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{\subject Lujan v. J.L.H. Trust, A Cook Islands Trust, CVA14-036}{\creatim\yr2016\mo9\dy2\hr16\min41}{\revtim\yr2016\mo9\dy2\hr16\min42}{\version1}{\edmins0}{\nofpages26}{\nofwords7102}{\nofchars40482}{\nofcharsws47490}{\vern49255}}{\*\xmlnstbl {\xmlns1 h
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\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid5319659 Lujan v. J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid8413412 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid5319659 L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid8413412 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs20\insrsid5319659 H}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid8413412 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid5319659  Trust}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10360542 , 2016 Guam 24}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\insrsid5319659 , Opinion          \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid5319659\charrsid15748452 Page }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid5319659\charrsid15748452  PAGE }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12734915 2}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid5319659\charrsid15748452  of }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\insrsid5319659\charrsid15748452  NUMPAGES }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12734915 26}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid5319659 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\brdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp20 \tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11948445 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid5319659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11948445 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid5319659\charrsid15748452 
\par }}{\footerl \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s27\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11815928 
\par }}{\footerr \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s27\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11815928 
\par }}{\headerf \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11815928 
\par }}{\footerf \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s27\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6625093 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6625093\charrsid6625093 
\par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}
{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8
\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10570427 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10570427\charrsid1182043 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10570427 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10621312 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10621312\charrsid1182043 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10570427\charrsid1182043 
\par 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid10570427\charrsid3225207 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10570427 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f2\fs18\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid10570427\charrsid1182043 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10570427 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang1036\langfe1033\langnp1036\insrsid10570427\charrsid1182043 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10570427 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid12798658\charrsid3225207 DAVID J. LUJAN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs28\insrsid10570427\charrsid3225207 ,
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6423234 Plaintiff-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12798658 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10570427\charrsid1182043 ,
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid10570427\charrsid2818132 v.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10570427\charrsid1182043 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid12798658\charrsid3225207 J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid7158143\charrsid3225207 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid12798658\charrsid3225207 L}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid7158143\charrsid3225207 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid12798658\charrsid3225207 H}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid7158143\charrsid3225207 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid12798658\charrsid3225207  TRUST, a Cook Islands Trust, KEITH A. WAIBEL, an individual and trustee of J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid7158143\charrsid3225207 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid12798658\charrsid3225207 L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid7158143\charrsid3225207 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid12798658\charrsid3225207 H}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs28\insrsid7158143\charrsid3225207 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid12798658\charrsid3225207  Trust, ROGER SLATER, an individual, GRANT THORNTON, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid4808046\charrsid3225207 
a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid12798658\charrsid3225207  Guam entity, and DOES 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid6436487\charrsid3225207 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs28\insrsid12798658\charrsid3225207 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid10570427\charrsid3225207 ,
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6423234 Defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3873485 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6423234 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12798658 Appellee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3873485 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10570427\charrsid1182043 .
\par 
\par 
\par Supreme Court Case No.: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12798658 CVA14-036}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10570427\charrsid1182043 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6423234 Superior Court Case No.: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12798658 CV0776-09}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10570427\charrsid1182043 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10570427 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10570427\charrsid1182043 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10570427 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid10570427\charrsid3225207 OPINION
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid10570427 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid12083431 Filed:  August 22, 2016}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid12083431\charrsid12083431 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid10570427\charrsid1182043 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid10360542 Cite as: 2016 Guam 24}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\insrsid10570427\charrsid3225207 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10570427 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10570427\charrsid1182043 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10570427 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10570427\charrsid1182043 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam
\par Argued and submitted on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12798658 February 18}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6423234 , 2016}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10570427\charrsid1182043 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tx8560\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10570427 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10570427\charrsid1182043 \tab Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam\tab 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10570427 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang4105\langfe1033\langnp4105\insrsid10570427\charrsid1182043 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10570427 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10570427\charrsid1182043 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14576612 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf6\insrsid14576612\charrsid1182043 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx3240\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12867474 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf6\lang4105\langfe1033\langnp4105\insrsid15879673 \page }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf6\lang4105\langfe1033\langnp4105\insrsid15879673\charrsid1182043 
\par \ltrrow}\trowd \irow0\irowband0\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9558\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10621312\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol
\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4608\clshdrawnil \cellx4500\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4950\clshdrawnil \cellx9450\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid15879673 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid15879673 Appearing for Plaintiff-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\ul\insrsid15879673\charrsid15879673 Appellant:\cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid15879673\charrsid10621312 Appearing f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid15879673\charrsid15879673 or Defendant-Appellee Waibel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid15879673\charrsid10621312 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15879673\charrsid15879673  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid15879673\charrsid15879673 \cell }\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid15879673\charrsid15879673 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\ltrrow
\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9558\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10621312\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4608\clshdrawnil \cellx4500\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4950\clshdrawnil \cellx9450\row \ltrrow
}\trowd \irow1\irowband1\lastrow \ltrrow
\ts11\trgaph108\trrh1404\trleft-108\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9558\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10621312\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4608\clshdrawnil \cellx4500\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4950\clshdrawnil \cellx9450
\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid15427402 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15879673\charrsid15879673 James M. Maher, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15879673\charrsid15879673 Esq.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15879673\charrsid15879673 Law Office of James M. Maher
\par 238 Archbishop Flores St., Ste. 300
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910
\par \cell Braddock J. Huesman, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15879673\charrsid15879673 Esq.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15879673\charrsid15879673 The Law Office of Braddock J. Huesman
\par 139 Murray Blvd., Ste. 100
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15879673 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid15879673\charrsid10621312 Appearing for Defendant-Appellee J.L.H. Trust:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10621312 Curtis C. Van de veld, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10621312 Esq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10621312 
\par The Vandeveld Law Offices, P.C.
\par 123 Hernan Cortez Ave.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10621312\charrsid15879673 Hag\'e5t\'f1a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10621312 , GU 96910}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10621312\charrsid10621312 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15879673\charrsid15879673 \cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15879673\charrsid15879673 
\trowd \irow1\irowband1\lastrow \ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trrh1404\trleft-108\trftsWidth3\trwWidth9558\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10621312\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol
\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4608\clshdrawnil \cellx4500\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4950\clshdrawnil \cellx9450\row }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx3240\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12867474 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs32\cf6\lang4105\langfe1033\langnp4105\insrsid8670213\charrsid15879673 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf6\insrsid11948445\charrsid1182043 \page }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14576612\charrsid1182043 
BEFORE:  ROBERT J. TORRES, Chief Justice; F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Associate Justice; KATHERINE A. MARAMAN, Associate Justice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs32\cf6\insrsid14576612\charrsid10621312 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12867474 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf6\insrsid11948445\charrsid1182043 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8087677 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf6\insrsid11948445\charrsid1182043 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14248571 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15678177 TORRES, C.J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14248571\charrsid1182043 .: 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10166951 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10166951 [1]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10166951 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5773823\charrsid16153565 Plaintiff-Appellant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5773823 David J. Lujan appeals the trial court\rquote s dismissal of his complaint for damages against the Junior Larry Hillbroom Trust (the \'93JLH Trust\'94
), its trustee Keith A. Waibel, and his agents. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891804  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5773823 Lujan represented the interests of Junior Larry Hillbroom (\'93Junior\'94
) and his guardians over the course of many years in seeking and obtaining a share of his deceased father\rquote s estate. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891804  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5773823 
Lujan subsequently represented the JLH Trust and its trustee, Waibel, after its creation in further matters related to the estate.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891804  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5773823  Lujan allege}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4664751 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5773823  in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891804 tort and contract}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5773823  causes of action that Waibel mishandled the JLH Trust
\rquote s funds and failed to remit him remuneration due under his contracts of representation. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891804  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5773823 The instant appeal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4664751 stems from}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5773823  the trial court\rquote s dismissal of Lujan\rquote s complaint following the defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3700933 s\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5773823  motion under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Guam Rules of Civil Procedure (\'93GRCP\'94). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4736401  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5659997\charrsid1182043 For the reasons }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14248571\charrsid1182043 herein, we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6124204 affirm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5773823  in part and reverse in part}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16319201\charrsid1182043 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14248571\charrsid1182043 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7558666 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14248571\charrsid1182043 I. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6389078  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16208563\charrsid1182043 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14248571\charrsid1182043 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10166951\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10166951 {\*\bkmkstart SDU_516}[2]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10166951 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891804 J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098 unior is a pretermitted heir (along with at least three others) of Larry Hillblom, who died in a plane crash in 1995, leaving an estate worth h}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9836582 undreds of millions of dollars.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891804  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098 Junior\rquote 
s guardians retained Lujan to represent Junior\rquote s interests in the Hillblom estate.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891804  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098  In 1998}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid395880 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098  the Guardianship Court approved Lujan\rquote s first retainer agreement (the \'931998 Retainer\'94), which granted Lujan and co-counsels 38% of Junior\rquote s eventual recovery from his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4664751 biological }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098 father\rquote s estate.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891804  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098  Luja
n states that his payment under the 1998 Retainer was, after deductions made for the fees and costs paid to co-counsel, less than 14%. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891804  In order to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098  receive}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891804  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6436487 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891804 expected}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098  funds from the Hillblom estate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891804  and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098  in accordance with probate court requirements, the JLH Trust was settled in April 1999 under the law of the Cook Islands, with Waibel as trustee.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891804  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10166951 [3]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10166951 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2043602 Within the same year}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098 , Lujan and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891804 his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098 co-counsel entered into an amended retainer agreement (the \'931999 Retainer\'94), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891804 intended to apply}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098  to work done after the settlement and final distribution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891804  of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2043602 Hillblom }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891804 estate}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098 , for the purposes of maximizing Junior\rquote s share in negotiations with other pretermitted heirs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2043602 , as well as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098 
 generating future revenue for the JLH Trust. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891804  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098 The 1999 Retainer specified }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2043602 a higher}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098  contingency fee for this work in the amount of 56% }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2043602 of prospective funds }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098 for Lujan and his co-counsel. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891804  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10622027 Lujan\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098  individual portion of the 1999 Retainer was 26%.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891804  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098  Waibel, as the appointed trustee, approved and signed the 1999 Retainer, as did the Guardianship Court in 2001.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1384655   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098 
Waibel subsequently hired Grant Thornton, a Guam-based accounting firm, and particularly accountant Roger Slater, to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6436487 conduct}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098 
 a trust accounting for the JLH Trust. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10891804  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098 Over the next several years, probate of the estate closed, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2043602 distributing}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1384655  funds}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098  to the JLH Trust.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1384655  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098 
 Lujan alleged in his complaint that Waibel }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6436487 then }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1384655 committed numerous wrong}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6366009 ful }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2043602 and unethical }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6366009 actions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2043602 in handling}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6366009  the JLH Trust\rquote s f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1384655 unds, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098 withheld }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2043602 payments}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098  due to him under the retainer agreements.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14750443  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10166951 [4]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10166951 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098 In 2009, Junior sued Lujan, his co-counsel, and Waibel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2043602 
,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098  challenging the 1999 Retainer and the amount of fees and costs paid to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9836582  Lujan and co-counsel.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14750443  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098 Junior was represented by attorney Graham Lippsmith of Girardi Keese, filing suit in California, before }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14750443 having that claim}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098  dismissed and re-filing in the District Court for the Northern Mariana I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9836582 slands.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5251899   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2043602 Around this time, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098 Lippsmith gave an interview about th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8204669 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098  case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2043602 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2043602 sharply criticizing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098 Lujan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6436487 \rquote s scruples}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098  as an attorney, which was broadcast on Guam. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5251899  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12606098\charrsid2425095 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10166951 [5]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10166951 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098 Lujan }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12089144 then }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12606098 filed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8204669 this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098 suit in the Superior Court of Guam against the JLH Trust, Waibel, Grant Thornton, Slater, Girardi Keese, and Lippsmith.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5251899\charrsid5251899  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12606098\charrsid5251899  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098 Lujan alleged six claims entitling him to relief: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098\charrsid5251899 defamation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098  against Girardi Keese and Lippsmith; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098\charrsid5251899 
intentional interference with contract against Waibel, Grant Thornt
on, and Slater; aiding and abetting a breach of fiduciary duty against Waibel, Grant Thornton, and Slater; contribution against Waibel; equitable indemnification against Waibel; and breach of contract }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098 
against Waibel and the JLH Trust.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5251899  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098  Lujan }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6366009 maintained}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098  tha
t Waibel and his agents }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8204669 neglected}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098  to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12089144 properly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098 disclose}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6366009  the JLH Trust\rquote s receipt of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098  millions of dollars}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6366009 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098  and }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12089144 failed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6366009 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12089144 remit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid395880 to }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098 Lujan the percentage }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8204669 of these funds }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098 required by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8204669 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098  retainer contracts.  Lujan also sought contribution and indemnification from Waibel for any damages owed to Junior in the federal lawsuit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5251899 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12606098   In 2011, Lujan voluntarily dismissed the defamation claim against Girardi Keese and Lippsmith. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5251899  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10166951 [6]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10166951 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098 The defendants removed the action to the District Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5251899 of Guam, arguing that the Guam-b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098 ased Grant Thornton and Slater were joined as \'93sham defendants\'94 to defeat complete diversity. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5251899  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12089144 However, o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098 n Lujan\rquote s motion, the District Court remanded the case to the Superior Court of Guam, reasoning that it was not clearly established }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6366009 under}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098  Guam law that Lujan had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8204669 failed to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8204669 state a valid}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098  claim against Grant Thornton and Slater. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5251899  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10166951 [7]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10166951 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8204669 Now, back in local court, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12089144 he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1576111\charrsid1576111 JLH Trust, Waibel, Grant Thornton, and Slater }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1576111 filed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098 motions to dismiss under GRCP 12(b)(6)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1576111  for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9836582 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5251899\charrsid10749395  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12606098\charrsid10749395  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1576111 After a hearing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098 , the trial court issued }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8204669 its}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12606098  Decision and Order granting the motions, dismissing the claims for intentional interference with contract and breach of contract with prejudice, and the claims for aiding and abetting, contribution, and equitable ind}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9836582 emnification without prejudice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5251899  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098 
Lujan filed a Petition for Permission to File an Interlocutory Appeal, and a motion }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5251899 to stay the Decision and Order, which w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098 e granted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5251899  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11807739\charrsid1182043 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10360542 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14248571\charrsid1182043 II. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6389078  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6912301\charrsid1182043 JURISDICTION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14248571\charrsid1182043 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10166951\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10166951 [8]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10166951 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12606098\charrsid16153565 This court has jurisdiction to hear this appeal pursuant to 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8204669 1424-1(a)(2) (Westlaw through Pub. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12606098\charrsid16153565 L. 114-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8204669 219}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12676586  (2016}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098\charrsid16153565 ))}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid395880 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098\charrsid16153565  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid395880 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098\charrsid16153565 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 3107 and 3108(b) (2005).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10360542 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10360542 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14248571\charrsid1182043 III. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6389078  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6912301\charrsid1182043 STANDARD OF REVIEW}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5645846 {\*\bkmkend SDU_516}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10166951\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4671027 [9]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4671027 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2825178\charrsid11027457 The standard of review for conclusions of law is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2825178\charrsid3218704 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2825178\charrsid11027457 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2825178  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2825178\charrsid11027457 Lamb v. Hoffman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2825178\charrsid11027457 , 2008 Guam 2 \'b6 11 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2825178 Lizama v. Dep
\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2825178\charrsid11027457 t of Pub. Works}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2825178\charrsid11027457 , 2005 Guam 12 \'b6 13).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2825178 
  Issues of statutory interpretation are reviewed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2825178\charrsid8063958 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2825178 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2825178\charrsid4149701 
People v. Quichocho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2825178 , 1997 Guam 13}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2825178\charrsid4149701  \'b6 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12412300  (citations omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2825178\charrsid4149701 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2825178 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4671027\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4671027 [10]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4671027 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12606098\charrsid16153565 We review a dismissal for failure to state a claim p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8063958 ursuant to GRCP 12(b)(6) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12606098\charrsid16153565 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098\charrsid16153565 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098\charrsid16153565  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12606098\charrsid16153565 Taitan
o v. Calvo Fin. Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098\charrsid16153565 , 2008 Guam 12 \'b6 9 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13660671 First Hawaiian}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12606098\charrsid16153565 
 Bank v. Manley}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098\charrsid16153565 , 2007 Guam 2 \'b6 6). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098\charrsid16153565 In doing so, we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8022413 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098\charrsid16153565 must construe the pleading in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, and resolve all }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13660671 
doubts in the non-moving party\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098\charrsid16153565 s favor.\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12606098\charrsid16153565 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098\charrsid16153565  (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13660671 First Hawaiian}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12606098\charrsid16153565  Bank}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12606098\charrsid16153565 , 2007 Guam 2 \'b6 9). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10643117\charrsid16153565 Nevertheless}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098\charrsid16153565 , \'93
conclusory allegations of law and unwarranted inferences are insufficient to defeat a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098\charrsid16153565  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12606098\charrsid16153565 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12606098\charrsid12676586 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098\charrsid16153565  (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid12606098\charrsid16153565 Epstein v. Wash. Energy Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098\charrsid16153565 , 83 F.3d 1136, 1140 (9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098 th Cir.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7170399  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098 1996)).  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16458589 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14248571\charrsid1182043 IV.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6389078  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14248571\charrsid1182043  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2849707\charrsid1182043 ANALYSI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6912301\charrsid1182043 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16458589\charrsid16458589 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4671027\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4671027 [11]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4671027 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12606098 Lujan appeals the trial court\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14691841 GRCP 12(b)(6) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098 dismissal of his complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5141121  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12089144 Accordingly, r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098\charrsid15401841 
esolution of the issues on appeal requires analysis of the following:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12089144  defining}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098\charrsid15401841  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8668423 
the proper standard for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098\charrsid15401841  adjudicating a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12089144 GRCP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098\charrsid15401841  12(b)(6) motion}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14691841  on Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12089144 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098\charrsid15401841  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12089144  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14691841 then }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12089144 determining}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098\charrsid15401841 
whether the trial court erred in ruling Lujan failed to state a claim for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098 aiding and abetting a breach of a fiduciary duty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8668423 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12606098\charrsid15401841 breach of contract against the JLH Trust and intentional interference against Waibel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12089144 , or in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098\charrsid15401841 
 dismissing the entire complaint}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12089144 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098\charrsid15401841 along with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5141121 several}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12606098\charrsid15401841  minor issues.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606098 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10360542 //
\par //
\par //
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-450\li450\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin450\itap0\pararsid1989194\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid594101\charrsid594101 A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid594101   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid594101\charrsid594101 Whether the trial court erred in holding that this court has adopted the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid594101\charrsid8668423 Twombly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid594101\charrsid594101 
 standard as the correct measure in adjudicating a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7170399 GRCP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid594101  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid594101\charrsid594101 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16458589 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid594101\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid594101 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4671027\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4671027 [12]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4671027 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid594101 Lujan asserts that the trial court applied the incorrect standard in adjudicating the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5141121 GRCP }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5141121  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 6 (Apr. 27, 2015). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5141121  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 For decades, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5141121 Federal Rules of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2962476 Civil Procedure}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5141121  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7170399 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2962476 
FRCP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7170399 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5141121 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5141121 Rule }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 
12(b)(6) standard }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12089144 dictated dismissal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101  only when it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101\charrsid6825116  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 
\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101\charrsid6825116 appear}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12089144 [ed]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101\charrsid6825116  beyond doubt that the plaintiff }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12089144 [could]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101\charrsid6825116  prove }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid594101\charrsid3024628 no set of facts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101\charrsid6825116 
 in support of his claim which would entitle him to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5141121  relief.\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid594101\charrsid2300474 Conley v. Gibson}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 , 355 U.S. 41, 45-46 (1957) (emphasis added)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15541947\charrsid15541947  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15541947 (footnote omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 .
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5141121  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101  Then in 2007, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5141121 he United States Supreme Court retired}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101  the \'93
no set of facts\'94 test, in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid594101\charrsid2300474 Bell Atl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5653039 antic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid594101\charrsid2300474  Corp. v. Twombly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 , 550 U.S. 544}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5129609 , 562-63}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101  (2007). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5141121  Under the standard articulated in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5141121\charrsid5141121 Twombly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5141121 , w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 hile }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101\charrsid3024628 a complaint }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 need not include detailed factual allegations, it requires more than mere \'93labels\'94 and \'93conclusions,\'94 and \'93must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5141121  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid594101\charrsid2300474 Twombly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 , 550 U.S. at 545. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5141121  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 Thus, to survive a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2962476 n FRCP }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, the plaintiff must }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12601939 now facially }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 allege sufficient facts to \'93nudge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11422291 []}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 
 their claims across the line from conceivable to plausible.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid594101\charrsid2300474 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101  at 570. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5141121  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 Two years later, the Court confirmed that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid594101\charrsid2300474 Twombly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101  standard applies in all civil suits. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5141121  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid594101\charrsid2300474 Ashcroft v. Iqbal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101\charrsid3547575 , 556 U.S. 662}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2962476 , 684}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101\charrsid3547575  (2009)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5141121  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 
 Subsequently, as noted by the parties, many states have adopted or rejected }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12601939 this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101  \'93plausible\'94 language. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2962476  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 7 n.7; Appellee\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13903326  (\'93Waibel\rquote s\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101  Br. at 14 (Sept. 22, 2015). }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2962476  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 The parties }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12601939 now}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101  dispute whether we have adopted the }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid594101\charrsid2300474 Twombly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101  plausibility standard, or continue to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8668423 utilize}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101  the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid594101\charrsid2300474 Conley}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101  \'93no set of facts\'94 test.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10643117   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10643117 See }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10643117 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 6-8; Waibel\rquote s Br. at 9-13.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4671027 [13]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4671027 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 After review of our case law, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101\charrsid3547575 he }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101\charrsid3547575  court determined}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101  that the standard on Guam to use in adjudicating a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12089144 GRCP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8668423  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 12(b)(6) motion is that set forth in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid594101\charrsid4880553 Twombly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101\charrsid3547575 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2962476  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13310752 Record on Appeal (\'93RA\'94
), tab 135 at 17 (Dec. & Order, Oct. 29, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2962476   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 Lujan now argues that the trial court overlooked the fact that this court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid594101\charrsid1529617 Core Tech}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2962476 Int}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1930467 ernational}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2962476 
 Corp. v. Hanil Eng}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1930467 ineering}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2962476  & Constr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1930467 uction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2962476  Co.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2962476 , 2010 Guam 13, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 specifically qualified }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2962476 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid594101\charrsid1529617 Twombly}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2962476 language }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2962476 also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 
quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid594101\charrsid1529617 Taitano}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12601939  v. Calvo Fin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1930467 ance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12601939  Corp.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 , 2009 Guam 9, and citing to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid594101\charrsid5441550 Conley}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 , and that the correct standard on Guam remains the \'93
no set of facts\'94 test. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2962476  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 7.  He also asserts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15534788 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid594101  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12676586 citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13532425\charrsid13532425 Taitano}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13532425 , 2009 Guam 9 \'b6 43, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12676586 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 the purpose of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12089144 GRCP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101  12(b)(6) is to prevent impossible claims, while }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12089144 GRCP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101  11 serves the pleading }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12601939 gate-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 keeping function.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2962476  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1853404\charrsid1853404 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1853404  at 7-8.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 
Waibel responds that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid594101\charrsid15026876 Twombly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101  was merely a clarification of the existing test, and did not create a new, heightened standard.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2962476  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13903326 Waibel\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101  Br. at 13. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2962476  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 Nevertheless, Waibel }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2962476 also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 argues for a heightened pleading standard in cases dealing with fiduciary duties, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12089144 recognizing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10831928 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101  presumption against an attorney }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10831928 modifying}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101  a fee agreement after an attorney}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1930467 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 client relationship is established.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10831928  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid594101\charrsid1321175 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid594101\charrsid10831928 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101  at 14-15. 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4671027 [14]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4671027 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14240655 Following oral arguments in this matter, we issued our opinion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid594101  in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid594101\charrsid14240655 Ukau v. Wang}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4986873 , 2016 Guam 18}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14240655 , which}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3700933  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8721286 explicitly defined}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3700933  the standard applicable to civil pleadings in the Superior Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14240655  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14240655 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14240655\charrsid14240655 Ukau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14240655 
, we held that due to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14240655\charrsid13262293 the plain language of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14240655 GRCP }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14240655\charrsid13262293 8(a) and this court\rquote 
s historical interpretation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14240655 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14240655\charrsid13262293  imposing a liberal, notice pleading requirement, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid14240655\charrsid7503440 Twombly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14240655\charrsid13262293  standard is inapplicable to local civil pleadings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8721286  on Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14240655\charrsid13262293 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14240655   2016 Guam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4986873 18}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2624814  \'b6 33}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14240655 .  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 The trial court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14240655 therefore }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 erred in holding we have adopted }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid594101\charrsid14240655 Twombly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12601939 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10749395 applying}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101  the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid594101\charrsid14240655 Twombly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101  standard}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14240655 , as we maintain the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid14240655\charrsid14240655 Conley}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14240655  \'93no set of facts\'94 test}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12601939  for local civil matters}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 . 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4671027 [15]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4671027 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10831928 Academically}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 , the trial court should }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10831928 reconsider}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101  each and every claim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10831928  once more}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10831928 employing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101  the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid594101\charrsid16474293 Conley}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101  \'93no set of facts\'94 language. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10831928  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 However, given that the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8668423  issues are already before this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7170399  court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8668423 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10027405 we find it more}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101  prudent to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12601939 
substantively }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 evaluate the merits of each claim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11423435  at this time}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10831928  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12793395\charrsid12793395 See Ukau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12793395 , 2016 Guam 18 \'b6 70 (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12793395\charrsid12793395 It is well-settled l
aw that this court may, in its discretion, either remand or decide issues in the first instance if the record is sufficiently developed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12793395 .\'94 (citation omitted)).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid594101 Therefore, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10831928 we proceed to examination of each}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12601939  challenged}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10831928  claim, inquiring }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 whether \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101\charrsid8150403 it appears beyond doubt that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 [Lujan]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101\charrsid8150403 
 can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15541947  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid594101\charrsid5797807 Taitano}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14240655 , 2008 Guam 12 \'b6 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9184226  (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9184226 Vasque}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10027405 z}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9184226  v. Los Angeles County}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9184226 , 487 F.3d 1246, 1249 (9th Cir. 2007))}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14240655 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid594101 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li432\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin432\itap0\pararsid7799226\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16458589 B.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5575425 Whether the trial court erred in holdi
ng Lujan failed to state a claim for aiding and abetting a breach of fiduciary duty
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14240655\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14240655\charrsid14240655 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4671027\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4671027 [16]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4671027 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5575425 Lujan }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11103290 claims}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 
 that the trial court erred in ruling he had not identified any fiduciary duty owed to him by Waibel, and thus failed to state a claim for aiding and abetting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11103290 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 
 breach of such duty. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3218704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 13-16. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3218704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 
A trustee clearly owes }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8721286 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  beneficiary the highest duty of good faith.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3218704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5575425  18 GCA \'a7 65201}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10027405  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3218704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 
However, there is no statute defining }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8721286 any similar }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 duties a trustee would owe to an attorney retained by the trust. 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4671027 [17]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4671027 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 
At trial, Lujan alleged that Waibel, Grant Thornton, and Slater committed tortious acts with the JLH Trust, amounting to a breach of fiduciary duty owed to Lujan.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3218704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5575425  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15868717 RA, tab 135 at 26-27 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 (Dec. & Order). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3218704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 Lujan}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3218704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8721286 then}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  clarified that the source of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11103290 this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  alleged duty was not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11103290 by operation of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  a constructive trust,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8721286 
 but argued that a trustee has an ascribed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  duty to pay out all monies owed (including to creditors), similar to the duty of a probate administrator.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3218704  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5575425\charrsid9639307 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15868717 28}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5575425 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3218704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8721286 In ruling, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 he trial court did not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3218704 consider}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  the merits of whether it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8721286 could}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  ever}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8721286  be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  possible for a trustee to owe a fiduciary duty to a lawyer hired by the trust.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3218704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  Instead, the court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3700933 determined }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8721286 for this particular case, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 
without some defined and applicable fiduciary duty owed by Waibel to Lujan, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8721286 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 breach of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8721286 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  duty would }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8721286 naturally }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 be impossible. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3218704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid5575425\charrsid9639307 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5575425 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5575425\charrsid11103290 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3218704  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8721286 The court therefore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  found that as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10749395  pleaded,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 
 Lujan had not identified a fiduciary duty for the defendants to breach. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3218704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5575425\charrsid9639307 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  at }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4028401 28-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15868717 29}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 . 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4671027 [18]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4671027 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 Lujan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4614801  now}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 
 argues that like a probate estate, a trust is a collection of assets and liabilities. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8744231  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 Appellant\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4675353 First }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 Reply Br. at 4 (Oct. 5, 2015) (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5575425\charrsid9639307 Galdjie v. Darwish}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10424893\charrsid10424893 7 Cal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10424893  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10424893\charrsid10424893 Rptr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10424893  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10424893\charrsid10424893 3d 178}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3345216 191-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10424893 92}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  (Ct. App. 2003)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3218602 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3218704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 Further, personal representatives of probate estates }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3345216 owe certain}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  fiduciary duties, including to creditors. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3218704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid5575425\charrsid9639307 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5575425\charrsid1775957 In re Estate of Boyd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 
, 634 N.W.2d 630, 639 (Iowa 2001)). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3218704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 Based on this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4614801 probate analogy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 
, Lujan alleges that Waibel had a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5270420  similar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  fiduciary duty to pay Lujan his pro rata share of all money received by the JLH Trust under
 the retainers, and that he breached that duty by not doing so.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3218704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5575425\charrsid9639307 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4671027 [19]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4671027 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 Waibel }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5270420 responds}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5575425  that Lujan\rquote s assertions have been vague and inconsistent throughout. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3218704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13903326 Waibel\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 
 Br. at 16-18. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3218704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 He asserts that Lujan\rquote s original complaint alleged aiding and abetting a breach of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid5575425\charrsid5270420 contract}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 , which Lujan then changed to fiduciary duty during oral argument, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5270420 while also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5575425  abandoning a theory of constructive trust. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3218704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5575425\charrsid6770413 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9721226 at 16-17. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3218704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 Waibel }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9721226 therefore }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 believes Lujan\rquote 
s inconsistencies have resulted in a failure to state a claim. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3218704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5575425\charrsid6770413 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9721226 at 18. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3218704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4614801 He}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  maintains that the only obligation owed to Lujan was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4614801 pursuant to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  the contracts, and there }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5270420 can be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 
 no tort liability for aiding and abetting a breach of contract. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3218704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5575425\charrsid6770413 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  at 20-21. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3218704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 Further, Waibel attacks Lujan\rquote s assertion that a client could owe its attorney a fiduciary duty as a backwards idea of how the relationship functions. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3218704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5575425\charrsid6770413 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  at 21-22. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3218704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 
As for Lujan\rquote s analogy to an executor of an estate, Waibel argues that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5270420 while probate administrators may owe many people fiduciary duties, a trustee merely has a duty to act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  \'93solely in the interest of the beneficiaries, or solely in furtherance of its charitable purpose.\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3218704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5575425\charrsid6770413 Id.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  at 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4721380 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 -2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4721380 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  (}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1970652 quoting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  Restatement (Third) of Trusts \'a7 78(1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11211983  (Am. Law Inst. 2007)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5575425 ). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3218704  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 Waibel cites to case law, most notably a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6715914 matter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 
 wherein }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6715914 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  California Court of Appeals stated, \'93[t]here is simply no authority, either in statute or the common law, for imposing such a duty on a trustee\'94
 and \'93[n]othing in the statutory scheme governing trusts, either expressly or implicitly, establishes a compet
ing duty to withhold otherwise authorized distribution to beneficiaries to preserve trust assets in favor of a third party with a disputed claim.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6715914  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5576251 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5576251 at 23 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5575425\charrsid6770413 Arluk Med}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12070937 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5575425\charrsid6770413  Ctr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12070937 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5575425\charrsid6770413  Indus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12070937 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5575425\charrsid6770413  Grp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12070937 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5575425\charrsid6770413 , Inc. v. Dobler}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425\charrsid12600952 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425\charrsid5576251  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 11 Cal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8668423  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 Rptr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8668423  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 3d 194}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8668423 , 201}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  (Ct. App. 2004)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5576251  (citations omitted)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7617183 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6715914  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4614801 Essentially, W}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7170399 aibel argues that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6715914  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 a trustee holds the property for the benefit of the beneficiary, and no other. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7617183  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7617183\charrsid7617183 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1970652\charrsid7617183 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1970652  at 24.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6715914  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1970652  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 Finally, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6715914 he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 
 contends that as a trustee is not separate from the trust, a trustee could never aid and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6715914 abet the actions of the trust, and t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 
herefore the dismissal of this claim should have been with prejudice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6715914  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1970652\charrsid1970652 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  at 25-26.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4671027 [20]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4671027 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 It is only logical that in order for there to be a breach of fiduciary duty, there must first be a }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4614801 definite }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 fiduciary duty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7627656  in existence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7627656  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  Lujan was retained to perform legal services in exchange for payment under the retainers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16538839 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7627656  the }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 agreements contained no language imposing any duties other than the contractual variety }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4614801 regarding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 
 payment for legal services. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid415971  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 While Lujan cite}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8668423 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  to the statutes def
ining a trust and imposing a duty of good faith on the trustee, that duty applies }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8744231 only }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 towards the beneficiary of the trust, and Lujan was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7617183 obviously}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4614801  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 not the beneficiary of the JLH Trust. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16538839  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5575425\charrsid7161465 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 15}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5575425\charrsid13516494 see}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  18 GCA \'a7\'a7 65102, 65201}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8668423  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16538839  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  Lujan is perhaps }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4614801 intimating}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  that the retainer contracts created a voluntary trust with himself as the beneficiary, but }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7617183 such a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5575425  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4614801 theory }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 would be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4614801 plainly inaccurate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 
; these were merely contracts for retaining Lujan\rquote s legal services. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16538839  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4614801 Therefore, c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 ontrary to Lujan\rquote 
s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4614801 representation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 , these }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4614801 trust }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 statutes do not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7617183 in any establish}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  that Waib}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid536369 el owed Lujan a fiduciary duty.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16538839 
As for the comparison to estate law, p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 ersonal representatives of estates}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid536369  certainly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10749395 owe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16538839 specific }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 statutorily defined duties to a limited class of parties. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16538839  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13638453 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16538839 15 GCA \'a7\'a7 2201-2229}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8668423  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16538839 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid536369 However, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 here are no such statutory provisions for trustees, save for the fiduciary duty owed to the beneficiary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid536369  in 18 GCA \'a7 65201}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid536369   We therefore reject this analogy to probate law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5575425\charrsid536369 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4671027 [21]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4671027 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15403329 Rather, it appears}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425  that Lujan is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4614801 here }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 alleging a breach of contract alone. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16188292  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 This is indicated by Lujan\rquote 
s summation of the \'93fiduciary\'94 duty owed to him: \'93Waibel\rquote s duty was to pay Lujan his pro rata share of all money received by the JLH Trust }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5575425\charrsid3616243 pursuant to the contracts}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 .\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4135850  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 15 (emphasis added). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3873485  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 If there was indeed a breach}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13707713  of the terms of these contracts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 
, contract law should be adequate to handle a dispute premised solely on failure to perform.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3543721  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4614801  Indeed, L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 
ujan offers no argument as to why contract law would be insufficient }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4614801 to resolve this quarrel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5575425 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid536369 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4671027 [22]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4671027 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4614801 In summation, a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16670499  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid536369 trustee owes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16670499  no fiduciary duty to the other party of a trust contract }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13707713 solely due to trustee status}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16319620 ; c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13707713 ontract law governs this contractual dispute.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16670499   Therefore, the trial court correctly dismissed Lujan\rquote s claim for a
iding and abetting a breach of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8668423 a trustee\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16670499 fiduciary duty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8668423 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16670499 
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8668423 as no such duty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4614801  is possible under Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4743940  law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16670499 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16458589 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-450\li450\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin450\itap0\pararsid7799226\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16458589\charrsid3870156 C.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13333497 
Whether the trial court erred in dismissing Lujan\rquote s claim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6651835 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13333497  for breach of contract against the JLH Trust}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid6651835  and intentional interference with contract against Waibel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16458589 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13333497\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13333497\charrsid3870156 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4671027\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4671027 [23]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4671027 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6651835 Lujan argues that the JLH Trust breached the retainers, and that Waibel, acting separately from the trust, intentionally interfered with those contracts.  Appellant\rquote s Br. at 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4135850 -9}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 , 16.  Both of these claims implicate the doctrinal inquiry
 of what exactly a trust is, and what the roles and relationships are between trust and trustee.  Only if a trust is a legally separate entity capable of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11803458 independent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6651835  actions could Lujan sue the JLH Trust itself (apart from Waibel) for breach of contract on
 the retainers.  Further, only if a trustee can act in an individual capacity separate from the trust could Waibel intentionally interfere with a trust contract.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6651835\charrsid6651835 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid616309 ee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6651835\charrsid11697576  Pac. Gas & Elec. Co. v. Bear Stearns & Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 , 791 P.2d 587, 589}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13638453 
-90}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  (Cal. 1990) (defining the elements of intentional interference to include the actions of a third party to the contract).  We }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4743940 therefore }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid616309 examine}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  the role and relationship of trusts and trustees under Guam law and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid616309 the impact}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 
 on Lujan\rquote s claims. 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8744231 [24]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 Guam\rquote s statutory scheme regarding trusts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2251513 derives}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 
 from a forme}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11799954 r version of California\rquote s trust}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  statutes.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6651835\charrsid16649502 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  18 GCA \'a7\'a7 65101-66603}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8668423  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8744231 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4411547  SOURCE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6651835 ; Cal. Civ. Code \'a7\'a7 2215-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16319620 22}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 
89 (repealed 1986).  Where we have adopted California statutes, California case law interpreting those statutes }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4743940 stands as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  persuasive authority.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6651835\charrsid15490060 See People v. Hall}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 , 2004 Guam 12}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835\charrsid15490060  \'b6
 18 (finding that California case law interpreting a California statute from which a Guam statute was derived is persuasive authority, and adopting such case law \'93absent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid659963  a compelling reason to deviate}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1734136 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835\charrsid15490060 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1734136  (citation omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835\charrsid15490060 )}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4743940 This court has}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  yet to consider the two inquiries}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4743940  relevant here}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 : the unity or separation of t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid25956 rust and trustee (which we examine in relation to the current claims)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 
, and whether a trustee may be sued personally. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7421499 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi288\li432\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin432\itap0\pararsid10360542\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7421499\charrsid7421499 1.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7421499 B}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7421499\charrsid7421499 reach of contract against the JLH Trust}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7421499\charrsid7421499 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4671027\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4671027 [2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8744231 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid4671027 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4671027 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 Lujan can }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid25956 sustain}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 
 a claim for breach of contract against the JLH Trust itself }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8744231 only }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 if }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4743940 the trust}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6651835  is a legally separate entity capable of suing and being sued. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7421499  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 Otherwise the only viable suit would be against Waibel, the trustee. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7421499  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 The trial court reasoned, \'93a trust is not an entity with an independent legal personality, able to contract in its own name and sue or be sued on its own.\'94}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7421499  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11875333 RA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5927419 , t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11875333 
ab 135 at 25 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 (Dec. & Order).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7421499  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  Therefore, the only breach of contract claim could be aga
inst Waibel, as the court held that \'93the trustee, not the trust itself, is the real party in interest in litigation involving trust property, and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5927419  the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 
 only party capable of being sued by a third party.\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7421499  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6651835\charrsid16649502 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7421499  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 Based on this reasoning, Lujan\rquote s breach of contract claim against the trust itself would be legally impossible.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4671027 [2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9381637 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4671027 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4671027 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10365915 
The trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10365915 cited}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  18 GCA \'a7 66301}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15033653 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4743940  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10365915 which states}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4743940  that \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10365915 [a] trustee is a general agent for the trust property}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2699608 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10365915 \'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2699608 whose acts \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 bind the trust property to the same extent as }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2699608 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 acts of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2699608 an agent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  bind }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2699608 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 the agent\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2699608 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  principal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5927419 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7421499  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2699608 18 GCA \'a7 66301 (2005); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2699608 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid2699608\charrsid2699608 ee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9381637  also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2699608  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6504673 RA, tab 135}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2699608 
 at 24 (Dec. & Order)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7421499  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2699608 Lujan believes this statute }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 
is an indication that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid25956 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  trust functions as a principal and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4743940 constitutes a separate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6651835  entity. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7421499  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2699608 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 18.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 Lujan further }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15480513 asserts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6651835\charrsid4409259 Galdjie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 
 court (relied on by the trial court) found similar language to mean that a trustee is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15480513  \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 a juristic person in a court of law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15480513 ,\'94 and that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15480513 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 
the trust estate is to be considered an entity chargeable as a principal for the ac}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15480513 ts of the trustee, its agent.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4743940   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6651835 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 18}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1383825  (quoting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835\charrsid3543721  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6651835\charrsid3543721 Galdjie}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835\charrsid3543721 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid10424893\charrsid3543721 7 Cal. Rptr. 3d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10424893 190}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1383825 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7421499   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 
Lujan argues that the logical consequence of th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4743940 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  court\rquote 
s ruling and citations is to make a trust chargeable as a principal, which is not reconcilable with holding that a trust is not an independent entity.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7421499  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  Appellant
\rquote s Br. at 18. 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4671027 [2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9381637 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4671027 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4671027 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 
Waibel mainly contends that a trust relationship varies from the structure of a corporation; whereas a corporation is a legal entity separate from shareholders and officers, the trust is not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4743940 independent of}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  its trustee.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7421499  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13903326 Waibel\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6651835  Br. at 33 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6651835\charrsid13519210 Ziegler v. Nickel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 , 75 Cal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4743940  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6651835 Rptr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4743940  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 2d 312, 314-15 (Ct. App. 1998)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15033653 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 . }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7421499  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 Therefore, the trustee }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4743940 always}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 
 enters and performs contracts on behalf of the trust, and if there is a breach or tort, the trustee is the real party in interest }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid25956 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  the lawsuit. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7421499  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6651835\charrsid4409259 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6651835\charrsid13519210 Moeller v. Superior Court}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 , 947 P.2d 279, 283 n.3 (Cal. 1997)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2384543 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 . 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4671027 [2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14838460 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4671027 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4671027 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 Guam
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2384543 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 s trust}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4743940  definition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 
 statute has not departed from regarding a trust as a relationship rather than an entity; it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835\charrsid4409259  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 uses lang
uage of obligation and not entity creation. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7421499  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6651835\charrsid16649502 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8668423  18 GCA \'a7 65102 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5319659 (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 A voluntary trust is an obligation arising out of a personal confidence in, and voluntarily accepted by, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5319659 
one for the benefit of another.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2384543  (emphasis omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid25956 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7421499  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  This section was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid25956 modeled after}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  California Civil Code }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9381637 section}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  2216. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7421499  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2108726\charrsid2108726 See id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9381637 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid2384543  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2384543 SOURCE.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2108726   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 Under California law, u}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835\charrsid9444246 
nlike a corporation, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 a trust is not a legal entity distinct }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid25956 from stockholders and officers, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 deemed a person }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid25956 for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  many legal constructs; rather it is a fiduciary relationship with respect to property.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7421499  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6651835\charrsid4409259 Ziegler}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 , 75 Cal. Rptr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4743940  2d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6651835  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7235389 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  314 (citations omitted). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7421499  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 
Indeed, the trust is not an entity separate from the trustee and the trustee holds legal title to property owned by a trust.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7421499  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid6651835\charrsid4409259 Moeller}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835\charrsid12324128 947 P.2d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid659963 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6651835  285}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7235389  (citations omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835\charrsid12324128 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7235389 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid6651835\charrsid16649502 Pillsbury v. Karmgard}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10424893\charrsid10424893 27 Cal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10424893  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10424893\charrsid10424893 Rptr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10424893  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10424893\charrsid10424893 2d 491}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1969618 , 495}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6651835  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835\charrsid12324128 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 Ct. App. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835\charrsid12324128 1994)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 
. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7421499  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 Since a trust is not a legal entity, it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7235389 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 
cannot sue or be sued, hold title to property, own property, or enter into contracts.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7235389 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7421499  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6651835\charrsid4409259 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  60 Cal. Jur. 3d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6651835\charrsid14826540 Trusts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  \'a7 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7235389  (2016}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14826540 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7235389  (footnotes omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6651835 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7421499  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 Therefore, the correct suit for breach of contract is against the trustee, and not the trust itself. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7421499  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15688288 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6651835\charrsid4409259 Aulisio v. Bancroft}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 , 179 Cal. Rptr. 3d 408, 414 (Ct. App. 2014) (citations omitted)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12479808  (stating that the trustee is the proper representative of the trust in litigation)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7421499  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  Further, while Lujan points out that some aspects of agency law apply to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960016 trust/trustee }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 
relationship, it is important to recognize that actions of the trustee \'93bind the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835\charrsid4743940 trust}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6651835\charrsid401244  property}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  to the same extent as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15688288  the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  acts of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15688288 an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6651835 agent bind }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid460751 [the agent\rquote s]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  principal.\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7421499  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 
18 GCA \'a7 66301 (emphasis added). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7421499  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 The statute does not dictate that there is a trust }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6651835\charrsid12324128 entity}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  that is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835\charrsid15609920 bound by the actions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  of the trustee as a principal; only that the trust }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6651835\charrsid12324128 property}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  is committed in a similar way as a principal would be bound. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7421499  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2108726 So, w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3700933 hile}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5319659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 aspect}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3700933 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6651835  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3700933 of agency law apply to a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960016 trust/trustee }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3700933 relationship}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10960016 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3700933  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4743940 an important}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  difference remains in binding }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7170485 
trust }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 property, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7170485 rather than implicating}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  a separate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7170485 trust }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 principal. 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4671027 [2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14838460 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4671027 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4671027 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2108726 
Summarily, a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  trust is not an entity capable of suing or being sued; the legally correct suit is by or against the trustee. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7421499  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6651835 Therefore, Lujan }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10173696 can allege no set of facts that would}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835  state a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10173696 viable }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 claim for breach of contract against the JLH Trust and the trial court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7421499 was correct in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14439761 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7886400  dismissal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6651835 . 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi288\li432\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin432\itap0\pararsid10360542\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid659963 2.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid659963\charrsid659963 Intentio
nal interference with contract against Waibel
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4671027\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14766088 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14838460 30}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid14766088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14766088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2309303 Lujan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7820762  also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2309303  asserts that }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7690961 he properly stated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2309303  a viable cause of action for intentional interference with contract against}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5913576  Waibel.  Appellant\rquote 
s Br. at 8. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2309303  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5060299 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2309303 elements of intentional interference with contract}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5060299 
 are}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2309303 : }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7690961 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2309303\charrsid15746828 (1) a valid contract between plaintiff and a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7690961  third party; (2) defendant\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2309303\charrsid15746828 s knowledge of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7690961 this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2309303\charrsid15746828 
 contract; (3) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7690961 defendant\rquote s intentional acts designed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2309303\charrsid15746828 
 to induce a breach or disruption of the contractual relationship; (4) actual breach or disruption of the contract}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7690961 ual relationship; and (5) resulting damage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2309303\charrsid15746828 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7690961 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2309303\charrsid15746828  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2309303  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid5060299\charrsid4589260 CRST Van Expedited, Inc. v. Werner Enters}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6059888 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5060299\charrsid4589260 , Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5060299 
, 479 F.3d 1099, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4589260 1105 (9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4589260\charrsid4589260 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4589260  Cir. 2007) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7690961 quoting}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4589260  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4589260\charrsid4589260 Quelimane Co. v. Stewart Title Guar. Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4589260\charrsid4589260 , 960 P.2d 513}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4589260 , 530}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4589260\charrsid4589260  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12221623 Cal. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4589260\charrsid4589260 1998)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4589260 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2309303 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14766088\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14766088 [3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14838460 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid14766088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14766088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2309303 A contracting party generally }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7690961 has no}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2309303  cause of action against the other }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7690961 party }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2309303 for conspiring to breach their own contract or for wrongfully interfering with }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2510792 their }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2309303 own contract. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16188292  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2309303\charrsid5902131 
McGreevy v. Daktronics, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2309303\charrsid5902131 , 156 F.3d 837, 841 (8th Cir. 1998)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2108726  (citation omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2309303\charrsid5902131 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2309303  The tort cause of action for interference only lies against outsiders}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2510792  to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2309303  the contract.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2309303\charrsid5902131 Applied Equip. Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10042397  v. Litton Saudi Arabia, Ltd.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2309303\charrsid5902131 , 869 P.2d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10042397 454, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2309303\charrsid5902131 459}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10042397  (Cal. 1994) }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10042397 (\'93California recognizes a cause of action against }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10042397\charrsid12082924 noncontracting parties}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10042397 
 who interfere with the performance of a contract . . . .\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2309303\charrsid5902131 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2309303\charrsid5902131 see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid1053159 also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2309303\charrsid5902131 Shoemaker v. Myers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2309303\charrsid5902131 , 801 P.2d 1054, 1068 (Cal. 1990); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid2309303\charrsid5902131 Kelly v. Gen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8326720 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2309303\charrsid5902131  Tel. Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2309303\charrsid5902131 , }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10424893\charrsid10424893 186 Cal. Rptr. 184}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6973663 , 188}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2309303\charrsid5902131  (Ct. App. 1982); }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5319659 Dryden v. Tri-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2309303 Valley Growers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2309303 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2309303\charrsid5902131  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10424893\charrsid10424893 135 Cal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16651544  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10424893\charrsid10424893 Rptr. 720}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6973663 , 726}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10424893  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2309303\charrsid5902131 (Ct. App. 1977)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2309303 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14106006   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7690961 As }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14442518 elucidated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7690961  above,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14106006  a trust is n
ot a legally separate entity apart from the trustee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1053159 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7690961  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1053159  Therefore, it is necessarily }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14106006 impermissible to sue a trustee for interfering with a trust contract}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1053159 , as the trustee cannot be considered a stranger to that contract}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14106006 . }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13771987\charrsid13771987 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14766088 [3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14838460 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14766088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14766088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14106006 
The trial court dismissed the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13771987  intentional interference claim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14106006  based on the requirement of a non-contracting party}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13771987 , finding that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14106006 since Waibel was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14106006\charrsid8418212 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14106006 
 representative of the trust and legally inseparable, he could not interfere with a trust contract. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13771987  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5913576 RA, tab 135 at 25}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13771987  (Dec. & Order).  However}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14106006 , Lujan argues that the trial court erroneously concluded that Waibel was a pa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13771987 rty to both retainer agreements}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14106006 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15035783  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14106006  Appellant\rquote s Br. at 10.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13771987   Throughout the lower court
\rquote s opinion, the court alternately referred to the retainers as \'93t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10116842 he contracts\'94 or \'93the contract}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13771987 .\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs19\super\insrsid4282812 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3873485 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\fs20\super\insrsid5319659\charrsid4282812 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid5319659\charrsid4282812 
 It is perhaps no wonder that the trial court equated the two retainers as one contract, as it is unclear from the complaint which contract (or both) Lujan is suing under. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid5319659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid5319659\charrsid4282812 In his complaint Lujan alleged that \'93Waibel schemed with Does 1 through 20 to cause the Trust not to pay Lujan funds he was due }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid5319659\charrsid4282812 
under one or both of the Retainers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid5319659\charrsid4282812 .\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid5319659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid5913576 RA, tab 3 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\insrsid5319659\charrsid4282812 at 10 (Compl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid5913576 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid16528023 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid3235422  May 11, 2009}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\insrsid5319659\charrsid4282812 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10116842  (emphasis added)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid5319659\charrsid4282812 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid5319659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10116842  Then, i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid5319659\charrsid4282812 n his second cause of action for intentional interference with contract, Lujan stated that \'93
Defendants have intentionally induced the Trust to breach the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid5319659\charrsid4282812 Retainers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid5319659\charrsid4282812 .\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\insrsid5319659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid5319659\charrsid4282812 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid5319659\charrsid4282812  at 13}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10116842  (emphasis added)}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid5319659\charrsid4282812 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13771987   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5913576 RA, tab 135 at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12738134 19, 22, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5913576 26}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13771987  (Dec. & Order).  This was an erroneous }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16658793 amalgamation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13771987 
, as the 1998 Retainer and 1999 Retainer were made for different purposes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16658793 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13771987  between different parties}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16658793 
, and contained no provisions of merger}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13771987 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10116842 For proper disposition, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16658793 he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13771987  contracts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16658793 must be analyzed individually. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid604434 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi576\li864\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin864\itap0\pararsid10360542\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16528023 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid276288 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8668423 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10042397 1998 Retainer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid659963 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14766088\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14766088 [3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5657257 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid14766088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14766088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9853386 The 1998 Retainer }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14442518 memorialized an agreement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9853386  between Naoko Imeong (Junior\rquote s guardian) and Lujan.  Waibel did not sign the agreement, as the trust was not yet in existence, though }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10116842 the document}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9853386 
 committed funds that would later be controlled by Waibel as trustee.  The 1998 Retainer specified that Lujan would receive 38% of the gross amount distributed to Junior, along with out-of-pocket expenses; it seems to have been designed to compensate Luj
an for services during litigation and up until receiving the settlement.  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14766088 [3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5657257 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14766088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14766088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9853386 
While the JLH Trust }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7343566 eventually controlled}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9853386  the relevant assets }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7343566 referred to in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9853386  the 1998 Retainer, the trust itself }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4282812 (via Waibel) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9853386 was not a contracting party to the agreement.  The
refore, if Waibel wrongfully withheld payment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15139562 due}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9853386 
 Lujan under the 1998 Retainer, the trustee would be a stranger to the contract, and Lujan could allege interference with the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15139562 terms}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9853386  betwee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5319659 n Lujan and Junior\rquote s guardian. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9853386  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15139562\charrsid15139562 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15139562  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15139562\charrsid5902131 Applied Equip.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15139562\charrsid5902131 , 869 P.2d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15139562 at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15139562\charrsid5902131 459}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15139562 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4282812 
It is unclear from the pleadings whether Lujan is suing for intentional interference with contract on the 1998 Retainer, but a well-pleaded claim would be viable against Waibel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2510792  to survive a }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7343566 GRCP 12(b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2510792 (6) motion to dismiss}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4282812 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4282812  Therefore, it was appropriate t
o dismiss the intentional interference claim as plead}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8668423 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4282812 , but Lujan }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8668423 shall}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16021956  have leave to amend}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2510792  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7343566 his}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4282812 
 claim under the 1998 Retainer.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10042397\charrsid10042397 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi576\li864\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin864\itap0\pararsid10360542\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14037958 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid276288 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8668423 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10042397 1999 Retainer
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14766088\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14766088 [3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5657257 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid14766088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14766088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906 As for the 1999 Retainer, Waibel was undeniably a party.  As the JLH Trust was now in existence, Wa
ibel signed the 1999 Retainer as trustee, procuring Lujan\rquote s legal ser}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5254044 vices on behalf of the trust.  Moreover, w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906 
hile the previous agreement was litigation focused, the 1999 Retainer seems more designed to maximize the value of the trust\rquote s assets }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7866906\charrsid7819908 after}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7866906  the trust was settled.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906\charrsid7866906 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5254044 s detailed above, a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906\charrsid7866906 
 trust is not a legally separate entity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906  from the trustee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906\charrsid7866906 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16319620 thus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7866906  it is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906\charrsid7866906  generally impermissible to sue a trustee for interference with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8668423 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7866906\charrsid7866906 trust contract. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5254044 Because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906\charrsid7866906 Waibel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5254044 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906\charrsid7866906  as trustee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5254044 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906\charrsid7866906  was a party to the 1999 Retainer, }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906 he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906\charrsid7866906  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16087234 was not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906\charrsid7866906  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7866906 a stranger to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16087234 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906  contract}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5254044 , and therefore his interference would be legally impossible}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906\charrsid7866906 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6691628   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6691628\charrsid15139562 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6691628  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6691628\charrsid5902131 Applied Equip.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6691628\charrsid5902131 , 869 P.2d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6691628 at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6691628\charrsid5902131 459}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6691628 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14766088\charrsid4682191 [3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4682191 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14766088\charrsid4682191 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14766088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906 No matter the general prohibition on this type of suit, Lujan argue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16087234 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906  that whereas Waibel was a party to the retaine
rs as a trustee, he interfered with the contracts in his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7866906\charrsid5788830 individual}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906  capacity.  Appellant\rquote s Br.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15103137  at 10-12.  Under this logic, al}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906 though a trustee and trust are in effect the same entity, Waibel\rquote s actions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15103137 outside the}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906  scope of his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15103137 duties as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906  trust}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15103137 ee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906 
 would be deemed his alone, and he therefore could intentionally interfere with the retainer agreements. 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14766088 [3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4682191 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14766088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14766088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906 
Waibel argues that neither the complaint, nor any cited authority indicate that splitting the actions of a trustee is legally permissible.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13903326 Waibel\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906 
 Br. at 30.  In support, Waibel cites authority rejecting the idea of splitting a trustee into representative and individual capacities in varying circumstances.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7866906\charrsid16145395 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906\charrsid9703281 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9176986\charrsid9176986  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9176986\charrsid16145395 United States v. Griswold}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9176986 
, 124 F.2d 599, 601-02 (1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9176986\charrsid7286165 st}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9176986  Cir. 1941) (declining to split the personality of trustees); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7866906\charrsid16145395 Loring v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9467247 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7866906\charrsid16145395  United States}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid611234 , 80 F. Supp. 781, 786}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906  (D. Mass. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9703281 1948) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9176986 finding that a trustee does not act in two capacities}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid611234 )}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7866906\charrsid16145395 Kiyose v. Trs. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3551345 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7866906\charrsid16145395 
f Ind. Univ.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906 , 333 N.E.2d 886, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9502915 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906 91 (Ind. Ct. App. 1975) (dismissing claim that trustees acted in rep
resentative and individual capacities)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5587896 ; Waibel\rquote s Br. at 30-31}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906 
.  Waibel also argues that it is not possible to argue he acted in an individual capacity simply because he is alleged to have acted in his own self-interest, when the actions were performed on behalf of the trust.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13903326 Waibel\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906  Br. at 31.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14766088 [3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4682191 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14766088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14766088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906 
In the corporate context, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5063411 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11741266 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11741266 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7866906 wnership and control of an entity do not by themselves relieve a defendant from tort liability for interfering with the entity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15891596 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906 
s contracts,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5063411 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3217988 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906  agents of corporations can }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3217988 often }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906 be held liable.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7866906\charrsid16145395 Wanland v. Los Gatos Lodge, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906 
, 281 Cal. Rptr. 890, 899 (Ct. App. 1991), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7866906\charrsid16145395 modified}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15103137 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906  (June 28, 1991) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11741266 (citations omitted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid611234 ).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906 
The determination of liability centers on whether the owner, director or manager was acting to protect the interests of the entity.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7866906\charrsid16145395 Shapoff v. Scull}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7866906 , 272 Cal. Rptr. 480, 484 (Ct. App. 1990)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4682191 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7866906\charrsid12274741 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7866906\charrsid16145395 isapproved on other grounds by Applied Equip.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906 , 869 P.2d 454. 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14766088 [3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4682191 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14766088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14766088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906 
However, while this principle certainly has a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15103137 basis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906  in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3217988 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906 law }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3217988 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906  corporations (separate legal entities), there }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16087234 is no }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906 similar }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15103137 such legal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906 foundation for splitti}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16087234 ng these capacities }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15103137 between}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16087234  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906 trusts and trustees.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15103137 Lujan sets forth no authority indicating that splitting the actions of a }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15103137\charrsid15103137 trustee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15103137  is ever legally permissible.  Additionally, although}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906  Waibel\rquote s cited cases are no
t precisely on point for the current issue, they are informative to show various courts\rquote  reasoning on the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3217988 general }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906 lack of a capability }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3217988 to separate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3217988 the actions of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906  trustees.  Th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15103137 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15103137 dearth}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3217988  of support}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15103137 for this notion }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3217988 is logical,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906  given that a trust is not a separ
able entity like a corporation; the trustee is more closely tied to the trust (and in many respects \'93is\'94 the trust) than is an agent to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3217988 its}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906  corporation.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15103137   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9246093\charrsid16649502 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9246093  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9246093\charrsid4409259 Moeller}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9246093 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9246093\charrsid12324128 947 P.2d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9246093 at 285.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16087234 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14766088 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4682191 40}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14766088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14766088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3217988 
We }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15103137 therefore }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3217988 hold that we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  may not split Waibel\rquote s actions into repre
sentative and personal capacities on the 1999 Retainer.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14383497 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3217988 he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  trial court correctly dismissed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3217988  with prejudice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  the intentional interference with contract claim with respect to the 1999 Retainer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10173696 
, as Lujan can present no set of facts that would entitle him to relief in this manner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866906 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi288\li432\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin432\itap0\pararsid10360542\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7761353\charrsid7761353 3.  Personal liability}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid659963\charrsid7761353 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14766088\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14766088 [4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4682191 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid14766088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14766088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 Much of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3217988 parties\rquote  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 
dispute regarding individual v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7692721 ersus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  representative capacity }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3217988 truthfully}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7761353  centers on whether a trustee would be liable only as a representative of the trust and for trust assets, or if they }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14383497 could}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 
 be held personally liable.  Guam\rquote s trust statutes define the personal liability of a trustee to the beneficiary when they have used trust property for their own gain, but do not define the same when dealing with a third party.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7761353\charrsid2824892 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  18 GCA \'a7\'a7 65210-65211}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16087234  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3754087  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  The question then becomes whether }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3217988 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  plaintiff }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3217988 such as Lujan }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 could collect from trust property alone, or from the trustee personally}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3217988  as well}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 . 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14766088 [4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3754087 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14766088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14766088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 
Citing to California law (explored in depth below) and Guam\rquote s trust statutes, Waibel maintains that a trustee may only be sued in a representative capacity and cannot be held personally liable. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13903326 Waibel\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  Br. at 34-37. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 Lujan }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3217988 believes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  that Waibel is asking for \'93unfettered agent immunity,\'94 and expresses concerns }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3754087 with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 
the implications of granting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14383497  such}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  a mantle of complete indemnification for all acts committed by a trustee. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 9. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 He argues that this court should reject the idea of \'93absolute agent immunity\'94
 for a trustee, and permit splitting a trustee\rquote s actions into individual and representative capacities. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7761353\charrsid407051 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  at 11. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5908889 He}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5319659  continues by citing to Superior C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7761353 ourt cases (allowing personal liability in certain situations) and the different eras of trust law in California.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7761353\charrsid2758189 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 at 11-12. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 Lujan also maintains that the trial court erred in i
gnoring modern California law and 18 GCA \'a7 20402, which provides that an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7761353\charrsid8084759 agent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 
 can be personally responsible to third parties for wrongful acts.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7761353\charrsid155764 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  at 12. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353\charrsid16087969 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14766088 [4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3754087 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14766088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14766088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 
Both parties cite to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7761353\charrsid5662443 Galdjie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10568503\charrsid10568503 7 Cal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10568503  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10568503\charrsid10568503 Rptr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10568503  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10568503\charrsid10568503 3d 178}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 
, which offers a detailed summation of trust law in California}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353\charrsid10360542 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298\charrsid10360542  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid14097805\charrsid14097805 See id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14097805 ; Waibel\rquote s Br. at 35-36.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 As we adopted our trust laws from that jurisdiction, this overview is helpful to }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5908889 our}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  current inquiry}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298 , offering}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  a clearer picture of }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5908889 Guam\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  trust law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5908889  as it now stands}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 , and an indication of }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14097805 how}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298 to venture }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14097805 forward}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 
 The progression of California trust law regarding trustee liability can be divided into three eras: common law, the early California approach, and the modern view. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7761353 Guam currently maintains the early California approach.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14766088 [4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3754087 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14766088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14766088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 
Historically at common law, the trustee held legal title of the trust, and the trustee was essentially the owner of the property. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7761353\charrsid1000274 Galdjie}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10568503\charrsid10568503 7 Cal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10568503  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10568503\charrsid10568503 Rptr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10568503  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10568503\charrsid10568503 3d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10568503 187-89}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 
. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 Hence, where a tort was committed or a contract breached, the trustee was sued individually by third parties and was personally }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid28135 responsible}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  for all liabilities incurred in the course of trust administration.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7761353\charrsid1000274 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7761353\charrsid1000274 see}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7692721  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 Restatement (Third) of Trusts \'a7 105}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14944812 (b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14178184  (Am. Law Inst. 2012)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 However, the trustee could seek reimbursement from trust}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid28135  assets}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7761353\charrsid4219254 See Taylor v. Davis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 , 110 U.S. 330, 335 (1884) (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298 [W]hen}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353\charrsid6717274 
 a trustee acts in good faith for the benefit of the trust, he is entitled to indemnify himself for his engagements out of the estate in his hands, and for this purpose a credit for his expenditures will be allowed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7020186  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7020186  . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 \'94). 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14766088 [4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13849443 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14766088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14766088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 
California\rquote s early approach then began to shift primary liability towards the trust itself. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353\charrsid6717274 
California enacted former Civil Code section 2267, which provided: \'93A trustee is a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298 general agent for the trust . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6772767  . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7934298  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353\charrsid6717274 His acts, within the scope of his authority, bind the trust property to the same extent as the acts of an agent bind his principal.\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7934298  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7761353\charrsid1000274 Galdjie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10568503\charrsid10568503 7 Cal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10568503  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10568503\charrsid10568503 Rptr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10568503  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10568503\charrsid10568503 3d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 at 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10568503 190}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15867995  (citation omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7761353  This is the language we adopted and maintain. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7761353\charrsid15817630 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  18 GCA \'a7 66301.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  It was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15867995 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 intended to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7761353\charrsid6717274 make the trustee in his representative capacity a juristic person in a court of law and to provide that he may be sued as such and the trust property}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353\charrsid6717274 taken under a judgment recovered against him as truste}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 e.\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13849443  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7761353\charrsid15817630 Galdjie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10568503\charrsid10568503 7 Cal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10568503  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10568503\charrsid10568503 Rptr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10568503  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10568503\charrsid10568503 3d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10568503 
190}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4684577 George G. Bogert & George T. Bogert, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4684577\charrsid4684577 Trusts & Trustees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4684577  \'a7 712 (2d ed. 1982)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid271749 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 
The California Supreme Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5908889 indicated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353\charrsid6717274 \'93
[t]rust property is bound by the acts of the trustees within the scope of their authority,\'94 but did not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 explicitly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353\charrsid6717274 
clarify whether or not the trustee remained individually liable}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid28135 it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  had been under common law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353\charrsid6717274 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7761353\charrsid15817630 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7761353\charrsid6717274 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 citations omitted). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 
This is the ambiguous situation in which we now find ourselves. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 However, other jurisdictions adopted similar language, and did resolve this issue. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 The Montana S
upreme Court interpreted an identical provision to mean that the actions of the trustee bound and committed trust assets in the same way a principal is bound by actions of its agent. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15867995\charrsid14230385 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15867995  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7761353\charrsid10767497 Tuttle v. Union Bank & Trust Co.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353\charrsid6717274  119 P.2d 884, 888 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9458077 Mont. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353\charrsid6717274 1941))}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2624814  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  Further, the court found that generally only the trust property was liable, but the trustee could be }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10499257 held }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 personally liable if personally at fault. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7761353\charrsid15817630 
Tuttle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 , 119 P.2d at 888 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353\charrsid15289146 \'93[W]here there are no intervening equities against the trustee personally }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14230385 . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353\charrsid15289146  the trust}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 ee is not personally liable but . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353\charrsid15289146 
the remedy is an action against it as trustee, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14230385 . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353\charrsid15289146  judgment against it in that capacity is limited in its a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 pplication to the trust estate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15414552 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353\charrsid15289146 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7761353 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  Indeed, Montana}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  interpreted the ambiguity to favor what }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16087234 became}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7761353  the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16087234 contemporary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  view. 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14766088 [4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13849443 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14766088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14766088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 
In 1986, California repealed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid28135 its}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  trust statute, in favor of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16087234 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 
 explicitly clear modern approach}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6370452 , wherein}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16087234  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 
a trustee is personally liable for obligations arising in the course of trust administration only if the trustee, in some manner, has acted improperly in administering the trust.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16087234  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7761353\charrsid12735094 Galdjie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10568503\charrsid10568503 7 Cal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10568503  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10568503\charrsid10568503 Rptr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10568503  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10568503\charrsid10568503 3d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 at 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10568503 190-91}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7761353\charrsid12735094 see also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  Restatement (Third) of Trusts 
\'a7 106 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14178184 Am. Law Inst. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 2012).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  Otherwise, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5908889 a plaintiff\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 recovery is limited to trust assets. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7761353\charrsid12735094 Id.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 This ha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12721072 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  the eff
ect of limiting the personal liability of a trustee to where they }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5908889 have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 committed a wrong}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5908889 ful act or omission}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 : }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353\charrsid8859882 \'93A trustee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353\charrsid8859882 
 cannot be held personally liable }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 [for breach of contract or a tort] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353\charrsid8859882 unless the party seeking to impose such personal liability on 
the trustee demonstrates that the trustee }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7761353\charrsid12735094 intentionally or negligently}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353\charrsid8859882 
 acted or failed to act in a manner that establishes personal fault.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7761353\charrsid10767497 
Haskett v. Villas at Desert Falls}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353\charrsid8859882  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 108 Cal. Rptr. 2d 888, 898 (Ct. App. 2001)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6640654  (citations omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14766088 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13849443 47}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14766088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14766088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 
Importantly, while California }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3700933 statutorily }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5908889 adopted this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  modern approach, Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5908889 \rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3700933 statutes }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 maintain the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5908889 
language of the prior}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  California }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298 versions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7761353\charrsid9991467 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  18 GCA \'a7\'a7 65101-66603 (2005). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 
So, while California has now expressly limited personal liability of trustees (absent }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16087234 personal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 fault by the trustee), the earlier }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16087234 persuasive }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 Cali}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12721072 fornia statutes and case law do not contain this direct answer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 . }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16461221 In this uncertain landscape, we find}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7761353\charrsid13057284 Tuttle}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16461221  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 informative. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 
The Montana Supreme Court interpreted their statute containing the same language }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12721072 now before us,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  to generally forbid suing the trustee personally, but only if 
\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353\charrsid15289146 there are no intervening equities}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 .\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7761353\charrsid9991467 Tuttle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 , 119 P.2d at 888. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16461221 Moreover, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7761353 his decision }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298 was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  in line with what California eventually made explicitly clear by amending its sta
tute, and indeed with the modern approach in general. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7761353\charrsid1339328 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  Unif. Trust Code \'a7 1010}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14686630 (b) (Unif. Law Comm\rquote n 2000)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  (\'93
A trustee is personally liable for torts committed in the course of administering a trust, or for obligations arising from ownership or control of trust property . . . only if the trustee is personally at fault.\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7934298 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14766088 [4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13849443 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14766088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14766088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298 
We hereby follow the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7934298\charrsid7934298 Tuttle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  reasoning, and interpret}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7761353  our statute}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16461221 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  in a manner consistent with current California law and the modern approach. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid403845 U}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298 nder 18 GCA \'a7 66301, judgment against a trustee is generally limited to the trust }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16077200 property}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298 , but where there are intervening equities}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298\charrsid7934298  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298 in favor of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3700933 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7934298  beneficiary or third party, a trustee may be held personally liable.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12721072 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7934298\charrsid9991467 Tuttle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid403845 , 119 P.2d at 888.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12721072 Effectively, we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid403845 largely }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7761353 disallow personal recovery against the trustee, save for situations where personal recovery would be warranted by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid403845 negligent or intentional}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353  conduct
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16087234  establishing personal fault}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7761353 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid403845 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14766088 [4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13849443 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14766088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14766088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12721072 
To be clear}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid403845 , we reject any splitting of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12721072 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid403845  trustee\rquote s personality into individual and representat
ive capacities.  However, we recognize Lujan\rquote s ability to seek }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6370452 damages}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid403845  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6370452 from}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid403845  Waibel }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6370452 personally }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid403845 under breach of contract or intentional interference claims where there is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16087234 
an allegation of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid403845 wrongful conduct.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid659963\charrsid4282812 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid659963\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid276288 D.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid604434\charrsid604434 
Whether the trial court erred in dismissing Lujan\rquote s entire complaint
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14766088\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14766088 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13849443 50}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid14766088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14766088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid604434 If no party moves to dismiss a claim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6370452 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid604434 
 and the court does not dismiss that claim, the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12721072 n }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6370452 as a matter of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12721072  course the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid604434  complaint remains valid}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16461221  for that claim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid604434 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480 Here, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid604434 
he trial court dismissed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12721072 with prejudice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid604434 the breach of contract claim against the JLH Trust, and the intentional in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12721072 terference claim against Waibel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid604434 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7210768 RA, tab 135 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid604434 at }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7210768 29}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid604434  (Dec. & Order). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid604434 The court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3359480  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid604434 also dismissed the claim for aiding and abetting a breach of fiduciary duty against Waibel with leave to amend.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid604434  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid604434\charrsid9991467 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid604434  at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7210768 30}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid604434 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480  However, with no mention of the breach of contract claim against Waibel, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid604434 he court then stated that \'93[i]n toto, the Plaintiff\rquote s complaint is dismissed.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid604434  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid604434\charrsid9991467 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid604434    
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14766088 [5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13849443 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14766088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14766088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid604434 
Lujan argues that Waibel never moved to dismiss the breach of contract claim against Waibel, and that the court indeed affirmed that a breach of contract claim could be brought against him. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid604434 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 19.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid604434  Waibel argues that Lujan\rquote 
s complaint was a mess of legal impossibility, and that the court allowed Lujan to correct deficiencies in his pleadings.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16461221  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid604434  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13903326 Waibel\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid604434  Br. at 37.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14766088 [5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13849443 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14766088 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14766088 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid604434 
Waibel and the JLH Trust moved }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16461221 only }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid604434 to dismiss the breach of contract claims }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid604434\charrsid3359480 against the JLH Trust}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid604434 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7210768 RA, tab 135 at 19 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid604434 (Dec. & Order).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3359480  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16461221  Indeed, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid604434 he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16461221 trial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid604434 
court ruled that since it is impossible for the JLH Trust to be sued or sue in its own name, the only breach of contract claim could be against Waibel.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid604434  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid604434\charrsid9991467 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3359480  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid604434  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16461221 Most importantly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid604434 , there was no mention in the motion for dismissal or the Decision and Order as to why the breach of contract claim against Waibel should be dismissed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid604434  Therefore, regardless that the claim is viable, it was neither moved against by the defendants nor analyzed by the trial court, and should not have been cut down by the trial court\rquote s decision. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6625093\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6625093 [5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13849443 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid6625093 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6625093 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3700933 D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid604434 ismissing Lujan\rquote s complaint \'93in toto\'94 was error, as t
he breach of contract claim against Waibel was not included in the dismissal proceedings.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480 We therefore reverse the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6370452 complete }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3359480 dismissal of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid753608 Lujan\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480  complaint.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid604434 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid276288\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid276288 E.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3359480\charrsid3359480 
Whether additional issues raised by the JLH Trust hold merit
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6625093\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6625093 [5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13849443 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid6625093 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6625093 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480 There are several issues asserted by the JLH Trust that do not warrant extensive analysis and are easily resolved. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16461221  Stated simply, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480 hese }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16010299 issues hold no merit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480 . 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi288\li432\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin432\itap0\pararsid10360542\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3359480 1.  Statute of limitations }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid3359480\charrsid12266698 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6625093\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6625093 [5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13849443 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid6625093 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6625093 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480 The JLH Trust alleges a deficiency in Lujan\rquote s complaint.  When a claim is time-barred on its
 face, the plaintiff must allege specific facts that toll the statute of limitations or invoke an exception to the general rule. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480\charrsid2174587  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3359480 Amsden v.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3359480\charrsid9991467 Yamon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12590921 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480  1999 Guam 14 \'b6\'b6 15-16.  An a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3359480\charrsid2174587 ction }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480 based }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480\charrsid2174587 upon any contract, obligation or liability founde}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480 
d upon an instrument in writing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12721072 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480  must be brought with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10698861 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480 
 four years after the cause shall have accrued.  7 GCA \'a7 11303 (2005). 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6625093 [5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13849443 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6625093 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6625093 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480 
The JLH Trust argues that the complaint (filed in 2009) failed to allege when the last event occurred which Lujan claims entitles him to relief, and that the last date given was in 2002.  Appellee\rquote s (JLH Trust}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8805046 \rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480 ) Br. at 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8526332  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10166951 July}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8526332  27, 2015)}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480 .  Thus the complaint was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12721072  allegedly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16461221 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480  on its face}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16461221 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480  outside of the statute of limitations. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12331318  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3359480\charrsid12331318 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3359480  at 8-9.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12590921  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480  Lujan replies that the JLH Trust overlooks language in the co
mplaint asserting that the trust received money due Lujan on a date within the year before the filing of his complaint. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13829754  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480 Appellant\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4675353 Second }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480 Reply Br. at 3-4 (Aug. 10, 2015). 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6625093 [5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13849443 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6625093 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6625093 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12721072 
An examination reveals that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16461221  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480 Lujan\rquote s 2009 complaint alleged that \'93within the last year, the Trust received a substantial amount of money . . . . }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7210768  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480 By the terms of his Retainers, Lujan is entitled to a percentage.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13829754  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3359480  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7210768 RA, tab 3 at 11 (Compl.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13829754  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480  Lujan\rquote 
s complaint is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16461221  therefore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480  not facially outside of the statute of limitations for bringing a suit, and the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid3359480\charrsid15408775 Amsden}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480  reasoning }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16461221 does}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480  not apply in this case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13829754  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480  The JLH Trust appears to have simply overlooked this language.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi288\li432\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin432\itap0\pararsid10360542\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3359480 2.  Phrasing of the i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid3359480\charrsid7620767 ssues
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6625093\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6625093 [5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14185694 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid6625093 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6625093 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480 The JLH Trust quotes verbatim the issue statements from Lujan\rquote s petition to appeal compared to the issue statements in Lujan
\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12721072 opening}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480  brief. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10630239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8805046 JLH Trust\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480  Br. at 2-3. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16461221  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13829754 The JLH Trust believes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480 
 that since the issue statements are worded differently, they are now outside the jurisdiction of this court\rquote s review. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13829754  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3359480\charrsid9991467 Id.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13829754  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3359480\charrsid9991467  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480 Lujan responds that the wording is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16461221 
not identical}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480 , but the core legal issues }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12721072 remain}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480  the same. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13829754  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4675353 Second }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480 Reply Br. at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8221620 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480 . 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6625093 [5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14185694 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6625093 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6625093 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13829754 
Upon review, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480 he JLH Trust\rquote s argument is frivolous, as they are indeed the same legal issues, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13829754 merely}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3359480 
 phrased differently.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15035597  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5312747\charrsid15035597 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10360542 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14248571\charrsid1182043 V. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6389078  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6912301\charrsid1182043 CONCLUSION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14248571\charrsid1182043 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10448362 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6625093 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14185694 60}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6625093 ]}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6625093 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2825178 We have not adopted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16461221  the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2825178  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2825178\charrsid2825178 Twombly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3700933  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3700933\charrsid3700933 heightened plausibility}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3700933  standard for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12721072 local civil}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3700933  pleadings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14185694 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12590921  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2825178 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3700933  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10715056 Guam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2825178 maintain}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10715056 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2825178  the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2825178\charrsid2825178 Conley}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2825178  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3700933\charrsid3700933 \'93no set of facts\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12331318 pleading }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2825178 
standard.  The trial court did not err in dismissing Lujan\rquote s claims for aiding and abetting a breach of fiduciary duty and breach of contract against the JLH Trust.  The court also correctly dismissed Lujan\rquote 
s claim for intentional interference with contract as plead}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3700933 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2825178 , but Lujan shall have leave to amend }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10715056 this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2825178  claim }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10715056 under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2825178 the 1998 Retainer.  However, it was error to dismiss Lujan
\rquote s entire complaint, as the breach of contract claim aga}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10715056 inst Waibel was still viable.  Finally, w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2825178 e reject }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10715056 the notion of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2825178 splitting the actions of a trustee into representative and personal capacities, but }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10715056 we hereby }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2825178 recognize }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12134569 that a trustee may be held personally liable where they have acted wrongfully. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2825178 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11564429 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6625093 [6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14185694 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6625093 ]}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6625093 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10504933\charrsid1182043 Accordingly, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12134569 the trial court\rquote s dismissal is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12134569\charrsid14375919 AFFIRMED}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12134569  in part, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12134569\charrsid14375919 REVERSED}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12134569 
 in part, and th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5577081 is matter }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12134569 is hereby }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5577081\charrsid5577081 REMANDED}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12134569  for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10504933\charrsid1182043 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11954662 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11954662 
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