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\cs21\fs20\insrsid5852960\charrsid15736528 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5852960 
\par }}{\footerf \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11617819 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11617819 
\par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}
{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8
\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15236293 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid16727634\charrsid15236293 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid16611761\charrsid15236293 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15236293 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid16611761\charrsid15236293 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15236293 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid10636530 FRANKY UKAU}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid5972131 
 and SOFALIN SINUK}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16611761\charrsid15236293 ,
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15236293 Plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10636530 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15236293 -Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10636530 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 ,
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid16611761\charrsid15236293 v.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid5972131 FUSHENG WANG, WEI PING WANG, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid11617819 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid5972131 FUSHENG CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, BRUCE KAROLLE, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid11617819 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid5972131 JENNIE WANG and ENTITY CONSTRUCTION, INC.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16611761\charrsid15236293 ,
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15236293 Defendants-Appellees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4726332 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4726332 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4726332\charrsid271537 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4726332 Supreme Court Case No.:  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10636530 CVA15-008}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4726332\charrsid271537 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15236293 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4726332\charrsid271537 Superior Court Case No.:  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10636530 
CV0687-14}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid16727634 AMENDED }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid16611761\charrsid867938 OPINION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid16727634  ON REHEARING}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16611761\charrsid15236293 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7434278 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid7434278 Filed:  August 31, 2016}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs28\insrsid16611761\charrsid7434278 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16727634 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7434278\charrsid271537 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15236293 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid16611761\charrsid15236293 Cite as: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs28\insrsid25770 2016}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid16611761\charrsid15236293  Guam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid13839512 26}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid16611761\charrsid15236293 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par 
\par Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam
\par Argu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 ed and submitted on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10636530 October 29}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15236293 , 2015}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\par 
\par \ltrrow}\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow\ts11\trqc\trgaph120\trleft-120\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid8416177\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4860\clshdrawnil 
\cellx4740\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4500\clshdrawnil \cellx9240\pard \ltrpar
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12279937 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid6117186 Appearing for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs16\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe0\langfenp0\insrsid6117186 Plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe0\langfenp0\insrsid11617819 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs16\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 -Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe0\langfenp0\insrsid11617819 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs16\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 :
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12279937 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10636530 Robert L. Keogh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11209676 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11209676 Esq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16611761\charrsid11209676 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10636530 Law Office of Robert L. Keogh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10636530 P.O. Box GZ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid9126353 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12279937 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 Hag\'e5t\'f1a, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10636530 GU 96932}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12264582 
\par Seth Forman, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12264582 Esq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12264582 
\par Dooley Roberts & Fowler, LLP
\par 865 S. Marine Drive, Ste. 201
\par Tamuning, Guam 96913}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12264582\charrsid12264582 \cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 Appearing for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe0\langfenp0\insrsid6117186 Defendants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 -Appellee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs16\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe0\langfenp0\insrsid6117186 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe0\langnp0\langfenp0\insrsid16611761\charrsid9191800 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\tx5040\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12279937 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10636530 R. Todd Thompson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11209676 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11209676 Esq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11209676\charrsid11209676 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10636530 Thompson, Thompson & Alcantara, P.C.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid9126353 \tab 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12264582 238 Archbishop Flores St., S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10636530 te}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12264582 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10636530  801}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid9126353 \tab 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12279937 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 Hag\'e5t\'f1a, G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 U}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537  96910\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 
\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow\ts11\trqc\trgaph120\trleft-120\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid8416177\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4860\clshdrawnil 
\cellx4740\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4500\clshdrawnil \cellx9240\row }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16611761 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4726332 \page }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 BEFORE: }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 ROBERT J. TORRES}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 , Chief Justice; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16611761\charrsid271537  Asso}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 ciate Justice; KATHERINE A. MARAMAN, Associate Justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761\charrsid271537 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15358999 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16611761 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14563308 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15358999 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10302248 CARBULLIDO}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16611761 , J.:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11604511 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3545077 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid3545077 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [1]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3545077 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16212272\charrsid16212272 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Plaintiffs-Appellants\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Frank}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid13119777 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16212272\charrsid16212272 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  Ukau and Sofalin Sinuk (collectively \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Ukau\'94\loch\f0 )}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16068801 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  appeal from a final judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16212272\charrsid16212272 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  granting a }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7822592 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Guam Rules of Civil Procedure (\'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 GRCP\'94\loch\f0 ) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16212272\charrsid16212272 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Rule 12(b)(6) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10434766 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 motion to dismiss Ukau\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Complaint}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid16212272\charrsid16212272 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  Ukau argues that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3692323 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid16212272\charrsid16212272 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  erred by granting the Rule 12(b)(6) moti\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 on because his Complaint was pleaded sufficiently.  Defendants-Appellees Fusheng Wang, Wei}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10434766 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16212272\charrsid16212272 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
ing Wang, Fusheng Construction Company, Bruce Karolle, Jennie Wang, and Entity Construction, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid25770 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16212272\charrsid16212272 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (collectively }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid25770 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Appellees\'94\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid16212272\charrsid16212272 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  argue that Ukau\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s complaint was not pl\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
eaded sufficiently because it lacked particularity, made only conclusory allegations, and included attachments that evidenced }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid16212272\charrsid16212272 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 bona fide}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid603739 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  transactions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16212272\charrsid16212272 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
  Appellees also argue, alternatively, that if this court determines that Ukau\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s pleading is sufficient to \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 defeat a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10814710 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Rule}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10618633 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16212272\charrsid16212272 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
12(b)(6) motion, we should nevertheless decide the issue as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid603739 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 a motion for summary judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid16212272\charrsid16212272 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   Ukau responds by arguing that summary judgment is not appropriate because he has not been provided sufficient opportunity to undertake discovery, but \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
if summary judgment is considered, the facts in the record create inferences in his favor that would def}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid603739 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 eat a summary judgment motion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1537024 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid3545077 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [2]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3545077 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4156224 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
For the reasons detailed herein, we reverse}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4156224\charrsid4156224 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  the decision of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3692323 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4156224\charrsid4156224 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  to grant Appellees\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  Rule 12(b)(6) Motion \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 to Dismiss}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid12141142 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , decline to address the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15560137 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 motion to dismiss }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12141142 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 as one for summary judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4679739 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12141142 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid4156224\charrsid4156224 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4156224 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 remand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4156224\charrsid4156224 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  for further proceedings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4156224 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16212272\charrsid16212272 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9048676 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11604511\charrsid9048676 I.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid861465\charrsid9048676 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11604511\charrsid9048676 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa240\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9048676 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2628627\charrsid9048676 A.  Procedural Bac}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid2628627\charrsid684550 kground
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3545077 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid3545077 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [3]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3545077 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 Ukau initiated the action }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid603739 in the trial court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 by filing a Complaint to 
Set Aside Fraudulent Conveyances of Real Properties and Demand for Jury Trial, followed by a Notice of Lis Pendens.  Defendants-Appellees Fusheng Wang, Wei Ping Wang and Fusheng Construction Company filed a Motion to Dismiss Ukau\rquote 
s Complaint pursuant to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11956914 GRCP Rule}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 
 12(b)(6).  Defendants-Appellees Bruce Karolle, Jennie Wang and Entity Construction, Inc., joined the Rule 12(b)(6) motion as co-defendants.  The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3692323 trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 
 granted Appellees\rquote  Rule 12(b)(6) motion.  Ukau time}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid603739 ly filed his Notice of Appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627\charrsid3559645 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13518402 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2628627\charrsid13518402 B.  Personal Injury Action
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3545077 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid3545077 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [4]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3545077 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 The facts that give rise to the case below stem from a July 2011 accident in which Ukau was se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid603739 
verely injured by Jennie Wang.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627   While working in her capacity as President of Entity Construction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1327249 , Inc. (\'93Entity\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2037553 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627  Jennie Wang negligently caused steel panels to fall from the back of a pickup truck resulting in a severe injury to Ukau\rquote 
s left leg.  Treatment for the injury required the amputation of Ukau\rquote s leg above the knee.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2628627 Id.  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid3545077 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [5]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3545077 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 
Ukau and his wife, Sinuk, brought claims against Jennie Wang and Entity in the District Court of Guam for negligence, unpaid overtime, and loss of consortium.  The court awarded Ukau $6,421,566.33 for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid603739 
his claims of negligence and unpaid overtime }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 and Sinuk $104,755.00 fo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid603739 r her claim of loss of consortium.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2628627\charrsid16132907 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13518402 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2628627\charrsid13518402 C.  Complaint and Motions
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3545077 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid3545077 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [6]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3545077 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 In his Complaint, Ukau alleged that Entity made transfers of real property to Fusheng Wang, Wei Ping Wang}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid603739 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627  and Fusheng Construction Company with the intent to defraud and to obstruct Ukau from claiming the properties upon execution o
f a judgment against Entity in a personal injury action in the District Court of Guam.  Ukau alleged that as a result of the alleged fraud, the transfers were void}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2037553 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2628627  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2037553 he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 requested the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3692323 trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 
 to enjoin the transferees from selling, encumbering, or dispo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid603739 sing of the properties.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627\charrsid8850906 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8850906 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid3545077 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [7]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3545077 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 In their Rule 12(b)(6) motion, Fusheng Wang, Wei Ping Wang, and Fusheng Construction Company argued that Ukau failed to meet his \'93burden of proof\'94
 that the real property transfers were made with an intent to defraud, that the transfers were made for valuable consideration, and that Entity was permitted under law to prefer one creditor over another when satisfying its debts.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid808477 The three parties attached 28 exhibits to their}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627  motion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid603739 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627  which included declarations by }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2777038 Appellees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627  and their counsel, bank records and receipts, Entity\rquote s Articles of Incorporation, land registration and title record}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid603739 s, and other related documents.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627\charrsid8850906 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3545077 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid3545077 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [8]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3545077 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 Defendants-Appellees Bruce K}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid603739 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 rol}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid603739 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 e, Jennie Wang, and Entity joined the Rule 12(b)(6) motion and submitted supp
lemental points and authorities.  In their joinder motion, the three parties introduced arguments related to converting the motion to a Rule 56 motion for summary judgment.  First, they noted that a court should generally convert a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to
 
one for summary judgment if it considers matters outside of the pleadings.  Second, they argued the court is permitted, under exceptional circumstances, to deviate from this general rule by considering evidence outside the pleadings when deciding a Rule 1
2(b)(6) motion if those facts are integral to the complaint and relied upon by the plaintiff.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2628627   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 
Third, they argued that whether or not the motion is converted, they should prevail because the transactions were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2628627\charrsid5512234 bona fide}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid603739 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627\charrsid10504468 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2628627 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid3545077 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [9]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3545077 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 Ukau opposed Appellees\rquote  Rule 12(b
)(6) motion by making three primary arguments.  First, he argued that his Complaint was sufficiently pleaded because it gave Appellees fair notice of a legally cognizable claim an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid603739 d the basis on which it rests.
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627   Second, he argued that an additional declaration provided as an attachment to Appellees\rquote 
 Rule 12(b)(6) motion was inadmissible testimony that must not be considered by the court when ruling on the Rule }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid603739 12(b)(6) motion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627\charrsid13114074  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627  Third, he argued that should the court find that his Complaint was insufficiently pleaded, it should grant him the opportunity to request leave to amend the document pursuant to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14290282 GRCP }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid603739 15(a).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627\charrsid13114074 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3545077 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid3545077 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [10]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3545077 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid808477 Ukau addressed the Defendants-Appellees\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 
 Rule 56 summary judgment arguments by emphasizing that all parties must be given reasonable opportuni
ty to present their evidence and undertake discovery prior to the court issuing a ruling should the court decide to convert the Rule 12(b)(6) motion to one for summary judgment.  \'93
If the court is going to consider any of the material presented other than the Complaint and its exhibits, then this motion must be addressed pursuant to Rule 56 together with all the procedural protections accorded by the rule.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16668048 Record on Appeal (\'93RA\'94), tab 29 at 6 (Pls.\rquote  Opp\rquote n Mot. Dismiss, Sept. 4, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid3545077 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [11]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3545077 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 Ukau notified the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3692323 trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627  that Jennie Wang filed for bankruptcy and pursuant to the provisions of 11 U.S.C. \'a7 362, an entry of Notice of Automatic Stay was in effect for her in Ban}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid603739 kruptcy Case No. 14-06668-LA7.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627\charrsid16132907 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8850906 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid3545077 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [12]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3545077 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 In reply to Ukau\rquote s opposition motion, Defendants-Appellees Fusheng Wang, Wei Ping Wang}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4610810 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627  and Fusheng Construction Company purported to \'93concur with [Ukau] that the Moving Defendants\rquote  motion should be treated as one for Summary Judgment under Rule 56.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs25\super\insrsid2628627 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16326727 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid5852960 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5852960 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Defendants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16326727 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 -Appellees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5852960 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  quote a port\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ion of a passage in Ukau\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s brief for the proposition that Ukau requested that the Rule 12(b)(6) motion be converted.  This is a mischaracterization of Ukau\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 \hich\f0 s conditional statement: \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid5852960\charrsid2777038 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 To the extent that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5852960 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  factual determination such as the circumstances surroun\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
ding the transfers is deemed relevant to a decision of this motion, plaintiffs move for Rule 56(f) relief until reasonable discovery can be conducted.\'94\loch\f0   RA, tab 29 at 13 (Pls.\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  Opp\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
n Mot. Dismiss) (emphasis added).  The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7936885 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5852960 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 rial court confirmed during proceed\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
ings that there was no agreement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4610810 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  that the motion be converted.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627   RA, tab 33 at 1 (Reply Pl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3683177 s.\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627  Opp\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1578942 n Mot., Sept. 17, 2014)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 
.  Defendants-Appellees also argued that Ukau should not be granted discovery for a summary judgment motion because he did not comply with Rule 56(f) procedural requirem}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid603739 ents.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2628627\charrsid8850906 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid3545077 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [13]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3545077 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 
Defendants-Appellees Bruce Karolle, Jennie Wang}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7033200 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627  and Entity joined Fusheng Wang, Wei Ping Wang and Fusheng Construction Company in repl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7033200 y to Ukau\rquote s opposition motion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627   They argued that Ukau conceded in his opposition motion that the Rule 12(b)(6) motion should be converted to one for summary judgment.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid2628627 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16326727 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid5852960 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5852960 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 As above, this is a mischaracterization of Ukau\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s conditional statement.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627   They argued that Ukau canno
t prevail on a motion for Rule 56 summary judgment because he presented no meaningful response to the Appellees\rquote  decla}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7033200 rations and attached exhibits.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 
  They also argued that Ukau should not be granted discovery for a summary judgment motion because he did not comply with Rule 56(f) procedural requirement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7033200 s.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13518402 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2628627\charrsid13518402 D.  Decision & Order
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2628627 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid3545077 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [14]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3545077 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3692323 trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627  granted Appellees\rquote 
 Rule 12(b)(6) motion based on its finding that Ukau failed to show the requisite facts  to establish a fraudulent transfer by a \'93preponderance of the evidence.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2628627 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2628627 RA, tab 40 at 3-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8543157 5 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 (Dec. & Order}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12274507 , Mar. 4, 2015}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16458912 )}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 .  When ruling on Appellees\rquote  Motion to Dismiss, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3692323 trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627  declined Appellees\rquote 
 request to convert the motion to one for summary judgment: 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid10490198 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 The court recognizes that in ruling on a Rule
 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, it must convert the dismissal motion into a summary judgment motion whenever it considers extraneous material outside the pleadings. . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7936885  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2628627  With respect to the instant motion, the [c]ourt will only consider the Complaint and exhibits attached to the Complaint.  Thus, the Court will proceed with ruling on the 12(b)(6) motion.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2628627 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2628627 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 RA, tab 40 at 3-4 (Dec. & Order) (citation omitted). 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid3545077 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [15]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3545077 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3692323 trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627  cited }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2628627 Town}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12147736  H}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2628627 ouse }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10821098 Dep}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7936885 artment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2628627  Stores, Inc. v. Ahn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 , 2000 Guam 32 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11668090 \'b6 19}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7936885 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11668090  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 as the controlling law on fraudulent transfers:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid10490198 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 
For purposes of determining whether to set aside a conveyance of property pursuant to 20 GCA \'a7 6101, the question of actual intent to defraud the creditor is the essential element of a cause of action.  Thus, it must be 
affirmatively shown by sufficient evidence that the transfer was made by the transferor with the intent to delay or defraud his creditors or other persons owning and holding demands against him.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2628627 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2628627 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 RA, tab 40 at 5 (Dec. & Order) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid263000 
citations and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8543157 internal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 quotation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8543157  marks}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627  omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627\charrsid14169980 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2628627 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid3545077 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [16]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3545077 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 Applying this law to the Complaint and exhibits, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3692323 trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 
 concluded that Ukau did not sufficiently plead his claim because he failed to show by a preponderance of the evidence that the transfers were made with actual intent to defraud and without consideration.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2628627 
Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627   Specifically, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3692323 trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627  found that the exhibits showed that consideration was given for the transfers: 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid10490198 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 
The three exhibits attached to the Complaint are Debt Satisfaction Agreements which are integral instruments for [Ukau\rquote s] instant action.  The exhibits account for the conveyance of six lots for which valuable consideration was made. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2628627\charrsid11087617  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 Therefore, the [c]ourt finds that [Ukau] failed to affirmatively show by sufficient evidence that the transfer was made by
 the transferor with the intent to delay or defraud his creditors or other persons owning and holding demands against him.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2628627 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2628627 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2628627 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7154567  at 4-5.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7154567 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid3545077 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [17]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3545077 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 The court concluded its Decision and Order by stating that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2777038 Appellees\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2628627  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15280259 Rule }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 12(b)(6) motion was granted \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15280259 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 b}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15280259 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628627 y preponderance of the evidence.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2628627 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7154567 at 5.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5129176   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7154567 Ukau timely filed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7033200 a Notice of Appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7154567\charrsid5129176 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7154567 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7154567 II.  JURISDICTION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid861465\charrsid7154567 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3545077 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid3545077 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [18]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3545077 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4331596\charrsid4331596 This court has jurisdiction over appeals from}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12144782  a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4331596\charrsid4331596  final judgment pursuant to 48 U.S.C.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12144782 A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4331596\charrsid4331596  \'a7 1424-1(a)(2)(Westlaw through Pub.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid809783  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9044242 L. 114-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11668090 115 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9044242 (2015}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4331596\charrsid4331596 )) and 7 GCA \'a7
\'a7 3107(b) and 3108(a) (2005).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8724912 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7154567 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7154567 III.  STANDARD OF REVIEW}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4331596 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s22\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid671793\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [19]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7163570 We review dismissal for failure to state a claim pursuant to GRCP 12(b)(6) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7163570\charrsid7163570 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7163570 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7163570\charrsid7163570 Taitano v. Calvo }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11668090\charrsid7163570 Fin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11668090 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11668090\charrsid7163570  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7163570\charrsid7163570 Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7163570\charrsid5275221 , 2008 Guam 12 \'b6 9 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7163570\charrsid7163570 First Haw}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid14298480 aiian}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7163570\charrsid7163570  Bank}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11549130  v. Manley}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7163570\charrsid5275221 , 2007 Guam 2 \'b6 6)}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2370055\charrsid2370055  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2370055 (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2370055 Taitano I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2370055 \'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7163570 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid12074559\charrsid1066797 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3807868 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13839512 \page }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid861465 IV. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid553031  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid861465 ANALYSIS
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3807868 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3243745 A.  Whether the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\insrsid3243745\charrsid3243745 Twombly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3243745  \'93Plausibility\'94 Standard Applies to Local Civil P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6960447\charrsid684550 leadings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid861465\charrsid684550 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6054026 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [20]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5129176\charrsid5129176 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Appellees argue that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5129176\charrsid5129176 
the plausibility standard announced in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5129176\charrsid5129176 Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5129176\charrsid5129176 , 550 U.S. 544 (2007), and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid5129176\charrsid5129176 Ashcroft v. Iqbal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5129176\charrsid5129176 , 556 U.S. 662 (2009), applies to civil pleadings in Guam and establishes \'93a new higher pleading standard.\'94  Appellees\rquote 
 Br. at 10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1856535  (Sept. 11, 2011)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5129176\charrsid5129176 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5129176\charrsid1014404 Therefore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5129176\charrsid5129176 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid808477 as a threshold matter, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5129176\charrsid5129176 
we must determine whether this standard applies to general civil pleadings in Guam courts.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5129176\charrsid5129176 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [21]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 Rule 8(a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7936885  of the Guam Rules of Civil Procedure}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293  provides, in relevant part, that \'93
[a] pleading which sets forth a claim for relief . . . shall contain . . . a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11520 ed to relief.\'94  GRCP 8(a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2777038 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2777038\charrsid2777038 We review issues of statutory interpretation }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2777038\charrsid2777038 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2777038\charrsid2777038 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2777038 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs25 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs25\cf18\insrsid2777038  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293  Cristobal v. Siegel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 , 2014 Guam 16 \'b6 9 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2777038 (emphasis added) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 People v. Alisasis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 , 2006 Guam 9 \'b6
 10).  Our starting point for interpretation is the plain language of the rule}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7936885 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293  and absent leg
islative intent to the contrary, the plain meaning prevails.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 Castro v. G.C. Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 , 2012 Guam 6 \'b6 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2451794  (citations omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13262293 Sumitomo Constr., Co. v. Gov\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 t of Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3101945 , 2001 Guam 23 \'b6 17.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 
When interpreting the plain language of Rule 8(a), this court has historically held that \'93Guam law requires only notice pleading, not fact pleading.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13262293\charrsid8329491 
Joseph v. Guam Bd. of Allied Health Exam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7936885 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13262293\charrsid8329491 rs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 , 2015 Guam 4 \'b6 9}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2451794  (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2451794\charrsid8329491 Guam Electi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2451794 on Comm\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid2451794\charrsid8329491 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2451794  v. Responsible Choices for All Adults Coal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2451794\charrsid13262293 , 2007 Guam 20 \'b6 94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8465284 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11549130 see}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7936885  also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11549130  Taitano}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2370055  I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 , 2008 Guam 12 \'b6 13}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid132265  (\'93Rule 8 requires only a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid132265\charrsid132265 short a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid132265 nd plain statement of the claim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid132265 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5386900  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7936885 internal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5386900 quotation marks omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid132265 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [22]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10092735 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10092735 Conley v. Gibson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10092735 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid808477 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 United States Supreme Court interpreted the federal counterpart to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3303937 GRCP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8329491  8(a)\emdash F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid65698 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7936885 eral}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid65698  R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7936885 ules}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid65698  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7936885 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid65698 Civ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7936885 il}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid65698  P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7936885 rocedure}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid65698  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7936885 Rule }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid65698 8(a)(2)\emdash to mean }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8329491 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3101945  complain}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 t need only provide }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid65698 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 fair notice of what the plaintiff\rquote s claim is and the grounds }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8329491 upon which it rests.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8329491  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 
355 U.S. 41, 45-4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8990854 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293  (1957)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8329491 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid921510   \'93[A] }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 complaint should not be dismissed for failure to state a claim unless it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid921510 entitle him to relief.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid921510  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3101945 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid921510 at 45-46.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid10092735 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [23]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid808477\charrsid5129176 Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid808477 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 the Court anno}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid921510 unced a new pleading standard\emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 the plausibility standard}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid921510 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 for civil actions in federal court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3101945   The plausibility standard}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10888423  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10888423\charrsid5193995 altered the federal pleading standard by making it more stringent for plaintiffs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3101945\charrsid5193995 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3101945  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3101945\charrsid5193995  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3101945\charrsid5193995 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3101945 Iqbal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3101945\charrsid5193995 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3101945  556 U.S. at 678 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3101945\charrsid5193995 (\'93
To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid65698 \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3101945\charrsid5193995 
state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid65698 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3101945\charrsid5193995 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3101945  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid65698 quoting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3101945  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3101945 Twombly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3101945 , 550 U.S. at 570)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14555260 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3101945\charrsid5193995 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3101945   This heightened standard is at odds with Guam\rquote s historical approach to civil pleading.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [24]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 Two years after }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 Twombly, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 the Court clarified in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 Ashcroft v}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid808477 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293  Iqbal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 the two \'93working principles\'94 that unde}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10888423 rlie the plausibility standard:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid10490198 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10888423\charrsid10888423 First, the tenet that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10888423 a court must accept a complaint\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10888423\charrsid10888423 s allegations as true is inapplicable to threadbar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15402025 e recitals of a cause of action
\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10888423\charrsid10888423 s elements, supported by mere conclusory statements. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10888423  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10888423\charrsid10888423 
Second, determining whether a complaint states a plausible claim is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10888423 context-specific, requiring the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10888423\charrsid10888423 
reviewing court to draw on its experience and common sense.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10490198 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15402025 Iqbal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15402025\charrsid5193995 
,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15402025  556 U.S. at 663-64 (citations omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10888423\charrsid15402025 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6054026 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [25]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 Taitano}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2370055  I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11549130 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15402025  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9599740 interpreted Rule 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8924178 (a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8404476  consistent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9599740  with the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9599740 Conley}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9599740  standard and }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8216293 our }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9599740 historical approach}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid808477 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9599740  requiring only notice pleading.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8216293   2008 Guam 12 \'b6 13 (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8404476 Rule 8 requires }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8404476\charrsid8404476 only}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8404476  a \lquote }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8216293\charrsid8216293 short and plain statement }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8404476 of the claim.\rquote \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8216293  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4078018 
(emphasis added) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8216293 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8404476 quoting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8216293  GRCP 8(a) (2007)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8216293\charrsid8216293  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9599740  That case, like the present one, involved dismissal of a complaint under Rule 12(b)(6)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8216293  as well as a challenge to the sufficiency of the pleadings under }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12582961 the fraud standard provided by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8216293 GRCP 9(b).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid8404476 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16326727 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16326727 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid5852960 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5852960 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  The fraud pleading standard imposed by GRCP 9(b) is discussed below.}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8216293   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8216293 See id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8216293  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8216293\charrsid8216293 \'b6 1.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9599740 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [26]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12582961\charrsid4212283 When}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12582961  interpreting Rule 8(a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8404476  in previous cases}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12582961 , we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15402025  have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 not expressly adopted or rejected }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15402025 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15402025 Twombly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15402025 plausibility standard}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid15402025  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15402025\charrsid15402025  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 We have cited }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15402025 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 Twombly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7503440 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid808477  only}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7503440  one opinion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15402025 have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 never cited to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15402025 Iqbal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15402025\charrsid15402025 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12582961   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid808477 Core Tech Int}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4078018 ernational}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid808477  Corp. v. Hanil Eng}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4078018 ineering}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid808477\charrsid6635143  & Const}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12924529 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4078018 
uction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid808477\charrsid6635143  Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 , we stated the following:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid7503440 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid10490198 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 While a complaint at
tacked by a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss need not contain detailed factual allegations, a plaintiff\rquote s obligation to provide the grounds of his entitlement to relief \'93
requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10490198 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13262293\charrsid15402025 Core Tech}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15402025 
, 2010 Guam 13 \'b6 52}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12582961  (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12582961\charrsid15402025 Twombly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12582961\charrsid13262293 , 550 U.S.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11873827  at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12582961  555 (2007))}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15402025 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11873827   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9988101 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid808477\charrsid808477 Core Tech}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9988101 we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 
did not quote the plausib}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15402025 ility standard and followed th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11873827 e }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 passage with a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7503440  second quotation that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid808477 endorsed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293  the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13262293\charrsid12582961 Conley}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293  standard:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11873827  \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 A complaint should not be dismissed for fail}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11873827 ure to state a claim unless it \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim whic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11873827 h would entitle him to relief.\rquote \'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13262293\charrsid11873827 Core Tech}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 , 2010 Guam 13 \'b6 52}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12582961  (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12582961\charrsid12582961 Twombly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12582961\charrsid13262293 , 550 U.S. at 561}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4467719 )}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12582961 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6054026 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [27]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 With this background in mind, we now decline to adopt the plausibility standard from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 Twombly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid11873827 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293  Iqbal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid808477\charrsid808477 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid808477  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid808477 choosing instead to rely on our traditional}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293  interpretation of GRCP 8(a).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11873827\charrsid13262293 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [28]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 
When a local rule tracks the language of its federal counterpart, we view federal precedent as highly persuasive when interpreting our own.  However, we are not bound by such interpretations.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid13262293\charrsid11873827 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13262293\charrsid11873827 Santos}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11520  v. Carney}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 , 1997 Guam 4 \'b6 4 (\'93The Ninth Circuit has afforded Guam courts great latitude in interpreting a Guam Rule o
f Civil Procedure identical to a federal rule, but which relates to the establishment of general standards of litigation conduct.\'94); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13262293\charrsid11873827 Lynn v. Chin Heung Int\rquote l, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 , 852 F.2d 1221, 1222 (9th Cir. 1988) (holding when Guam has not expressly adopted the federal interpretation of a federal rule of civil procedure, Guam is free to interpret its own rule independently).

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [29]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 
Guam has historically required only \'93notice pleading\'94 of a short and plain statement of the claim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8985386 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 
 and this court has very recently declined the opportunity to elevate this approach by adopting a heightened standard.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13262293\charrsid11873827 See Joseph}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 , 2015 Guam 4 \'b6 9 (reiterating Guam is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14298480 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 notice pleading and not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14298480 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 fact}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14298480  pleading jurisdiction).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [30]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 
Other jurisdictions with rules of procedure that track the federal rules have also chosen not to adopt the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13262293\charrsid8404476 Twombly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 
 standard.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13262293\charrsid11873827 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid65698 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13262293\charrsid11873827  Walsh v. U.S. Bank, N.A.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 , 851 N.W.2d 598}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13924863 , 603}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 
 (Minn. 2014) (declining to adopt plausibility standard for Minnesota pleadings); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13262293\charrsid8404476 Webb v. Nashville Area Habitat for Humanity, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 , 346 S.W.3d 422, 430 (Tenn. 2011) (declining to adopt plausibility standard for Tennessee pleadings).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [31]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13262293\charrsid8404476 Twombly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 , the United States Supreme Court expressly rejected the often cited \'93no set of facts\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid13262293\charrsid8404476 Conley}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293  standard for Rule 12(}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid65698 b)(6) motions in federal courts:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid1066797 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid65698\charrsid13262293 T
he phrase is best forgotten as an incomplete, negative gloss on an accepted pleading standard: once a claim has been stated adequately, it may be supported by showing any set of facts consistent with the allegations in the complaint. . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid65698\charrsid8404476 Conley}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid65698\charrsid13262293 , then, de
scribed the breadth of opportunity to prove what an adequate complaint claims, not the minimum standard of adequate pleading to govern a complaint\rquote s survival}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid65698 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid65698 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13262293\charrsid8404476 Twombly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid65698 
, 550 U.S. at 563 (2007)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13924863  (citations omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8404476   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid65698 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6054026 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [32]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 This court has endorsed the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13262293\charrsid8404476 Conley}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293  standard as recently as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid808477 last}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293  year.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13262293\charrsid8404476 
See Joseph}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 , 2015 Guam 4 \'b6 10 (applying the \'93liberal rules of notice pleading\'94 and citing to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13262293\charrsid8404476 Guam Election Comm
\rquote n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 , 2007 Guam 20 \'b6 94 n.58 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11520 Conley}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 , 355 U.S. 41, 47 (1957)).}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7503440   Therefore, we find that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7503440 Twombly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7503440  standar
d is at odds with our approach to civil pleadings and our interpretation of our own Rule 8(a).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid7503440 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [33]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 
Based on the plain language of Rule 8(a) and this court\rquote s historical interpretation as imposing only a liberal, notice pleading requirement, we find that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13262293\charrsid7503440 Twombly}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293  standard is inapplicable to local civil pleadings.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8404476   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293 For these reasons, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid65698 Appellees\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293  reliance on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13262293\charrsid808477 Twombly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13262293\charrsid808477 Iqbal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293  is misplaced}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12147736 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293  and this court declines }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid65698 their}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293  invitation to apply a heightened plausibility standard }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid65698 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13262293\charrsid13262293  general pleadings.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5129176 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li432\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin432\itap0\pararsid14298480 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3243745 B.  Whether the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1327249 Superior}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3243745  Court Erred in G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6960447\charrsid6960447 ranting the Appellees\rquote  GRCP }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3243745 
12(b)(6) Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim of Fraudulent T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6960447\charrsid6960447 ransfer
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7503440\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\dbch\af37\insrsid7503440\charrsid7503440 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi288\li432\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin432\itap0\pararsid1722756 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13518402\charrsid13518402 1.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid14108822\charrsid13518402 Pleading Fraud Claims under Rule 9(b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14108822 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13518402 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13518402\charrsid13518402 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6054026 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [34]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Appellees argue that Ukau\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Complaint does not meet the heightened plead
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ing standard of GRCP 9(b).  Appellees\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  Br. at 12.  We must now determine whether Ukau\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Complaint was sufficiently pleaded under the Rule}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid5066681 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (b) standard for pleading fraud.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [35]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 
Fraud claims are special matters that are subject to a heightened pleading standard.  Rule 9(b) provides, in relevant part, that \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake shall be stated with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid65698 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 particularity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  and that \'93\loch\f0 [m]alice, intent, knowledge, and other conditions of mind of a person may be averred }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid65698 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 generally}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 .\'94\loch\f0   GRCP 9(b) (em\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
phasis added).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 When reviewing a Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal for failure to plead a fraud claim pursuant to Rule 9(b), we must determine }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf19\dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 whether the complaint pleaded facts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\dbch\af37\insrsid7405644 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 with sufficient particularity.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 Taitano}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2370055  I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 2008 Guam 12 \'b6 9 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1316274 Yourish v. Cal. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 Amplifier}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid65698 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822  191 F.3d 983, 992 (9th Cir. 1999)).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [36]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 
Under Guam law, the elements of fraud are: \'93(1) a misrepresentation; (2) knowledge of falsity (or scienter); (3) intent to defraud to induce reliance; (4) justifiable reliance; and (5) resulting damages.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822  \'b6 12 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 Hemlani v. Flaherty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14108822\charrsid65698 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid5985407  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 2003 Guam 17 \'b6 9).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [37]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5075558 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10502825 se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5075558  kinds of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 fraudulent transfer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5075558 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5075558 are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15480589 defined in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 20 GCA \'a7\'a7
 6101 and 6103.  Section 6101 states in relevant part that \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5852960 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5852960 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 very transfer of property . . . with intent to delay or defraud\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
 any creditor or other person of his demands, is void against all creditors of the debtor.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16326727 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid5852960 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5852960 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Titl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16326727 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 e 20 GCA \'a7\loch\f0 
 6101 states in full:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5852960 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid1722756 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5852960 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Every tr\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
ansfer of property or charge thereon made, every obligation incurred, and every judicial proceeding taken, with intent to delay or defraud any creditor or other person of his demands, is void against all creditors of the debtor, and their successors in in
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 erest, and against any person upon whom the estate of the debtor devolves in trust for the benefit of others than the debtor.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16326727 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5852960 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 20 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  6101.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0   20 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  6101}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid155152 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15480589 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 In all cases arising under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid12147736 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ection 610}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15480589 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4679739 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  \'93\loch\f0 
the question of fraudulent intent is one of fact and not of law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12147736 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid8411724 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  provided}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  that \'93\loch\f0 any transfer or 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 encumbrance of property made or given voluntarily, or without a valuable consideration, by a party while insolvent or in contemplation of insolvency, shall be fraudulent, and void as to existing creditors.\'94\loch\f0 
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12147736 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 20 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  6103}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid155152 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\dbch\af37\insrsid9047057\charrsid14108822 
\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16326727 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid5852960 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5852960 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Titl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16326727 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 e 20 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  6103 states in full:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid2370055 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5852960 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
In all cases arising under 21 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  41101 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5852960\charrsid12011530 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Void Instruments, purchases}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5852960 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
], or u\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 nder the provisions of this Chapter, except as otherwise provided in 7 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  50500 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5852960\charrsid12011530 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Transfers, Etc., Defraud Creditors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5852960 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ], the question of fraudulent intent is one of fact and not of law; nor can any transfer or charge be adjudged fraudulent solely on the gr
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
ound that it was not made for a valuable consideration; provided, however, that any transfer or encumbrance of property made or given voluntarily, or without a valuable consideration, by a party while insolvent or in contemplation of insolvency, shall be 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 f\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 raudulent, and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16326727 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  void as to existing creditors.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5852960 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16326727 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5852960 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 20 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  6103.
\par \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 The exception under 20 GCA \'a7\loch\f0 \hich\f0  6103 applying to cases subject to 7 GCA \'a7\loch\f0 
 50500 does not apply under the present facts because no insolvency petition was made within thirty days of the transfers at\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  issue.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5852960 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5852960 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  7 GCA \'a7\loch\f0 \hich\f0  50500 (applying to a debtor who makes a transfer \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 within thirty (30) days before the filing of a petition by or against him\'94
\loch\f0 ).  Defendant Jennie Wang filed an ins}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9331635 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 olvency petition under federal bankruptcy l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5852960 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
aw in 2014.  The transfers at \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 issue took place in November 2011 and February 2012.  Further, we are unaware of any insolvency petitions filed by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16326727 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
remaining defendants-appellees.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [38]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid12471915 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 These}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  statutes creat\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 e two scenarios in which a creditor may avoid a fraudulent transfer}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4679739 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10750266 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  an intentional fraudulent transfer and a constructive fraudulent transfer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  First, under section 6101, a creditor may avoid a transfer when he is able to affirmatively prove actual fraudu\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
lent intent on the part of the debtor.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid155152 Town House}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 , 2000 Guam 32 \'b6 19.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
  Second, under section 6103, a creditor may avoid a transfer when he can show that the debtor transferred property to another without consideration while insolvent or in anticipatio\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
n of insolvency because such a transfer is presumed to be made with knowledge and intent to defraud.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \'b6\'b6 25-26.  Importantly, proving a fraudulent transfer under section 6103 does not require showing actual fraudulent intent.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 See id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822  \'b6 26.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [39]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 To\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  assess whether Ukau\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 \hich\f0 s pleading was sufficient, we must determine whether an action for fraudulent transfer under 20 GCA \'a7\'a7\loch\f0 
 6101 and 6103 implicates the heightened standard imposed by Rule 9(b).  In other words, we must determine whether an action for fra\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 u\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 dulent transfer is equivalent to an action for \'93
\loch\f0 \hich\f0 fraud.\'94
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [40]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 A key feature of a fraud claim is the \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 knowledge of falsity (or scienter)\'94\loch\f0  element.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid6619848\charrsid14108822 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Gov}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid6619848 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid6619848\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 t }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 of Guam v. Kim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
, 2015 Guam 15 \'b6\loch\f0 \hich\f0  60.  \'93\loch\f0 Fraud implies bad faith, intentional wrongdoing and a sinister moti\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ve }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15805278 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 . . .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15805278\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
[and] is never imputed or presumed.\'94\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15805278 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (alteration in original) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
(quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Davis v. Comm\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid65698 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  184 F.2d 86, 87 (10th Cir. 1950)).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [41]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Taking the scienter element into account, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 we hold that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 an action for fraudulent transfer under section 6101 meets \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 the elements of general \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 fraud.\'94\loch\f0 
  An action for fraudulent transfer under section 6103}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15011562 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  however}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15011562 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 does not.  The presumption of fraud under section 6103 is inapposite to a general action for fraud.  Therefore, the heightened standard provided by Rule 9(b), \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 applicable only to \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 fraud\'94
\loch\f0  claims, is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
appropriate for an action for fraudulent transfer under 20 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  6103.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [42]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Ukau did not name the statutory sections or subsections under which his Complaint asserted a cause of action.  His description of the clai\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 m was given as one for \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
fraudulent transfer of real property.\'94\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1275894 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 RA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , tab 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14955924 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  at 10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (Compl.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1275894 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , June 27, 2014}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [43]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Because}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  a fraudulent transfer claim under 20 GCA \'a7\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
 6101 implicates Rule 9(b) as a claim for \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 fraud,\'94\loch\f0  we must review whether Ukau pleaded his c\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
laim with sufficient particularity pursuant to Rule 9(b).  This analysis is twofold.  First, we must determine whether Ukau stated the circumstances surrounding the fraud with particularity.  Second, we must determine whether Ukau averred the Appellees
\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  i\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 tent to defraud generally.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14108822 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [44]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Because}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
\hich\f0  a fraudulent transfer claim under 20 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  6103 does not implicate Rule 9(b)\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s heightened pleading requirement, we must review whether Ukau pleaded his claim under the general notice pleading standard pursuant to Rul\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 e 8(a).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6054026 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [45]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Ukau\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Complaint stated the following regarding the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid65698 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid65698 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ircumstances surrounding the fraud}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid65698 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li1152\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1152\itap0\pararsid9331635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
16.  On or about June, 26, 2014, the District Court of Guam rendered its Findings of Fact Conclusions of Law and Order for Compensatory Damages as well as\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  its }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14955924 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14955924\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 udgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
.  The award is $6,526,321.33 plus attorney\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s fees.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-432\li1152\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1152\itap0\pararsid9331635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li1152\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1152\itap0\pararsid9331635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
17. [Ukau is] informed and believe[s] and on that basis allege[s] that the Judgment obtained in the District Court of Guam Civil Case No. CIV11-00030 exceeds the net worth of defendants Jen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1327249 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ie Wang and [Entity]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid751659 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li1152\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1152\itap0\pararsid9331635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13260489 \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 . . . 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-432\li1152\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1152\itap0\pararsid9331635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li1152\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1152\itap0\pararsid9331635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
19.  On or about November 15, 2011, a mere 25 days after filing Jennie Wang and Entity\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Answer in Civil Case No. CIV11-00030, defendants Jennie Wang, Bruce Karolle and Wei Ping Wang, in their capacities as officers of t}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid11549130 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 he\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  defendant [Entity]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 voluntarily entered into a Resolution of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid11549130 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Directors of [Entity]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  to execute three Debt Satisfaction Agreements in contemplation of insolvency.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13260489 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li1152\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1152\itap0\pararsid9331635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13260489 \tab .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  . . . 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-432\li1152\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1152\itap0\pararsid9331635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li1152\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1152\itap0\pararsid9331635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
21. [Ukau is] informed and believe[s] and on that basis allege[s] that all the defen\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 dants herein voluntarily and willfully conspired to transfer all the real propert}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid11549130 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ies owned by [Entity]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 so that the properties would not be available to satisfy Jennie Wang and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Entity\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s liability to [Ukau]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  in Civil Case No. CIV11-00030.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13260489 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li1152\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1152\itap0\pararsid9331635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13260489 \tab .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  . . . 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-432\li1152\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1152\itap0\pararsid9331635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li1152\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1152\itap0\pararsid9331635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
29. [Ukau\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 is] informed and believe[s] and on that basis allege[s] that the purported considerations which appear to be paid by defendants Fusheng Wang and Wei Ping Wang for the transfer of the real properties referred to in paragraphs 22, 23}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12781449 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12781449 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ]}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  24, 25, 26 and 27 he\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 rein are not genuine, are spurious, false, fraudulent and fabricated.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14108822 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 RA, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 tab 1 at 4-10 (Compl.)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [46]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Ukau\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Complaint stated the following with regard to the Appellees\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  alleged }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid65698 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 intent to defraud}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid65698 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li1152\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1152\itap0\pararsid9331635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
28. [Ukau is] informed and believe[s] and on that basis al\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
lege[s] that all the defendants herein conspired and carried out the transfers of real properties of Entity with an actual intent to hinder, delay, or defraud the creditors of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Entity and especially [Ukau]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13260489 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li1152\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1152\itap0\pararsid751659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13260489 \tab .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  . . . 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-432\li1152\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1152\itap0\pararsid751659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li1152\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1152\itap0\pararsid9331635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
30.  [Ukau is] informed and believe[s] \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
and on that basis allege[s] that in making and receiving the transfer of the above-mentioned real properties, defendants knew or at the very least had reasonable cause to believe that such transfers were made with a view to prevent the properties from com
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ng to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [Ukau]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13855269 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li1152\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1152\itap0\pararsid751659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13855269 \tab .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  . . . 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-432\li1152\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1152\itap0\pararsid751659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li1152\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1152\itap0\pararsid9331635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
32.  [Ukau is] informed and believe[s] and on that basis allege[s] that the transfer of the property by defendants as described above was done for the purpose of defrauding [Ukau] and to obstruct the enforcement by legal process of
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  their rights to take said properties in execution upon a judgment obtained by [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid11549130 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Ukau] against defendants [Entity] }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 and Jennie Wang in Civil Case No. CIV11-00030.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14108822 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Id.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  at 9-10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14108822 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [47]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Rule 9(b) does not require a plaintiff to prove a claim of fraud at the plead
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ing stage.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 Taitano}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2370055  I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 , 2008 Guam 12 \'b6 16. }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 
Rather, what is required is that a plaintiff set forth his claim with sufficient detail to provide notice to defendants as to what particular fraudulent action is being alleged.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 Id. }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6037076 citing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6037076\charrsid14108822  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 
Bly-Magee v. Cal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14943354 ifornia}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 , 236 F.3d 1014, 1019 (9th Cir.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6037076  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 2001)).  This standard has been described as a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 who, what, when, where, and how\'94
\loch\f0  requirement.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 
\'b6\loch\f0  14 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Vess v. Ciba-Geigy Corp. USA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 317 F.3d 1097, 1106 (9th Cir.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid591963 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 2003)).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [48]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 Ukau\rquote 
s Complaint alleges }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822 facts that when taken as true establish }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 
the particular transferor and transferees, the transfer of particular real properties, the dates upon which the properties were transferred, and the means by which the transfers were agreed upon and executed.  Therefore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9331635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822  his Complaint goes far beyond a mere conclusory allegation and satisfies the heightened \'93particularity\'94
 pleading standard set out in Rule 9(b) for the circumstances surrounding the fraud.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822  His }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14943354 C}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 omplaint also alleges intent to defraud by alleging that Appellees conspired to defraud with actual intent by transferring the property \'93
for the purpose of defrauding [him] and to obstruct the enforcement by legal process of [his] rights to take [the properties] in execution upon a judgment.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822 RA, tab 1 at 10 (Compl.)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 .  This satisfies and exceeds the Rule 9(b) general pleading requirement for fraudulent intent.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [49]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 In summary, Ukau\rquote 
s fraudulent transfer claim is well-pleaded pursuant to Rule 9(b).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9331635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13518402\charrsid13518402 2.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid14108822\charrsid13518402 Review of Ruling on Rule 12(b)(6) Motion
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6054026 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [50]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3692323 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  ruled\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  on the Appellees\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 \hich\f0 
 Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss by concluding that Ukau did not sufficiently plead his claim \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15280259 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15280259 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 y preponderance of the evidence\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  because he failed to \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 affirmatively show by sufficient evidence\'94\loch\f0  that the real property transfers were made
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  with actual intent to defraud and without consideration.  RA, tab 40 at 5 (Dec. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 & Order, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid2588236 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Mar. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 4, 2015)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  Ukau argues that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7405644 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3692323 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 trial court}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7405644 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s standard was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  not appropriate for reviewing a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid11956914 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Rule }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss but }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 rather }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 a burden of proof for use a\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 t trial.  Appellant\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Br. at 25.  He is correct.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [51]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 When reviewing a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\dbch\af37\insrsid3692323 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf19\dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  must }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \'93
construe the pleading in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, and resolve all doubts in the non-moving party\rquote s favor.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf19\dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 First Ha\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf19\dbch\af37\insrsid14943354 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 aiian}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf19\dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Bank}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 2007 Guam 2 \'b6\loch\f0  9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\dbch\af37\insrsid8877980 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (citation omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 .  Dismissal is appropriate only when the non-moving party \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\super\dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16326727 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid5852960 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5852960 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  This standard, derived from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5852960 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Conley}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5852960\charrsid11520 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5852960 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 has been superseded in federal courts but persists in Guam and other ju
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 risdictions.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5852960 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12785366 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8877980 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12785366 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Part }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5852960\charrsid2181203 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5852960 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 V.A (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5852960\charrsid2181203 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Whether the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5852960\charrsid2181203 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Twombly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5852960\charrsid2181203 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Plausibility\'94\loch\f0  Standard Applies to Local Civil Pleadings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16326727 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ).}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 Taitano}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2370055  I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 , 2008 Guam 12 \'b6 9 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 Vasques v. Los Angeles }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2588236 Cnty.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid591963 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid7295145  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 487 F.3d 1246, 1249 (9th Cir. 2007)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14943354 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7295145 internal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 quotation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7295145  mark}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 s omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [52]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 As discussed above, Guam law requires only a short and plain statement of the cla}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid591963 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 m showing entitlement to relief.  GRCP 8(a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 see}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12785366  also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 Taitano}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2370055  I}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 , 2008 Guam 12 \'b6 13; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 Guam Election Comm\rquote n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid591963 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822  2007 Guam 20 \'b6 94.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [53]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 
Viewing the Complaint in the light most favorable to Ukau, the non-movant, there is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550 no }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 doubt that his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7405644 Complaint was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 sufficient}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7405644 , whether pleaded as an action under 20 GCA \'a7\'a7 6101 or 6103}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 .  Whether Ukau pleaded or proved his claim \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341930 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341930 ]}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 y preponderance of the evidence,\'94 as analyzed by the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3692323 trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 , is }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550 immaterial at the Rule 12(b)(6) phase}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822 .  Ukau stated sufficient facts to place the Appellees on notice of his claim.  Therefore, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3692323 trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822\charrsid14108822  erred in granting the Appellees\rquote  Rule 12(b)(6) motion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108822 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9331635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4480547 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4480547\charrsid4480547 
.  Rule 15(a) Amendment
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4480547 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [54]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4480547\charrsid4480547 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 At trial, Ukau requested leave to amend his Complaint pursuant to Rule 15(a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \super\dbch\af37\insrsid4480547\charrsid4480547 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16326727 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid5852960 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5852960 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  Rule 15(a) states in pertinent part: \'93\loch\f0 A party may amend the party\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s pleading once as a matter of course at any time before a responsive plea\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
ding is served}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid591963 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13124643 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid591963 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5852960 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid591963 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5852960 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Otherwise a party may amend the party\hich\f0 \rquote 
\loch\f0 s pleading only by leave of court or by written consent of the adverse party; and leave shall be freely given when justice s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16326727 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 o requires.\'94\loch\f0   GRCP 15(a).
}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4480547\charrsid4480547 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  in the event that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3692323 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4480547\charrsid4480547 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  found that his claims were insufficiently pleaded.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid4480547\charrsid4480547 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4480547\charrsid4480547 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  RA, tab 29 at 13 (Pl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3683177 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s.\hich\f0 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4480547\charrsid4480547 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Opp\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Mot. Dismiss).  He raises this issue for the first time on appeal in his Reply Brief.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid591963 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   Appellant\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Reply Br. at 20-22}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4095 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid9331635 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Sept. 24, 2015}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4095 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid591963 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4480547\charrsid4480547 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [55]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4480547\charrsid4480547 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Generally, we will review only issues presented in a party\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s opening brief.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid4480547\charrsid4480547 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Guam Greyhound, Inc. v. Brizill}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4480547\charrsid4480547 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 2008\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  Guam 13 \'b6\loch\f0  7 n.3 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid4480547\charrsid4480547 Greenwood v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6895247\charrsid4480547 Fed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6895247 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6895247\charrsid4480547  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4480547\charrsid4480547 Aviation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6895247\charrsid4480547 Admin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6895247 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4480547\charrsid591963 ,
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4480547\charrsid4480547  28 F.3d 971, 977 (9th Cir.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2122568  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4480547\charrsid4480547 1994)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid4480547\charrsid4480547 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   We generally exercise our discretion to reject issues raised for the first time in a reply brief.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid4480547\charrsid4480547 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4480547\charrsid4480547 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid4480547\charrsid4480547 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 In re Estate of Concepcion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4480547\charrsid4480547 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 2003 Guam 12 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7240957 
\loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4480547\charrsid4480547 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7240957 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 -11}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4480547\charrsid4480547 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4480547 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid4480547\charrsid4480547 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Because Ukau neglected to raise the issue of Rule 15(a) amendment in his opening brief, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4480547 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
we deem the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4480547\charrsid4480547 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  issue waived.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9331635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14241841 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13518402\charrsid13518402 .  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4095 Title 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4095\charrsid13518402  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid684550\charrsid13518402 GCA \'a7 5104 Payments in Preference
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid684550 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [56]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Appellees argue under 20 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  5104 that a debtor may pay any one creditor in preferen
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ce to another.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16326727 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid5852960 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5852960 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4095 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Title }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5852960 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 20 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  5104 states the following: \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'93\loch\f0 
A debtor may pay one creditor in preference to another, or may give to one creditor security for the payment of his demand in preference to another, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5852960\charrsid2181203 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
except as provided in the insolvency law of Guam.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5852960 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid206191 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0   20 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  5104 (2005).}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   Appellees\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  Br. at 20.  While this is generally true, when reviewing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid6828044 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Appellees\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  Rule 12(b)(6) motion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid206191 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  we must resolve all doubt in favor of Ukau.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6054026 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [57]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Ukau has pleaded a claim of fraudulent transfer.  As discussed above, this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2181203 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 potentially }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 im\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
plicates two statutory sections of the Guam Code: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 20 GCA \'a7\'a7 6101 and 6103.  Ukau\rquote 
s pleading involves an allegation of fraudulent intent.  His pleading also involves an allegation that there was no legitimate consideration for the transfers and that they were made i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2181203 
n contemplation of insolvency.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026\charrsid15625835 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [58]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6828044 Ukau alleges}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550  that the transferees of the property were not, in fact, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 bona fide}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 
 creditors and that the consideration provided was fraudulent and falsified.  Appellees\rquote  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2181203 proposed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 reading of 20 GCA \'a7 5104 would allow }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2181203 them}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550  to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6828044 avoid}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 
 the fraudulent transfer statutes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6828044  entirely.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6828044 Under such a reading, a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8795258 ny}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6828044  defendant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8795258 facing similar allegations }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 could avoid trial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6828044 at the pleading stage }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6828044 simply }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 
providing a cursory showing that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6828044 recipients of fraudulently transferr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8795258 ed property}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6828044  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 were creditors.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2181203 Therefore, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8795258 Appellees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2504249 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8795258  interpretation of 20 GCA \'a7 5104 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid591963 would }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid591963 ender}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid684550\charrsid684550  the fraudulent transfer statutes meaningless}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8795258 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [59]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 On the contrary, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2181203 construing the pleadings in the light most favorable to Ukau, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 Appellees face }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2181203 potential }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 liability for fraudulent transfer.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2181203 If Ukau is mistaken and the property transfers were}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5075558  not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10750266 void}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2181203 , Appellees will have sufficient opportunity to provide proof of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9638538 those }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2181203 fact}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9638538 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2181203 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2181203\charrsid2181203   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2181203 However, w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2181203  cannot read}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 20 GCA \'a7\loch\f0  5104 in such a way as to render ineffective well-plead}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid16646659 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  allegation\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2181203 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 potentially }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 unlawful activity.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15625835 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14241841 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13518402\charrsid13518402 .  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid684550\charrsid13518402 Compl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1066797 aint E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid684550\charrsid13518402 xhibits }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1066797 Do N}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13518402 ot }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1066797 Contradict A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid684550\charrsid13518402 llegations
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid684550 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [60]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Appellees argue that the exhibits attached to Ukau\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s Complaint are inconsistent with his allegations.  Appellees\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  Br. at 23}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7997551 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 -24}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid7997551 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 
\loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'93\loch\f0 In the instant case, the attachme\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 nts to the Complaint, on their face, support the inference that the transfers were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 bona fide}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid13979785 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 i.e.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , agreements to discharge }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 preexisting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 obligations, prior t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid7997551 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 o the date of the instrument.\'94\loch\f0 ).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Ukau argues that this is a \'93
\loch\f0 \hich\f0 senseless\'94\loch\f0  approach because the very na\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ture of a fraudulent conveyance is such that a perpetrator does not admit to fraud on the face of a document.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid591963 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Reply }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Br. at 18-19.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [61]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 
The documents provided as attachments to the Complaint show that property transfers were executed.  Ukau alleges that the transfe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2181203 rees of the property were not in fact}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid684550\charrsid684550  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 bona fide}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 
 creditors and that the consideration provided was fraudulent.  He alleges intent to defraud and falsified documentation.  Therefore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2181203 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 
 the fact that the documents show what appear to be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 bona fide}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550  transactions is not surprising.  The essence of Ukau\rquote 
s claim is that the Appellees attempted to transfer properties fraudulently under the guise of legitimate transactions.  For this reason, Appellees\rquote  argument is unpersuasive. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13518402 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid684550\charrsid13518402 C.  Summary Judgment
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid684550 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \tab 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6054026 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [62]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3489716 Appellees request in the alternative that this court decide the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15560137 motion }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3489716 as one for summary judgment.  Appellees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2504249 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3489716 
 Br. at 6, 36.  Ukau responds by arguing that summary judgment is not appropriate because he has not been provided sufficient opportunity to undertak
e discovery, but if summary judgment is considered, the facts in the record create inferences in his favor that would defeat a summary judgment motion.  Appellant\rquote s Br. at 31; Reply Br. at 4.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid3489716 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [63]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3489716 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Appellees argue that all parties}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  agreed to treat the Rule 1\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
2(b)(6) motion as one for summary judgment.  Appellees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2504249 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Br. at 26.  Since there was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid5529282 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 agreement, they argue, there was also sufficient notice that the court could consider converting the motion and ruling on it as one for summary judgment.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid15625835 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid91728 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 at 27.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Fo
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 llowing such logic, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid10750266 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Appellees assert }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Ukau would not be prejudiced by this court\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s review for summary judgment because he had an oppor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4679739 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
tunity to present }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3489716 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 evidence below and declined to do so.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid91728 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Id.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3489716\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  at 28.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5529282 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13839512 \page }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13518402\charrsid13518402 1.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3692323 Trial Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid734829 \rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3243745 Election N}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid734829 ot}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3243745  to Convert the M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13518402 otion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid684550\charrsid13518402 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1080\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid5529282 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13518402\charrsid13518402 a.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13518402 N}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3243745 o \'93A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid684550\charrsid13518402 greement\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3243745  to Convert the M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid684550\charrsid13518402 otion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6054026 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [64]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Appellees argue that all parties agreed to convert the Rule 12(b)(6) motion to one for summary judgment, citing only Ukau\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Opposition to Rule 12(b) Motion to D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13518402 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ismiss}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid921911 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid91728\charrsid91728 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13518402 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  at 27.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3683177 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 First, Appellees cite to a hea\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ding within Ukau\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 \hich\f0 s opposition memorandum that states the following: \'93\loch\f0 
By asking the court to consider matters outside the pleadings this motion should be addressed pursuant to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3683177 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [R]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 ule 56.\'94\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid3683177 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 RA, tab 29 at 6 (Pl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3683177 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s.\hich\f0 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Opp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15625835 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 
\rquote \loch\f0 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Mot. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1578942 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Dismiss)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3683177 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  The sectio\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
n of the memorandum that this heading represents presents a conditional argument.  \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid13518402 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 If}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid13518402 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
the court is going to consider any of the material presented other than the Complaint and its exhibits, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid13518402 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 then}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid13518402 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 this motion must be addressed pursuant to Rule 56 together w
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 ith all the procedural protections accorded by the rule.\'94\loch\f0   RA, tab 29 at 6 (Pl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3683177 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s.\hich\f0 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Opp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15625835 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Mot. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1578942 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Dismiss)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (emphasis added).  This is neither equivalent to a stipulation nor a concession that such treatment is the most appropriate course of action.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [65]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3683177 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Next}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , A\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
ppellees cite to another section within the same memorandum in which Ukau presents a request for Rule 56(f) discovery conditioned upon conversion to summary judgment.  Appellees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2504249 
\loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  Br. at 27.  They quote Ukau as saying that he \'93\loch\f0 move[d] for Rule 56(f) relief 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 until reasonable discovery can be conducted.\'94\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (quoting RA, tab 29 at 13 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1578942 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Pl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3683177 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1578942 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3683177 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1578942 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Opp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15625835 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1578942 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Mot. Dismiss)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  This is a mischaracterization of Ukau\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s position.  The partial quotation ignores a key clause within the same sentence and the fact that Ukau used a c\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 onditional statement.  In full, Ukau stated the following: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid921911 \loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid921911 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
To the extent that factual determination such as the circumstances surrounding the transfers is deemed relevant to a decision of this motion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid921911 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  [I] move for Rule 56(f) relief until reasonable discov\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 ery can be conducted.\'94\loch\f0   RA, tab 29 at 13 (Pl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid3683177 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s.\hich\f0 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Opp\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 n Mot. Di}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid1578942 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 smiss) (emphasis added)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  This is equivalent to arguing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid13518402 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 if}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid13518402 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the court considers additional materials, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid13518402 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 then}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Ukau should be afforded the protections of Rule 56.  This is not a concession that the mo\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 tion is best suited for conversion to one for summary judgment.  The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3692323 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  did not convert the motion to one for summary judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid15625835 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  and this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid13518402 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 conditional }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 argument was never implicated.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [66]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 It is clear from the record that Appellees seek to characteriz\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 e Ukau\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s arguments regarding summary judgment as a concession that the Rule 12(b)(6) motion should be converted to a Rule 56 motion.  Faced with the same arguments below, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3692323 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  asked Ukau\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s counsel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid734829 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  in open court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 if Ukau agreed to convert the moti\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 on. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4795776 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Transcript (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15625835 
\loch\af0\dbch\af37\hich\f0 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4795776 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Tr.\'94\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
, vol. 4 at 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid2122568 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 -3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (Hr\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
g Mot. Dismiss, Dec. 4, 2014).  The court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3683177 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 determined from counsel\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s response}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  that there was no agreement.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid3683177 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [67]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid12141142 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3683177 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 e find that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Ukau did }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3683177 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 not agree to convert the motion.  H}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
e merely presented alternative argum\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ents in the event that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3692323 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  exercised its discretion to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3683177 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 convert the motion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3683177 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   The court elected not to convert the motion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15625835 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3683177 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  and thus Ukau\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid15539100 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 conditional }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3683177 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 arguments were never effectuated.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1152\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1152\itap0\pararsid15625835 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid684550\charrsid11959054 b.  Rule}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid3243745\charrsid11959054  56(f) Arguments are}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3243745  Not Relevant to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15625835 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3243745 his A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid684550\charrsid734829 ppeal
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6054026 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [68]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Appellees argue that Ukau is not entitled to discovery because he did not meet the procedural requirements of Rule 56(f).  Appellees\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  Br. at 29.  This argument is misguided based on the fact that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3692323 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  did not consider any evidence outside the p\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
leadings and attached exhibits.  The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3692323 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  dec}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1716480 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 lined to decide summary judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 .  Therefore, Rule 56(f) was 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid1716480 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 never}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 implicated.  Whether Ukau can meet the showing required by Rule 56(f) is an issue for summary judgment proceedings.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15625835 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid684550\charrsid734829 2.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3243745 We}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid734829\charrsid734829  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3243745 Decline}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid734829\charrsid734829  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3243745 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid734829\charrsid734829 eview }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid684550\charrsid734829 for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3243745  Summary J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid734829\charrsid734829 udgment}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid684550\charrsid734829 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6054026 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [69]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1716480\charrsid684550 
Appellees argue that this court should exercise its discretion to decide the issue of summary judgment because the trial court erroneously failed to address the issue and the record is sufficiently developed.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid3018979\charrsid921911 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1716480\charrsid684550  at 35-37 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1716480\charrsid684550 Kim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1716480\charrsid684550 
, 2015 Guam 15 \'b6 76).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1716480   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 
Ukau argues that this court should not exercise its discretion because there is a general policy to allow the trial court to decide issues in the first instance.  Appellant\rquote s Br. at 28 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 Barrett-Anderson v. Camacho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5529282 , 2015 Guam 20 \'b6 36).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [70]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 
It is well-settled law that this court may, in its discretion, either remand or decide issues in the first instance if the record is sufficiently developed.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 See Kim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 , 2015 Guam 15 \'b6 76 (\'93When a trial court erroneously fails to address an issue raised before it, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3157539 \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 an appellate court may either remand or, if the record is sufficiently developed, decide the issue itself.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3157539 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 
\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3157539  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3157539 quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 
Guam Imaging Consultants, Inc. v. Guam Mem\rquote l Hosp. Auth.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550  2004 Guam 15 \'b6 16}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3157539 ))}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 .  Our discretion includes the ability to convert review of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion into }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11959054 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 review for summary judgment.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 See Taitano v. Calvo Fin. Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 , 2009 Guam 9 \'b6 32 (\'93
In cases where both sides have been given an opportunity to be heard, an appellate court may, on its own authority, convert a Rule 12(b)(6) review int}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12285440 o one for summary judgment.\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2370055  (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2370055\charrsid2370055 Taitano II}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2370055\charrsid2370055 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2370055 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12285440 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 However, \'93we have demonstrated a general policy to allow the trial court to decide issues before it in the first instance, even questions of law.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7873521 Barrett-Anderson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 , 2015 Guam 20 \'b6 36}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3157539 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid3157539 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16326727 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\super\insrsid3157539 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3157539 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid3157539\charrsid3157539 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3157539\charrsid3157539 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3157539\charrsid3157539 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Kim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3157539\charrsid3157539 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , 2015 Guam 15 \'b6\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  76 \chatn \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
(determination of whether summary judgment is proper should be made by trial court in first instance);}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3157539\charrsid3157539 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Gutierrez v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid8416020 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Guam Power Auth.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3157539\charrsid3157539 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3157539\charrsid3157539 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  2013 Guam 1 \'b6\loch\f0 
 60 \chatn \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (leaving to trial court to decide in first instance question of whether income approach was appropr\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 iate method of compensation in temporary taking case); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid3157539\charrsid3157539 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Enriquez v. Smith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3157539\charrsid3157539 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3157539\charrsid3157539 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
 2012 Guam 15 \'b6\loch\f0  19 \chatn \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (determination of whether plaintiff\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s actions fell within purview of Citizen Participation in Government Act should be made by trial court in first instance); }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3157539\charrsid3157539 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Vill\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 agomez-Palisson v. Superior Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3157539\charrsid3157539 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
\hich\f0 , 2004 Guam 13 \'b6\loch\f0  32 (determination of organicity of Arbitration Act raised below should be made by trial court in first instance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7030600 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7030600\charrsid3157539 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7030600\charrsid3157539 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Brown v. United States}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7030600\charrsid3157539 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7030600\charrsid3157539 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  851 F.2d 615, 620 (3d Cir. 1988)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3157539\charrsid3157539 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 )).}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid684550 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [71]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 Gov}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7030600 ernment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid684550\charrsid684550  of Guam v. Kim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 , we encountered a scenario in which the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3692323 trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid684550\charrsid684550  dismissed a case while declining to consider a motion for summary judgment.  2015 Guam 15.  There, the Government moved for summary judgment after filing its complaint.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \'b6\'b6 8-9.  Kim responded by challenging the Government\rquote s standing to bring the suit.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550  \'b6 10.  The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3692323 trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 
 dismissed the complaint for lack of standing without}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7946742  specifically}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550  considering the Government\rquote s summary judgment motion.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \'b6 12.  On appeal, we determined that the Government did in fact have standing to bring the suit but remanded to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3692323 trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550  to decide the summary judgment issue because the record was not sufficiently developed.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 
Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \'b6 76.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [72]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 
Appellees argue that unlike in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 Kim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 , the record on appeal here is sufficiently developed.  Appellees\rquote 
 Br. at 37.  They reference the fact that both parties have \'93addressed the summary judgment issues at length on appeal, with citation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3018979 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 
 to the record,\'94 including briefing and transcripts.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550   However, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4529635 
while both parties referenced summary judgment below,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550  the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3692323 trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 
 did not rule on the summary judgment issue.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6054026 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [73}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid11238092 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Rule 56(c) provides that a court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4797655 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 shall}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4797655\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 grant summary judgment \'93\loch\f0 if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid11489144 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  a\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
nd admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid4529635 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0   GRCP 56(c).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4529635 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 In order to determine whether summary judgment may be granted, \'93the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4797655 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 ourt must view the evidence and draw inferences in the light most favorable to the non[-]movant.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 Edwards v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid4797655\charrsid684550 Pac}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4797655 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4797655\charrsid684550  Fin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4797655 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid4797655\charrsid684550  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 , 2000 Guam 27 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \'b6}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550  7 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1722008\charrsid1722008 Iizuka Corp. v. Kawasho Int}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7030600 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid1722008\charrsid1722008 l (Guam) Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1722008 , 1997 Guam 10 \'b6 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 ).  \'93The court\rquote s ultimate inquiry is to determine whether the 
\lquote specific fact\rquote  set forth by the nonmoving party, coupled with undisputed background or contextual facts, are such that a rational or reasonable jury might return a verdict in its favor based on that evidence.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 Iizuka}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 , 1997 Guam 10 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 
 8 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1316274 T.W. Elec. Serv}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid684550\charrsid1316274 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1316274\charrsid1316274  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid11489144\charrsid1316274 v. Pac. Elec. Contractors Ass\rquote n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 , 809 F.2d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11489144 626,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid684550\charrsid684550  631}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11489144  (9th Cir. 1987)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 ) (internal quotation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10355066  mark}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 s omitted).  \'93Stated simply, there is a trial issue if there is sufficient evidence for a jury to return a verdict in the non-moving party\rquote s favor.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 Kim v. Hong}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 , 1997 Guam 11 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 
 8 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 Anderson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11489144  v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 , 477 U.S.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11489144  242,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550  250}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11489144  (1986)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 ).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [74]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4529635 Fundamental to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550  the consideration of a motion for summary judgment is consideration of the evidence.  Here, no discovery ha
s been undertaken.  The record before this court contains only the Complaint with attached exhibits, a litany of arguments presented by the parties, and 28 exhibits submitted by Appellees that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3692323 trial court
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550  did not consider.  Importantly, as noted above, the arguments made by Ukau related to summary judgment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4529635 were}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid684550\charrsid684550  conditioned }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4529635 upon the court\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550  consider}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4529635 ation of}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550  summary judgment in lieu of the Rule 12(b)(6) motion.  The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3692323 trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4529635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12141142 did not rule on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 the summary judgment motion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12141142  or consider }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 
extraneous material outside of the Complaint.  Therefore, Ukau\rquote s summary judgment arguments below were immaterial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7030600 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 
 and Ukau was afforded no opportunity to discover additional evidence.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [75]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 Taitano}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2370055  II}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid11549130 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid734829 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 defendant challenged the sufficiency of plaintiffs\rquote  amended claim und
er Rule 12(b)(6) after many years of protracted litigation in a land dispute case.  2009 Guam 9.  The defendant requested this court to take judicial notice of a host of public documents related to the litigation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4467719   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4467719 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4467719  \'b6 31.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550   We considered the documents.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4467719   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4467719 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4467719   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 Plaintiffs did not object or submit their own evidence in response. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4467719\charrsid4467719  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4467719 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4467719   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 
This court was consequently presented with the task of determining \'93whether the copious submission of documents to this court has so changed the character of our Rule 12(b)(6) review that it now becomes a review of summary judgment.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \'b6 32.  We held that it was not appropriate to convert our review to one for summary judgment because the plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4529635 s were}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550  not properly presented the opportunity to present }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4529635 their }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 own evidence for that purpose:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid10574523 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 While we find the [p]laintiffs\rquote 
 silence deafening regarding [defendant\rquote s] submitted documents, the [p]laintiffs were responding to the appropriate standard of review (and our instructions) in discussing only the legal issues. They have not ye
t been given a reasonable opportunity to present all pertinent material.  We therefore continue to apply the standard of review for Rule 12(b)(6) dismissals.  The documents submitted on appeal are relevant to the extent they show that [p]laintiffs can pro
ve no set of facts in support of [their] claim which would entitle [them] to relief.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid684550 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 \'b6\'b6 32-33 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5201500 citations and internal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 quotation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5201500  mark}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 s omitted).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6054026 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [76]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 Here, like in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid538880 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid684550\charrsid684550 itano}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2370055  II}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid684550\charrsid684550  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 we are asked to convert our review of a Rule 12(b)(6) decision to one for summary judgment.  Appellees make this request }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4529635\charrsid684550 having }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 only received a judgment on their Rule 12(b)(6) motion below.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10165487 We find that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 
Ukau adequately responded to that motion.  To grant summary judgment now would deny Ukau the opportunity to undertake discovery and present evidence pertinent to summary judgment.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid11238092 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid6054026 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid684550\charrsid684550 Accordingly, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid734829 we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid684550\charrsid684550  decline to review the Rule 12(b)(6) decisio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5529282 n as one for summary judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6960447 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4349567 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid861465 V. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3619406  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid861465 CONCLUSION
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3619406 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid3619406 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11238092 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid11238092 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [78]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid11238092 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4156224\charrsid4156224 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3692323 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 trial court}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4156224\charrsid4156224 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  erred in granting the Appellees\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  Rule 12(b)(6) motion because Ukau pleaded\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 his cause of action sufficiently under Rule 8(a) and Rule 9(b).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4156224 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Additionally, we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4156224\charrsid4156224 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  decline to affirm the judgment of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid3692323 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4156224\charrsid4156224 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  on the alternative ground of summary judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4679739 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\dbch\af37\insrsid4156224\charrsid4156224 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid11238092 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [79]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid11238092 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4156224 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Accordingly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4156224\charrsid4156224 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4156224 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\dbch\af37\insrsid4156224\charrsid5529282 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 REVERSE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4156224\charrsid4156224 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  the decision of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid3692323 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4156224\charrsid4156224 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  to grant Appell\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ees\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
 Rule 12(b)(6) Motion to Dismiss and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\dbch\af37\insrsid4156224\charrsid5529282 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 REMAND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4156224\charrsid4156224 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 for further proceedings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4156224 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  not inconsistent with this opinion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4156224\charrsid4156224 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\dbch\af37\insrsid734829 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4874802 
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