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{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f39\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
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{\f60\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 Courier New Cyr;}{\f62\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 Courier New Greek;}{\f63\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 Courier New Tur;}{\f64\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset177\fprq1 Courier New (Hebrew);}
{\f65\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset178\fprq1 Courier New (Arabic);}{\f66\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 Courier New Baltic;}{\f67\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset163\fprq1 Courier New (Vietnamese);}{\f379\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria Math CE;}
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{\f387\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria Math (Vietnamese);}{\f399\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\f400\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\f402\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}
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{\f423\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Tahoma Tur;}{\f424\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Tahoma (Hebrew);}{\f425\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Tahoma (Arabic);}{\f426\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Tahoma Baltic;}
{\f427\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Tahoma (Vietnamese);}{\f428\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 Tahoma (Thai);}{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
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{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}
{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}
{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}
{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}
{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;\red255\green255\blue0;
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{\*\cs20 \additive \f0\fs24 \slink19 \slocked \styrsid16611761 Footer Char;}{\*\cs21 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid16611761 page number;}{
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\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext27 \slink28 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid9839681 annotation text;}{\*\cs28 \additive \f0\fs20 \slink27 \slocked \ssemihidden \styrsid9839681 
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\sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid13114352 apple-converted-space;}{\*\cs34 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid13114352 co_searchterm;}{\*\cs35 \additive \i \sqformat \spriority20 \styrsid13728532 Emphasis;}{\*\cs36 
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\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12273630 \chftnsep 
\par }}{\*\ftnsepc \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12273630 \chftnsepc 
\par }}{\*\aftnsep \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12273630 \chftnsep 
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\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12273630 \chftnsepc 
\par }}\ltrpar \sectd \ltrsect\psz1\linex0\headery1440\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid4030002\sftnbj {\headerl \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar
\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13323966 
\par }}{\headerr \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid10945609 Lujan v. Estate of Rosario}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10945609 , 2016 Guam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\insrsid8269591 28}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10945609 , Opinion\tab \tab Page}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10945609\charrsid15736528  }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\fs20\insrsid10945609\charrsid15736528  PAGE }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid15490854 30}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\fs20\insrsid10945609\charrsid15736528  of }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\fs20\insrsid10945609\charrsid15736528  NUMPAGES }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid15490854 30}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\fs20\insrsid10945609 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\ql \li0\ri0\sl-120\slmult0\widctlpar\brdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp20 \tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\fs20\insrsid10945609\charrsid15736528 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609 
\par }}{\footerl \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13323966 
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\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13323966 
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\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13323966 
\par }}{\footerf \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4030002 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4030002 
\par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}
{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8
\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1770478 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid16611761\charrsid1770478 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\qc \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\cf1\cgrid {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs28\ulnone\insrsid16611761\charrsid478042 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\qc \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\cf1\cgrid {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs28\ulnone\lang1033\langfe0\langnp1033\insrsid13326657 SHAWN MICHAEL Q. LUJAN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 ,
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4030002 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16611761 Plaintiff-Appellee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4030002\charrsid271537 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\qc \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4030002 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\cf1\cgrid {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs28\ulnone\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 v.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\lang1033\langfe0\langnp1033\insrsid16611761 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4030002 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe0\langfenp0\insrsid4030002\charrsid4030002 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\qc \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5905580 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\cf1\cgrid {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs28\ulnone\lang1033\langfe0\langnp1033\insrsid13326657 ESTATE OF ISABEL CRUZ SANTOS ROSARIO}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\lang1033\langfe0\langnp1033\insrsid14446977  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs28\ulnone\lang1033\langfe0\langnp1033\insrsid5905580 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\lang1033\langfe0\langnp1033\insrsid14446977 and ROSA CRUZ PEREZ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 ,
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8269591 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 Defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14446977 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 -Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14446977 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\brdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp20 \wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5905580 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5905580 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5905580 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid14446977\charrsid14446977 BARBARA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs28\insrsid15882358 C.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid14446977\charrsid14446977  CAMACHO}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14446977\charrsid14446977 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16611761\charrsid14446977 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4030002 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14446977 Plaintiff-Appellee,
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4030002 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid14446977\charrsid14446977 v.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid14446977 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4030002 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5905580 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid14446977\charrsid14446977 NICOLE ANN CHARGUALAF, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs28\insrsid14486955\charrsid14446977 Administrat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid14486955 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid14486955\charrsid14446977 ix }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs28\insrsid14486955 of t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid14486955\charrsid14446977 he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid5905580 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid14486955 Estate o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid14486955\charrsid14446977 f Isabel Cruz Santos Rosario}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid14446977\charrsid14446977  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid5905580 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid14446977\charrsid14446977 and ROSA CRUZ PEREZ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14446977 
\par Defendants-Appellants.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5905580 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1858320 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1858320 Supreme Court Case No.:  CVA14-033}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1858320\charrsid271537 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10046803 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1858320\charrsid271537 Superior Court Case No}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12724996 s}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1858320\charrsid271537 .:  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1858320 CV0505-12 & CV0861-12 (Consolidated)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1858320\charrsid271537 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5905580 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1858320 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10046803 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5905580\charrsid271537 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\qc \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5905580 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\cf1\cgrid {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs28\ulnone\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 OPINION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\ulnone\lang1033\langfe0\langnp1033\insrsid16611761 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5905580 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe0\langfenp0\insrsid5905580 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6829642 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\lang1033\langfe0\langfenp0\insrsid6829642 Filed:  October 14, 2016}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\lang1033\langfe0\langfenp0\insrsid6829642\charrsid6829642 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5905580 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe0\langfenp0\insrsid5905580\charrsid5905580 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5905580 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid16670780 Cite as: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid1858320 2016
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid1858320\charrsid14637041  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid16611761\charrsid14637041 Guam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid8269591 28}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid16611761 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5905580 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5905580\charrsid271537 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam
\par Argu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16670780 ed and submitted on August 18, 2015}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14446977 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4030002 \page }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par \ltrrow}\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow\ts11\trqc\trgaph120\trrh1665\trleft-120\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid15954787\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4860\clshdrawnil \cellx4740\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4500\clshdrawnil \cellx9240\pard \ltrpar
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid2906330 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 Appearing for Defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid12724996 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 -Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs16\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid12724996 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 :
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15954787 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15954787 Phillip Torres, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15954787 Esq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15954787\charrsid15954787 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15954787 Torres Law Group
\par 130 Aspinall Ave}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12724996 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15954787 , Ste. 2A
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid16597833 \cell }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid2906330 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs16\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid16611761\charrsid15954787 Appearing for Plaintiff-Appellee:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid15954787 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15954787 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15954787 Michael J. Berman, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15954787 Esq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4809853  (briefed)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15954787\charrsid4809853 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15954787 Theresa G. Rojas, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15954787 Esq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15882358  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15882358 (argued)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15954787\charrsid15882358 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15954787 Berman O\rquote Connor & Mann
\par 111 W. Chalan Santo Papa, Ste. 503
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15954787 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15954787 Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid2906330 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15954787 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 \cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow\ts11\trqc\trgaph120\trrh1665\trleft-120\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid15954787\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb
\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4860\clshdrawnil \cellx4740\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4500\clshdrawnil \cellx9240\row }\pard \ltrpar
\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12715635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1858320 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5849882 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1858320 \page }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 BEFORE: }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 ROBERT J. TORRES}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 , Chief Justice; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16611761\charrsid271537  Asso}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 ciate Justice; KATHERINE A. MARAMAN, Associate Justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4030002 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16474667 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\insrsid16474667\charrsid10046803 Torres}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid16611761\charrsid12721151 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16474667 C.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16611761\charrsid12721151 J.:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12721151 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1001619 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14572809 [1]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14572809 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12721151 Defendant-Appellant Estate of Isabel Cruz Santos Rosario (\'93Estate\'94) appeals from the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2233513 trial c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid82718 ourt\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12721151  Decision and Order denying the Estate\rquote s prior Motion to Alter or Amend the Amended Judgment and the Amended Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15347190 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid15347190 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8269591 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid10945609 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609\charrsid11345098 
In its Notice of Appeal, the Estate designated appeal from the \'93Decision and Order . . . entered in this action on September 30, 2014 and docketed on October 1, 2014.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10958111 Record on Appeal (\'93}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609\charrsid11345098 RA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10958111 \'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609\charrsid11345098 
, tab 102 at 2 (Oct. 31, 2014).  In its Statement of Jurisdiction, the Estate designated appeal from the same }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609 decision }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609\charrsid11345098 
and attached a copy.  Lujan v. Estate of Rosario, CVA14-033 (Statement of Jurisdiction at 2 (Nov. 10, 2014)) (\'93This Appeal is taken from the Decision and Order filed on September 30, 2014 and entered on the Docket on October 1, 2014\'94).}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15347190   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1277475 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15347190 effect}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1277475  of the trial court\rquote s denial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15347190  was to uphold the court\rquote s prior Amended Judgment in favor of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1001619 Plaintiff-Appellee }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15347190 Shawn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1001619  Michael Lujan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15347190 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1001619   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12721151 The Estate argues }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15347190 on appeal }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12721151 that (1) the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2233513 trial c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid82718 ourt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12721151  erred when awarding damages; (2) the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2233513 trial c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid82718 ourt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12721151  erred when determining that the Estate owed a duty to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1770478 
Shawn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12721151  and breached that duty; (3) the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2233513 trial c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid82718 ourt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12721151 
 erred by not apportioning liability; and (4) the \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12721151 de minimis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12721151\charrsid12721151 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12721151 
 encroachment of a tree onto the Estate\rquote s property relieves it from liability to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1770478 Shawn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12721151 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12721151 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14572809 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14572809 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14572809 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1770478 Shawn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12721151  argues that (1) dam
ages were rightfully calculated and awarded; (2) the Estate owed a duty to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1770478 Shawn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12721151 
 and breached that duty; (3) apportioning liability would be improper; and (4) the Estate provides no authority for its assertion that a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12721151 de minimis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12721151 
 defense is available to relieve the Estate of liability.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4408260 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11024365 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [3]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4202526 For the reasons set forth herein, we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10958111 affirm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4202526 , but }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10958111 remand }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4202526 with instructions to recalculate the award of special damages}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4408260 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4202526 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2054691 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8269591 \page }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5918990\charrsid2054691 
I.  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12721151\charrsid2054691 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12323650 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [4]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054 On July 21, 2010, Shawn and Therese Lujan att}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10046803 ended a Liberation Day Parade.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054 
  While watching the parade from a public sidewalk along Marine Corps Drive, a tree branch fell from a nearby tree, injur}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10046803 ing Shawn and killing Therese. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1770478 Shawn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054  brought an action for negligence against}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10046803  the Estate.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054 
  In his complaint, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1770478 Shawn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054  alleged the Estate owned the land upon which the tree was located and was negligent in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10046803 
 failing to maintain the tree. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054  Therese\rquote s sister, Barbara, brought a separate action against the Estate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10046803 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054 
  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2114255 The two cases were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054 consolidated.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid10230054\charrsid6425493 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid279479 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid10945609 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609  Both actions initially named Rosa Cruz Perez as a co-defendant, but the parties stipulated to dismiss her.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [5]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054 The Estate impleaded the Government of Guam (\'93Government\'94
), alleging that the tree was located at least in part on Government land.  The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2233513 trial c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054 ourt dismissed the Government from the suit upo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9774661 n a grant of summary judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [6]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15411901 After a bench trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054 , the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15411901 Superior C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid82718 ourt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054  issued its }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15411901 Amended }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054 Ju
dgment with accompanying }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15411901 Amended }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054 Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15411901  (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4986969 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15411901 FFCL)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid10230054 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8269591 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid10945609 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609  Both documents were amended, to reflect the fact that Rosa Cruz Perez was dismissed from the lawsuit and no longer a named defendant.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10230054   Judgment was entered in favor of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1770478 Shawn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054  against the Estate for $133,325.28 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10046803 with costs.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054   Judgment was entered in favor of the Estate against Barbara\rquote s claims for loss of consortium.  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [7]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054 In its }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4986969 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15411901 FFCL}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054 , the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2233513 trial c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid82718 ourt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15411901 found}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054  that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1770478 Shawn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054 
 and Therese suffered injuries as a direct result of a tree falling on them, that the tree stood partly on the Estate\rquote s property, that the tree was \'93plainly and obviously\'94 dead at the time of the accident, that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1770478 Shawn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054  suffered damages of $33,325.28 for medical expenses, and damages of $100,000}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1858320 .00}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054 
 for pain and suff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3873048 ering.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8795607 Record on Appeal (\'93RA\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3873048 , tab 85 at 1-2 (Find}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10230054 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3873048 . Fact & Concl. L.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1858320 , Feb. 10, 2014}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054 ).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15411901 T}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054 he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2233513 trial c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid82718 ourt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054  determined that the Estate, as 
the owner of land on which the tree was located, had a duty to prevent the tree from injuring bystanders, that the Estate breached that duty, and that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1770478 Shawn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054 
 and Therese did not assu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10046803 me the risk of their injuries.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15470893 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [8]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054 Barbara }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15411901 thereafter }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054 moved to alter or amend the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15411901 Amended }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054 Judgment, arguing that she was entitled to damages for loss of co}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10046803 nsortium as Therese\rquote s sibling.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054   The Estate opposed Barbara
\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4986969 motion and filed its own Cross Motion to Alter or A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054 mend the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14115869 Amended }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10230054 Judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4986969  and Amended Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law (\'93Cross Motion\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054 , arguing that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2233513 trial c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid82718 ourt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054  erred in determining that the tree was on the Estate\rquote s property and that the Estate is liable.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4986969   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054 Specifically, the Estate argued that the tree\rquote s extension onto the Estate\rquote s property was \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10230054 de minimis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054\charrsid14305412 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054 
 that the Estate had no actual or constructive knowledge that the tree was dead, that the Estate had no duty to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1770478 Shawn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054  and Therese, and that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1770478 Shawn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054  and Therese assumed the risk.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8795607 RA, tab 94 (Opp\rquote n Mot. & Cross Mot., Feb. 21, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10230054   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1770478 Shawn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054  and Barbara opposed the Estate\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4986969 Cross Motion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10230054 , arguing that the Estate had not stated a proper basis f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10046803 or a motion to alter or amend.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [9]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4992500 After a hearing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054 , the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2233513 trial c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid82718 ourt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054  denied b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10046803 oth motions to alter or amend. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10230054  In its }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1132204 Decision}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5526931  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054 and Order, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2233513 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid82718 ourt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054  ruled that Barbara could not recover under the wrongful death statute because she had not proven pecuniary loss.  The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2233513 c}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid82718 ourt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054  ruled that the Estate did not make an argument under any of the G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9653362 uam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10230054 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9653362 ules of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9653362 ivil }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054 P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9653362 rocedure (\'93GRCP\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054  Rule 59(e) bases for a motion to alter or amend but simply disagreed with the court\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1132204 fact-finding}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10046803 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10230054 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [10]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3936772 The Estate ti}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10046803 mely filed a Notice of Appea}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352569 l appealing the denial of its Cross Motion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9774661 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3936772 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2054691 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5918990\charrsid2054691 II.  JURISDICTION
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12323650 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [11]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5918990\charrsid11032310 This court has jurisdiction over appeals from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3090830 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5918990\charrsid11032310 final judgment pursuant to 48 U.S.C.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5918990 A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5918990\charrsid11032310  \'a7 1424-1(a)(2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5918990  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5918990\charrsid11032310 (Westla}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5918990 w current through Pub. L. 114-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid279479 221}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5918990  (201}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14968163 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5918990 )) and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5918990\charrsid11032310 7 GCA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5918990  \'a7\'a7 3107(b) and 3108(a) (2005).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2054691 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8269591 \page }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5918990\charrsid7502320 
III.  STANDARD OF REVIEW}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5918990\charrsid2054691 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12781704 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [12]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352569\charrsid2567809 The Estate\rquote s Cross M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12781704\charrsid2567809 otion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12781704  sought to amend the trial court\rquote 
s final judgment and findings pursuant to GRCP 52 and 59.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12781704 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12781704 RA, tab 94 at 2-3 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352569 Opp\rquote n Mot. & }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12781704 Cross Mot., Feb. 21, 2014).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11024365 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [13]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9774661 GRCP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7891734  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12781704 
52 allows for amendment by the trial court of findings after entry of judgment upon motion by a party.  GRCP 52(b).  This may necessitate amending the judgment and \'93may accompany a motion for a new trial under Rule 59.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12781704 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12781704   \'93
Findings of fact, whether based on oral or documentary evidence, shall not be set aside unless clearly erroneous, and due regard shall be given to the opportunity of the trial court to judge of the credibility of the witnesses.\'94  GRCP 52(a).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid12781704 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12781704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9468478 \'93A trial court\rquote 
s findings of fact following a bench trial are reviewed for clear error.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9468478\charrsid2170882 In re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11669965  Guardianship of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid9468478\charrsid2170882  Moylan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9468478 , 2011 Guam 16 \'b6 12 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9468478\charrsid2170882 Mendiola v. Bell}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9468478 
, 2009 Guam 15 \'b6 11).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4408260  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9468478  We have previously defined the clear error standard as follows:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid9468478\charrsid12781704 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid9468478 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9468478 Under the clear error standard, this court will \'93
only look at whether the trial court\rquote s finding of fact is supported by substantial evidence,\'94 and the trial court\rquote s decision will only be reversed if this court has a \'93definite and firm convictio
n that a mistake has been committed [by the trial court].\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9468478 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9468478 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9468478 
 (alteration in original) (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9468478 Fargo Pac.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1989626  v. Korando Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9468478 , 2006 Guam 22 \'b6\'b6 30, 32).}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9468478\charrsid2170882   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9468478 \'93We will not substitute our judgment for that of the trial court.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9468478\charrsid2233513 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9468478 d.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9468478  (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9468478\charrsid2170882 F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9468478 argo Pac.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9468478 , 2006 Guam 22 \'b6 22).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11024365 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [14]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12781704 GRCP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7891734  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12781704 59 allows for amendment of a judgment after entry upon motion of a party.  GRCP 59(e).  \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12781704\charrsid2765809 The rule allows a court to reconsider and ame}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12781704 nd a previous order, but is an \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12781704\charrsid2765809 
extraordinary remedy, to be used sparingly in the interest of finality and cons}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12781704 ervation of judicial resources.\rquote \'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12781704\charrsid2765809 
Guam Bar Ethics Comm. v. Maquera}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12781704 , 2001 Guam 20 \'b6 9 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12781704\charrsid2765809 Kona Enterprises, Inc. v. Estate of Bishop}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12781704\charrsid2765809 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12781704\charrsid2765809  229 F.3d 877, 890 (9t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12781704 h Cir. 2000))}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12781704\charrsid2765809 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12781704   We have previously described such motions as follows:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid12781704 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12781704\charrsid2765809 A Rule 59(e) motion
 may be granted (1) if the movant demonstrates that it is necessary to prevent manifest errors of law or fact upon which the judgment is based; (2) to allow the moving party to present newly discovered or previously unavailable evidence; (3) to prevent ma
nifest injustice; or (4) if there is an intervening change in controlling law. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12781704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12781704\charrsid2765809 
Motions made under Rule 59(e) are aimed at reconsideration, not initial consideration, and thus cannot be used to present a new legal theory, raise arguments for the first time,
 or present evidence for the first time when they could have reasonably been raised earlier. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12781704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12781704\charrsid2765809 Further, Rule 59(e) motions are both \'93
procedurally and substantively deficient\'94 if they simply reiterate in greater detail arguments previously made before the court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12781704   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13252448 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12781704\charrsid2765809 Supplementing and further detailing previous arguments are not sufficient bases for reconsideration [under Rule 59}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12781704 (e)].}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13252448 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12781704\charrsid2765809 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12585352 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5506032 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12781704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13252448 (alteration in original) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12781704 (citations omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13252448  (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13252448\charrsid13252448 Merchant}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13252448  v. Nanyo Realty, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13252448\charrsid13252448 , 1998 Guam 26 \'b6\'b6 8-9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13252448 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12781704 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16607036 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16607036\charrsid3630951 A denial of a Rule 59(e) motion is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16607036 
\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16607036\charrsid3630951  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16607036  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13901806 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16607036 \'b6 8 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16607036\charrsid3630951 Ward v. Reyes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16607036\charrsid12667659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16607036  1998 Guam 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16607036\charrsid3630951  \'b6 10; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16607036\charrsid3630951 Merchant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16607036\charrsid12667659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16607036\charrsid3630951  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16607036 1998 Guam 26}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16607036\charrsid3630951  \'b6 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16607036 ).  \'93
A trial court abuses its discretion when its decision is based on clearly erroneous factual findings or an incorrect legal standard.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16607036 Agana Beach Condo. Homeowners\rquote  Ass\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16607036\charrsid398109 n v. Untalan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16607036 , 2015 Guam 35 \'b6 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12014902 12 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16607036 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16607036 Bank of Guam v. Reidy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16607036 , 2001 Guam 14 \'b6 11).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324691 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15822762 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [15]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid12014902 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid15822762\charrsid14103043 The interpretation of a statute is a legal question subject to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid15822762\charrsid14103043 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid15822762\charrsid14103043  review.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid15822762\charrsid14103043 Guerrero v. Santo Thomas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid15822762\charrsid14103043 , 2010 Guam 11 \'b6 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid3081860  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid3081860\charrsid14103043 (emphasis added)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid15822762\charrsid14103043 
 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid15822762\charrsid14103043 Apana v. Rosario}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid15822762\charrsid14103043 , 2000 Guam 7 \'b6 9).}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15822762 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12323650 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [16]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid135566 We review the measure of compensatory damages awarded for clear error as a finding of fact.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12342705   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12342705 See below }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8143078 IV.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12342705 C.1.  We will look only at whether the award is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12014902 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12342705 supported by substantial
 evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12014902 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12342705  and reverse only if we have a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12014902 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12342705 
definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4915892  [by the trial court]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12342705 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12014902 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12342705   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12342705 In re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14620719  Guardianship of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12342705  Moylan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12342705 , 2011 Guam 16 \'b6 12 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16194445 (alteration in original) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12342705 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12014902 quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid12014902\charrsid12667659 Fargo Pac.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12014902\charrsid12014902 , 2006 Guam 22 \'b6\'b6 30, 32}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12342705 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5918990 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9851326 //
\par //}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9851326\charrsid12342705 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2054691 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9851326 \page }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5918990\charrsid2054691 IV.  ANALYSIS

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sa100\saauto1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid4408260 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid12781704 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid9468478 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid5918990\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Whether t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid2233513 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
he Estate was the Owner of the Tree }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid352569 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 because}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid2233513 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  it was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid135566 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Pa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid4408260 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 rtly Located on Estate Property}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid5918990\charrsid14103043 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12323650 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [17]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14290036 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11027373 he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2233513 trial c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5183224 ourt }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14290036 
found that the Estate was the \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11027373 owner of the real property on which the tree that injured [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1770478 Shawn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14290036 ] was located,
\'94 and thus \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11027373 had a legal duty to take responsible action to prevent the t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5183224 ree from injuring bystanders.\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8794307\charrsid8794307  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5183224 RA, tab 85 at 3 (Finds.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8794307  Fact & Conc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5183224 l. L.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8794307 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5183224 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11027373 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15822762 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [18]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14290036 The Estate argues that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11027373 it should owe no duty to the plaintiffs because it did not \'93reasonably\'94 know that that tree was located on its land, a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14290036 nd that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid14290036\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  it should not be assigned ownership of the tree because the tree encroached only slightly onto its property.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11027373   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14290036 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5183224 Appellant\rquote s Br. at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14290036  11-12}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3090830  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10046803 Mar. 6, 2015}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3090830 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14290036 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2170882 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12323650 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [19]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2170882 \'93Trees whose trunks stand partly on the land of two or more coterminous owners, belong to them in common.\'94  21 GCA \'a7 9206}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14170114  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2170882 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid9508252  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid6061132\charrsid14103043  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2170882 \'93
The plain language of a statute is the starting point for statutory interpretation.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2170882\charrsid2170882 Castro v. G.C. Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2170882 , 2012 Guam 6 \'b6 20 (citing }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2170882\charrsid2170882 Aguon v. Gutierrez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2170882 , 2002 Guam 14 \'b6 6).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid6061132\charrsid14103043   }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2170882 \'93Absent clear legislative intent to the contrary, the plain meaning prevails.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2170882\charrsid2170882 Sumitomo Constr., Co. v. Gov\rquote t of Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2170882 , 2001 Guam 23 \'b6 17}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3103883  (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3103883 Aaron v. SEC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3103883 , 446 U.S. 680, 697 (1980))}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2170882 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid3432441\charrsid14103043 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [20]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid3432441\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid4544061 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 trial c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid5183224\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ourt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid3432441\charrsid14103043 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  found that the tree stood partly on the property of the Estate ba\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 sed on a licensed surveyor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid8288008\charrsid14103043 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 
\rquote \loch\f0 s testimony}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid3432441\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid226133\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3432441 RA, tab 88 at 2 (Am. Find}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14686628 s. Fact & Concl. L.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3090830 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10046803  Feb. 11, 2014}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3432441 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid226133 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3090830 Transcript (\'93Tr.\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid226133 , vol. 2 at 9 (Bench Trial, Aug. 28, 2013)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3432441 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8288008 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3432441 urveyor Francisco Leon Guerrero Castro }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8288008 testified on behalf of }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1770478 Shawn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8288008  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3432441 that the tree at issue encroach}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10046803 ed onto the Estate\rquote 
s property.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3432441   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4544061 Castro }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3432441 testified that he was \'93very certain\'94 of this fact, \'9399 percent sure.\'94  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3090830 Tr., vol. 2 at 10, 16 (Bench Trial, Aug. 28, 2013)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10046803 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3432441\charrsid3432441 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16199875\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [21]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 
\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9767311\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Because the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4544061 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 trial c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid82718\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ourt\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9767311\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 finding of fact that the tree was located on the \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 property of the Estate was supported by substantial evidence in the form of the surveyor\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s testimony, this court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid3155543\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 may }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9767311\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 not substitute }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid2304107 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 its}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2304107\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9767311\charrsid14103043 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 judgment for that of the trial court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4809853 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid16199875 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16199875\charrsid2170882 In re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7693143  Guardianship of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16199875\charrsid2170882  Moylan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16199875 , 2011 Guam 16 \'b6 12 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16199875\charrsid2170882 F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16199875 argo Pac.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16199875 , 2006 Guam 22 \'b6 22).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid9767311\charrsid16199875 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12323650\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [22]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid9767311\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid4544061 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 trial c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid14686628\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ourt }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid9767311\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 assigned ownership of the tree to the Estate under }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9767311\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 21 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  9206, which by its plain language assigns common ownership of boundary trees to coterminous property owners.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid9767311\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   Because the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid4544061 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 trial c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid14686628\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ourt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid9767311\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  properly determined that the t\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
ree was located on the Estate\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s property, the Estate was rightfully considered a common owner of the tree under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9767311\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
21 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  9206}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid9767311\charrsid14103043 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid9767311\charrsid14103043 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [23]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid9767311\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid3303486 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 trial court found that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid9767311\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Estate did not present }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid3303486 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'93\loch\f0 any }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid9767311\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid3303486 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  beyond the bare allegations in its pleadings\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid9767311\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  in respons\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 e to the Government
\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s motion for summary judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid3303486 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   RA, tab 60 at 3 (Dec. & Order, Aug. 16, 2013).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid9767311\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   For this reason, the Government\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid13896495\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the other alleged }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid9767311\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 common owner of the tree\hich\f0 \emdash \loch\f0 was dismissed from this litigation, leaving the Estate as the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid13896495\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 singular}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid9767311\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  remaining \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 tortfeasor}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid13896495\charrsid14103043 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf1\super\dbch\af37\insrsid7620078 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8269591 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid10945609 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609  On appeal, the Estate did not raise the issue of whether the trial court erred by granting summary judgment in favor of the Gove
rnment.  Therefore, the dismissal of the Government as a party to the underlying case is not before this court on appeal.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10945609 See Guam Greyhound, Inc. v. Brizill}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10945609 , 2008 Guam 13 \'b6 7 n.3 (citations omitted) (stating that the Supreme Court will only review issues argued specifically in opening briefs).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid9767311\charrsid14103043 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [24]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid15153757\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid9767311\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 he Estate presents no authority for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid5319276 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid9767311\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  proposition }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid5319276 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 that it is not an owner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid9767311\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  of the tree because the tree encroached only slightly onto its property.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid3432441\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid3432441\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3432441 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 3, 15-16 (\'93Ownership . . . should not be reasonably imposed by s
uch a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3432441\charrsid14686628 de minimis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3432441  encroachment of a tree trunk onto the Estate\rquote s property.\'94).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15153757 
  We decline}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13896495 , under the present facts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10246395  and without citation to authority}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13896495 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15153757  to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13896495 recognize }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15153757 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13896495 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15153757 de mini}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13896495 mi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15153757 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13896495 \'94 defense to negligence liability stemming from common ownership o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid798072 f}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5319276  coterminous}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13896495  property}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15153757 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9767311 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1788568\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [25]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16018349\charrsid8201956 The Estate argues that it had a reasonable belief that it did not in fact own the tree because it did not realize the tree was located on its property.  Appellant\rquote s Reply Br. at 7}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7545444  (Apr. 21, 2015)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16018349\charrsid8201956 .  It claims that \'93[t]he sole issue to establish liability is not whether the tree is on the Estate\rquote 
s property but whether the Estate, in management of the property, would have determined that the tree was on its property.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9715176 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16018349\charrsid8201956  at 3.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16018349 As discussed above, we have determined that the Estate was an owner
 of the tree.  Therefore, the issue before us is whether the Estate, as owner, had a duty and violated that duty, as will be discussed in the following section.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12323650 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [26]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15153757 The Estate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13896495 also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15153757  argues }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5319276 in the alternative }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15153757 that, even }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid798072 as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15153757 an owner in common, it would have only limited rights to the tree.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6322178 Id.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15153757  at 5.  It argues that, as an owner in common, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13896495 it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15153757 
 was not permitted to cut down the rotten tree branch without exposing itself to liability to the coterminous property owner.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15153757 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15153757  at 5-6 (citing 21 GCA \'a7
 23102 (action for waste) and 21 GCA \'a7 23103 (trespass for removing tree)).  This argument }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5319276 misinterprets}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15153757  Guam law.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [27]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15153757 Ti}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7480801 tle 21 GCA \'a7 23102 states that}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15153757  \'93[i]f a . . . tenant in common of real property, commit[s] waste thereon, any person aggrieved by the waste may bring an action against him therefor, in which action there may be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1132204 judg}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15886602 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1132204 ment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16199875  [sic]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15153757  for treble damages.\'94  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2304107 21 GCA \'a7 23102 (2005).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11543757 Section 23103}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid798072  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15153757 states}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7480801 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15153757 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid226133 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15153757 
Any person who cuts down or carries off any wood or underwood, tree, or timber, or girdles or otherwise injures any tree or timber on the land of another person, or on the street or highway in front of any person}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3097873 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15153757 s house, village, or city lot, or cultivated grounds; or on the commons or public grounds of any city or town, or on the street or highway in front thereof
, without lawful authority, is liable to the owner of such land, or to the government of Guam, for double the amount of damages which may be assessed therefor, in a civil action, in any court having jurisdiction.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12715635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4408149 21 GCA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15153757 \'a7 23103}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4724597  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15153757 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15470893 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [28]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15810087 The Estate\rquote s reading demonstrates a misunderstanding of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7480801 these statutes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15810087 .  Under the Estate\rquote 
s reading, the statutes operate to prohibit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7480801  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15810087 it from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15153757 maintaining }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid798072 
its }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15153757 property}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8608862 .  However, maintaining its property, in this instance, would involve}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15153757 
 removing a dead tree that has created a safety hazard.  These statutes only create action}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16199875 s to remedy damages.  Removing this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15153757  dead tree would not create}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13896495  \'93waste\'94 under 21 GCA \'a7 23102.  R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16199875 emoval of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15153757 dead tree would not create \'93damages\'94
 because such removal would not diminish}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13896495  property}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15153757  value.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8608862 To the contrary, r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16199875 emoval of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15153757 dead tree would increase}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8608862  the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15153757  value of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13896495 both coterminous properties.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15153757\charrsid15153757 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12323650\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [29]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid11693270 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 As mentioned above,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid9767311\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid11543757 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 trial c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid14686628\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ourt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid9767311\charrsid14103043 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  determined that the tree was located on the property of the Estate at the time of the incident}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid11693270 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid9767311\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid11693270 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid9767311\charrsid14103043 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 he plain language\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9767311\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 21 GCA \'a7\loch\f0 
 9206 assigns ownership of boundary trees to coterminous property owner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13896495\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s in common.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid13896495\charrsid10383606 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Because}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15153757\charrsid10383606 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid13896495\charrsid10383606 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the other }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9767311\charrsid10383606 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 owner was dismissed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid7480801\charrsid10383606 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 from the litigation, the Estate is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9767311\charrsid10383606 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  considered the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13896495\charrsid10383606 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 singular}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9767311\charrsid10383606 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 owner of the tree for the purposes of determining liability}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid9767311\charrsid10383606 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid9767311\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid3432441\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The Estate failed to provide any authority }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid8608862 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 evidencing}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid8416284\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid3432441\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 legislative intent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid8608862 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  to the contrary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid3432441\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  that would persuade us to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid9767311\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 deviate from a plain language reading of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9767311\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 21 GCA \'a7\loch\f0 
 9206}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid13896495\charrsid14103043 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid9767311\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid13896495\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Our reading does not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid9767311\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid8608862 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 include }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid13896495\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 a \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 de minimis\'94\loch\f0  defense}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid15546024\charrsid14103043 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid8608862\charrsid8608862 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid8608862 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid94891 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11024365\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [30]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid12781704 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The court\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s findings of \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 fact were not clear error}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid94891 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  because they were supported by substantial evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid12781704 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid4986969 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid12781704 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 he court\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s denial of the Estate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid4986969 
\loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid12781704 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s Cross Motion was not an abuse of discretion because}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid4986969 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  the Estate did not show that the Amended Judgment was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid12781704 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  based on manifest errors of law or \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 fact}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid4986969 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , or that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid94891 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 granting the motion was necessary to prevent a manifest injustice}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid12781704 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf1\super\dbch\af37\insrsid12781704 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8269591 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid10945609 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609  The remaining grounds for granting a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12584114 GRCP }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609 
59(e) motion, such as discovery of new evidence or intervening change in controlling law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2304107 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609  are inapplicable here.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid12781704 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid8608862\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Therefore, we affirm the finding of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid8608862 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 trial c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid8608862\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ourt that the Estate was the owner of the tree.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid2170882\charrsid14103043 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\sl480\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12992179\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid11693270 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 B.  Whether the Estate Owed a D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid5918990\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
uty to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid1770478\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Shawn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid11693270 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  and B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid5918990\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 reached that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid11693270 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Duty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid11816638 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\sl480\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8201956\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid8201956\charrsid553956 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 1. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid2304107 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid8201956\charrsid553956 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Duty of\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Care}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12323650 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [31]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1770478 Shawn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6101083  alleged a single cause of action for neglig}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2042852 ence.  RA, tab 3 at 2 (Compl.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid553956 
, Apr. 26, 2012)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6101083 .  The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9512198 trial c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid82718 ourt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6101083 
 found that the Estate had a duty to maintain the tree and breached that duty.  RA, tab 88 at 3 (Am. Finds}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid226133 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6101083  Fact & Concl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid226133 . L.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6101083 ).  Specifically, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9512198 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid82718 ourt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6101083  held that the Estate 
\'93as the owner of the real property on which the tree that injured [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1770478 Shawn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6101083 
] was located, had a legal duty to take responsible action to prevent the tree from injuring bystanders.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6101083 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6101083 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [32]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6101083 The Estate argues that it owe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8416284 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6101083  no duty to the plaintiffs because it did not \'93reasonably\'94 know that that tree was located on its land, and it should not be liable because it had no knowledge that the tree was dead or rotten.  Appellant\rquote 
s Br. at 11-12.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1770478 Shawn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6101083  argues that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9512198 trial c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid82718 ourt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6101083  correctly applied the law of negligence and that no error exists with its legal conclusio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1770478 n that the Estate is liable for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8416284  his}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6101083  injuries.  Appellee\rquote s Br. at 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2042852  (Apr. 6, 2015}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5843989 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6101083 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16018349 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11024365\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [33]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12671359\charrsid14103043 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'93\loch\f0 In a case for negligence, the establishment of tort liability requires the e\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
xistence of a duty, the breach of such duty, causation and damages.\'94\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid12671359\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Guerrero v. McDonald\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Int\hich\f0 
\rquote \loch\f0 l Prop. Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12671359\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 2006 Guam 2 \'b6\loch\f0  9 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid12671359\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Leon Guerrero v. DLB Constr. Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12671359\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 1999 Guam 9 \'b6\loch\f0 
 14).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid12671359\charrsid12671359 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12323650 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [34]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8343548 Guam law establishes a property owner\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid8343548\charrsid14103043 general duty of ordinary care}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid8343548  under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8343548\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 18 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  90107}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid8343548 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8343548 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid4544871 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8343548\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Every one is responsible, not only for the result of his willful acts, but also for an injury occasioned to another by his want of ordinary care or skill in the management of his property or person, except so far as the latter h
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 as willfully brought the injury upon himself.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7102270 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8343548 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 18 GCA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8343548\charrsid14103043 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'a7\loch\f0  90107}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8343548 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid8343548\charrsid14103043 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8343548 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0   In other words, \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
every landowner owes a duty to exercise reasonable care in the management of his property.\'94\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid8343548\charrsid8343548 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid8343548\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Nissan Motor Corp. v. Sea Star Grp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid8343548 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid8343548\charrsid14103043 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8343548\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 2002 Guam 5 \'b6\loch\f0 \hich\f0  11 (citing 18 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 90107)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8343548 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4544871 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [35]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8343548\charrsid8343548 To establish the legal standard applicable in this case, both the lower court and the Estate cite }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12671359 McDonald\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8343548\charrsid8343548 , 2006 Guam 2, a \'93slip and fall\'94 case based upon a theory of premises liability.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8343548\charrsid8343548 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8343548\charrsid8343548 
RA, tab 88 at 3-4 (Am. Fin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275 ds.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8343548\charrsid8343548  Fact & Concl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9990523 . L.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275 )}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8343548\charrsid8343548 ; Appellant\rquote s Br. at 12.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4850275 McDonald\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8343548\charrsid8343548 
 delineates two fundamental requirements for negligence based upon a theory of premises liability.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [36]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8343548\charrsid8343548 First, a property owner must have actual or constructive knowledge of a dangerous co}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275 ndition for liability to attach:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8343548\charrsid8343548 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid2045965 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8343548\charrsid8343548 We follow the principle first enunciated in [}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8343548\charrsid8343548 Nissan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8343548\charrsid8343548 
, 2002 Guam 5], that a property owner must exercise reasonable care in the management of his property in view of the probability of injury to others, and we hold specifically that in order to be liable for 
injury caused by a harmful or dangerous condition on a property, there must be negligence on the part of the property owner itself.  The owner must have caused the condition, or have actual or constructive knowledge of the existence of the condition in}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3814329  sufficient time to correct it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8343548\charrsid8343548 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4544871 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4850275 McDonald\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8343548\charrsid8343548 , 2006 Guam 2 \'b6 23. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8343548\charrsid8343548  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8343548\charrsid8343548 
Second, a property owner has a duty to regularly inspect and repair his property}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8343548\charrsid8343548 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid12585352 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid4148583 
A plaintiff may demonstrate the necessary constructive knowledge of the dangerous condition if it is established that the property had not been inspected within a reasonable period of time so that a person exercising due care would have disco}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3814329 vered and corrected the hazard.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4850275 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4850275 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275  (footnote omitted).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid8142972 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4544871 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [37]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid16065324 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275  Estate argues that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4850275 McDonald\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275 is inapplicable here because it \'93does not address vacant property where natural conditions give rise to injury.\'94  Appellant\rquote 
s Br. at 12.  The Estate is correct that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5254685  the facts in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4850275 McDonald\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12671359 are}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5254685  distinguishable from those}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275  of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275 present}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275  case.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12671359\charrsid12671359 McDonald\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12671359  involved a business owner\rquote s liability
 to a business invitee on its premises.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13764082   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13764082 See generally}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13764082  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13764082 
McDonald\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13764082 , 2006 Guam 2.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12671359   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid12671359 However}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275 , the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4850275 McDonald\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12671359 holding is based on the}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275  broad \'93principle first enunciated in [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275 Nissan Motor Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12671359 ],\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12671359 and our statutory duty of ordinary care}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9990523  provided by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12671359  18 GCA \'a7
 90107.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9990523  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10426111  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6511440 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10426111  \'b6\'b6 10,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9990523  23.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [38]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4850275 Nissan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5254685  involved }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275 damages sustained when a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5836407 large storage }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275 
container from one property travelled onto an adjacent property during a typhoon.  2002 Guam 5 \'b6 2.  In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4850275 Nissan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275 , this court recognized }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5254685 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275 property owner\rquote s duty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5254685  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275 
under 18 GCA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275  \'a7 90107}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275 , holding that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5254685 a property owner has}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275  a duty to exercise reasonable care in securing its property}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9990523  when faced with an approaching typhoon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275 .  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4394437 See id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275 \'b6 13.  Therefore, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4850275 Nissan }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5836407 supports}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275  the broad}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5254685 er}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275  proposition that a property owner has }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5254685 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275 duty to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1788568  exercise}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5836407 
r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1788568 easonable}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5836407  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1788568 care in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5836407 manage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1788568 ment of his premises, maintaining}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275  them in a safe condition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1788568  so as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275 
 to prevent injury to others, whether the resulting injury occurs on the original property or on an adjacent property}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5254685 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10164598   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10164598 See generally id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5254685   This is true}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5254685 even when an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275 
injury }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5254685 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275  the result of a natural disaster}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16144855   }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16144855 See id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16144855  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid16144855 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4544871 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [39]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9928602 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9928602 Nissan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275 , we stated the following:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid9851326 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275 
Typhoons are indigenous to this geographic region and frequently affect Guam.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5254685  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275 
Moreover, damage caused by flying debris is one of the major threats posed during any typhoon.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275  Thus, the harm suffered by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275 [Plaintiff]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275  was a foreseeable type of harm caused by a foreseeable type of event.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275  There is also a direct and close connection between }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275 [Defendant\rquote s] conduct}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941  and [Plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4850275 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275  injury.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941 [Defendant\rquote s]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275  failure to properly secure the container allowed the contain}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941 er to be picked up by the storm\rquote s wind and moved onto Nissan\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275 s property, causing damage.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid9851326 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275 
Recognizing a duty among landowners to secure their property during a typhoon admittedly imposes a burden on the community, but it is not an extraordinary burden.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275  Contrary to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941 [Defendant\rquote s]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275 
 argument, a finding of duty in this instance does not effectively give rise to strict liability.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275 
 We are not adopting the position that during a typhoon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12918485 [,]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275  landowners have an absolute duty to keep 
debris and other items from flying off their p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941 roperty and onto their neighbor\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275 s property.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275  The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5254685  duty imposed is a limited one, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5254685 to wit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5254685 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5254685\charrsid4850275  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275 landowners must exercise reasonable care in securing their property when faced with an approaching typhoon.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4850275\charrsid4850275  Given that Gu
am is often the target of passing typhoons, it makes good policy sense to hold landowners accountable when they fail to reasonably secure their property.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid4544871 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6978994 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941 \'b6\'b6 12-13.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941\charrsid658941 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4544871 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [40]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941\charrsid6160723 California}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941\charrsid658941  case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941\charrsid658941 
law provides further guidance since the relevant statutes, 18 GCA \'a7 90107 (duty of ordinary care) and 21 GCA \'a7 9206 (common ownership of line trees), are derived from the California Civil Code.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\super\insrsid658941\charrsid658941 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8269591 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid10945609 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609  Title 18 GCA \'a7 90107 mirrors California Civil Code }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9188612 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609  1714(a).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10945609 Compare }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609 18 GCA \'a7 90107 (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10945609\charrsid13305724 Every one is responsible, not only for the result of his willful acts, but also for an injury occasioned to another by his want of ordinary care or skill in the management of his property or person, except so far as th
e latter has willfully brought the injury upon himself.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609 \'94), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10945609 with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609 Cal. Civ. Code \'a7 1714(a) (\'93}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609\charrsid13305724 Everyone is responsible, not only for the result of his or her willful acts, but also for an injury occasioned to another by his or her want of ordinary care or skil
l in the management of his or her property or person, except so far as the latter has, willfully or by want of ordinary care, brought the injury upon himself or herself.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609 \'94).  Title 21 GCA \'a7
 9206 mirrors California Civil Code }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9188612 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609  834.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10945609 Compare }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609 
21 GCA \'a7 9206 (2005) (\'93Trees whose trunks stand partly on the land of two or more coterminous owners, belong to them in common.\'94), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10945609 with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609 
 Cal. Civ. Code \'a7 834 (identical language).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941\charrsid658941   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid658941\charrsid658941 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941\charrsid658941  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid658941\charrsid658941 Sumitomo Constr. Co., Ltd.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941\charrsid658941 , 1997 Guam 8 \'b6 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13727066  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid658941\charrsid658941 (\'93Generally, when a legislature adopts a statute which is identical or similar 
to one in effect in another jurisdiction, it is presumed that the adopting jurisdiction applies the construction placed on the statute by the originating jurisdiction.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9782264  (citation omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941\charrsid658941 ); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid658941\charrsid658941 see also Fajardo v. Liberty House Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941\charrsid658941 , 2000 Guam 4 \'b6 17 (applying
 California case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941\charrsid658941 law where the Guam statute mirrored a California statute and \'93there }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13727066 [was]}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13727066\charrsid658941  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941\charrsid658941 no compelling reason to deviate from that jurisdiction\rquote s interpretation\'94 of the statute).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid658941 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [41]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941\charrsid658941 Interpreting the California predecessor to the Guam duty of ordinary care statute,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid5254685\charrsid658941 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8269591 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid10945609 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609  Cal. Civ. Code \'a7 1714(a).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941\charrsid658941 
 California courts have consistently held that every individual is liable for injuries caused to others by the failure to use ordinary care in the skill or management of property, or the failure to exercise due care to avoid injury to others.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid658941\charrsid658941 See Neighbarger v. Irwin }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11999345 Indus.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid658941\charrsid658941 , Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid658941\charrsid658941 , 882 P.2d 347, 350 (Cal. 1994); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid658941\charrsid658941 Lipson v. Superior Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941\charrsid658941 , 644 P.2d 822, 829 (Cal. 1982); }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid658941\charrsid658941 Sprecher v. Adamson }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12517547 Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941\charrsid658941 , 636 P.2d 1121, 1128-29 (Cal. 1981); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid658941\charrsid658941 Rowland v. Christian}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941\charrsid658941 , 443 P.2d 561, 563-64 (Cal. 1968) (superseded by statute on other grounds); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid658941\charrsid658941 Marquez v. Mainframe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941\charrsid658941 , 50 Cal. Rptr. 2d 34, 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13838892 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941\charrsid658941 
 (Ct. App. 1996); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid658941\charrsid658941 Medina v. Hillshore Partners}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941\charrsid658941 , 46 Cal. Rptr. 2d 871, 874 (Ct. App. 1995); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid658941\charrsid658941 Sturgeon v. Curnutt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941\charrsid658941 , 34 Cal. Rptr. 2d 498, 501 (Ct. App. 1994); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid658941\charrsid658941 Fitch v. Lebeau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941\charrsid658941 , 81 Cal. Rptr. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5254685 722, 725 (Ct. App. 1969).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941\charrsid658941 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10046200 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [42]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941\charrsid658941 Further, every landowner has a duty to maintain property in his or her possession and control in a reasonably safe condition.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid658941\charrsid658941 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941\charrsid658941 Cal. Civ. Code \'a7 1714}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3284494 (a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13045169  (West 2014)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941\charrsid658941 ; }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid658941\charrsid658941 Ann M. v. Pac}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13045169 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid658941\charrsid658941  Plaza Shopping Ctr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid13045169 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941\charrsid658941 , 863 P.2d 207, 212 (Cal. 1993) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10046200\charrsid658941 (disapproved }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10046200 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10046200\charrsid658941 on other grounds}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10046200  by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10046200\charrsid10046200 Reid v. Google, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10046200 
, 235 P.3d 988 (Cal. 2010)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10046200\charrsid658941 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10046200\delrsid10046200\charrsid658941  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941\charrsid658941 (\'93
California law requires landowners to maintain land in their possession and control in a reasonably safe condition.\'94); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4539955 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid658941\charrsid658941 Rowland}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941\charrsid658941 , 443 P.2d at 568 (superseded by statute on other grounds) (\'93[E]veryone is responsible for an injury caused to another by his want of ordinary care or skill in the management of his property.
\'94).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid658941 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4544871 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [43]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956 As explained in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8201956 Nissan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956 , \'93the Supreme Court of California recognized that a departure from the standard set forth }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11212493 [by statute]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956  required a balancing of several policy factors.\'94  2002 Guam 5 \'b6 11 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8201956 Rowland}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956 , 443 P.2d at 564}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11212493 ).  The factors are as follows:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid9508252 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956 [T]he foreseeability of harm to the plaintiff, the degree of certainty that
 the plaintiff suffered injury, the closeness of the connection between the defendant\rquote s conduct and the injury suffered, the moral blame attached to the defendant\rquote 
s conduct, the policy of preventing future harm, the extent of the burden to the defendant an
d consequences to the community of imposing a duty to exercise care with resulting liability for breach, and the availability, cost, and prevalence of insurance for the risk involved.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8201956 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8201956 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8201956 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13390780 quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8201956 Rowland}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956 , 443 P.2d at 564).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4544871 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [44]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5836407 We now hold that the Estate had a duty to manage its property in a reasonably safe condition.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9928602 As in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9928602\charrsid9928602 Nissan}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9928602 , our }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10159139 finding of a duty, in this instance, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9928602 does not give rise to strict liability.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10159139  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9928602  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10159139 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10159139 2002 Guam 5 \'b6 13 (holding that \'93a finding of duty }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13390780 [for a landowner in a specific case] does }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10159139 not effectively give rise to strict liability\'94).  We are not adopting the position that all landowners have an absolute duty }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16065509 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10159139 prevent trees from falling onto adjacent property.  The Estate\rquote s duty is a limited one, to exercise reasonable care in mana
ging its property so as to prevent foreseeable injury to others.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [45]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10159139 The Estate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5836407  violated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10159139 its}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5836407  duty by faili}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4408260 ng to exercise ordinary care in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5836407  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10159139 
managing its}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5836407  premises.  This satisfies the constructive knowledge requirement set forth in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5836407 McDonald\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5836407 
 as well as the broader }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10159139 requirement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5836407  of reasonable care in the management of property set forth under 18 GCA \'a7 90107 and explained in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5836407 Nissan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5836407\charrsid5836407 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [46]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10159139 We are not persuaded that a deviation from the ordinary standard of care is necessary.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956 When considering the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8201956 Rowland }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956 factors, the present case falls short.  It is foreseeable that a plaintiff like }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10159139 Shawn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956  would be harmed by a plainly and obviously dead tree branch.  Based on the location and size of the tree, there is a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6625083  high degree of certainty that a plainly and obviously dead branch would fall and that such a fall}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956  would cause the type of injury sustained by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10159139 
Shawn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956 .  The Estate\rquote s failure to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11212493  manage its property in a reasonably safe condition by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10246395 inspecting and }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11212493 removing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956  the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10246395 obviously dead }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956 branch was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6625083  a direct cause of the injury.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956 A general policy of requiring property owners to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11212493 manage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8201956  their property in a reasonably safe condition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid7490248 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8269591 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid10945609 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609  We must take into account the specific facts and circumstances of each case when determining whether a property has been managed in a reasonably safe condition.}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956  is of the utmost importance to protecting the public at large.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6625083   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956 The resulting consequenc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7490248 es of enforcing such a duty are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956 low and at a reasonably low cost to all parties.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [47]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid94891 The trial court did not abuse its discretion to deny the Estate\rquote s Cross Motion because }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid94891 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the Estate did not show that the court\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Amended Judgment relied on manifest errors of law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid4986969 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  with respect to the Estate\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s negligence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid94891 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\insrsid4986969 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   The trial court did \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 not err in assigning liability to the Estate for Shawn\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s injuries }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4986969 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid94891 ecause the Estate owed a duty to Shawn to maintain its property in a reasonably safe c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4986969 ondition and violated that duty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid94891 
.  Further, we are not persuaded to reinterpret our statutorily-prescribed standard of care on policy grounds.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid94891 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6625083\charrsid6625083 2.  Restatement Approach
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4544871 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [48]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 The lower court relied in part upon the law of the Restatement (Second) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6625083 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 
Torts to determine the duty owed by the Estate and whether the Estate breached that duty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6625083 .  RA, tab 88 at 4 (Am. Find}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6625083 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956  Fact & Concl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6625083 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956  L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4085286 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 ).  In its }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4986969 AFFCL}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 , it stated the following rationa}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid408547 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4085286 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid408547  for finding duty and breach:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid9508252 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8656470 Shawn}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 ] cite[s] myriad authorities consistent with the Restatement view that an owner of property near an urban roadway is obligated to safeguard agains
t the risk of injury posed by dangerous conditions on the property, including trees, to individuals on the nearby roadway, not just those who enter the property.  The court applying this well establ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid408547 
ished law, agrees with [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8656470 Shawn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid408547 ].}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid408547 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8201956 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956  (citing Restatement (Second) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6625083 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 Torts \'a7 363(2) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4085286 &}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4085286\charrsid8201956  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 cmt. e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4085286\charrsid4085286  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4085286 (Am. Law Inst. 1965)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 ).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid352569 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [49]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid14554326 The Estate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956  argues that the applicable law governing this case is that of general negligence and not of the Restatement (Second)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8656470  of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956  Torts.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 Appellant\rquote 
s Reply Br. at 1-3.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8656470 Shawn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956  argues that the Restatement (Second) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8656470 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 Torts approach is appropriate.  Appellee\rquote s Br. at 10-18.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4544871 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [50]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 Restatement (Second)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6625083  of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956  Torts \'a7 363(2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2385394 
 distinguishes between urban and rural property owners, establishing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956  a duty of reasonable care for urban property owners as follows: \'93
A possessor of land in an urban area is subject to liability to persons using a public highway for physical harm resulting from his failure to exercise reasonable care to prevent an unreasonable risk of harm arising from the condition of trees}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid408547  on the land near the highway.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2385394 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid408547   A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 ccompanying comm}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6625083 entary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956  elaborate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6625083 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6625083 upon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2385394 this duty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid408547 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid352569 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 
In an urban area, where traffic is relatively frequent, land is less heavily wooded, and acreage is small, reasonable care for the protection of travelers on the highway may require
 the possessor to inspect all trees which may be in such dangerous condition as to endanger travelers.  It will at least require him to take reasonable steps to prevent harm when he is in fact aware of the da}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid408547 
ngerous condition of the tree.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid352569 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 Restatement (Second) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2385394 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 Torts \'a7 363 cmt. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4341901 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8201956 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4544871 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [51]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16065509 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2385394 e have determined that the Estate violated its duty of ordinary care under our traditional negligence standard.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid344587 A plain reading of 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2385394 Restatement (Second) of Torts \'a7 363(2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid344587  do}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16065509 es}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2385394  not }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid344587 provide a duty of care that would change this result}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2385394 .  Assuming }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2385394\charrsid2385394 arguendo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2385394  that we were to apply }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2385394\charrsid2385394 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2385394  Restatement, the Estate would nevertheless remain liable as it did not take reasonable steps to}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid344587  prevent the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2385394  unrea}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid344587 sonable risk presented by the tree}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2385394 
 to passersby on the roadway.  Nevertheless, as a matter of law, we are asked to determine whether the Restatement (Second) of Torts \'a7 363(2) is applicable in our jurisdiction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2385394\charrsid8201956 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [52]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 
Sprecher v. Adamson Companies}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 , the California Supreme Court held that a landowner owed a legal duty of reasonable care to an
 adjacent landowner to protect him from harm caused by a natural condition, with resulting liability for breach of such duty.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4085286\charrsid8201956 636 P.2d 1121}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4085286 
, 1127-29}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4085286\charrsid8201956  (Cal. 1981)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9648029\charrsid553956 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2039978\charrsid553956  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2039978  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid408547 its opinion, the court expressed approval of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 
Restatement (Second) of Torts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11670186  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11670186\charrsid8201956 \'a7 363(2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13850691 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid408547 \'93recogniz[ing] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 
that a possessor of land may be subject to liability for harm caused not just by trees but by any natural condition on the land.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 at 1124 (citing Restatement (Second) of Torts \'a7 363(2); Restatement (Second) of Torts \'a7 840(2)).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [53]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 With }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 Sprecher}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 , the California Supreme Court acknowledged the Restatement (Second) of Torts approach to a landowner\rquote s duty to maintain natural conditions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10359356   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10359356 See generally id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956   However, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6625083 the opinion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956  also extended the landowner\rquote s duty beyond the Restatement\rquote s proscribed limits.  The court ruled that \'93
mere possession with its attendant right to control conditions on the premises is a sufficient basis for the imposition of an affirmative duty to act.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 at 1127.  This holding is consistent with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6625083 McDonald\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 Rowland}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 , 
as discussed above, with a focus on control over the property.  It is not a wholesale adoption of the Restatement (Second) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533556 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 Torts approach}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8533556 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956  but an incorporation of the Restatement (S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6625083 econd) considerations within a larger,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956  general duty of ordinary care of the possessor of property.  This view acknowledges the disti}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3877373 nctions made by the Restatement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8533556 \emdash i.e., }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 between urban and rural property}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11541319 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 
 or injury to a plaintiff invitee versus }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3877373 a traveler on adjacent property\emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 while reducing them to factors of consideration rath
er than binding }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6625083 elements:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid5189788 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 
The question is whether in the management of his property, the possessor of land has acted as a reasonable person under all the circumstances.  The likelihood of injury to plaintiff, the probable }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6255801 seriousness}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6255801\charrsid8201956  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 of such injury, the burden of reducing or avoiding the risk, the location of the land}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11541319 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956  and the possessor\rquote s degree of control over the risk-creating condition are among the factors to be considered by the trier of fact in evaluating the reasonablen}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid408547 ess of the defendant\rquote s conduct.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8201956 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid408547  at 1128-29.
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4544871 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [54]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 Sprecher}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956  factors are functionally equivalent to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 Rowland}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956  factors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6625083  with the addition of \'93control\'94 as a factor of consideration}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16714050 Compare id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16714050 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16714050 with Rowland}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16714050 , 443 P.2d at 564}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5077901 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16714050  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5077901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8201956\charrsid8201956 
Returning to the present case, the evidence admitted at trial does not suggest that the Estate ever lacked control over its property.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8656470   Therefore, even if we were to adopt the California approach outlined in }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8656470 Sprecher}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8656470 , incorporating the Restatement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11417514  (Second)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8656470 
 distinction between urban and rural possessors of property into our analysis, the end result would be the same.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid2521696 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [55]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid16065509 Restatement (Second) of Torts \'a7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid9508252  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2521696\charrsid8201956 363(2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid2521696  specifically }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid2521696\charrsid14103043 addresses situations in which a tree creates a dangerous condition to travelers on a highway}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid8533556 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid5472054  but}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid2521696\charrsid14103043  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid11950011 
adopting that section as the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid2521696 law }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid11950011 of Guam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid2521696 would not affect the outcome of the present dispute.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2521696   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid5472054 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid8656470\charrsid14103043 lthough }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid14965646 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid8656470\charrsid14103043 Restatement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid2521696  (Second) of Torts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2521696\charrsid8201956 \'a7 363(2)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2521696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid2521696 may provide useful insight when determining the duty of care applicable in some future case, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid2521696\charrsid14103043 we need not a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid2521696 dopt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid2521696\charrsid14103043 
 this approach to resolve the present dispute}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid2521696 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\cf1\super\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid2521696 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8269591 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid10945609 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609  Our holding does not prohibit consideration of the status of a property owner when assessing the ordinary standard of care under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10945609 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 18 GCA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10945609\charrsid14103043 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'a7\loch\f0  90107}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid10945609 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  We a\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 ccept that a trial court may vary in its assessment of \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10945609\charrsid14103043 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ordinary care or skill in the management}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9651405 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10945609\charrsid14103043 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10945609 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 . . . property\'94\loch\f0  based on the facts and circumstances }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid3877373 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 surrounding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10945609 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  each defendant.  18 GCA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid10945609\charrsid14103043 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'a7\loch\f0  90107}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10945609 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  To that extent, Restatement (Second) of Torts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609\charrsid8201956 \'a7 363(2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609  may offer some guidance.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16018349\charrsid8201956 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\sl480\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2588118\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid5918990\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 C.  Whether the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid7027291 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Trial}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid82718\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid5918990\charrsid14103043 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid352569 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Erred}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid7027291 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  when A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid5918990\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 warding }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid1770478\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Shawn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid7027291 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  $133,325.28 in Damages}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid3047079\charrsid2588118 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11024365 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [56]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid352569 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The Estate argues on appeal that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9731388 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 trial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid352569 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 court erred when calculating the amount of damages}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid395111 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 suffered by Shawn and that this miscalculation constituted an error in the \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 AFFCL}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid352569 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid395111 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   Appellant\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Br. at 18.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5648102 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid395111 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Estate did not make thi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5648102 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s argument in its Cross Motion.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid9056229 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9056229 RA, tab 94 at 2 (Opp\rquote n Mot. & Cross Mot., Feb. 21, 2014)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6625829 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9056229 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [57]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5648102 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid679183 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5648102 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6299432 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5648102\charrsid5648102 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5648102 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  a matter of general practice, \hich\f0 \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5648102\charrsid5648102 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 this court will not address an argument raised for the first\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  time on appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid5648102 .\loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \rquote \'94\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5648102\charrsid5648102 Tanaguchi-Ruth + Assocs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15681827 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid5648102\charrsid5648102  v. MDI Guam Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5648102 , 2005 Guam 7 \'b6 78 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5648102\charrsid5648102 Univ. o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5648102 
f Guam v. Guam Civil Serv. Comm\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5648102\charrsid5648102 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5648102\charrsid5648102 , 2002 Guam 4 \'b6 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5648102 ) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9056229\charrsid9056229 citing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9056229  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9056229\charrsid9056229 B.M. Co. v. Avery}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9056229 , 2001 Guam 27}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9056229\charrsid9056229  \'b6 33}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9056229 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9056229\charrsid9056229 Guam Bar Ethics Comm.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9056229\charrsid9056229 , 2001 Guam 20 \'b6 39}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9056229 ).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5648102 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5648102\charrsid5648102 This rule appli
es where a party fails to raise an argument in a postjudgment motion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5648102 \'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5648102 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5648102  (citing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5648102\charrsid5648102  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5648102\charrsid5648102 Bueno v. City of Donna}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5648102 , 714 F.2d 484, 493-94 (5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5648102\charrsid5648102 th Cir.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid679183  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5648102\charrsid5648102 1983)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5648102 ).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5648102\charrsid5648102 \'93It is well}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2823308 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5648102\charrsid5648102 established that there can be no appellate review of allegedly excessive or inadequate damages i
f the trial court was not given the opportunity to exercise its discretio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5648102 n on a motion for a new trial.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5648102\charrsid5648102 Bueno}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5648102\charrsid5648102 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5648102  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5648102\charrsid5648102 714 F.2d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5648102 at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5648102\charrsid5648102 493-94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid679183  (citations omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5648102 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9056229 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [58]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5648102 However, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6625829 \'93
the rule precluding appellate review of newly raised issues }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid679183 \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6625829 is discretionary.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid679183 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6625829 \'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6625829\charrsid5648102 Tanaguchi-Ruth}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6625829 , 2005 Guam 7 \'b6 80 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid679183 quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6625829\charrsid6625829 Dumaliang v. Silan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6625829\charrsid6625829 , 2000 Guam 24 \'b6 12 n.1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6625829 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6625829\charrsid6625829 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6625829   \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6625829\charrsid6625829 
Our exercise of discretion to review an issue raised for the first time on appeal is reserved for extraordinary circumstances where review is necessary to address a miscarriage of justice or clarify significant issues of law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6625829 \'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6625829 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15733411  \'b6 82}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6625829  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13251860 (citing }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13251860\charrsid13251860 United States v. Munoz}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13251860\charrsid13251860 , 746 F.2d 1389, 1390 (9th Cir.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13251860  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13251860\charrsid13251860 1984)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13251860 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6625829  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3877373  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6625829 
We find that the question presented by the Estate presents a significant issue of law and although review of this question also involves consideration of a question of fact, the record with respect to this issue is sufficiently developed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8600309   We therefore exercise our discretion to review the issue.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352569\charrsid6625829 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6102099 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid12342705\charrsid12342705 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
1.  Standard of Review
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3423148 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [59]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 This court has previously }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2761319 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 stated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  that \'93\loch\f0 [t]he measu\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 re of damages is a mixed question of law and fact warranting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  review.\'94\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid4603191 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Fargo Pac.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4603191 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3877373\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
 2006 Guam 22 \'b6\loch\f0  20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3423148 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  This }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6491639 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 statement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3423148 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  was later }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6491639 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 cited}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3423148 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3877373 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid3877373\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Quan Xing He v. Gov}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid9731388 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ernment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid3877373\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  of Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid3877373\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 2009 Guam 20 \'b6\loch\f0  24, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid3877373\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 abrogated on other grounds}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3877373\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid3877373\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 by Kennedy v. Sule}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3877373\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 2015 Guam\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  38 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3877373 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  17}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16519775 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3423148 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid3423148\charrsid813792 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Guam Resorts, Inc. v. G.C. Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3423148\charrsid813792 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 2013 Guam 18}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3423148 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  \'b6\loch\f0  35.  However, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5472054 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Estate argues on appeal that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 the award of damages by the trial court constituted \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 error in the factual finding and conclusions.\'94\loch\f0   Appellant\hich\f0 \rquote 
\loch\f0 s Br. at 18.  Resolving this questi\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 on involves a review of the trial court\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s award based on the evidence presented at trial.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5720883 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 This is a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  purely factual}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5720883 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 analysis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079   Therefore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 we must now}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  reassess }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 our broad }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6102099 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 holding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid5189788 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6102099 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid6102099 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Guam Resorts
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14107987 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Quan Xing He}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid5720883 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14107987 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid14107987 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Fargo}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid4603191 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Pacific}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14107987\charrsid14107987 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid3423148 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 and clarify}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5720883 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  our standard of \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 review.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid3047079\charrsid6625829 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4544871 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [60]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16274215 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ederal circuits }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 review an award of compensatory damages as a finding of fact under a clearly erroneous standard of review.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid13763861\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid9731388 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid13763861\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid13763861\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid13763861\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Plain v. Murphy Family Farms}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid13763861\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 296 F.3d 975, 981 (10th Cir. 2002); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid13763861\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Crawford v. Falcon Drilling Co.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13763861\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 131 F.3d\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  1120, 1129 (5th Cir. 1997); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid13763861\charrsid3047079 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Tonry v. Sec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid9325620 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid13763861\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Experts, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13763861\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 20 F.3d 967, 972 (9th Cir. 1994)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4073184 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3423148 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid3423148 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 abrogat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid9325620 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid16274215 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  on other grounds}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid3423148 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9325620 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid9325620 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Turner v. Anheuser-Busch, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9325620 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
, 876 P.2d 1022 (1994)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13763861\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid13763861\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Tillery v. Hull & Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13763861\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 876 F.2d 1517, 1520 (11th Cir. 1989); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid13763861\charrsid3047079 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Lincoln Nat\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 l Life\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Ins. Co. v. NCR Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13763861\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 772 F.2d 315, 320}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (7th Cir. 1985).  Similarly, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 other jurisdictions}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 
review an award of compensatory damages as a finding of fact to be overturned only if not supported by substantial evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8269591 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid10945609 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10945609 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9731388 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10945609 
 e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10945609\charrsid13188391 Whitt Sturtevant, LLP v. NC Plaza LLC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609\charrsid13188391 
, 43 N.E.3d 19, 29}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609  (Oh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4017458 io}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609  Ct. App. 2015) (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10945609\charrsid13188391 As long as there is competent, credible evidence to support the award of compensatory damages, the decision of the trier of fact may not be overturned on appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609 \'94
 (citation omitted)); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10945609\charrsid13582954 Goldberg v. N}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9731388 .Y.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10945609\charrsid13582954 
 State Div. of Human Rights}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5316103 927 N.Y.S.2d 123, 125}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609\charrsid13582954  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609 N.Y. App. Div. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609\charrsid13582954 2011)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609  (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609\charrsid13582954 
An award for compensatory damages}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609  . . . \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609\charrsid13582954 must be upheld if it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609 . . . }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609\charrsid13582954 is supported by substantial evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609  . . . .\rquote \'94 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10945609\charrsid13184072 Eastport Assoc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5316103 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10945609\charrsid13184072 ., Inc. v N}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5316103 .Y.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10945609\charrsid13184072  State Div. of Human Rights}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609\charrsid2443006 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5316103 897 N.Y.S.2d 177, 180}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609  (N.Y. App. Div. 2010))}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16726374 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10945609\charrsid13582954 Brandner v. Hudson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609\charrsid13582954 , 171 P.3d 83, 86 (Al}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609 aska}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10945609\charrsid13582954  2007)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609  (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609\charrsid13582954 We will overturn a trial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14572809\charrsid13582954 court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14572809 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14572809\charrsid13582954 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609\charrsid13582954 
award of compensatory damages only if it is clearly erroneous.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609 \'94 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4017458 footnote}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609  omitted)); }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10945609\charrsid341336 Bell Leasing Brokerage, LLC v. Roger Auto Serv., Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609\charrsid341336 
 865 N.E.2d 558, 568 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609 Ill. App. Ct. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609\charrsid341336 2007)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609  (\'93A trial court\rquote }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609\charrsid341336 s award of compensatory damages will be reversed if it is against the manifest weight of the evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609 \'94 (citation omitted)); }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10945609\charrsid341336 Mahana v. Onyx Acceptance Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609\charrsid341336 , 96 P.3d 893, 899}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609  (Utah 2004) (
\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609\charrsid341336 Whether the amount }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609 [of compensatory damages] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609\charrsid341336 
awarded by the district court was supported by the evidence is a determination of fact that may be reversed on appeal only if clearly erroneous.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609 \'94 (citation omitted)); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10945609\charrsid7104943 Eden Gate, Inc. v. D & L Excavating & Trucking, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609\charrsid7104943 , 37 P.3d 233, 238 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609 
Or. Ct. App. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609\charrsid7104943 2002)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609  (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609\charrsid7104943 We will affirm a trial court}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14572809 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609\charrsid7104943 s decision on compensatory damages if any evidence supports it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609 \'94
 (citation omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3363918 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10945609\charrsid11679249 Hudson v. Vill. Inn Pancak
e House of Albuquerque, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609\charrsid11679249 , 35 P.3d 313, 319}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609  (N.M. Ct. App. 2001) (holding that review of compensatory damages is \'93}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609\charrsid11679249 a question of whether substantial evidence supports the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609 [trial court\rquote s] award\'94); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10945609\charrsid5328654 Acceptance Ins. Co. v. Brown}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609\charrsid5328654 , 832 So. 2d 1, 19 (Ala. 2001)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609  (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609\charrsid5328654 When reviewing a jury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609\charrsid5328654 
s compensatory-damages award, we examine the record to determine whether the award is supported by the evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609 \'94 (citation omitted)); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10945609\charrsid7104943 Gianoli v. Pfleiderer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609\charrsid7104943 , 563 N.W.2d 562, 566 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609 Wis. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10945609\charrsid7104943 Ct. App. 1997)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609  (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609\charrsid7104943 We will not disturb a court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10945609 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609\charrsid7104943 s compensatory damages award if there is any credible evidence to support the award.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609 \'94
 (citation omitted)); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10945609\charrsid12533090 Tessmar v. Grosner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609\charrsid12533090 , 128 A.2d 467}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609 
, 472}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609\charrsid12533090  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609 N.J. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609\charrsid12533090 1957)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10945609  (holding that appellate court will not disturb award of compensatory damages if evidence afforded a reasonable basis for award).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\dbch\af37\insrsid3047079\charrsid4544871 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [61]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid1526635 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Guam R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid4743068 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 esorts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1526635 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 was an appeal from a \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 breach of contract case.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid1526635 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1526635\charrsid813792 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 2013 Guam 18}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1526635 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  \'b6\loch\f0  1.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7501870 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   Th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid331969 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 e plaintiff}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7501870 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  appealed after the trial court calculated a somewhat arbitrary award based on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid331969 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 twenty percent of the amount unpaid under the contract.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid6035785 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid331969 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 d. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14442171 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid331969 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 48.  The trial court reasoned that because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14442171 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 only \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 one of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid331969 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 five breaches }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14442171 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid331969 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 occurred}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14442171 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  between the parties }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid331969 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
was unilateral on the part of the defendant, only one-fifth of the amount owed for breach was awardable to the plaintiff.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid12738118 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid331969 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 d.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid331969 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   This court vacated the award because the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid14442171 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  amount was not appropriate u\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 nder either a theory of compensatory damages or unjust enrichment.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid13515606 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid14442171 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 d.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14442171 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  \'b6\'b6\loch\f0 
 46-48 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid331969 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14442171 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 This }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid331969\charrsid331969 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 amount }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid331969 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [did]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid331969\charrsid331969 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  not correspond with either the amount of benefit unjustly gained by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid331969 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [plaintiff] or the losses suffered by [defendant]}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid331969\charrsid331969 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  in rendering work without being c\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ompensated.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid331969 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 
\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14442171 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid331969 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid331969 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 We held that contract damages were allowable even if the amount is not precisely calculable}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14442171 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  if the trial court provides }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid331969 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid331969\charrsid331969 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
a percentage which best approximates the amount of work completed, and base}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13184072 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [s]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid331969\charrsid331969 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  its award on that number.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid331969 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'94\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid331969 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Id.}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid331969 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8669309 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid331969 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  50.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14442171 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   O\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
ur analysis of the appropriateness of the award under a compensatory damages theory necessarily involved a Guam statute, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14442171\charrsid14442171 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13184072 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 GCA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14442171\charrsid14442171 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  \'a7\loch\f0  2201}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid14442171 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , which governs the measure of damages resulting from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5316103 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid14442171 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 breach of contract.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid11414855 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid11414855 
\loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'b6\loch\f0  46.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14442171\charrsid11414855 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [62]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Quan Xing He }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid11414855 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 was an appeal fro\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 m a personal injury case.  2009 Guam 20 \'b6\loch\f0  1.  It }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 involved three distinct issues with regard to damages: whether the terms of a settlement agreement limited the amount of a damages award; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid5653241\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 whether the trial court erred by denying a damages award for future p\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ain and suffering}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ; and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5653241\charrsid5653241 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid5653241\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 whether the trial court erred by denying a damage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5653241 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid5653241\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  claim for medical expenses}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid3018099 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid2913817\charrsid3018099 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid2913817 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  \'b6\'b6\loch\f0  44, 69, 75.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid11414855 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Our }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8416787 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 assessment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5653241 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 of the settlement agreement involved contract interpretation. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid5653241 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid2625402 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid5653241 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 d. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5653241 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'b6\'b6\loch\f0  42-54.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2233946 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8416787 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5653241 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 he trial court\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s decision to de\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
ny damages for future pain and suffering }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8416787 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 required }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8804110 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 our }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8782717 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 review}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3562836 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8804110 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3562836 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5653241 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid9118389 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid5653241 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 d.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5653241 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  \'b6\'b6\loch\f0  69-74.  Because the evidence at trial and the trial court\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 \hich\f0 s ultimate ruling appeared incongruous, we remanded for \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 clarification.\'94\loch\f0   
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid3145813 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3145813 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  \'b6\loch\f0  74.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid3562836 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   Our}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5189788 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  review}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3562836 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 of the trial\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  court\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s decision to deny damages for medical expenses involved}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2233946 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5189788 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 examination}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8416787 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2233946 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 of the evidence and application of relevant legal principles and caselaw.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid9118389 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid2233946\charrsid9118389 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid2233946 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 . \'b6\'b6\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid2233946 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 75-84.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8804110 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3936074 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11024365 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [63]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13789469 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2233946 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 e did not declare a separate standard of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  review }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2233946 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 for each }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 of the three }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8416787 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 distinct }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 issues}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13789469 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  described}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  but}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2233946 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  simply}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2233946 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 stated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  that }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2233946 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'93\loch\f0 [t]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2233946\charrsid2233946 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
he measure of damages is a mixed question of law and fact warranting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid2233946\charrsid2233946 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid2233946\charrsid2233946 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  review}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2233946 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 .\'94\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  \'b6\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid9928533\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9928533 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 4 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid8804110\charrsid3047079 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid8804110 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 argo Pac.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8804110\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
, 2006 Guam 22 \'b6\loch\f0  20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9928533 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13789469 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 It is not surprising, therefore, that our review of the settlement agreemen\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 t and the medical expense damages issue were performed under a }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid13789469 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 de novo }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13789469 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 standard.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid8804110 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid8804110 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8804110 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13789469 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 However, when analyzing the trial court\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s decision to deny damages for future pain and suffering, we remanded because the ultimate judgment did not seem to be suppor\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ted by the evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8804110 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3936074 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid3936074 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid3936074 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'b6\loch\f0  74.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8804110 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13789469 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 This would suggest that we did not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14231730 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , in practice,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13789469 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  review that issue }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid13789469 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 de }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid13789469\charrsid13789469 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid13789469 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  but instead }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13789469\charrsid13789469 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 reviewed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13789469 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  it under a \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 substantial evidence\'94\loch\f0  standard.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4544871 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [64]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13789469 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Our }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14231730 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 original }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13789469 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 declaration}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14231730 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , cited by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid14231730 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Guam Resorts }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14231730 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid14231730 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Quan Xing He}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid14231730 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13789469 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  that dam\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ages are reviewed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid13789469 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14231730\charrsid14231730 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14231730 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 is found in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid2588118 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Fargo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid4603191 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Pacific}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
, 2006 Guam 22 \'b6\loch\f0 \hich\f0  20 (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 Fargo submits and Korando agrees that the measure of damages is a mixed question of law and fact warranting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079  review.\'94).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3047079\charrsid14442171 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [65]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 Fargo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4603191  Pacific}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 , like}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5652745  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5652745 Guam Resorts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5652745  and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 Quan Xing He}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5652745 
involved the interpretation of a contract}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 2006 Guam 22 
\'b6 1.  We were asked to determine whether damages awarded by the trial court as a result of breach of contract were appropriate and whether attorney\rquote s fees were recoverable under the terms of a contract between the parties.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8269591 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid10945609 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609 
 We were also asked to determine whether the trial court erred in accepting and signing a proposed judgment without granting the opposing party an opportunity to review.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13131357 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10945609 Fargo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4603191  Pac.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609 , 2006 Guam 22 \'b6 2.  This issue is not relevant to the present discussion.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13461910 See i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3936074\charrsid13461910 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3936074 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3936074 
\'b6 2.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 Our decision }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5652745 again }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 involved}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5652745  interpreting 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9928533 GCA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5652745  \'a7 2201, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 
interpreting the terms of the contract at issue, and reviewing the trial court\rquote s award of resulting damages.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 See generally id.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 However, when reviewing the damages award}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5652745  itself}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 , we looked to whether the evidence presented at trial was }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5652745 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 substantial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5652745 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079   }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 \'b6 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 (
\'93On appeal, we must determine whether the trial court\rquote s verdict is supported by substantial evidence . . . .\'94).  That is, when reviewing whether the trial court\rquote s award of damages was in error, we applied the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14107987  same}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079  substantial evidence standar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2588118 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 See id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11412345 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079  35, 38 (\'93
We do not believe the trial court acted unreasonably in using the Maeda bid as a basis for determining the damages}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11412345  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 . . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5316103  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 The trial court did not misunderstand the evidence . . . but reached a legally sound conclusion support}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5189788 
ed by substantial evidence.\'94).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14107987 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [66]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5652745 Taking this into consideration, we must view the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3047079\charrsid3047079 Fargo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4603191  Pacific}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5652745  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5652745 standard of review for damages, as declared in the opinion itself, as somewhat misleading.  In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5652745 Fargo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4603191  Pacific}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5652745 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14107987 review of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5652745 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14107987 measure}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5652745  of damages }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2715030 awarded was treated as would be a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5652745  finding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2715030  of fact}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5652745 .  As }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11412345 is the case }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5652745 here, the analysis required review of the award in l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14107987 ight of the evidence at trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3047079 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8416787 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [67]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid14107987 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Guam Resorts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14107987 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid14107987 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Quan Xing He}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14107987 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid14107987 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Fargo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid4603191 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Pacific}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14107987 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
, are distinguishable to the extent that they}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1837150 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  each involved determination of additional issues warranting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid1837150 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1837150 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 review.  Here, the question presented by the Estate with regard to the accuracy of the compensatory damages award does not re\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
quire, for example, interpretation of a contract or statute.  Such issues are beyond the review of a measure of compensatory damages and complicated our analysis in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid1837150 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Fargo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid4603191 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Pacific}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid1837150 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1837150 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 and its progeny.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3047079\charrsid5189788 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid813792\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11024365 [68]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024365 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13114352 The Estate asserts that the award of damages constitutes \'93error in the factual finding and conclusions.\'94  Appellant\rquote s Br. at 18.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2588118 
Based on the foregoing, we agree}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8600309  that the question presented is factual}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2588118 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid813792 
  This approach is consistent with other past opinions.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid813792\charrsid813792 See Park v. Mobil Oil Guam, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid813792 , 2004 Guam 20 \'b6 15 
(reviewing award of punitive damages for substantial evidence); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5316103 Leon }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid813792\charrsid813792 Guerrero v. DLB Const}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11434215 r}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid813792\charrsid813792 . Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid813792 , 1999 Guam 9 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7546151 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid813792 
 1, 20 (reviewing jury award of punitive and compensatory damages for substantial evidence).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid813792\charrsid813792 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12342705 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12342705 2.  Evidence and Findings at Trial
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12323650 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5316103 [69]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12323650 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883 In its }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352569 AFFCL}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883 , the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid151066 trial c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4264085 ourt}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883  found the following:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid226133 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1770478 Shawn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883 
 suffered damages in the amount of $33,325.28 arising out of medical expenses incurred as a result of the injuries he sustained from the falling tree.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4264085  . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10168883 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid226133 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1770478 Shawn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883 
 suffered damages in the amount of $100,000 arising out of the severe pain and suffering he experienced as a result of the injuries he s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid226133 ustained from the falling tree.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10168883 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15555879 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883 RA, tab 88 at 3 (Am. Find}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4264085 
s. Fact & Concl. L.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883 ).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12323650 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7369375 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5316103 70}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7369375 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7369375 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1770478 Shawn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883 \rquote s medical records}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12024867  admitted at trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883  show that he received treatment and was billed by Guam Memorial Hospital}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1578196  Authority}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12470847  (\'93GMH}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1578196 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12470847 \'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883  on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12024867 seven}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883  separate occasions between July}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13004126  21, 2010}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid151066 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13004126  and November 15, 2010.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid13004126 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8269591 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid10945609 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609  Shawn\rquote 
s medical bills are listed on the Exhibit List of Shawn Michael Q. Lujan as exhibit number four.  RA, tab 68 at 2 (Ex. List of Shawn Michael Q. Lujan, Aug. 23, 2013).  These bills were labeled at trial as Plaintiffs\rquote  Exhibits 4A-H.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10945609 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609 Tr. at 3 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14572809 Bench Trial, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609 
Aug. 26, 2013).  Although eight medical records were introduced, only seven were formally admitted.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10945609 See id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10945609 
at 64, 65, 68 (introducing Ex. 4A but admitting only 4B-H).  For this reason, our calculations only take into consideration the seven admitted exhibits, Exhibits 4B-H.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13004126   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2768994 Ex}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9664043 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2768994 . 4B-H (Shawn Lujan\rquote s Medical Records, July 21, 2010 through Nov. 15, 2010).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13004126 The }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9316863 billing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13004126 statements}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13004126\charrsid13004126  show}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13004126  a \'93total amount billed
\'94 and a lesser \'93amount due.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13004126 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13004126   The sum of the \'93amount billed\'94 portion of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2768994 seven}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13004126  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2768994 admitted }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13004126 statements is $}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2768994 28,863.31}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13004126 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9177235 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13004126 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13004126\charrsid2768994 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9177235   The sum of the 
\'93amount due\'94 portion of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2768994 seven}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9177235  statements is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2768994 $2,195.70}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9177235 .  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2768994 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13004126\charrsid13004126 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7369375 [7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5316103 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7369375 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7369375 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1770478 Shawn
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883  testified at trial that his \'93total amount billed\'94 was $25,048.03.  Tr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14572809\delrsid14572809  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883 at 67 (}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14572809 Bench Trial, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883 Aug. 26, 2013).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9177235   He testified that he paid \'93some\'94
 of the money he owed in medical expenses and no one has subsequently contacted him for further payment.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5398032 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5398032  at 67}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9177235 .  He added}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5316103 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9177235  \'93I guess they\rquote re taken care of.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9177235\charrsid9177235 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4090538 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid226133 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4090538\charrsid226133  at 68}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid226133 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9177235 
  Counsel for the Estate did not ask any questions regarding his medical bills or damages upon cross}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5005267 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9177235 examination.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7369375 [7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10383606 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7369375 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7369375 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9177235 
The Estate claimed in its opening brief that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5005267 trial c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9177235 ourt \'93did not properly calculate out of pocket medical expenses.\'94  Appellant\rquote 
s Br. at 7.  The Estate also cited a figure ($2,442.74) for Shawn\rquote s liability that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6893182 appears}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9177235  to be based on the sum of the \'93amount due\'94
 listed on Shawn\rquote s medical records but does not directly match that sum.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9177235 Compare }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9177235 Appellant\rquote s Br at 18 (\'93[H]
is liability or amount due is . . . $2,442.74 . . . .\'94), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2768994 with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2768994 Exs. 4B-H (Shawn Lujan\rquote s Medical Records, July 21, 2010 through Nov. 15, 2010)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9177235  (showing amounts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9664043 due that total $2,195.70}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9177235 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7369375 [7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10383606 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7369375 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7369375 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883 
The speci}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10235657 al}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883  damages found by the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591576 trial c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid82718 ourt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883  for medical expenses ($33,325.28) are $}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9664043 4,461.97}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883  more than the amount billed by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16712694 
GMHA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883  as evidenced by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1770478 Shawn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883 \rquote s Medical Records (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9664043 $28,863.31}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883 ).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9664043 Exs. 4B-H (Shawn Lujan\rquote s Medical Records, July 21, 2010 through Nov. 15, 2010)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883 .  The }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9591576 trial c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid82718 ourt\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883  figure ($33,325.28) is $8,277.25 more than the figure to which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1770478 Shawn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883  testified at trial ($25,048.03).  The record does not contain an explanation for either discrepancy.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8924611 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7369375 [7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10383606 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7369375 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7369375 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11152552 On appeal, the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid262374  Estate assigns error }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8924611 generally }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid262374 to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11076908 trial c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid262374 ourt\rquote s calculation of special damages.  Appellant\rquote s Br. at 7
, 17-18.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11152552 However, it is clear from the record that the Estate failed to provide any evidence at trial to establish a lesser amount than that awarded by the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11076908 
trial c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11152552 ourt.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3155995   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7100856 Equally perplexing, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10383606 trial c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7100856 ourt\rquote s award amount is inconsistent with both the amount billed to Shawn by GMH}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1578196 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7100856  and his testimony at trial.  Therefore, the}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3155995  figures provided by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12342705 both }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3155995 the Estate on appeal and the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15560707 trial c}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3155995 ourt }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15560707 in its findings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3155995  are inconsistent with the evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11152552 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4544871 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7369375 [7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10383606 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7369375 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7369375 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid12342705 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 We are unable to determine, based on the evidence, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid14369042 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 whether}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid12342705 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  an 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 error was committed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid14369042 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , clear or otherwise, in the calculation of special damages}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid12342705 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  Because the trial court\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s award of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12342705 $33,325.28 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14369042 does not precisely track }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4544871 the figures provided by the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14369042  evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12342705 , i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid12342705 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 t is not clear whether the trial court misunderstood the evidence\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , committed a clerical error when drafting its findings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid4544871 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid12342705 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  or c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid14369042 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 onsidered evidence not included in the record on appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid12342705 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  We must therefore remand to the trial court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid14369042 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 for recalculation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid12726694 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid14369042 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the award amount}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid12726694 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  or further clarification}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid14369042 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid12342705 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9575564 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7369375 [7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10383606 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7369375 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7369375 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15560707 trial c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5398032 ourt}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8416787 did }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883 not provide an explanation or methodology for determining its award for general damages for pain and suffering.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5652782 Nevertheless}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8924611 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1770478 Shawn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10235657 \rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10168883  testimony }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8924611 substantially }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883 support}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10235657 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883  the court
\rquote s findings.  Tr. at 54 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14572809 Bench Trial, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883 Aug. 26, 2013).  He testified that he suffered a leg injury that caused him to be hospitalized for nine days.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10168883 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883  at 55, 56.  His injury required surgery and the attachment of an \'93external fixation\'94
 to his leg that remained attached to his leg for approximately six months.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10168883 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883 at 56, 57.  During that six}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15560707 -
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883 month period, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9640951 Shawn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883  experienced pain, trouble sleeping, and difficulty walking.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10168883 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883 at 58.  He testified that his injury left him unable to seek full-time employment for one year after the accident.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10168883 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883  at 60.  Taken together, these examples of the inconvenience and pain caused by his injury }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8924611 provide substantial support for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883 
 an award of $100,000}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10557539 .00}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883  for pain and suffering.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8924611 
  We cannot say with any conviction that a mistake has been made by the trial court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10168883\charrsid15732590 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12323650\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7369375 [7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10383606 7}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7369375 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7369375 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14369042 In summary, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid476766\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 we affirm the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid3155995\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
decision of the\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid15560707 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 trial c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid3155995\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ourt to award }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid14369042 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 special }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid3155995\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 damages}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10383606 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid476766\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  but }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid3155995\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
nonetheless remand for a recalculation of the award amount to reach a figure that is consistent with the evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid12726694 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10383606 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid12726694 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 further clarification}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid3155995\charrsid14103043 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid12342705 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid14369042 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid14369042\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 e affirm the award of $100,000}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid14369042 .00}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid14369042\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  for pain and suffering}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid14369042 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  because th\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 e trial c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid14369042\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ourt\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s determination was reasonable given the amount of inconvenience and harm suffered by Shawn as a result of the accident.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid2170882\charrsid14103043 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3873048\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid5918990\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 D.  Whether the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid15560707 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Trial}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid15560707\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid82718\charrsid14103043 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid15560707 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Erred by Electing not to Apportion L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid5918990\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid15560707 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ability}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid2170882\charrsid14103043 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12323650 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7369375 [7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10383606 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7369375 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7369375 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15153757 The Estate argues that because Guam is a comparative negligence jurisdiction, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15560707 trial c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8145570 ourt }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15153757 erred by not apportioning liability for negligence among the parties.  Appellant\rquote s Br. at 6-7, 13-17.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15470893   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6033463 Like the damages issue, the Estate did not raise this argument in its Cross Motion.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6033463 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6033463 RA, tab 94 (Opp\rquote n Mot. & Cross Mot., Feb. 21, 2014).  Nevertheless, we exercise our discretion to decide this issue as it is a purely legal question.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8598896   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid8598896 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8598896\charrsid5648102 Tanaguchi-Ruth}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8598896 , 2005 Guam 7 \'b6 80 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8598896\charrsid6625829 Dumaliang}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8598896\charrsid6625829 , 2000 Guam 24 \'b6 12 n.1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8598896 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6033463\charrsid8598896 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7369375 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7369375 [7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10383606 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7369375 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7369375 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15470893 Title 7 GCA \'a7 24603 describes the method in which the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13054458 trial c}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5398032 ourt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15470893  must apportion responsibility among joint tortfeasors, stating as follows:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12715635  \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15470893 In determining the percentage shares of tortfeasors in the entire liability, their relative degrees of fault shall be considered by the trier of f
act.  A tortfeasor entitled to contribution shall recover from each remaining tortfeasor an amount which is based on the percentage of causal negligence attributable to each.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12715635 \'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15470893 7 GCA \'a7 24603}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13054458  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15470893 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12323650 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7369375 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10383606 80}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7369375 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7369375 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid15470893\charrsid14103043 We have established that the Estate was an owner in 
common of the tree.  At the outset of the underlying action, the Estate impleaded the Government.  When the Government moved for summary judgment, the Estate failed to present any evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid469288  beyond the allegations in its pleadings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid15470893\charrsid14103043  that would indicate that th
e Government shared in liability for the tree.  As a result, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13054458 trial c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid8145570\charrsid14103043 ourt}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid15470893\charrsid14103043  granted the Government\rquote 
s motion, dismissing it from the underlying case.  The Estate did not appeal that ruling.  Therefore, any liability derived from negligent maintenance of th
e tree cannot be attributable to the Government because it is no longer a party in this matter.  By the terms of the apportionment statute, the Government is not a \'93tortfeasor\'94 or a \'93remaining tortfeasor\'94
 and cannot have liability apportioned to it.  The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid14886704 trial c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid8145570\charrsid14103043 ourt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid15470893\charrsid14103043  determined that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid1770478\charrsid14103043 Shawn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid15470893\charrsid14103043  did not assume the risk of his injury and the Estate did not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid6033463 challenge that finding }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid15470893\charrsid14103043 on appeal, therefore no liability may be properly apportioned to him.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7369375 [8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10383606 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7369375 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7369375 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid15470893\charrsid14103043 We hold that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid14886704 trial c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid8145570\charrsid14103043 ourt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid15470893\charrsid14103043  was not required to apportion liability amongst the parties because it ruled that }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid1770478\charrsid14103043 Shawn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid15470893\charrsid14103043  was not negligent and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid469288 granted summary judgment in favor of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid15470893\charrsid14103043  Government}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid12525328\charrsid14103043 , leaving no remaining parties with whom to apportion liability}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid15470893\charrsid14103043 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid12525328\charrsid14103043   The Estate is the singular remaining tortfeasor in this action.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid15470893\charrsid14103043 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2054691 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8258874\charrsid2054691 V.  CONCLUSION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid7286028\charrsid2054691 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12323650 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7369375 [8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10383606 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7369375 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7369375 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13583123 We hold that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12585352 
 the trial court did not abuse its discretion and affirm its decision to deny the Estate\rquote s Cross Motion because}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13583123  the Estate was the owner of the tree}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7144978 , }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13583123 owed a duty to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1770478 Shawn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7144978 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13583123  and breached that duty.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3944867   We affirm the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14886704 trial c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8145570 ourt\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3944867  decision to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7144978 award}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11956673  special}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7144978  damages}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11956673  and also general damages in the amount of $100,000.00.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7144978  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11956673  However, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7144978 we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid9177929\charrsid14103043 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 direct the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid6627056 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 trial c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid8145570\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ourt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid9177929\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  to }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid11344163\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 recalculate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid7144978\charrsid14103043 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  the amount of spec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid7347842\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10235657\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 al}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid7144978\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  damages for }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid1770478\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Shawn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid7144978\charrsid14103043 
\loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s medical bills to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid11344163\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid7144978\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 amount }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid11344163\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
consistent with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid7144978\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  the evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid12726694 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  or further clarif\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 y its award}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid7144978\charrsid14103043 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7144978 We also affirm the decision of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6627056 trial c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8145570 ourt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7144978  to not apportion liability amongst the parties.

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9851326 //
\par //
\par //}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9851326 \page }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7369375 [8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10383606 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7369375 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7369375 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10757501\charrsid10757501 For the reasons set forth above, we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10757501\charrsid10757501 AFFIRM}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3947893 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10757501  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3947893 but}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3944867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9177929 REMAND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9177929\charrsid1578196  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1578196\charrsid1578196 with instructions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9177929  to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3947893  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11344163 recalculate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3947893  the award of speci}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10235657 al}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3947893  damages}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11344163 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10757501 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af37\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid9645315\charrsid14103043 
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