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{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
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{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
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{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
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{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
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{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
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{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}
{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}
{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
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\i\fs20\insrsid2324438 Ukau v. Wang}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2324438 , 2016 Guam 18, Opinion\tab \tab Page}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2324438\charrsid15736528  }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 
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\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 FRANKY UKAU and SOFALIN SINUK}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 ,
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Plaintiffs-Appellants,
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 v.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 FUSHENG WANG, WEI PING WANG,
\par FUSHENG CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, BRUCE KAROLLE,
\par JENNIE WANG and ENTITY CONSTRUCTION, INC.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 ,
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Defendants-Appellees.
\par 
\par Supreme Court Case No.:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 CVA15-008
\par Superior Court Case No.:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 CV0687-14
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 OPINION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Filed:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 May 4, 2016
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Cite as: 2016 Guam 18
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
\par Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam
\par Argued and submitted on October 29, 2015
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam
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\par 
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\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid2324438 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Appearing for Plaintiffs-Appellants:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Robert L. Keogh, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Esq.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Law Office of Robert L. Keogh
\par P.O. Box GZ
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96932
\par 
\par Seth Forman, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Esq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
\par Dooley Roberts & Fowler, LLP
\par 865 S. Marine Drive, Ste. 201
\par Tamuning, Guam 96913\cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Appearing for Defendants-Appellees:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
\par R. Todd Thompson, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Esq.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Thompson, Thompson & Alcantara, P.C.
\par 238 Archbishop Flores St., Ste. 801\tab 
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
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\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5005901 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
\par BEFORE: ROBERT J. TORRES, Chief Justice; F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Associate Justice; KATHERINE A. MARAMAN, Associate Justice.
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 CARBULLIDO, J.:
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [1]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab 
Plaintiffs-Appellants Franky Ukau and Sofalin Sinuk (collectively }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Ukau
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
) appeal from a final judgment granting a Guam Rules of Civil Procedure (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 GRCP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
) Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss Ukau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s Complaint.\chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5005901 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2324438 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438  In his Complaint, Ukau asserted claims for fraudulent transfer of real properties, piercing the corporate veil, and punit
ive damages.  On appeal, Ukau only raises a claim for fraudulent transfer.  The remaining claims are therefore considered abandoned.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2324438 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2324438\charrsid12976151 
Guam Greyhound, Inc. v. Brizill}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438\charrsid12976151 , 2008 Guam 13}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438  \'b6 3 n.2 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2324438\charrsid12976151 
Hemlani v. Flaherty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438\charrsid12976151 , 2007 Guam 17 \'b6 18}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438\charrsid12976151 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
Ukau argues that the trial court erred by granting the Rule 12(b)(6) motion because his Complaint was pleaded sufficiently.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Defendants-Appellees Fusheng Wang, Wei Ping Wang, Fusheng Construction Company, Bruce Karolle, Jennie Wang, and Entity Construction, Inc., (collectively }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Appellees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 ) argue that Ukau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s complaint was not pleaded sufficiently because it lacked particularity, made only conclusory allegations, and included attachments that evidenced }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 bona fide}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  transactions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Appellees also argue, alternatively, that if this court determines that Ukau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s pleading is sufficient to defeat a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, we should n
evertheless decide the issue as a motion for summary judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
Ukau responds by arguing that summary judgment is not appropriate because he has not been provided sufficient opportunity to undertake discovery, but if summary judgment is considered, the fact
s in the record create inferences in his favor that would defeat a summary judgment motion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [2]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 For the reasons detailed herein, we reverse the decision of the trial court to grant Appellees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  Rule 12(b)(6) Motion to Dismiss, decline to address the motion to dismiss as one for summary judgment, and remand for further proceedings.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 I.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Procedural Background}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [3]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Ukau initiated the action in the trial court by filing a Complaint to Set Aside Fraudulent Conveyances of Real Properties and Demand for Jury Trial, followed by a Notice of Lis Pendens.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
Defendants-Appellees Fusheng Wang, Wei Ping Wang and Fusheng Construction Company filed a Motion to Dismiss Ukau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s Complaint pursuant to GRCP Rule 12(b)(6).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Defendants-Appellees Bruce Karolle, Jennie Wang and Entity Construction, Inc., joined the Rule 12(b)(6) motion as co-defendants.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 The trial court granted Appellees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  Rule 12(b)(6) motion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Ukau timely filed his Notice of Appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 B.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Personal Injury Action}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [4]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 The facts that give rise to the case below stem from a July 2011 accident in which Ukau was severely injured by Jennie Wang.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 While working in her capacity as President of Entity Construction, Inc. (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Entity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 ), Jennie Wang negligently caused steel panels to fall from the back of a pickup truck resulting in a severe injury to Ukau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s left leg.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Treatment for the injury required the amputation of Ukau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s leg above the knee.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [5]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Ukau and his wife, Sinuk, brought claims against Jennie Wang and Entity in the District Court of Guam for negligence, unpaid overtime, and loss of consortium.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
The court awarded Ukau $6,421,566.33 for his claims of negligence and unpaid overtime and Sinuk $104,755.00 for her claim of loss of consortium.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 C.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Complaint and Motions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [6]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 In his Complaint, Ukau a
lleged that Entity made transfers of real property to Fusheng Wang, Wei Ping Wang, and Fusheng Construction Company with the intent to defraud and to obstruct Ukau from claiming the properties upon execution of a judgment against Entity in a personal inju
ry action in the District Court of Guam.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
Ukau alleged that as a result of the alleged fraud, the transfers were void, and he requested the trial court to enjoin the transferees from selling, encumbering, or disposing of the properties.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [7]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 In their Rule 12(b)(6) motion, Fusheng Wang, Wei Ping Wang, and Fusheng Construction Company argued that Ukau failed to meet his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 burden of proof}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  that the real property transfers were made with an intent to defraud, that the transfers were made for valuable consideration
, and that Entity was permitted under law to prefer one creditor over another when satisfying its debts.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 The three parties attached 28 exhibits to their motion, which included declarations by Appellees and their counsel, bank records and receipts, Entity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s Articles of Incorporation, land registration and title records, and other related documents.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [8]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Defendants-Appellees Bruce Karolle, Jennie Wang, and Entity joined the Rule 12(b)(6) motion and submitted supplemental points and authorities.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 In their joind
er motion, the three parties introduced arguments related to converting the motion to a Rule 56 motion for summary judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 First, they noted that a court should generally convert a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to one for summary judgment if it considers matters outside of the pleadings.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
Second, they argued the court is permitted, under exceptional circumstances, to deviate from this general rule by considering evidence outside the pleadings when deciding a Rule 12(b)(6) motion if those facts are integral to the c
omplaint and relied upon by the plaintiff.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
Third, they argued that whether or not the motion is converted, they should prevail because the transactions were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 bona fide}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [9]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Ukau opposed Appellees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  Rule 12(b)(6) motion by making three primary arguments.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 First, he argued that his Complaint was sufficiently pleaded because it gave Appellees fair notice of a legally cognizable claim and the basis on which it rests.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Second, he argued that an additional declaration provided as an attachment to Appellees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  Rule 12(
b)(6) motion was inadmissible testimony that must not be considered by the court when ruling on the Rule 12(b)(6) motion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Third, he argued that should the court find that his Complaint was insufficiently pleaded, it should grant him the opportunity to request leave to amend the document pursuant to GRCP 15(a).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [10]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Ukau addressed the Defendants-Appellees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  Rule 56 summary judgment arguments by emphasizing that all parties must be given reasonable opportunity to present their evidence and undertake discovery
 prior to the court issuing a ruling should the court decide to convert the Rule 12(b)(6) motion to one for summary judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 If the court is going to consider any of the material presented other than the Complaint and its exhibits, then this motion must 
be addressed pursuant to Rule 56 together with all the procedural protections accorded by the rule.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Record on Appeal (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
RA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 ), tab 29 at 6 (Pls.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  Opp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 n Mot. Dismiss, Sept. 4, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [11]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Ukau notified the trial court that Jennie Wang filed for bankruptcy and pursuant to the provisions of 11 U.S.C. \'a7
 362, an entry of Notice of Automatic Stay was in effect for her in Bankruptcy Case No. 14-06668-LA7.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [12]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 In reply to Ukau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
s opposition motion, Defendants-Appellees Fusheng Wang, Wei Ping Wang, and Fusheng Construction Company purported to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 concur with [Ukau] that the Moving Defendants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  motion should be treated as one for Summary Judgment under Rule 56.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs26\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5005901 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2324438 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438  Defendants-Ap
pellees quote a portion of a passage in Ukau\rquote s brief for the proposition that Ukau requested that the Rule 12(b)(6) motion be converted.  This is a mischaracterization of Ukau\rquote s conditional statement: \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid2324438\charrsid2777038 To the extent that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438  factual determination such as the c
ircumstances surrounding the transfers is deemed relevant to a decision of this motion, plaintiffs move for Rule 56(f) relief until reasonable discovery can be conducted.\'94  RA, tab 29 at 13 (Pls.\rquote  Opp\rquote 
n Mot. Dismiss) (emphasis added).  The trial court confirmed during proceedings that there was no agreement that the motion be converted.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 RA, tab 33 at 1 (Reply Pls.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  Opp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
n Mot., Sept. 17, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Defendants-Appellees also argued that Ukau should 
not be granted discovery for a summary judgment motion because he did not comply with Rule 56(f) procedural requirements.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [13]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Defendants-Appellees Bruce Karolle, Jennie Wang, and Entity joined Fusheng Wang, Wei Ping Wang and Fusheng Construction Company in reply to Ukau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s opposition motion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 They argued that Ukau conceded in his opposition motion that the Rule 12(b)(6) motion should be converted to one for summary judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs26\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5005901 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2324438 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438  As above, this is a mischaracterization of Ukau
\rquote s conditional statement.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
They argued that Ukau cannot prevail on a motion for Rule 56 summary judgment because he presented no meaningful response to the Appellees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  declarations and attached exhibits.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 They also argued that Ukau should not be granted discovery for a summary judgment motion because he did not comply with Rule 56(f) procedural requirements.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 D.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Decision & Order}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [14]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 The trial court granted Appellees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  Rule 12(b)(6) motion based on its finding that Ukau failed to show the requisite facts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 to establish a fraudulent transfer by a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 preponderance of the evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 RA, tab 40 at 3-5 (Dec. & Order, Mar. 4, 2015).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 When ruling on Appellees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  Motion to Dismiss, the trial court declined Appellees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  request to convert the motion to one for summary judgment: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5005901 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
The court recognizes that in ruling on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, it must convert the dismissal motion into a summary judgment motion whenever it considers extraneous material outside the pleadings. . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
With respect to the instant motion, the [c]ourt will only consider the Complaint and exhibits attached to the Complaint.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Thus, the Court will proceed with ruling on the 12(b)(6) motion.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5005901 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
\par RA, tab 40 at 3-4 (Dec. & Order) (citation omitted). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [15]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 The trial court cited }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Town House Department Stores, Inc. v. Ahn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , 2000 Guam 32 \'b6 19, as the controlling law on fraudulent transfers:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5005901 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 For purposes of deter
mining whether to set aside a conveyance of property pursuant to 20 GCA \'a7 6101, the question of actual intent to defraud the creditor is the essential element of a cause of action.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Thus, it must be affirmatively shown by sufficient evidence that the transf
er was made by the transferor with the intent to delay or defraud his creditors or other persons owning and holding demands against him.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5005901 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
\par RA, tab 40 at 5 (Dec. & Order) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [16]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Applying this law to the Compla
int and exhibits, the trial court concluded that Ukau did not sufficiently plead his claim because he failed to show by a preponderance of the evidence that the transfers were made with actual intent to defraud and without consideration.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Specifically, the trial court found that the exhibits showed that consideration was given for the transfers: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5005901 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
The three exhibits attached to the Complaint are Debt Satisfaction Agreements which are integral instruments for [Ukau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s] instant action.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
The exhibits account for the conveyance of six lots for which valuable consideration was made.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Therefore, the [c]ourt finds that [Ukau] failed to affirmatively show by sufficient evidence that the transfer was made by the transferor with the intent to delay or defraud his cred
itors or other persons owning and holding demands against him.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5005901 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  at 4-5.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [17]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 The court concluded its Decision and Order by stating that Appellees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  Rule 12(b)(6) motion was granted }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [b]y preponderance of the evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 at 5.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Ukau timely filed a Notice of Appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2324438 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 II.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 JURISDICTION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5005901 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [18]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 This court has jurisdiction over appeals from a final judgment pursuant to 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 1424-1(a)(2)(Westlaw through Pub. L. 114-115 (2015)) and 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 3107(b) and 3108(a) (2005).}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2324438 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 III.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 STANDARD OF REVIEW}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5005901 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5005901\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [19]}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 We
 review dismissal for failure to state a claim pursuant to GRCP 12(b)(6) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
Taitano v. Calvo Fin. Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , 2008 Guam 12 \'b6 9 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
First Hawaiian Bank v. Manley}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , 2007 Guam 2 \'b6 6) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Taitano I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2324438 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 IV.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 ANALYSIS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5005901 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Whether the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Twombly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Plausibility
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  Standard Applies to Local Civil Pleadings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [20]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab Appellees argue that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 the plausibility standard announced in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , 550 U.S. 544 (2007), and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Ashcroft v. Iqbal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , 556 U.S. 662 (2009), applies to civil pleadings in Guam and establishes }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 a new higher pleading standard.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Appellees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
 Br. at 10 (Sept. 11, 2011).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
Therefore, as a threshold matter, we must determine whether this standard applies to general civil pleadings in Guam courts.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [21]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Rule 8(a) of the Guam Rules of Civil Procedure provides, in relevant part, that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [a] pleading which sets forth a claim for relief . . . shall contain . . . a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 GRCP 8(a).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 We review issues of statutory interpretation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs25 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Cristobal v. Siegel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , 2014 Guam 16 \'b6 9 (emphasis added) (citing }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 People v. Alisasis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , 2006 Guam 9 \'b6 10).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
Our starting point for interpretation is the plain language of the rule, and absent legislative intent to the contrary, the plain meaning prevails.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Castro v. G.C. Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , 2012 Guam 6 \'b6 20 (citations omitted); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Sumitomo Constr., Co. v. Gov}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 t of Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , 2001 Guam 23 \'b6 17.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 When interpreting the plain language of Rule 8(a), this court has historically held that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Guam law requires only notice pleading, not fact pleading.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Joseph v. Guam Bd. of Allied Health Exam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 rs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
, 2015 Guam 4 \'b6 9 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Guam Election Comm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 n v. Responsible Choices for All Adults Coal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , 2007 Guam 20 \'b6 94); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 see also Taitano I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , 2008 Guam 12 \'b6 13 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Rule 8 requires only a short and plain statement of the claim.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  (internal quotation marks omitted)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [22]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Conley v. Gibson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , the United States Supreme Court interpreted the federal counterpart to GRCP 8(a)\emdash Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 8(a)(2)\emdash to mean a complaint need only provide }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 fair notice of what the plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 355 U.S. 41, 45-47 (1957).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [A] complaint should not be dismissed for failure to state a claim unless it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his
 claim which would entitle him to relief.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 at 45-46.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [23]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
the Court announced a new pleading standard\emdash the plausibility standard\emdash for civil actions in federal court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 The plausibility standard altered the federal pleading standard by making it more stringent for plaintiffs.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 See Iqbal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  556 U.S. at 678 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '"}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Twombly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , 550 U.S. at 570)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 This heightened standard is at odds with Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s historical approach to civil pleading.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [24]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Two years after }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Twombly, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 the Court clarified in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Ashcroft v. Iqbal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 the two }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
working principles}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  that underlie the plausibility standard:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5005901 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
First, the tenet that a court must accept a complaint}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
s allegations as true is inapplicable to threadbare recitals of a cause of action}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
s elements, supported by mere conclusory statements.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
Second, determining whether a complaint states a plausible claim is context-specific, requiring the reviewing court to draw on its experience and common sense.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5005901 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Iqbal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  556 U.S. at 663-64 (citations omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [25]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Taitano I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
we interpreted Rule 8(a) consistent with the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Conley}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
 standard and our historical approach, requiring only notice pleading.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
2008 Guam 12 \'b6 13 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Rule 8 requires }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 only}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 short and plain statement of the claim.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '"}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  (emphasis added) (quoting GRCP 8(a) (2007)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 That case, like the present one, involved dismissal of a complaint under Rule 12(b)(6) as well 
as a challenge to the sufficiency of the pleadings under the fraud standard provided by GRCP 9(b).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5005901 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2324438 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2324438 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438  The fraud pleading standard imposed by GRCP 9(b) is discussed below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 See id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  \'b6 1.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [26]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 When interpreting Rule 8(a) in previous cases, we have not expressly adopted or rejected the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
Twombly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 plausibility standard.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 We have cited to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Twombly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 in only one opinion and have never cited to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Iqbal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Core Tech International Corp. v. Hanil Engineering & Construction Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
, we stated the following:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5005901 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
While a complaint attacked by a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss need not contain detailed factual allegations, a plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s obligation to provide the grounds of his entitlement to relief }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5005901 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Core Tech}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , 2010 Guam 13 \'b6 52 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Twombly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , 550 U.S. at 555 (2007)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Core Tech}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  we did not quote the plausibility standard and followed the passage with a second quotation that endorsed the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Conley}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  standard: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 A complaint should not be dismissed for failure to state a claim unless it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Core Tech}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
, 2010 Guam 13 \'b6 52 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Twombly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , 550 U.S. at 561).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [27]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 With this background in mind, we now decline to adopt the plausibility standard from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Twombly }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  Iqbal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
choosing instead to rely on our traditional interpretation of GRCP 8(a).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [28]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 When a local rule tracks the language of its federal counterpart, we view federal precedent as highly persuasive when interpreting our own.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 However, we are not bound by such interpretations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Santos v. Carney}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , 1997 Guam 4 \'b6 4 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
The Ninth Circuit has afforded Guam courts great latitude in interpreting a Guam Rule of Civil Procedure identical to a federal rule, but which relates to the establishment of general standards of litigation conduct.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 ); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
Lynn v. Chin Heung Int}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 l, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , 852 F.2d 1221, 1222 (9th Cir. 1988) (holding when Guam has not expressly adopted the federal interpretation of a federal rule of civil procedure, Guam is free to int
erpret its own rule independently).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [29]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Guam has historically required only }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 notice pleading}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
 of a short and plain statement of the claim, and this court has very recently declined the opportunity to elevate this approach by adopting a heightened standard.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 See Joseph}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , 2015 Guam 4 \'b6
 9 (reiterating Guam is a notice pleading and not a fact pleading jurisdiction).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [30]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Other jurisdictions with rules of procedure that track the federal rules have also chosen not to adopt the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Twombly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  standard.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  Walsh v. U.S. Bank, N.A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
, 851 N.W.2d 598, 603 (Minn. 2014) (declining to adopt plausibility standard for Minnesota pleadings); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Webb v. Nashville Area Habitat for Humanity, Inc.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , 346 S.W.3d 422, 430 (Tenn. 2011) (declining to adopt plausibility standard for Tennessee pleadings).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [31]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Twombly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , the United States Supreme Court expressly rejected the often cited }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 no set of facts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Conley}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  standard for Rule 12(b)(6) motions in federal courts:}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5005901 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
The phrase is best forgotten as an incomplete, negative gloss on an accepted pleading standard: once a claim has been stated adequately, it may be supported by showing any set of facts consistent with the allegations in the complaint. . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Conley}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
, then, described the breadth of opportunity to prove what an adequate complaint claims, not the minimum standard of adequate pleading to govern a complaint}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s survival.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5005901 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Twombly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , 550 U.S. at 563 (2007) (citations omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [32]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 This court has endorsed the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Conley}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  standard as recently as last year.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 See Joseph}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , 2015 Guam 4 \'b6 10 (applying the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 liberal rules of notice pleading}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  and citing to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Guam Election Comm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
, 2007 Guam 20 \'b6 94 n.58 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Conley}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
, 355 U.S. 41, 47 (1957)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Therefore, we find that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Twombly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
 standard is at odds with our approach to civil pleadings and our interpretation of our own Rule 8(a).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [33]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Based on the plain language of Rule 8(a) and this court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s historical interpretation as imposing only a liberal, notice pleading requirement, we find that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Twombly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  standard is inapplicable to local civil pleadings.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 For these reasons, Appellees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  reliance on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Twombly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Iqbal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  is misplaced, and this court declines their invitation to apply a heightened plausibility standard to general pleadings.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2324438 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 B.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Whether the Superior Court Erred in Granting the Appellees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  GRCP 12(b)(6) Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim of Fraudulent Transfer
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2324438\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2324438 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 1.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Pleading Fraud Claims under Rule 9(b)
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5005901 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [34]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab Appellees argue that Ukau}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s Complaint does not meet the heightened pleading standard of GRCP 9(b).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Appellees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  Br. at 12.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 We must now determine whether Ukau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s Complaint was sufficiently pleaded under the Rule 9(b) standard for pleading fraud.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [35]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Fraud claims are special matters that are subject to a heightened pleading standard.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Rule 9(b) provides, in relevant part, that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake shall be stated with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 particularity}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  and that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [m]alice, intent, knowledge, and other conditions of mind of a person may be averred }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 generally}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 GRCP 9(b) (emphasis added).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 When reviewing a Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal for failure to plead 
a fraud claim pursuant to Rule 9(b), we must determine }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  whether the complaint pleaded facts with sufficient particularity.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Taitano I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 2008 Guam 12 \'b6 9 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Yourish v. Cal. Amplifier}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  191 F.3d 983, 992 (9th Cir. 1999)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [36]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Under Guam law, the elements of fraud are: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 (1) a misrepresentation; (2) knowledge of falsity (or scienter); (3) intent to defraud to induce reliance; (4) justifiable reliance; and (5) resulting damages.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  \'b6
 12 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Hemlani v. Flaherty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  2003 Guam 17 \'b6 9).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [37]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 These kinds of fraudulent transfers are defined in 20 GCA \'a7\'a7 6101 and 6103.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Section 6101 states in relevant part that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [e]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
very transfer of property . . . with intent to delay or defraud any creditor or other person of his demands, is void against all creditors of the debtor.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5005901 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2324438 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438  Title 20 GCA \'a7 6101 states in full:

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid5005901 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438 
Every transfer of property or charge thereon made, every obligation incurred, and every judicial proceeding taken, with intent to delay or defraud any creditor or other person of his demands, is void against all creditors of the debtor, and the
ir successors in interest, and against any person upon whom the estate of the debtor devolves in trust for the benefit of others than the debtor.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5005901 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438 20 GCA \'a7 6101.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 20 GCA \'a7 6101 (2005).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 In all cases arising under section 6101, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 the question of fraudulent intent is one of fact and not of law,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  provided that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 any transfer or encumbrance of property made or given voluntarily, or without a valuable consider
ation, by a party while insolvent or in contemplation of insolvency, shall be fraudulent, and void as to existing creditors.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 20 GCA \'a7 6103 (2005).\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5005901 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2324438 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438  Title 20 GCA \'a7 6103 states in full:

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid5005901 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438 In all cases arising under 21 GCA \'a7 41101 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2324438\charrsid12011530 Void Instruments, purchases}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438 ], or under the provisions of this Chapter, except as otherwise provided in 7 GCA \'a7 50500 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid2324438\charrsid12011530 Transfers, Etc., Defraud Creditors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438 ], the question of fraudulent intent is one of fact and not of law; nor can any transfer or charge be adjudged fraudul
ent solely on the ground that it was not made for a valuable consideration; provided, however, that any transfer or encumbrance of property made or given voluntarily, or without a valuable consideration, by a party while insolvent or in contemplation of i
nsolvency, shall be fraudulent, and void as to existing creditors.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5005901 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438 20 GCA \'a7 6103.
\par \tab The exception under 20 GCA \'a7 6103 applying to cases subject to 7 GCA \'a7 50500 does not apply under the present facts because no insolvency petition was made within thirty days of the transfers at issue.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid2324438 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438  7 GCA \'a7 50500 (applying to a debtor who makes a transfer \'93within thirty (30) days before the filing of a petition by or against him\'94
).  Defendant Jennie Wang filed an insolvency petition under federal bankruptcy law in 2014
.  The transfers at issue took place in November 2011 and February 2012.  Further, we are unaware of any insolvency petitions filed by remaining defendants-appellees.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [38]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab 
These statutes create two scenarios in which a creditor may avoid a fraudulent transfer, an intentional fraudulent transfer and a constructive fraudulent transfer.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 First, under section 6101, a creditor may avoid a transfer when he is able to affirmatively prove actual fraudulent intent on the part of the debtor.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Town House}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , 2000 Guam 32 \'b6 19.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Second, 
under section 6103, a creditor may avoid a transfer when he can show that the debtor transferred property to another without consideration while insolvent or in anticipation of insolvency because such a transfer is presumed to be made with knowledge and i
ntent to defraud.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 See id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \'b6\'b6 25-26.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
Importantly, proving a fraudulent transfer under section 6103 does not require showing actual fraudulent intent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 See id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  \'b6 26.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [39]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab To assess whether Ukau}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s pleading was sufficient, we must determine whether an action fo
r fraudulent transfer under 20 GCA \'a7\'a7 6101 and 6103 implicates the heightened standard imposed by Rule 9(b).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 In other words, we must determine whether an action for fraudulent transfer is equivalent to an action for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 fraud.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [40]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab A key feature of a fraud claim is the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 knowledge of falsity (or scienter)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  element.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Gov}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 t of Guam v. Kim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , 2015 Guam 15 \'b6 60.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
Fraud implies bad faith, intentional wrongdoing and a sinister motive . . . [and] is never imputed or presumed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  (alteration in original) (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Davis v. Comm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  184 F.2d 86, 87 (10th Cir. 1950)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [41]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab 
Taking the scienter element into account, we hold that an action for fraudulent transfer under section 6101 meets the elements of general }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 fraud.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 An action for fraudulent transfer under section 6103, however, does not.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 The presumption of fraud under section 6103 is inapposite to a general action for fraud.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Therefore, the heightened standard provided by Rule 9(b), applicable only to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 fraud}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  claims, is not appropriate for an action for fraudulent transfer under 20 GCA \'a7 6103.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [42]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab 
Ukau did not name the statutory sections or subsections under which his Complaint asserted a cause of action.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 His description of the claim was given as one for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 fraudulent transfer of real property.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 RA, tab 1 at 10 (Compl., June 27, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [43]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab 
Because a fraudulent transfer claim under 20 GCA \'a7 6101 implicates Rule 9(b) as a claim for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 fraud,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
 we must review whether Ukau pleaded his claim with sufficient particularity pursuant to Rule 9(b).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 This analysis is twofold.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 First, we must determine whether Ukau stated the circumstances surrounding the fraud with particularity.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Second, we must determine whether Ukau averred the Appellees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  intent to defraud generally.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [44]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab 
Because a fraudulent transfer claim under 20 GCA \'a7 6103 does not implicate Rule 9(b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s heightened pleading requirement, we must review whether Ukau pleaded his claim under the general notice pleading standard pursuant to Rule 8(a).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [45]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab Ukau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s Complaint stated the following regarding the c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 ircumstances surrounding the fraud}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2324438 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 16.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 On or about June, 26, 2014, the District Court of Guam rendered its Findings of Fact Conclusions of Law and Order for Compensatory Damages as well as its Judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 The award is $6,526,321.33 plus attorney}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s fees.
\par 
\par 17. [Ukau is] informed and believe[s] and on that basis allege[s] that the Judgment obtained in the District Court of Guam Civil Case No. CIV11-00030 exceeds the net worth of defendants Jennie Wang and [Entity]. 
\par \tab . . . . 
\par 
\par 19.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 On or about November 15, 2011, a mere 25 days after fil
ing Jennie Wang and Entity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
s Answer in Civil Case No. CIV11-00030, defendants Jennie Wang, Bruce Karolle and Wei Ping Wang, in their capacities as officers of the defendant [Entity] voluntarily entered into a Resolution of Directors of [Entity] to execute 
three Debt Satisfaction Agreements in contemplation of insolvency.
\par \tab . . . . 
\par 
\par 21. [Ukau is] informed and believe[s] and on that basis allege[s] that all the defendants herein voluntarily and willfully conspired to transfer all the real properties owned by 
[Entity] so that the properties would not be available to satisfy Jennie Wang and Entity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s liability to [Ukau] in Civil Case No. CIV11-00030.
\par \tab . . . . 
\par 
\par 29. [Ukau is] informed and believe[s] and on that basis allege[s] that the purported considerations whi
ch appear to be paid by defendants Fusheng Wang and Wei Ping Wang for the transfer of the real properties referred to in paragraphs 22, 23[,] 24, 25, 26 and 27 herein are not genuine, are spurious, false, fraudulent and fabricated.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5005901 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 RA, tab 1 at 4-10 (Compl.).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [46]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab Ukau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s Complaint stated the following with regard to the Appellees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  alleged }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 intent to defraud}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid2324438 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 28. [Ukau is] informed and believe[s] and on that basis allege[s] that all the defendants herein conspired and carried out the transfers of real prop
erties of Entity with an actual intent to hinder, delay, or defraud the creditors of Entity and especially [Ukau].
\par \tab . . . . 
\par 
\par 30.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
[Ukau is] informed and believe[s] and on that basis allege[s] that in making and receiving the transfer of the above-mentioned
 real properties, defendants knew or at the very least had reasonable cause to believe that such transfers were made with a view to prevent the properties from coming to [Ukau].
\par \tab . . . . 
\par 
\par 32.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [Ukau is] informed and believe[s] and on that basis allege[s] t
hat the transfer of the property by defendants as described above was done for the purpose of defrauding [Ukau] and to obstruct the enforcement by legal process of their rights to take said properties in execution upon a judgment obtained by [Ukau] agains
t defendants [Entity] and Jennie Wang in Civil Case No. CIV11-00030.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5005901 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  at 9-10.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [47]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab 
Rule 9(b) does not require a plaintiff to prove a claim of fraud at the pleading stage.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Taitano I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , 2008 Guam 12 \'b6 16.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
Rather, what is required is that a plaintiff set forth his claim with sufficient detail to provide notice to defendants as to what particular fraudulent action is being alleged.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Bly-Magee v. California}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , 236 F.3d 1014, 1019 (9th Cir. 2001)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 This standard has been described as a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 who, what, when, where, and how}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  requirement.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 See id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \'b6 14 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Vess v. Ciba-Geigy Corp. USA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , 317 F.3d 1097, 1106 (9th Cir. 2003)). }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [48]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Ukau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
s Complaint alleges facts that when taken as true establish the particular transferor and transferees, the transfer of pa
rticular real properties, the dates upon which the properties were transferred, and the means by which the transfers were agreed upon and executed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Therefore, his Complaint goes far beyond a mere conclusory allegation and satisfies the heightened }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 particularity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  pleading standard set out in Rule 9(b) for the circumstances surrounding the fraud.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 His Complaint also alleges intent to defraud by alleging that Appellees conspired to defraud with actual intent by transferring the property }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 for the purpose of defr
auding [him] and to obstruct the enforcement by legal process of [his] rights to take [the properties] in execution upon a judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 RA, tab 1 at 10 (Compl.).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 This satisfies and exceeds the Rule 9(b) general pleading requirement for fraudulent intent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [49]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 In summary, Ukau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
s fraudulent transfer claim is well-pleaded pursuant to Rule 9(b).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2324438 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2324438 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 2.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Review of Ruling on Rule 12(b)(6) Motion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5005901 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5005901 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [50]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab The trial court ruled on the Appellees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss by concluding that Ukau did not sufficiently plead his claim }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [b]y preponderance of the evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  because he failed to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 affirmatively show by sufficient evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  that the real property transfers were made with actual intent to defraud and without consideration.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 RA, tab 40 at 5 (Dec. & Order, Mar. 4, 2015).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Ukau argues that the trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s standard was not appropriate for reviewing a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss but rather a burden of proof for use at trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s Br. at 25.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 He is correct.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [51]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 When reviewing a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the trial court must }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 construe the pleading in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, and resolve all doubts in the non-moving party}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s favor.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 First Hawaiian Bank}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , 2007 Guam 2 \'b6 9 (citation omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Dismissal is appropriate only when the non-moving party }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s24\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5005901 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs26\super\insrsid2324438 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438  This standard, derived from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2324438 Conley}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438\charrsid11520 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438 has been superseded in federal courts but persists in Guam and other jurisdictions.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2324438 See supra }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438 Part }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2324438\charrsid2181203 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438 V.A (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438\charrsid2181203 Whether the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2324438\charrsid2181203 Twombly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438\charrsid2181203  \'93Plausibility\'94 Standard Applies to Local Civil Pleadings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438 ).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Taitano I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , 2008 Guam 12 \'b6 9 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Vasques v. Los Angeles Cnty.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  487 F.3d 1246, 1249 (9th Cir. 2007)) (internal quotation marks omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [52]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab As discussed above
, Guam law requires only a short and plain statement of the claim showing entitlement to relief.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 GRCP 8(a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 see also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Taitano I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , 2008 Guam 12 \'b6 13; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Guam Election Comm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  2007 Guam 20 \'b6 94.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [53]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Viewing the Complaint in the light most favorable to Ukau, the non-movant, there is no doubt that his Complaint was sufficient, whether pleaded as an action under 20 GCA \'a7\'a7 6101 or 6103.
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Whether Ukau pleaded or proved his claim }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [b]y preponderance of the evidence,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
"}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  as analyzed by the trial court, is immaterial at the Rule 12(b)(6) phase.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Ukau stated sufficient facts to place the Appellees on notice of his claim.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Therefore, the trial court erred in granting the Appellees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  Rule 12(b)(6) motion.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2324438 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2324438 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 3.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Rule 15(a) Amendment
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5005901 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [54]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab 
At trial, Ukau requested leave to amend his Complaint pursuant to Rule 15(a)\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5005901 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2324438 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438  Rule 15(a) states in pertinent part: \'93
A party may amend the party\rquote s pleading once as a matter of course at any time before a responsive pleading is served . . . .  Otherwise a party may amend the party\rquote 
s pleading only by leave of court or by written consent of the adverse party; and leave shall be freely given when justice so requires.\'94  GRCP 15(a).}} in the event that the trial court found that his claims were insufficiently pleaded.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  RA, tab 29 at 13 (Pls.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  Opp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
n Mot. Dismiss).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
He raises this issue for the first time on appeal in his Reply Brief.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s Reply Br. at 20-22 (Sept. 24, 2015).}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2324438\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [55]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab 
Generally, we will review only issues presented in a party}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
s opening brief.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Guam Greyhound, Inc. v. Brizill}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , 2008 Guam 13 \'b6 7 n.3 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Greenwood v. Fed. Aviation Admin.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  28 F.3d 971, 977 (9th Cir. 1994)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 We generally
 exercise our discretion to reject issues raised for the first time in a reply brief.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 In re Estate of Concepcion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , 2003 Guam 12 \'b6\'b6 10-11).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
Because Ukau neglected to raise the issue of Rule 15(a) amendment in his opening brief, we deem the issue waived.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6755311 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 4.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Title 20 GCA \'a7 5104 Payments in Preference
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5005901 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [56]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab Appellees argue under 20 GCA \'a7
 5104 that a debtor may pay any one creditor in preference to another.\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5005901 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\super\insrsid2324438 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438  Title 20 GCA \'a7 5104 states the following: \'93
A debtor may pay one creditor in preference to another, or may give to one creditor security for the payment of his demand in preference to another, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438\charrsid2181203 
except as provided in the insolvency law of Guam.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438 \'94  20 GCA \'a7 5104 (2005).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Appellees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  Br. at 20.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 While this is generally true, when reviewing Appellees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  Rule 12(b)(6) motion, we must resolve all doubt in favor of Ukau.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [57]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab 
Ukau has pleaded a claim of fraudulent transfer.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
As discussed above, this potentially implicates two statutory sections of the Guam Code: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 20 GCA \'a7\'a7 6101 and 6103.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Ukau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s pleading involves an allegation of fraudulent intent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 His pleading also involves an allegation that there was no legitimate consideration for the transfers and that they were made in contemplation of insolvency.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [58]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Ukau alleges that the transferees of the property were not, in fact, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 bona fide}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  creditors and that the consideration provided was fraudulent and falsified.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Appellees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  proposed reading of 20 GCA \'a7 5104 would allow them to avoid the fraudulent transfer statutes entirely.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Under such a reading, any defendant facing similar allega
tions could avoid trial at the pleading stage by simply providing a cursory showing that recipients of fraudulently transferred property were creditors.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Therefore, Appellees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  interpretation of 20 GCA \'a7 5104 would render the fraudulent transfer statutes meaningless.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [59]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 On the contrary, construing the pleadings in the light most favorable to Ukau, Appellees face potential liability for fraudulent transfer.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 If Ukau is mistaken and the property transfers were not void, Appellees will have sufficient opportuni
ty to provide proof of those facts.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 However, we cannot read }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 20 GCA \'a7 5104 in such a way as to render ineffective well-pleaded allegations of potentially unlawful activity.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6755311 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6755311 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 5.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Complaint Exhibits Do Not Contradict Allegations
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5005901 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [60]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab Appellees argue that the ex
hibits attached to Ukau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
s Complaint are inconsistent with his allegations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Appellees}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  Br. at 23-24 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
In the instant case, the attachments to the Complaint, on their face, support the inference that the transfers were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 bona fide}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \emdash i.e., agreements to discharge }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 preexisting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 obligations, prior to the date of the instrument.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
Ukau argues that this is a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 senseless}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
 approach because the very nature of a fraudulent conveyance is such that a perpetrator does not admit to fraud on the face of a document.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Reply Br. at 18-19.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [61]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 The documents provided as attachments to the Complaint show that property transfers were executed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Ukau alleges that the transferees of the property were not in fact }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 bona fide}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  creditors and that the consideration provided was fraudulent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 He alleges intent to defraud and falsified documentation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Therefore, the fact that the documents show what appear to be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 bona fide}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  transactions is not surprising.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 The essence of Ukau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
s claim is that the Appellees attempted to transfer properties fraudulently under the guise of legitimate transactions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 For this reason, Appellees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  argument is unpersuasive. 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6755311 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 C.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Summary Judgment
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5005901 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [62]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Appellees request in the alternative that this court decide the motion as one for summary judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Appellees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  Br. at 6, 36.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
Ukau resp
onds by arguing that summary judgment is not appropriate because he has not been provided sufficient opportunity to undertake discovery, but if summary judgment is considered, the facts in the record create inferences in his favor that would defeat a summ
ary judgment motion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s Br. at 31; Reply Br. at 4.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [63]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab 
Appellees argue that all parties agreed to treat the Rule 12(b)(6) motion as one for summary judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Appellees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  Br. at 26.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Since there was an agreement, they argue, there was also sufficient notice that the court could consider converting the motion and ruling on it as one for summary judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 at 27.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Following such logic, Appellees assert Ukau would not be prejudiced by this court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s review for summary judgment because he had an opportunity to present evidence below and declined to do so.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
 at 28.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6755311 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6755311 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 1.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Trial Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s Election Not to Convert the Motion
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6755311 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 a.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 No }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Agreement}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  to Convert the Motion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5005901 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [64]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab 
Appellees argue that all parties agreed to convert the Rule 12(b)(6) motion to one for summary judgment, citing only Ukau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s Opposition to Rule 12(b) Motion to Dismiss.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  at 27.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 First, Appellees cite to a heading within Ukau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s opposition memorandum that states the following: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 By asking the court to consider matters outside the pleadings this motion 
should be addressed pursuant to [R]ule 56.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  (citing RA, tab 29 at 6 (Pls.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  Opp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
n Mot. Dismiss)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
The section of the memorandum that this heading represents presents a conditional argument.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 If}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  the court is going to consider any of the material presente
d other than the Complaint and its exhibits, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 then}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
 this motion must be addressed pursuant to Rule 56 together with all the procedural protections accorded by the rule.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 RA, tab 29 at 6 (Pls.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  Opp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
n Mot. Dismiss) (emphasis added).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 This is neither equivalent 
to a stipulation nor a concession that such treatment is the most appropriate course of action.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [65]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab 
Next, Appellees cite to another section within the same memorandum in which Ukau presents a request for Rule 56(f) discovery conditioned upon conversion to summary judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Appellees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  Br. at 27.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 They quote Ukau as saying that he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 move[d] for Rule 56(f) relief until reasonable discovery can be conducted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  (quoting RA, tab 29 at 13 (Pls.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  Opp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 n Mot. Dismiss).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 This is a mischaracterization of Ukau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s position.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 The partial quotation ignores a key clause within the same sentence and the fact that Ukau used a conditional statement.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 In full, Ukau stated the following: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 To the extent that factual determination such as the circumstances surrounding the transfers i
s deemed relevant to a decision of this motion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , [I] move for Rule 56(f) relief until reasonable discovery can be conducted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 RA, tab 29 at 13 (Pls.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  Opp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 n Mot. Dismiss) (emphasis added).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 This is equivalent to arguing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 if}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  the court considers additional materials, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 then }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Ukau should be afforded the protections of Rule 56.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 This is not a concession that the motion is best suited for conversion to one for summary judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 The trial court did not convert the motion to one for summary judgment, and this conditional argument was never implicated.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [66]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab 
It is clear from the record that Appellees seek to characterize Ukau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
s arguments regarding summary judgment as a concession that the Rule 12(b)(6) motion should be converted to a Rule 56 motion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Faced with the same arguments below, the trial court asked Ukau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s counsel in open court if Ukau agreed to convert the motion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Transcript (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Tr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 ), vol. 4 at 2-3 (Hr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 g Mot. Dismiss, Dec. 4, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 The court determined from counsel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s response that there was no agreement.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [67]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab We find that U
kau did not agree to convert the motion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
He merely presented alternative arguments in the event that the trial court exercised its discretion to convert the motion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 The court elected not to convert the motion, and thus Ukau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s conditional arguments were never effectuated.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311\charrsid4336512 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1152\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1152\itap0\pararsid5005901 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 b.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Rule 56(f) Arguments are Not Relevant to this Appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311\charrsid4336512 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5005901 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [68]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab Appellees argue that Ukau is not entitled to discovery because he did not meet the procedural requirements of Rule 56(f).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Appellees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  Br. at 29.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 This argument is misguided based on the fact that the trial court did not consider any evidence outside the pleadings and attached exhibits.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 The trial court declined to decide summary judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Therefore, Rule 56(f) was never implicated.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Whether Ukau can meet the showing required by Rule 56(f) is an issue for summary judgment proceedings.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311\charrsid4336512 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5005901 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 2.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 We Decline Review for Summary Judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311\charrsid4336512 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5005901 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [69]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
Appellees argue that this court should exercise its discretion to decide the issue of summary judgment because the trial court erroneously failed to address the issue and the record is sufficiently developed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
 at 35-37 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Kim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , 2015 Guam 15 \'b6 76).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
Ukau argues that this court should not exercise its discretion because there is a general policy to allow the trial court to decide issues in the first instance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s Br. at 28 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Barrett-Anderson v. Camacho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , 2015 Guam 20 \'b6 36).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [70]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 It is well-settled law that this court may, in its discretion, either remand or decide issues in the first instance if the record is sufficiently developed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 See Kim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
, 2015 Guam 15 \'b6 76 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
When a trial court erroneously fails to address an issue raised before it, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
an appellate court may either remand or, if the record is sufficiently developed, decide the issue itself.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '"}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Guam Imaging Consultants, Inc. v. Guam Mem}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 l Hosp. Auth.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  2004 Guam 15 \'b6 16)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
Our discretion includes the ability to convert review of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion into a review for summary judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 See Taitano v. Calvo Fin. Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , 2009 Guam 9 \'b6 32 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 In cases where both sides have been give
n an opportunity to be heard, an appellate court may, on its own authority, convert a Rule 12(b)(6) review into one for summary judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 ) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Taitano II}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 However, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 we have demonstrated a general policy to allow the trial court to decide issues before it in the first instance, even questions of law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Barrett-Anderson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
, 2015 Guam 20 \'b6 36.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs26\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s24\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5005901 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs26\super\insrsid2324438 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2324438\charrsid3157539 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438\charrsid3157539 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid2324438\charrsid3157539  Kim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438\charrsid3157539 , 2015 Guam 15 \'b6 76 \chatn (determination of whether summary judgment is proper should be made by trial court in first instance);}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2324438\charrsid3157539  Gutierrez v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2324438 Guam Power Auth.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438\charrsid3157539 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2324438\charrsid3157539  2013 Guam 1 \'b6 60 \chatn (leaving to trial court to decide in first instance question of whether income approach was appropriate method of compensation in temporary taking case); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid2324438\charrsid3157539 Enriquez v. Smith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438\charrsid3157539 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438\charrsid3157539  2012 Guam 15 \'b6 19 \chatn (determination of whether plaintiff\rquote 
s actions fell within purview of Citizen Participation in Government Act should be made by trial court in first instance); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2324438\charrsid3157539 Villagomez-Palisson v. Superior Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438\charrsid3157539 , 2004 Guam 13 \'b6 32 (determination of organicity of Arbitration Act raised below should be made by trial court in first instance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2324438\charrsid3157539 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2324438\charrsid3157539 Brown v. United States}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438\charrsid3157539 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2324438\charrsid3157539  851 F.2d 615, 620 (3d Cir. 1988))).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [71]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Government of Guam v. Kim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , we encountered a scenario in which the trial court dismissed a case while declining to consider a motion for summary judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 2015 Guam 15.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 There, the Government moved for summary judgment after filing its complaint.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \'b6\'b6 8-9.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Kim responded by challenging the Government}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s standing to bring the suit.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  \'b6 10.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 The trial court dismissed the complaint for lack of standing without specifically considering the Government}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s summary judgment motion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \'b6 12.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
On appeal, we determined that the Government did in fact have standing to bring the suit but remanded to the trial court to decide the summary judgment issue because the record was not sufficiently developed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \'b6 76.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [72]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Appellees argue that unlike in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Kim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , the record on appeal here is sufficiently developed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Appellees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
 Br. at 37.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 They reference the fact that both parties have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 addressed the summary judgment issues at length on appeal, with citations to the record,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  including briefing and transcripts.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 However, while both parties referenced summary judgment below, the trial court did not rule on the summary judgment issue.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [73]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab 
Rule 56(c) provides that a court shall grant summary judgment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 GRCP 56(c).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 In order to determine whether summary judgment may be granted, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 the court must view the evidence and draw inferences in the light most favorable to the non[-]movant.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Edwards v. Pac. Fin. Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , 2000 Guam 27 \'b6 7 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Iizuka Corp. v. Kawasho Int}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 l (Guam) Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
, 1997 Guam 10 \'b6 8).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 The court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s ultimate inquiry is to determine whether the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 specific fact}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  set forth by the nonmoving party, coupled with undisputed background or contextual facts, are such that a rational or reasonable jury might re
turn a verdict in its favor based on that evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Iizuka}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , 1997 Guam 10 \'b6 8 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 T.W. Elec. Serv. v. Pac. Elec. Contractors Ass}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , 809 F.2d 626, 631 (9th Cir. 1987)) (internal quotation marks omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Stated simply, there is a trial issue if there is sufficient evidence for a jury to return a verdict in the non-moving party}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s favor.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Kim v. Hong}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , 1997 Guam 11 \'b6 8 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , 477 U.S. 242, 250 (1986)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [74]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Fundamental to the consideration of a motion for summary judgment is consideration of the evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Here, no discovery has been undertaken.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 The record before this court contains only the Complaint with attached exhibits, a litany of arguments presented by the parties, and 28 exhibits submitted by Appellees that the tria
l court did not consider.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
Importantly, as noted above, the arguments made by Ukau related to summary judgment were conditioned upon the court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s consideration of summary judgment in lieu of the Rule 12(b)(6) motion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 The trial court did not rule on the summary judgment motion or consider extraneous material outside of the Complaint.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Therefore, Ukau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 s summary judgment arguments below were immaterial, and Ukau was afforded no opportunity to discover additional evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [75]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Taitano II}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 , the defendant challenged the sufficiency of plaintiffs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  amended claim under Rule 12(b)(6) after many years of protracted litigation in a land dispute case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 2009 Guam 9.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 The defendant requested this court to take judicial notice of a host of public documents related to the litigation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  \'b6 31.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 We considered the documents.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Plaintiffs did not object or submit their own evidence in response.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
This court was consequently presented with the task of determining }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
whether the copious submission of documents to this court has so changed the character of our Rule 12(b)(6) review that it now becomes a review of summary judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 " }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \'b6 32.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
We held that it was not appropriate to convert our review to one for summary judgment because the plaintiffs were not properly presented the opportunity to present their own evidence for that purpose:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311\charrsid4336512 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5005901 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 While we find the [p]laintiffs}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  silence deafening regarding [defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
s] submitted documents, the [p]laintiffs were responding to the appropriate standard of review (and our instructions) in discussing only the legal issues. They have not yet been given a reasonable opportunity to present all pertinent material.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 We therefore continue to apply the standard of review for Rule 12(b)(6) dismissals.}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 The documents submitted on appeal are relevant to the ext
ent they show that [p]laintiffs can prove no set of facts in support of [their] claim which would entitle [them] to relief.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311\charrsid4336512 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5005901 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \'b6\'b6 32-33 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [76]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Here, like in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Taitano II}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
we are asked to convert our review of a Rule 12(b)(6) decision to one for summary judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Appellees make this request having only received a judgment on their Rule 12(b)(6) motion below.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 We find that Ukau adequately responded to that motion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 To grant summary judgment now would deny Ukau the opportunity to undertake discovery and present evidence pertinent to summary judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [77]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Accordingly, we decline to review the Rule 12(b)(6) decision as one for summary judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311\charrsid4336512 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6755311 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 V.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 CONCLUSION
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5005901 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
\par [78]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 The trial court erred in granting the Appellees}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  Rule 
12(b)(6) motion because Ukau pleaded his cause of action sufficiently under Rule 8(a) and Rule 9(b).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Additionally, we decline to affirm the judgment of the trial court on the alternative ground of summary judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311\charrsid4336512 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 [79]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 Accordingly, we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 REVERSE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  the decision of the trial court to grant Appellees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  Rule 12(b)(6) Motion to Dismiss and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 REMAND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512  for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
\par 
\par 
\par \ltrrow}\trowd \irow0\irowband0\ltrrow\ts34\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid6755311\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid5005901 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311\charrsid4336512 ____________________________________}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311\charrsid4336512 F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311\charrsid4336512 Associate Justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311 \cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311\charrsid4336512 ____________________________________}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311\charrsid4336512 KATHERINE A. MARAMAN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311\charrsid4336512 Associate Justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311 \cell }\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\ltrrow
\ts34\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid6755311\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row \ltrrow
}\trowd \irow1\irowband1\lastrow \ltrrow\ts34\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid6755311\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth9576\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid6755311 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311\charrsid4336512 ____________________________________}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311\charrsid4336512 ROBERT J. TORRES
\par Chief Justice\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6755311 \trowd \irow1\irowband1\lastrow \ltrrow
\ts34\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid6755311\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth9576\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5005901 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005901\charrsid4336512 
\par {\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft7032\shptop165\shpright7631\shpbottom585\shpfhdr0\shpbxcolumn\shpbxignore\shpbypara\shpbyignore\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz1\shplid1028{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 202}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fLockRotation}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLockAspectRatio}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLockPosition}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLockAgainstSelect}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLockVerticies}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLockText}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLockAdjustHandles}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fLockAgainstGrouping}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lTxid}{\sv 65536}}{\sp{\sn anchorText}{\sv 2}}{\sp{\sn fRotateText}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFitShapeToText}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fRecolorFillAsPicture}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fUseShapeAnchor}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLockShapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn wzName}{\sv Text Box 3}}{\sp{\sn metroBlob}{\sv {\*\svb 
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2e786d6c504b05060000000004000400f3000000840500000000}}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fAllowOverlap}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fHidden}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fPseudoInline}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn pctVert}{\sv 200}}{\sp{\sn sizerelh}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn sizerelv}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}{\shptxt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5005901 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438 /s/
\par }}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxcolumn\dobypara\dodhgt1\dptxbx\dptxlrtb{\dptxbxtext\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5005901 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324438 /s/
\par }}\dpx7032\dpy165\dpxsize599\dpysize420\dpfillfgcr255\dpfillfgcg255\dpfillfgcb255\dpfillbgcr255\dpfillbgcg255\dpfillbgcb255\dpfillpat1\dplinehollow}}}
{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft1658\shptop159\shpright2291\shpbottom579\shpfhdr0\shpbxcolumn\shpbxignore\shpbypara\shpbyignore\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz0\shplid1027{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 202}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fLockRotation}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLockAspectRatio}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLockPosition}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLockAgainstSelect}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLockVerticies}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLockText}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLockAdjustHandles}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fLockAgainstGrouping}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lTxid}{\sv 131072}}{\sp{\sn anchorText}{\sv 2}}{\sp{\sn fRotateText}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFitShapeToText}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fRecolorFillAsPicture}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fUseShapeAnchor}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineWidth}{\sv 3175}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLockShapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn wzName}{\sv Text Box 2}}{\sp{\sn metroBlob}{\sv {\*\svb 
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