2]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1263657 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 For the reasons detailed herein, we affirm in p
art, reverse in part, and remand to the trial court for further proceedings.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9795344\charrsid3344575 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12025013 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14580892\charrsid14580892 I.  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9795344\charrsid14580892 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1263657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1263657 [3]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1263657 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 Ongiil was indicted for Driving While Under the Influence of Alcohol (As a Third Degree Felony), Failure to Have a Driver\rquote s License in Im
mediate Possession (As a Violation), Failure to Have Insurance (As a Violation), and Straddling (As a Violation).  After returning a verdict of guilty on all four charges, the trial court entered judgment and sentenced Ongiil to incarceration for a term o
f three years.  O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11950632 ngiil timely filed notices of a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 ppeal.  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1263657 [4]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1263657 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 At trial, the People called Guam Police Department (\'93GPD\'94) Officer Angelo Bu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13139319 eno, Jr. (\'93Bueno\'94) to testify.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575   On direct examination Bueno testified that he transported Ongiil from the scene of a traffic stop to a GPD Highway Patrol Station, whe}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13139319 re he was initially processed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 
  Bueno testified that, at the Highway Patrol Station, Ongiil refused to consent to scientific testing of his blood, urine, or breath:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid8131113 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 PEOPLE: \tab [H]ad you read the implied consent form?
\par BUENO:\tab I read the Guam implied consent form to the individual.
\par \tab \tab . . . .
\par \tab \tab I had the individual follow through while I read it to him.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li1440\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8131113 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 . . . . 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575\charrsid1331794 The individual refused to sign any documents.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid8131113 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 PEOPLE:\tab Okay. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12059607  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 And how did he . . . indicate that he refused?
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-1440\li2160\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11099254 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 BUENO:\tab He verbally informed me that he didn\rquote 
t want to sign any documents.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3348452 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11545590 Transcripts (\'93Tr.\'94) at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 
14, 16, 18 (Jury Trial, Jan. 28, 2015).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1263657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1263657 [5]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1263657 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 On cross}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12059607 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 examination, counsel for Ongiil asked Bueno about Ongiil\rquote s right to remain silent:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-1440\li2160\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin2160\itap0\pararsid8131113 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 COUNSEL: \tab In fact, Mr.
 Ongiil has the right not to even say anything to you, right?
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid8131113 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 BUENO:\tab That\rquote s correct.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-1440\li2160\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin2160\itap0\pararsid8131113 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 COUNSEL:\tab 
Okay.  So he was exercising his right not to talk to you, right?  Right?
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid8131113 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 BUENO:\tab That\rquote s correct.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3344575 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12076953\charrsid12076953 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid3344575\charrsid12076953 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575  a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12076953 t 46}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1263657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1263657 [6]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1263657 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 On redirect examination, Bueno testified that he read Ongiil his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3344575\charrsid7295633 Miranda}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575  rights from a GPD custodial }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13139319 interrogation form.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575   After eliciting this testimony, the People asked Bueno \'93after you read the Miranda rights, what was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12983687 
the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 response?\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3344575 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9113172  at 58}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid149444 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid3344575   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 Counsel for Ongiil objected, arguing the question was \'93constitutionally impermissible}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12983687  evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3344575  under the Fifth Amendment.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3344575 Id.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 The court overruled the objection.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1263657 [7]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1263657 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 The People then elicited testimony that Ongiil chose to invoke his right to remain silent:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-1440\li2160\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin2160\itap0\pararsid8131113 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 BUENO:\tab I read each right step-by-step. . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12059607  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 \'93You have the right to remain silent.  You do not have to talk to me unless you want to do so.\'94  \'93Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law.
\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8131113 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 \tab . . . .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8131113 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575\charrsid8131113 PEOPLE:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8131113 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 All right.  And what was the response?
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-1440\li2160\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin2160\itap0\pararsid8131113 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 BUENO: \tab 
Uh, Mr. Ongiil refused to acknowledge any of his rights or waive it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3757571  [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3757571\charrsid12025013 sic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3757571 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3344575 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3344575 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 
 at 58-59.  Bueno also testified that Ongiil did not speak to him or make any incriminating statements before being advised of his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3344575\charrsid7295633 Miranda}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 
 rights.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1263657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1263657 [8]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1263657 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 Ongiil moved }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912 for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 acquit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912 tal on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 
 the DUI charge after close of the People\rquote s case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12059607 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12059607 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 
chief.  The trial court denied }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912 his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 motion.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1263657 [9]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1263657 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575\charrsid7156580 During}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 
 presentation of his case, Ongiil opted }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16398487 to testify in his own defense.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575   Ongiil testified that Bueno did not read h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16398487 im the implied consent form.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575   He did not testify regarding the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3344575 Miranda}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575  form or h}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16398487 is refusal to answer questions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1263657 [10]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1263657 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 During closing arguments, the People did not mention Ongiil\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid3344575 Miranda }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 rights or his exercise o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16398487 f the right to remain silen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12059607 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16398487 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575  Defense counsel, however, raised Ongiil\rquote 
s Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination and his exercise of the attendant right to remain silent.  First, defense counsel stated the following: \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912 [Ongi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12059607 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912 l]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575\charrsid14628850  said I\rquote m not going to talk, which had}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8740467\charrsid14628850  [}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8740467\charrsid12025013 sic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8740467\charrsid14628850 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575\charrsid14628850  a right to, and I\rquote m not going to sign anything.\'94}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12059607  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3626849 Tr. at 38 (Jury Trial, Jan. 30, 2015).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575\charrsid16398487  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13842670\charrsid16398487  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 Next, counsel stated that Ongiil waived his right not to testify at trial: \'93Ongiil}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1061576  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 didn\rquote t have to testify, yet he testified. . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12059607  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8389953 [T]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8938354 o }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 tell you the truth.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3344575 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 at 42.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1263657 [11]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1263657 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575\charrsid11604712 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575  Peopl
e filed a Sentencing Memorandum,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13842670  one week prior to sentencing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575   The Sentencing Memorandum included the following: 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid3344575 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 
[Ongiil] was found guilty of the crimes in this case while about six months away from completing all conditions of probation under CF0674-10. . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3616341  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 
The People also ask that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3616341 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 ourt revoke [Ongiil\rquote 
s] probation in CF0674-10 and sentence [Ongiil] to three (3) years jail to be served concurrently with the sentence in this case.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid3344575 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3344575 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3168508 Record on Appeal (\'93RA\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3616341 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3168508\charrsid3168508  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3168508 CF0611-14, tab 56}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3168508\charrsid10897799  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3168508 
at 3 (Sentencing Mem., Mar. 6, 2015)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 .  During sentencing, the trial court revoked Ongiil\rquote s probation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8740467  in case CF0674-10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid466625 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12025013 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14580892\charrsid14580892 II.  JURISDICTION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid14580892\charrsid3348452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1263657\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1263657 [12]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1263657 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7233759\charrsid14628850 The Supreme Court of Guam has jurisdiction over this appeal pursuant to 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 1424}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3616341 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7233759\charrsid14628850 1(a)(2) (Westlaw through Pub. L. 114\endash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15751589\charrsid14628850 24}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3616341 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15751589\charrsid14628850  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7233759\charrsid14628850 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15751589\charrsid14628850 2016}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7233759\charrsid14628850 
)), and 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 3107 and 3108(a) (2005).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid7233759\charrsid14628850 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12025013 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14580892\charrsid14580892 III.  STANDARD OF REVIEW}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid14580892\charrsid3348452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1263657\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1263657 [13]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1263657 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912\charrsid14628850 Issues of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8740467\charrsid14628850 statutory interpretation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3242479\charrsid14628850 
 in criminal matters}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8740467\charrsid14628850  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912\charrsid14628850 are subject to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7233759\charrsid14628850 
de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912\charrsid14628850  review}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7233759\charrsid14628850 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7233759\charrsid14628850 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7233759\charrsid14628850  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7233759\charrsid14628850 People v. Camacho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8389953\charrsid14628850 , 2015 Guam 37 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7233759\charrsid14628850  10.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1263657 [14]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1263657 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1061576\charrsid14628850 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912\charrsid14628850 Whe
re a defendant has raised the issue of sufficiency of evidence by motion for acquittal in the trial court, the denial of the motion is reviewed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16717912\charrsid14628850 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1061576\charrsid14628850 .\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1061576\charrsid14628850  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3616341  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid16717912\charrsid14628850 People v. Fegarido}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912\charrsid12025013 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1061576\charrsid14628850 2014 Guam 29}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912\charrsid14628850  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16717912\charrsid14628850 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1061576\charrsid14628850  18}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16717912\charrsid14628850  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1061576\charrsid14628850 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912\charrsid14628850 citing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid16717912\charrsid14628850  People v. Anastacio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912\charrsid14628850 , 2010 Guam 18 \'b6 10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1061576\charrsid14628850 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912\charrsid14628850 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1263657 [15]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1263657 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7233759\charrsid14628850 We review an alleged violation of the Fifth Amendment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7233759\charrsid14628850 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7233759\charrsid14628850 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7233759\charrsid14628850  People v. Muritok}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7233759\charrsid14628850 , 2003 Guam 21 \'b6 10 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7233759\charrsid14628850 United States v. Mares}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7233759\charrsid14628850 , 940 }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8740467\charrsid14628850 F.2d 455, 461 (9th Cir.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13511074\charrsid14628850  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8740467\charrsid14628850 1991)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\ul\cf1\insrsid7233759\charrsid14628850 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1263657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1263657 [16]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1263657 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7233759 We}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10174008  generally}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7233759  review the trial court\rquote s revocation of probation for abuse of discretion.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7233759\charrsid7233759 People v. Angoco}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7233759 , 1998 Guam 10 \'b6 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2383915  (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2383915 United States v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2383915\charrsid2383915 Daly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2383915 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2383915\charrsid2383915  839 F.2d 598, 599\endash 600 (9th Cir.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13511074  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2383915\charrsid2383915 1988)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2383915 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10174008   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3616341 We review }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid3616341 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3616341  the issue of w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3757571 hether the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3616341 trial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3757571 
court infringed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10174008  upon a defendant\rquote s constitutional rights.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10174008 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1843559\charrsid1843559 People v. Cruz}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1843559 , 2016 Guam 15 \'b6\'b6 16, 18 (reviewing alleged violation of Fifth and Sixth Amendments }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1843559 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1843559 ); }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1843559\charrsid1843559 People v. Diego}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1843559 , 2013 Guam 15 \'b6 8 (\'93Evidentiary rulings which infringe on constitutional rights are reviewed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid1843559\charrsid3757571 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1843559 .\'94 (citation omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3616341 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1843559 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid1843559\charrsid1843559 People v. Naich}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1843559 , 2013 Guam 7 \'b6 22 (\'93We review a constitutional speedy trial claim }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1843559\charrsid3757571 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3757571\charrsid3757571 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1843559 \'94 (citation omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3616341 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1843559 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid1843559\charrsid1843559 People v. Manila}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1843559\charrsid1843559 , 2005 Guam 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1843559  \'b6 10 (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1843559\charrsid1843559 
The grant of a motion to dismiss on double jeopardy grounds is reviewed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1843559\charrsid1843559 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1843559\charrsid1843559 .\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1843559  (citations omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3616341 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1843559 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1843559 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3616341 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14580892\charrsid14580892 IV.  ANALYSIS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid14580892\charrsid3616341 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li432\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin432\itap0\pararsid13842670 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14580892\charrsid7233759 A.  Whether }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid3616341\charrsid7233759 Two Judgments }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3616341 of Conviction May Satisfy t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3616341\charrsid7233759 he Three-Conviction Requirement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid3616341  of 16 GCA \'a7 18107}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1773005 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1263657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1263657 [17]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1263657 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1773005\charrsid1773005 Ongiil argues there was insufficient evidence to convict him under 16 GCA \'a7 18107 because he was previously convicted of DUI only twice, instead of three times, as required by the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1773005  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1773005\charrsid1773005 statute.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1773005\charrsid1773005 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1773005\charrsid1773005 Appellant\rquote 
s Br. at 8 (Dec. 21, 2015).  Specifically, he argues that because only two }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1773005 judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1773005\charrsid1773005  documents were presented at trial, the Peop
le failed to prove that he had three separate \'93convictions.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid1773005\charrsid1773005 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3616341 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid1773005 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1773005  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1773005\charrsid8997186 Ongiil does not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1773005 
raise on appeal whether the evidence presented in the underlying trial was sufficient to establish a single conviction of simple DUI under}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1773005\charrsid8997186  16 GCA \'a7 18102(a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1773005 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1773005\charrsid1773005   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1773005\charrsid1773005 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1773005\charrsid1773005   The People a
rgue that a single judgment document may prove multiple convictions and that the two judgments satisfied the three-conviction requirement of 16 GCA \'a7 18107.  Appellee\rquote s Br. at 20-22 (Dec. 31, 2015).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1263657 [18]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1263657 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11147282\charrsid11147282 Ongiil was charged with Driving While Under the Influence of Alcohol (\'93DUI\'94
) (As a Third Degree Felony).  RA,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14485728  CF0611-14,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11147282\charrsid11147282  tab 40 at 1-2 (Am. Indictment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13842670 , Jan. 26, 2015}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11147282\charrsid11147282 ).  This charge included both the basic crime of DUI, 16 GCA \'a7 18102(a),}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid11147282\charrsid11147282 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13842670 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid11147282 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11147282  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1061576 Title }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11147282 16 GCA \'a7 1810}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912 2}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11147282 (a) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912 provides}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11147282 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11147282\charrsid8997186 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qj \li720\ri720\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid5063677 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11147282\charrsid8997186 
It is unlawful for any person, while under the influence of an alcoholic beverage or any controlled substance, or under the combined influence of an alcoholic beverage and any controlled substance, to operate or be in physical control of a motor vehicle.}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11147282 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid12150187 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15741629 16 GCA \'a7 18102(a) (as amended by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid159722 
Guam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15741629 P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid159722 ub}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15741629 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid159722  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15741629 
L. 30-156:6 (July 8, 2010)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid159722 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13842670 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11147282\charrsid11147282  as well as a violation of the \'93fourth offender\'94
 DUI statute, 16 GCA \'a7 18107.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16409064\charrsid11147282 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1263657 [19]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1263657 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11147282 Title 16 GCA \'a7 18107 is a repeat offender statute that establishes a more severe penalty for
 DUI when committed within five years of three other \'93separate [DUI] convictions\'94:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15992736\charrsid15992736 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid12025013 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16409064 If any person is convicted of a violation of \'a7
 18102 of this Chapter and the offense occurred within five (5) years of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16409064\charrsid16409064 three (3) or more separate convictions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16409064  of a violation of said \'a7
 18102 or of three (3) or more separate convictions of a prior offense as defined in \'a7 18101(c) of this Chapter, or any combination thereof resulting in three (3) or more prior convictions, that person shall be punished by imprisonment in the cust
ody of DOC or GPD for not less than a mandatory one (1) year nor more than six (6) years, and by a fine of not less than Four Thousand Dollars ($4,000) nor more than Seven Thousand Dollars ($7,000).  The person\rquote 
s privilege to operate a motor vehicle shall be revoked by the Department of Revenue and Taxation pursuant to \'a7 18201 of this Chapter for a period of not less than five (5) years.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3348452 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16409064 16 GCA \'a7 18107}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4020035  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16409064  (emphasis added).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5651023\charrsid3348452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12025013 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5651023\charrsid5651023 1.  Statutory Interpretation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5651023\charrsid3348452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1263657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1263657 [20]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1263657 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16409064\charrsid3343425 \'93[T]he word}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16409064\charrsid14158369  \lquote conviction\rquote  can mean either the finding of guilt or the entry of a final judgment on that finding.\'94 }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16409064\charrsid16409064  Deal v. United States}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14827005 , 508 U.S. 129, 131}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16409064\charrsid14158369  (1993);}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid159722\charrsid14158369 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5063677 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid159722 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid159722  In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid159722 Deal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid159722 , the United States Supreme Court, interpreting a federal criminal statute, defined \'93conviction\'94 as \'93the finding of guilt by a judge or jury that necessarily precedes the entry of a final judgment.\'94  508 U.S. at 132.
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid159722   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid159722 This meaning of conviction stands apart from the accompanying sentence and the judgment of conviction.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid159722 See id.
}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16409064\charrsid14158369  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16409064\charrsid16409064 see}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid159722  also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid16409064\charrsid16409064  Conviction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16409064\charrsid14158369 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16409064\charrsid16409064  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16409064\charrsid3635659 Black
\rquote s Law Dictionary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16409064\charrsid14827005  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16409064\charrsid14158369 (10th ed. 2014) (defining conviction as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid16409064\charrsid16409064  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16409064\charrsid16409064 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16409064\charrsid16409064  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16409064\charrsid14158369 \'93
[t]he act or process of judicially finding someone guilty of a crime; the state of having been proved guilty\'94; and (2) \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16409064\charrsid16409064 [t]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16409064\charrsid14158369 he judgment (as by a jury verdict) that a person is guilty of a crime.\'94).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5651023 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1263657 [21]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1263657 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8740467 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8417057 s a matter of statu
tory interpretation, the meaning of a word \'93must be drawn from the context in which it is used.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4157288 Deal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4157288 , 508 U.S. at 132.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8389953   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8417057\charrsid14158369 \'93[I]n determining legislative intent, a statute should be read as a whole, and therefore, courts should construe each section in conjunction with other sections.\'94  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8417057\charrsid8417057 Sumitomo Constr. Co. v. Gov\rquote t of Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8417057\charrsid8389953 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8417057\charrsid14158369  2001 Guam 23 
\'b6 17}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8417057\charrsid8417057 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8417057\charrsid8417057  see also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8417057\charrsid14158369  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid8417057\charrsid8417057 Amerault v. Intelcom Support Servs., Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8417057\charrsid8389953 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8417057\charrsid14158369  2004 Guam 23 \'b6 14 (\'93
In determining the plain meaning of a statutory provision, we look to the meaning of the entire statutory scheme containing the provision for guidance.\'94).  \'93It is an \lquote elementary\rquote  canon of construction that \lquote 
effect must be given, if possible, to every word, clause and sentence of a statute.\rquote \'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8417057\charrsid8417057 Pangelinan v. Gutierrez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8417057\charrsid14158369 
, 2000 Guam 11 \'b6 19 (citing Sutherland Stat. Const. \'a7 46.06 (5th ed.)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8740467 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8417057\charrsid14158369 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8417057\charrsid8417057 
aff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid159722 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8417057\charrsid8417057 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8417057\charrsid14158369 , 276 F.3d 539 (9th Cir. 2002).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13193096\charrsid13193096 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1263657\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1263657 [22]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1263657 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13193096\charrsid14628850 When looking to the entire statutory scheme of Title 16, we find that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1538049\charrsid14628850  the meaning of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13193096\charrsid14628850  \'93conviction\'94 was intended by the legislature to be distinct from}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1538049\charrsid14628850  the meaning of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13193096\charrsid14628850  \'93judgment of conviction.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13842670   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13193096 For example, another section within the same statute employs both the word \'93
conviction\'94 and the phrase \'93judgment of conviction\'94 in contrast to one another.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13193096\charrsid14628850   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13193096\charrsid14628850 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11493379  16}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13193096\charrsid14628850  GCA \'a7 18117}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12390321  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13193096\charrsid14628850  (\'93Only one (1) challenge shall be permitted to the constitutionality of a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13193096\charrsid14628850 separate conviction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13193096\charrsid14628850  of a violation of \'a7 18102 of this Chapter, which was entered in a separate proceeding to declare a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13193096\charrsid14628850 separate judgment of conviction}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13193096\charrsid14628850  constitutionally invalid . . . .\'94 (emphas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid159722 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13193096\charrsid14628850 s added)).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1538049\charrsid14628850 In other parts of the Code, the legislature has acknowledged that a judgment of conviction may include multiple crimes.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1538049\charrsid14628850 See }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1538049\charrsid14628850 9 GCA \'a7 80.10(b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11681844  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1538049\charrsid14628850  (\'93
Where the judgment of conviction included more than one crime . . . .\'94).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4946981\charrsid14628850   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13326879\charrsid14628850 In contrast, the}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13193096\charrsid14628850  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8417057\charrsid14628850 terms of 16 GCA \'a7 18107 suggest that \'93conviction,\'94 in the context of the section, was intended }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5651023\charrsid14628850 by the legislature }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8417057\charrsid14628850 to mean a finding of guilt for a single criminal act.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6708113\charrsid14628850   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13326879\charrsid14628850 Section 18107}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8421020\charrsid14628850  references \'93convictions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid8417057\charrsid14628850 of a violation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8417057\charrsid14628850 .\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8421020\charrsid14628850   16 GCA \'a7 18107}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9131026  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8421020\charrsid14628850  (emphasis added) (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8421020 If any person is convicted of a violation of \'a7
 18102 of this Chapter and the offense occurred within five (5) years of three (3) or more separate convictions of a violation of said \'a7 18102 . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8421020\charrsid14628850 .\'94).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8417057\charrsid14628850 It does not refer to a \'93judgment of conviction\'94 as in other sections.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8421020\charrsid14628850   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid4607390\charrsid14628850 See id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8421020\charrsid14628850 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4946981\charrsid14628850 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3540907\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1263657 [23]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1263657 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8740467\charrsid14628850 With this interpretation in mind, we must now determine whether the record}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8421020\charrsid14628850  contained sufficient evidence to}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8740467\charrsid14628850  support Ongiil\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8421020\charrsid14628850 s conviction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12150187\charrsid3540907 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5063677 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4946981\charrsid14628850 2.  Sufficiency of the Evidence
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13842670 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1263657 [24]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1263657 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4946981 We review a claim of insufficient evidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4946981 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4946981 , inquiring \'93
as to whether the evidence in the record could reasonably support a finding of guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4946981 People v. Camacho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4946981 , 2015 Guam }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4607390 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4946981 7 \'b6 9 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid137393 (citations omitted) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4946981 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4946981 People v. Root}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4946981 , 2005 Guam 16 \'b6 33).  In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4946981 Camacho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4946981 
, we summarized our review as follows:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid4946981 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4946981 Because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4946981\charrsid10180658 
this is a highly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4946981 deferential standard of review, w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4946981\charrsid10180658 
hen a criminal defendant asserts that there is insufficient evidence to sustain the conviction, this court reviews the evidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4946981\charrsid10180658 
in the light most favorable to the prosecution to ascertain whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4946981   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4946981\charrsid10180658 Thus, when reviewing a jury conviction for sufficiency,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4946981  the only relevant question is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4946981\charrsid10180658 
whether that finding was so insupportable as to fall below the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4946981  threshold of bare rationality.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4946981\charrsid3419408 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid676375 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4946981\charrsid10180658 Camacho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4946981 
, 2015 Guam 37 \'b6 11 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid137393 emphasis, citations, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4946981 internal quotation marks omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4946981\charrsid4946981 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11931140 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11931140 [25]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11931140 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid676375 At trial, the People admitted two judgments into evidence as
 Exhibits 13 and 14.  Tr. at 21-22, 25, 46-47 (Jury Trial, Jan. 28, 2015).  Taken together, the judgments show that Ongiil pleaded guilty to four separate DUI offenses within five years of the charges giving rise to the present case.  The judgment filed A
ugust 8, 2012, was entered against Ongiil for one count of Driving While Under the Influence of Alcohol (As a 3rd Degree Felony), in violation of 16 GCA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid676375\charrsid11931140 \'a7\'a7 18102(a) and 18107.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid676375   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid137393 People v. Ongiil, CF0611-14/CF0674-10 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10892861 People\rquote s Ex. 13 at 1 (Judgment, Aug. 5, 2012)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid137393 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid676375 
.  The judgment filed April 13, 2010, was entered against Ongiil for three separate counts of Driving While Under the Influence of Alcohol (As a Misdemeanor), in violation of 16 GCA \'a7 18102(a).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid137393 
People v. Ongiil, CF0611-14/CF0674-10 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10892861 People\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13449614  Ex. 14 at 1 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13842670 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13449614 Judgment, Apr. 13, 2010)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid137393 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid676375 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid676375\charrsid14628850 
This judgment was a consolidated decision from three separate cases, CM}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid137393 00}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid676375\charrsid14628850 15-10, CM}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid137393 
0}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid676375\charrsid14628850 146-10, and CM}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid137393 0}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid676375\charrsid14628850 186-10. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8130364\charrsid14628850  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5469879\charrsid14628850 See id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid676375\charrsid14628850  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8130364\charrsid14628850  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid676375\charrsid14628850 The violations were described as separate counts, \'93one count in each case.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5469879\charrsid14628850  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8130364\charrsid14628850  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5469879\charrsid14628850 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid676375\charrsid5469879 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11931140\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11931140 [26]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11931140 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8417057\charrsid7302253 Based}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8417057\charrsid14628850  on this evidence, the People proved the elements of 16 GCA \'a7 18107 at trial, namely that Ongiil was \'93
convicted of a violation of \'a7 18102 . . . within five (5) years of three (3) or more separate convictions of a violation of said \'a7 18}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6708113\charrsid14628850 102.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12680573\charrsid14628850  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8130364\charrsid14628850  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12680573\charrsid14628850 16 GCA \'a7 18107.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6708113\charrsid14628850   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8417057\charrsid14628850 A rational trier of fact could have found these elements beyond a reasonable doubt.  Therefore, Ongiil\rquote s conviction under }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14298249 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8417057\charrsid14628850  18107 was supported by sufficient evidence.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11931140 [27]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11931140 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13326879\charrsid14628850 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8417057\charrsid14628850 e }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6708113\charrsid14628850 affirm }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8417057\charrsid14628850 Ongiil\rquote s conviction under 16 GCA \'a7 18107 because the People proved that Ongiil was convicted under }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14298249 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8417057\charrsid14628850  18102 within five years of three or more separate convictions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\ul\insrsid14580892\charrsid14628850 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li432\ri0\widctlpar\tx360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin432\itap0\pararsid14298249\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14580892\charrsid7233759 B.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid14580892\charrsid14580892 Whether the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14298249 Trial Court E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14580892\charrsid14580892 rred by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14298249 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14580892\charrsid14580892 llowing the People to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14298249 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14580892\charrsid14580892 ention Ongiil\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid14298249 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14580892\charrsid14580892 xercise of his Fifth A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13326879 mendment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14298249 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid13326879 ight to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14298249 Remain Silent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3348452\charrsid3348452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11931140 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11931140 [28]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11931140 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid676375 Ongiil argues the People intentionally introduced his assertion of the right to remain silent over his objection, in violation of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution.  Appellant\rquote 
s Br. at 8-9.  The People argue that Ongiil \'93opened the door\'94 by introducing evidence of his own silence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14298249 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid676375  and therefore it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13326879 was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid676375  not error for the People to explore the issue further.  Appellee\rquote s Br. at 26-27 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid676375 United States v. Ahrenholz}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid676375 , 569 F.2d 420, 422 (5th Cir. 1978); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid676375 Bradford v. Stone}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid676375 , 594 F.2d 1294, 1296 (9th Cir. 1979)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1911773  (per curiam), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1911773 overruled on other grounds by Harris v. Reed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1911773 , 489 U.S. 255 (1989)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8130364 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1911773  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid676375 United States v. Murtaugh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid676375 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11629907\charrsid11629907 No. 5:08}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14298249 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11629907\charrsid11629907 CR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14298249 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11629907\charrsid11629907 184 (FJS)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11629907 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid676375 2009 WL 2405899}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11629907 , at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid676375 
 *4 (N.D.N.Y. 2009)).  They argue in the alternative that any error was harmless.  Appellee\rquote s Br. at 28.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11931140 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11931140 [29]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11931140 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563 Ongiil points to one instance of constitutional error in his brief.  Appellant\rquote s Br. at 5-6.  He contends that the People violated the Fifth Amendment by eliciting testimony from Bueno that \'93
Ongiil refused to acknowledge\'94 his right to remain silent and refused to waive it.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8393563 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563 (quoting Tr. at 59 (Jury Trial, Jan. 28, 2015)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14298249 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563 .  He quotes the following excerpt from the trial transcript:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563\charrsid13244390 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-1440\li2160\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin2160\itap0\pararsid13842670 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563 BUENO:\tab I read each right step-by-step. . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14298249  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563 \'93You have the right to remain silent.  You do not have to talk to me unless you want to do so.  Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li2160\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid13842670 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563 . . . .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13842670 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563 PEOPLE: \tab All right.  And what was the response?
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-1440\li2160\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin2160\itap0\pararsid13842670 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563 BUENO: \tab 
Uh, Mr. Ongiil refused to acknowledge any of his rights or waive it.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8393563 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563 Tr. at 58-59 (Jury Trial, Jan. 28, 2015).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11931140 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11931140 [30]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11931140 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563 However, Ongiil overlooks the fact that this testimony followed the introduction of silence tes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13326879 timony by his own counsel.  This testimony }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8393563 was elicited by the People durin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13326879 g redirect examination of Bueno}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563 .  Prior to this questioning, Ongiil\rquote 
s own counsel, during cross-examination, introduced the fact that he exercised his constitutional right to remain silent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5979904 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5979904\charrsid5979904  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11629907  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5979904 Tr. at 45}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10892861 -46}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5979904 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563 \'93Mr. Ongiil has the right not to even say anything to you, right? . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14298249  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563 So he was
 exercising his right not to talk to you, right?\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5979904 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11931140 [31]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11931140 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563 Therefore, we are asked to determine whether the People\rquote s mention of Ongiil\rquote 
s silence at trial, after introduction of such evidence by Ongiil\rquote s counsel, was error, and if so, whether the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11931140\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11931140 [32]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11931140 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563\charrsid14628850 The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution creates a privilege against self-incrimination for a criminal defendant.  U.S. Const. amend. V (\'93
No person . . . shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself.\'94).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563\charrsid7166988 Interpreting this privilege, the United States Supreme Court, in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid8393563\charrsid7166988 Miranda v. Arizona}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563\charrsid7166988 , forbid the use of any statements made by a defendant while in custody as substantive evidence of guilt unless obtained after \'93
the use of procedural safeguards.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid8393563\charrsid7166988 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13842670 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid8393563 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563  The Court provided an example of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13326879 such}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563  safeguards: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563\charrsid7486729 \'93Prior to any questioning, the person must be warned that he has a right to remain silent, that any statement he does make may be used as evidence against him, and that he has a right to 
the presence of an attorney, either retained or appointed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563 \'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14225677 Miranda}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14225677 , 384 U.S. at 444.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563\charrsid14225677 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5063677 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563\charrsid16085562 
Ongiil does not raise the issue of whether he was properly informed of his rights.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8393563\charrsid16085562 See generally}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563\charrsid16085562  Appellant\rquote s Br.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14225677  at 1-12.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563\charrsid16085562   Ongiil did not offer any testimony as to the advisement of his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8393563\charrsid16085562 
Miranda }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563\charrsid16085562 rights}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563  despite the fact that he, himself, testified at trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563\charrsid16085562 .  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8393563\charrsid16085562 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563\charrsid16085562 Tr. at 3-120 (Jury Trial, Jan. 29, 2015).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8393563\charrsid16085562 The People introduced testimony at trial that he was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563  properly informed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563\charrsid16085562 
.  Tr. at 58 (Jury Trial, Jan. 28, 2015) (\'93I advised him of his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8393563\charrsid16085562 Miranda}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563  rights.\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8393563\charrsid16085562 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563\charrsid7166988   384 U.S. 436, 444 (1966).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563\charrsid14628850 
  The Court also stated that the privilege extends to the defendant\rquote s choice to invoke the right to remain silent.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13326879\charrsid14628850 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13326879\charrsid14628850 at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15216193\charrsid14628850 468}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563\charrsid14628850  n.37 (\'93
[I]t is impermissible to penalize an individual for exercising his Fifth Amendment privilege when he is under police custodial interrogation.  The prosecution may not, therefore, use at trial the fact that he stood mute or claimed his privilege in the fac
e of accusation.\'94); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8393563\charrsid14628850 Muritok}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563\charrsid14628850 , 2003 Guam 21 \'b6 11}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7996187\charrsid14628850  (\'93The United States Supreme Court, in recognition of the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination, forbids the use of a defenda}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14298249 nt\rquote 
s silence while \lquote in custody.\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7996187\charrsid14628850 \'94 (citation omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14298249 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8393563\charrsid14628850 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9846216\charrsid14628850   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13326879\charrsid14628850 However, a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7166988\charrsid14628850  defendant may waive the privilege against self-incrimination after being warned of his rights if such waiver is exercised \'93voluntarily, knowingly and intelligently.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7996187\charrsid14628850 Miranda}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7996187\charrsid14628850 , 384 U.S. at 444.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9846216\charrsid14628850 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11931140 [33]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11931140 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13326879\charrsid14628850 Further, w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7166988\charrsid14628850 here a defendant introduces evidence of his own silence, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912\charrsid14628850 either on direct examination (during }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14298249 his
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14298249\charrsid14628850  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912\charrsid14628850 own testimony) or on cross-examination of a government witness, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7166988\charrsid14628850 it is not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13326879\charrsid14628850 error for the People to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166988\charrsid14628850 explore the issue.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7166988\charrsid14628850 See Ahrenholz}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166988\charrsid14628850 , 569 F.2d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10105674 at 422}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7166988\charrsid14628850 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7166988\charrsid14628850 Bradford}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10105674 , 594 F.2d at 1296.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7166988\charrsid14628850 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11931140 [34]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11931140 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563 
Ongiil argues that the People violated the Constitution by using his exercise of the right to remain silent against him.  While it is true that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8393563\charrsid11800776 Miranda}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8393563  generally prohibits using such evidence against a defendant at trial,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid8393563 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9596103 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid8393563 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5076244\charrsid11800776 United States v. Fairchild}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076244\charrsid3366762 , 505 
F.2d 1378, 1383 (5th Cir. 1975)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076244  (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076244\charrsid3366762 Miranda establishes that the prosecution may not use as a part of its cas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5076244 e in chief a criminal defendant\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076244\charrsid3366762 s silence following his arrest and warning.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076244  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5076244\charrsid3366762  This evidence, even though it might be relevant and probative, is normally excluded.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076244 \'94).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563 
 this case presents a distinct set of circumstances.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9846216 Here,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393563  Ongiil introduced his own post-arrest silence at trial prior to any mention by the People.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9846216 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11931140 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11931140 [35]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11931140 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9846216 On direct examination by the People, Bueno testified that Ongiil verbally refused to sign the GPD implied consent form.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid9846216 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3540907 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid9846216 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9846216  The implied consent form informs a DUI suspect of the Guam implied consent laws, 16 GCA \'a7 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5012353 18201}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9846216 (a)-(g), provides an opportunity to consent to the suspect\rquote s choice of tests, and informs the suspect of the consequences of failing to submit to testing.  Tr. at 14-20 (Jury Trial, Jan. 28, 2015).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9846216   Tr. at 18 (Jury Trial, Jan. 28, 2015).  On cross-examination, Ongiil}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076244 \rquote s counsel questioned Bueno regarding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9846216 
 a host of reasons for which one might refuse to provide consent to DUI testing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid9846216 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13842670 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid9846216 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9846216  For example, Ongiil}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8854502 \rquote s counsel asked questions as to whether}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9846216 
 a suspect might not \'93trust the test,\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8854502  whether}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9846216  a suspect }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8854502 fears he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9846216 will not be released even if he consents to testing, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8854502 whether }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9846216 refusal results in an administrative hearing.  Tr. at 44-
45 (Jury Trial, Jan. 28, 2015).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9846216   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10105674 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076244  at 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10105674 5-46}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076244 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9846216 As an example of a reason for which Ongiil may have refused to sign, his counsel suggested that he \'93has the right not to even say anything\'94 and \'93
he was exercising his right not to talk.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9846216\charrsid7166988 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9846216  at 46.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11931140 [36]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11931140 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076244 he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166988 
 silence testimony }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912 may have been }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166988 elicited in response to the People\rquote s questions regarding Ongiil\rquote 
s failure to consent to breath, blood, and urine testing. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9846216  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13326879 However, a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13326879\charrsid14628850  defendant\rquote 
s failure to consent to DUI testing, specifically a blood-alcohol test, may be used against the defendant as substantive evidence of guilt and such use does not violate the Fifth Amendment.  16 GCA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13909768 
\'a7 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13326879\charrsid14628850 18201(f)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5012353  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13326879\charrsid14628850 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid13326879\charrsid14628850 South Dakota v. Neville}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13326879\charrsid14628850 , 459 U.S. 553, 562-64 (1983).  Further, the testimony regarding Ongiil\rquote 
s refusal to consent to testing did not introduce his right to remain silent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13326879 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11931140 [37]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11931140 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166988 Based on the record, we find that questioning by Ongiil\rquote s counsel }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13326879 first }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166988 introduced to the jury }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076244 Ongiil\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076244\charrsid14811527 
 Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076244 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076244\charrsid14811527  the attendant right to remain silent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076244 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166988  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1590791 Ongiil\rquote s decision to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9846216  exercise that right.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076244   }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076244\charrsid14811527 Tr. at 45-46 (Jury Trial, Jan. 28, 2015)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076244 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid5076244 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9596103 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid5076244 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076244  Ongiil attempted at oral argument to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13326879 distinguish}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076244 
 between the silence referenced by his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8811724 own }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076244 counsel at trial in response to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8811724 the implied }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076244 consent form and the silence referenced by the People}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8811724  thereafter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076244 .  However, the trial transcripts clearly indicate that Ongiil
\rquote s counsel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8811724  first}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076244  introduced his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination and the attendant right to remain silent.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076244\charrsid11558209 Tr. at 45}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076244 -46 (Jury Trial, Jan. 28, 2015) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076244\charrsid11558209 \'93Mr. Ongiil has the right not to ev}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13909768 en say anything to you, right? }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076244\charrsid11558209 . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13909768  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076244\charrsid11558209 
So he was exercising his r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076244 ight not to talk to you, right?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13842670 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076244 ).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9846216 
  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166988\charrsid13771622 While }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7166988\charrsid7166988 Miranda}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166988\charrsid13771622  generally prohibits using evidence }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166988 of a defendant\rquote s silence against him}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166988\charrsid13771622  at trial,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid7166988\charrsid13771622 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5063677 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid7166988 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166988  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7166988\charrsid11800776 Fairchild}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166988\charrsid3366762 
, 505 F.2d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10105674 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166988\charrsid3366762  1383 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166988 (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166988\charrsid3366762 
Miranda establishes that the prosecution may not use as a part of its cas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166988 e in chief a criminal defendant\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166988\charrsid3366762 
s silence following his arrest and warning.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166988  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166988\charrsid3366762  This evidence, even though it might be relevant and probative, is normally excluded.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166988 \'94).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166988  this case presents }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166988\charrsid13771622 circumstances}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166988 
 that justify deviation from the general rule}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166988\charrsid13771622 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076244   Q}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166988 uestioning}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5076244  by Ongiil\rquote s counsel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166988  \'93opened the door\'94 to the People to explore the issue.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1590791  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166988  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8854502\charrsid14628850 See Ahrenholz}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8854502\charrsid14628850 , 569 F.2d at 422; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8854502\charrsid14628850 Bradford}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10105674 , 594 F.2d at 1296}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8854502\charrsid14628850 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8854502\charrsid14628850  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid8854502 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16717912\charrsid8854502 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8854502 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16717912\charrsid16717912  Ohler }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid16717912\charrsid15220859 v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16717912\charrsid16717912 United States}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912\charrsid15220859 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16717912\charrsid16717912 529 U.S. 753, 755 (2000)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14764381  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912 w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912\charrsid16717912 
hen a party introduces evidence of a fact through his or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912 her own questioning at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912\charrsid16717912 the trial level, claims of error on the basis of that same f
act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10105674  are prohibited on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912\charrsid16717912 ppeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912\charrsid16717912 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8854502  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166988 Therefore, it was not error for the People to elicit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076244  further
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166988  testimony}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076244  on redirect}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166988  regarding Ongiil\rquote s silence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076244   }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166988 Further,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166988\charrsid13521672  the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166988  People }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166988\charrsid13521672 
did not belabor the point}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166988  so as to cause undue prejudice to Ongiil}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076244 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8854502  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16717912 Ongiil was not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912\charrsid16717912 questioned at all concerning his eventual refusal to answer further questions when}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912\charrsid16717912 he took the stand in his own defense.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1847164  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912\charrsid16717912  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid16717912\charrsid16717912 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912\charrsid16717912 Tr. at 3-123 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912\charrsid1847164 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1847164 
Jury Trial, Jan. 29, 2015}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912\charrsid1847164 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912\charrsid15220859 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912\charrsid15220859  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8222399  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912\charrsid16717912 No inference of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912  guilt deriving from Ongiil\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16717912\charrsid16717912  eventual refusal to answer further questions was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912\charrsid16717912 stressed at any point by the People during summation}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14766539 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076244  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912 Indeed, it was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166988 Ongiil\rquote s own counsel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912  who }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166988 raised his silence a second time during closing argument.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076244 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11931140 [38]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11931140 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 Ongiil cites three cases in support of his argument that the People\rquote 
s use of his silence was error.  Appellant\rquote s Br. at 8 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 Miranda}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 , 384 U.S. 436 (1996); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 Doyle v. Ohio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 , 426 U.S. 610 (1976); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 Griffin v. California}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 , 380 U.S. 609 (1965)).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11931140 [39]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11931140 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 Doyle}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 , the United States Supreme Court held that a defendant\rquote s silence, after arrest and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 Miranda}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526  warning, could not be used by a prosecutor to impeach a defendant.  426 U.S. at 611.  In that case, defendants exercised their right to remain silent after arrest and receiving a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 Miranda }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 warning.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8079186 See i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8079186\charrsid15802526 d}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8079186\charrsid15802526 61}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6846976 0}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 -15}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6846976 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11099254   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 
At trial, defendants provided exculpatory statements for the first time, testifying that they were framed for the crime.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 at 612-13.  On cross-examination, the prosecutor sought to elicit testimony from the defendants regarding their silence in order to impeach them and discredit their theory of the case.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526  at 613-14.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11931140 [40]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11931140 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 Doyle }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 
is distinguishable from the current facts because in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 Doyle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 
, the defendants did not introduce testimony of their own silence.  Ongiil, unlike the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 Doyle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526  defendants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2687087 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526  volunteered this information.  Further, the People did not seek to impeach exculpatory testimony.  In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 Doyle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 , the prosecution aimed to impeach the defendant\rquote s theory of the case.  The prosecution raised the defendant\rquote 
s silence in order to create the inference that innocent people would have exonerated themselves prior to trial by telling the police their story. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5852961  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 Here, the People merely elicited testimony that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8811724 explored a topic already introduced by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16067806  the defendant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11931140 [41]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11931140 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 Griffin}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 , the Court held that comments by the trial court and th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16067806 e prosecution \'93on the defendant\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 s failure to testify\'94 were error, in violation of the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination.  380 U.S. at 609.  In that case, the defendant did not take the stand to testify at trial on the issue
 of guilt.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 at 609-10.  The trial court instructed the jury that it may make certain inferences based on the}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16067806  defendant\rquote s failure to testify}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5852961 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16067806  and the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 
 prosecutor made }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16067806 additional }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 statements to the jury about the defendant\rquote s failure to take the stand.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 at 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16067806 10-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 11.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11931140 [42]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11931140 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 Griffin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526  is }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912 likewise }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 distinguishable from the facts of the present case because Ongiil chose to testify in his own defense.  Unlike in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 Griffin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 , Ongiil raised the issue of his own silence prior to any mention by the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16067806 court or the }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 People.  Thus, the Court\rquote s holding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16067806  in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16067806 Griffin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526  regarding comments on failure to testify in one\rquote s own defense is inapplicable}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16067806  here}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15802526\charrsid15802526 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11931140 [43]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11931140 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15802526 Ongiil\rquote s counsel first raised Ongiil\rquote s silence while cross-examining Bueno: \'93
Mr. Ongiil has the right not to ev}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5852961 en say anything to you, right? }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15802526 . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5852961  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15802526 So he was exercising his right not to talk to you, right?\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15802526\charrsid13371910  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15802526 
 Tr. at 45-46 (Jury Trial, Jan. 28, 2015).  From this point forward, the jury was aware of Ongiil\rquote s right to remain silent and his assertion of that right.  Th
erefore, a simple reiteration of these facts in rebuttal testimony does not constitute error.  Further, the People did not emphasize these facts in a way that could be portrayed as unduly prejudicial.  The People merely elicited testimony that Ongiil \'93
refused to acknowledge any of his rights or waive [them].\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10105674 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15802526  at 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10105674 8-59}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15802526 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11931140 [44]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11931140 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076244 For these reasons, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7166988 
we find that there was no error with regard to the People\rquote s use of Ongiil\rquote s silence at trial and no violation of the Fifth Amendment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7233759 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3348452 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14580892\charrsid7233759 C.  Whether }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5522281 the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5852961 Trial C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5522281 ourt }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5852961 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16067806 rred by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid5852961  Revoking Ongiil\rquote s Probation without Written Notice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9794448\charrsid3348452 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11931140 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11931140 [45]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11931140 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10637970\charrsid10637970 Ongiil argues the trial court did not have jurisdiction to revoke his probation because he was not provided notice that his probation would be at issue in the sentencing hearing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid5076218 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5063677 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid5076218 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076218  I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076218\charrsid5076218 t should 
be noted that Ongiil\rquote s Opening }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 Brief fails }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076218\charrsid5076218 to cite any authority to support his argument that the People\rquote 
s Sentencing Memorandum was insufficient as a notice document.  Appellant\rquote s Br. at 10.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 He mak}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076218\charrsid5076218 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3344575 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076218\charrsid5076218  no attempt to rectify this deficiency in his Reply Brief.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5076218\charrsid5076218 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5076218\charrsid5076218 Appellant\rquote s Reply Br. at 3 (reiterating argument with no authority to support). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575\charrsid5076218 \'93
Rules 13(a)(9)(A) and (B) of the Guam Rules of Appellate Procedure require that arguments in an appellant\rquote s brief must contain appellant\rquote s contentions supported by c
itations to appropriate legal authority and factual record as well as state the applicable standard of review for each issue.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575\charrsid5076218  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3344575\charrsid5076218 Macris v. Richardson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575\charrsid5076218 , 2010 Guam 6 \'b6 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3344575\charrsid5076218  (citing GRAP 13(a)(9)(A), (B)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076218\charrsid5076218 While we nevertheless agree with Ongiil\rquote s position on the
 issue of probation notice, his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076218 Opening}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076218\charrsid5076218  Brief failed to conform to the requirements of GRAP 13(a)(9)(A)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3344575 .  We}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076218  caution against such practice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076218\charrsid5076218 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10637970\charrsid10637970   Appellant\rquote 
s Br. at 10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14106248 -11}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10637970\charrsid10637970 
.  The People argue that their Sentencing Memorandum provided Ongiil with proper notice and that the trial court complied with all relevant statutory requirements.  Appellee\rquote s Br. at 31-33.  O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076218 
ngiil responds by arguing that the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10637970\charrsid10637970  sentencing memorandum }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076218 was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10637970\charrsid10637970  \'93no
t a notice document.\'94  Appellant\rquote s Reply Br. at 3.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3344575 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11931140\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11931140 [46]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11931140 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10892912 Title 9 GCA \'a7 80.68(a) states the following:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9794448\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid15220859\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850 
The court shall not revoke a suspension or probation or increase the requirements imposed thereby on the offender except after a hearing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850 upon written notice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850 
 to the offender of the grounds on which such action is proposed.  The offender shall have the right to hear and controvert the evidence against him, to offer evidence in his defense and to be represented by counsel.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9794448\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3344575\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850 9 GCA \'a7 80.68(a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1263657  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10637970\charrsid14628850  (emphasis added)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850 .  Title 9 GCA \'a7
 80.68(a) is a verbatim adoption of Model Penal Code}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10105674  (\'93MPC\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850  \'a7 301.4, based upon its adoption by other states.  9 GCA \'a7
 80.68(a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5852961 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850  SOURCE; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9794448\charrsid9794448 see}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid5852961  also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9794448\charrsid9794448  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448\charrsid9794448 N.J. Stat. Ann. \'a7 2C:45-4 (West)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5852961 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448\charrsid9794448  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5852961 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850 ompare }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850 
9 GCA \'a7 80.68(a), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850 with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850  MPC }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448\charrsid9794448 \'a7 301.4.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11931140\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11931140 [47]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11931140 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850 Revocation of probation is governed by the procedural requirements set forth under the Local Rules of the Superior Court of Guam (\'93Local Rules\'94), Miscellaneous Rules (\'93MR\'94
), Rule 1.2 (Post Judgment Appearance and Violations).  Under these procedures, the Probat
ion Division must file a Report of Violation with the trial court and serve a copy on the People.  MR 1.2.(b)-(c).  If the People decide to pursue sanctions, they must issue a Summons on Violation to the trial court, \'93indicating that the [People] wish}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4403715\charrsid14628850 []}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850  to proceed with a violation hearing.\'94
  MR 1.2.(d).  The court must then schedule a violation hearing pursuant to 9 GCA \'a7 80.66 and serve a notice document, in the form of a summons or warrant, on the defendant through his or her prior counsel of record.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16067806\charrsid14628850  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10105674 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16067806\charrsid16067806  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16067806  The American Law Institute has recently recommended replacing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4403715  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16067806 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11950632 PC
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16067806  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11950632 \'a7 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16067806 301.4 with a provision similar to our Local Rules.  MPC Tentative Draft No. 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16067806\charrsid10755728  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16067806 at 113-114, \'a7 6.15(1)(f), (2) (2014) (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16067806\charrsid10755728 [T]he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid16067806\charrsid5050676 court shall provide written notice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16067806  of the alleged violation to the individual . . . .\'94 (emphasis added)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4095926\charrsid14628850 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11931140 [48]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11931140 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850 While \'93
a probationer faced with revocation of probation is not entitled to the full panoply of due process rights due other criminal defendants,\'94 he is guaranteed the most basic due process rights.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850 People v. Angoco}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850 , 1998 Guam 10 \'b6 7 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850 Morrissey v. Brewer,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850  408 U.S. 471, 480 (1972)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10637970\charrsid14628850   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850 
Importantly, a probationer is guaranteed the following: \'93(1) notice of claimed violations, (2) opportunity to appear and present evidence, (3) the conditioned right
 to confront adverse witnesses, (4) an independent decision maker, and (5) a written report of the hearing involved parole revocation proceedings.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850 Gagnon v. Scarpelli}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448\charrsid15220859 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10637970\charrsid14628850 411 U.S. 778, 786 (1973)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid474671 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10637970\charrsid14628850 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850 While these rights are \'93meant to be a diminished form of due process rights,\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid474671 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14038327\charrsid14628850 d}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850  (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850 Morrissey}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448\charrsid15220859 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850 408 U.S. at 489), \'93
a defendant must receive actual notice and an opportunity to be heard prior to the revocation proceeding in order for due process to be satisfied.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850 State v. Nellom}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850 , 836 A.2d 807, 814 (N.J. 2003).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4095926\charrsid14628850 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11931140 [49]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11931140 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850 
United States Supreme Court precedent and our own establishes that a defendant must receive notice of the allegations against him as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076218\charrsid14628850  a matter of basic due process.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850 This is as true for revocation proceedings as for other criminal proceedings.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076218\charrsid14628850   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850 Our Local Rules reflect due process considerations, providing well-defined procedural safeguards to ensure that a criminal defendant has notice of the allegations levied against him.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11931140 [50]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11931140 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10637970 Title }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448\charrsid9794448 9 GCA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850 \'a7
 80.68(a) requires the court to issue written notice to a probationer, consistent with Local Rules MR 1.2., when the People seek revocation of probation or an increase to the requirements imposed as conditions of probation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076218\charrsid14628850   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850 Here, the trial court did not issue a notice document co}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076218\charrsid14628850 
mpliant with Local Rules MR1.2.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850 Notice to a defendant provided by the People alone, in the form of a sentencing memorandum, does not relieve the trial court of }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5522281\charrsid14628850 its}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076218\charrsid14628850  fundamental responsibility}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5522281\charrsid14628850  to issue written notice}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076218\charrsid14628850 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076218 he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5522281  People\rquote s Sentencing M}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448\charrsid9794448 emorandum }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912 alone }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448\charrsid9794448 was not sufficient to provide Ongiil with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912 the required }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448\charrsid9794448 notice that his probation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16717912 was subject to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14764381 
revocation by the court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448\charrsid9794448 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4095926\charrsid14628850 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11931140 [51]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11931140 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850 For these reasons, we find the trial court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7280001\charrsid14628850 committed reversible error}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850  in revoking Ongiil\rquote s probation without first providing him written notice as required by 9 GCA \'a7}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5076218\charrsid14628850  80.68(a).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850 Consequently, we must }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5522281\charrsid14628850 reverse }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850 the trial court\rquote s revocation of Ongiil\rquote s probation and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5522281\charrsid14628850 remand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9794448\charrsid14628850  for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1590791\charrsid14628850 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15220859 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14580892\charrsid14580892 V.  CONCLUSION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid5522281 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11931140 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11931140 [52]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11931140 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7280001 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5522281 e }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid474671\charrsid474671 affirm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid474671  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5522281 Ongiil
\rquote s conviction under 16 GCA \'a7 18107 because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7280001 the conviction was supported by sufficient evidence, namely that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5522281 Ongiil was convicted under }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid474671 16 GCA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5522281 \'a7 18102 within five years of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5522281\charrsid91309 three or more separate convictions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5522281 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5522281\charrsid7280001 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11931140 [53]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11931140 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7280001 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5522281 e find that there was no error with regard to the}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9717878  trial court\rquote s consideration of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5522281  People\rquote s use of Ongiil\rquote s silence at trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9717878 
 in reaching the verdict}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5522281  and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9717878  find}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5522281  no violation of the Fifth Amendment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5522281\charrsid6822989 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11931140 [54]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11931140 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7280001 We }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid474671\charrsid474671 reverse}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid474671  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7280001 the trial court\rquote s revocation of Ongiil\rquote s probation because the court failed to issue written notice, as required by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7280001\charrsid9794448 9 GCA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7280001\charrsid14628850 \'a7 80.68(a) and Local Rules MR 1.2., thereby depriving Ongiil of due process.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7280001 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11931140 [55]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11931140 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid474671 Accordingly, we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid474671 AFFIRM}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid474671  in part, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid474671 REVERSE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid474671  in part, and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7280001  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5522281\charrsid13842670 
REMAND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5522281  for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid459442 
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