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{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}
{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
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{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
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{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}
{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
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\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid9775696 People v. Moses}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid9775696 , 2016 Guam 17, Opinion          \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid9775696\charrsid15748452 Page }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid9775696\charrsid15748452  PAGE }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid11602463 11}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid9775696\charrsid15748452  of }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\insrsid9775696\charrsid15748452  NUMPAGES }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid11602463 11}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid9775696 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\brdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp20 \tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9775696 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid9775696 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9775696 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid9775696\charrsid15748452 
\par }}{\footerf \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9775696 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9775696 
\par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}
{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8
\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11602463 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11602463 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f2\fs18\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 PEOPLE OF GUAM,
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Plaintiff-Appellant,
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 v.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 MOSES M. MOSES,
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Defendant-Appellee.
\par 
\par Supreme Court Case No.: CRA15-020
\par Superior Court Case No.: CF0275-14
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 OPINION
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Filed:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 April 29, 2016
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Cite as: 2016 Guam 17
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
\par Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam
\par Argued and submitted on October 28, 2015
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11602463 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463 Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9775696 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
\par \ltrrow}\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid9775696\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0
\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9468\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid9775696 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Appearing for Plaintiff-Appellant:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Matthew S. Heibel, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Esq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-5040\li5040\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin5040\pararsid9775696 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463 Assistant Attorney General}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Office of the Attorney General}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid9775696 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 590 S. Marine Corps Dr., Ste. 706
\par Tamuning, GU 96913\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-5040\li5040\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin5040\pararsid9775696 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
Appearing for Defendant-Appellee:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid9775696 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Suresh Sampath, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Esq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Public Defender Service Corp.
\par MVP Sinajana Commercial Bldg., Unit B
\par 779 Route 4
\par Sinajana, GU 96910\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid9775696\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9468\row }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9775696 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
\par 
\par BEFORE:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
ROBERT J. TORRES, Chief Justice; F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Associate Justice; KATHERINE A. MARAMAN, Associate Justice.
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 TORRES, C.J.: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 [1]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 \tab 
The Plaintiff-Appellant People of Guam claim error in the dismissal of three special allegations }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
of possession or use of a deadly weapon in the commission of a felony}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  associated with three counts of second degree robbery.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
After Defendant-Appellee Moses Moses pleaded guilty to the robbery counts, the People proceeded with charges on the special allegations alone, which the trial court dismissed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 For the reasons set forth herein, we reverse the decision of the trial court. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 I.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586 {\*\bkmkstart SDU_516}
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9775696 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 [2]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 \tab On June 1, 2014, around 3:30 a.m., Junior Yow called the police, reporting he had just been robbed at gunpoint while working at the 24 Hour Wash & Dry on Route 8 in Hag\'e5t
\'f1a.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 A man wearing a T-shirt over
 his face had threatened Yow with what appeared to be a semi-automatic handgun, fleeing with cash and Yow}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 s cellphone.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 A nearby business}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 s security guard provided police with a description and a license plate number, which police linked to Moses.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Upon arrest, Moses permitted police to search his home in Barrigada where they discovered Yow}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
s cellphone, clothing matching the description from the robbery, and a Powerline by Daisy 5501 BB gun.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Moses admitted to robbing the laundromat and further admitted to committing very similar holdups within the previous week.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 The police thus connected Moses to two other robberies.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 [3]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 \tab 
One of these robberies occurred on May 25, 2014, at around 3:05 a.m., when a man walked into the Barrigada Shell Station with what appeared to be a handgun, his face covered by a shirt.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 The man pointed the gun at employees, and left with money and packs of Marlboro Green Lights cigarettes.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
The other robbery occurred three days later, on May 28, 2014, at around 5:05 a.m., when a man with a cloth over his face entered the Barrigada 76/Circle K.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 After brandishing what appeared to be a black handgun, the man made off with cash and ten packs of cigarettes.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Based on this evidence and his admissions, the People indicted Moses for all three robberies. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 [4]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 \tab 
During colloquy at a plea hearing, Moses admitted committing the three robberies.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 He then pleaded guilty without a plea agreement to three counts of second degree robbery under 9 GCA \'a7 40.20(a)(3).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 However, Moses did not plead guilty to three accompanying special allegations under 9 GCA \'a7
 80.37, and the court acknowledged the People}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
s ability to proceed with prosecution on those separated charges. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 [5]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 \tab 
Subsequently, Moses moved to dismiss the three special allegations, arguing that his use of a BB gun could not amount to use of a deadly weapon as defined in 9 GCA \'a7 16.10(d).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
While hearing oral arguments on the motion, the trial court raised the question of whether Moses could legally be convicted of the deadly weapon special allegation, when he had alrea
dy pleaded guilty to robbery while armed with or displaying what appears to be a deadly weapon, and therefore perhaps punishing Moses twice for the same conduct.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 [6]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 \tab 
The trial court later issued its Decision and Order}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  denying }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
Moses}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 s Motion to Dismiss.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Th
e trial court acknowledged that the Supreme Court of Guam had yet to address whether a BB gun constituted a deadly weapon and looked to other jurisdictions for guidance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Ultimately the trial court declined to make a bright-line determination that the BB gu
n used by Moses was a deadly weapon, finding this a factual question to be determined by a jury.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 However, the court did make and grant its own motion to dismiss the matter on double jeopardy grounds.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 The court first expressed trepidation that a defendant carrying a deadly weapon and convicted in this manner would face an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 impermissible multiplicity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  of charges, violating the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Record on Appeal (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 RA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 ), tab 43 at 4 (Dec. & Order, Apr. 14, 2015).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 While the court stopped short of declaring a constitutional violation, it was highly troubled by constitutional concerns.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Second, the court analyzed the second degree robbery and special allegation statutes under 9 GCA \'a7
 1.22(a), prohibiting conviction of two offenses when one is included in the other.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 After reviewing the statutes, the court found the special allegation to be a lesser-included offense of the underlying charge.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Consequently, the court utilized 9 GCA \'a7 7.67(b) to dismiss the sp
ecial allegation charges as an absurd application of the law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
The People timely appealed this ruling.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9775696 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 II.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 JURISDICTION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 [7]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 \tab 
This court has jurisdiction over this case pursuant to 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7\'a7 1424-1(a)(2) (Westlaw through Pub. L. 114-115 (2015)); 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 3107 and 3108(a) (2005); and 8 GCA \'a7 130.20(a)(5) (2005).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11602463 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11602463 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 III.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 STANDARD OF REVIEW}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11602463 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9775696\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 {\*\bkmkend SDU_516}[8]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 \tab The standard of review is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 See}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 People v. Rios}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , 2008 Guam 22 \'b6 8.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 [I]f . . . the court dismisses the indictment based on its interpretation of the governing statutes, that is a legal determination we review }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
 (alteration in original) (emphasis added) (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 United States v. La Cock}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , 366 F.3d 883, 888 (10th Cir. 2004)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 We review double jeopardy challenges }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 See}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 People v. San Nicolas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , 2001 Guam 4 \'b6 8 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 People v. Florida}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , No. 96-00060A, 1997 WL 209044, at *6 (D. Guam App. Div. Apr. 21, 1997)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  "}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Whether one offense merges with another is a question of statutory interpretation. . . . reviewed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 People v. Diaz}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , 2007 Guam 3 \'b6 55 (citations omitted). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11602463 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 IV.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 ANALYSIS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9775696 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 [9]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 The People argue that conviction for the deadly weapon special allegations is permissible under statutory and constitutional law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 As a preliminary matter, there is the question of whether the trial court rightly allowed Mo
ses to plead guilty to the robbery charges alone, while allowing trial on the attached special allegation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 s Br. at 14 n.3 (Aug. 3, 2015).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 The special allegations had to be proved because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 [o]ther than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact
 that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 People v. Muritok}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , 2003 Guam 21 \'b6
 43 (alteration in original) (emphasis omitted) (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Apprendi v. New Jersey}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , 530 U.S. 466, 490 (2000).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 We have also previously validated separation of special allegation and underlying offense.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3487586 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\fs20\super\insrsid9775696\charrsid14287992 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid9775696\charrsid14287992  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid9775696\charrsid14287992 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\insrsid9775696\charrsid14287992  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid9775696\charrsid14287992 People v. Castro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid9775696\charrsid14287992 , 2002 Guam 23 \'b6\'b6 2, 41 (affirming a guilty verd
ict as to negligent homicide, but not guilty with regard to an attached special allegation); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid9775696\charrsid14287992 People v. Quitugua}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid9775696\charrsid14287992 
, 2015 Guam 27 \'b6\'b6 43-44 (allowing a defendant to stipulate to an enhancement, while going to trial on an underlying offense).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid9775696\charrsid14287992   }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Moreover, in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Muritok}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , we adopted Supreme Court Justice Thomas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 s approach in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Apprendi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , 530 U.S. at 521 n.10 (Thomas, J., concurring),
 advocating the bifurcation of certain trials, between underlying charges and enhancements.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Muritok}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , 2003 Guam 21 \'b6 47 n.8.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Therefore, while it may seem unusual to try a special allegation alone, it is not legally impermissible.
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 We now examine whether conv
iction for second degree robbery and the special allegation is impermissible double punishment in violation of the Fifth Amendment, the Organic Act of Guam, or 9 GCA \'a7 1.22.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 The Fifth Amendment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9775696\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 [10]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 \tab Charging Moses with both second degree robbery and the special allegation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 troubled}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  the trial court, possibly running afoul of constitutional double jeopardy provisions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 The Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment provides that no person shall }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 San Nicolas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , 2001 Guam 4 \'b6 8 (quoting U.S. Const. amend V) (internal quotation marks omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Section 1421b(u) of the Organic Act of Guam extends the Fifth Amendment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 s Double Jeopardy Clause to Guam.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 1421b(u) (Westlaw through Pub. L. 114-115 (2015)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Thus, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
[t]he Double Jeopardy clause, made applicable to Guam through the Organic Act, precludes courts from imposing multiple punishments for the same offense.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 People v. Palisoc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , 2002 Guam 9 \'b6 35 (citing 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 142
1b(d); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 San Nicolas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , 2001 Guam 4 \'b6\'b6 8-9).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 When one act constitutes a violation of two distinct statutes, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
the test to be applied to determine whether there are two offenses or only one, is whether each provision requires proof of a fact which the other does not.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 " }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Blockburger v. United States}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , 284 U.S. 299, 304 (1932).
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
However, legislatures are still free to enact a double penalty in a statute for the same conduct; the Double Jeopardy Clause merely prohibits a double penalty if it was not intended to be duplicative.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 See Missouri v. Hunter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , 459 U.S. 359, 366 (1983).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Our test is therefore one of statutory construction, including legislative intent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 See Albernaz v. United States}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , 450 U.S. 333, 340 (1981).}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Consequently, the inquiry at hand is whether the legislatu
re intended a double penalty; and if ambiguous, whether each statute requires proof of a fact that the other does not.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 See Hunter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , 459 U.S. at 366; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Blockburger}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , 284 U.S. at 304.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 [11]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 \tab 
The trial court articulated the general rule of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Blockburger}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  test prohibiting duplicity, but did not analyze legislative intent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  RA, tab 43 at 4 (Dec. & Order).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 [12]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 \tab 
The People argue that the legislature intended to impose the special allegation to crimes that also include the use of a deadly weapon as an element.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 s Reply Br. at 5-7 (Sept. 15, 2015).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Therefore, since the legislative intent is clear and unambiguous, there is no Fifth Amendment violation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 In persuasive support, the People cite two cases from the District Court of Guam Appellate Division that 
considered this issue, finding that the legislature intended to apply the special allegation to second degree robbery.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 In one, the court focused on the fact that the Guam Legislature enacted the special allegation in Guam Public Law 14-143 in 1978, one year after enacting the robbery statute.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 People v. Camacho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , No. 85-00013A, 1986 WL 68903, at *1 (D. Guam App. Div. Aug. 12, 1986).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Additionally, the same public law amended subsection (b) of 9 GCA \'a7 40.20, but did not touch subsection (a), the provision now at issue.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Camacho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  court concluded this to be a deliberate omission, indicating intent to doubly punish those who use a deadly weapon in any felony with no exceptions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 People v. Petros}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , the court used a plain meaning approach to come to the same conclusion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 No. 82-00058A, 1983 WL 29957, at *4 (D. Guam App. Div. Aug. 25, 1983).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Taking note of the language stating }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 [w]hoever unlawfully possesses or uses a deadly weapon . . . shall, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
in addition to the punishment imposed for the commission of such felony}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , be imprisoned,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  the court found intent to doubly punish armed felons.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
 (quoting 9 GCA \'a7 80.37).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
Another case from the District Court of Guam Appellate Division dealt with the special allegation and 9 GCA \'a7 40.20(a)(2), which is second degree robbery, requiring threats to put a person in fear of serious bodily injury.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 People v. Ulloa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , No. 91-00071A, 1994 WL 129739, at *3 (D. Guam App. Div. Mar. 14, 1994).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 While the court disposed of the Fifth Amendment claim easily (since the relevant subsection mentioned no deadly weapon), it noted in dicta that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
[i]n any event . . . [t]he enhancement statute contains no exceptions and applies to all felonies.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 (citation omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 In response, Moses argues that decisions from the District Court of Guam Appella
te Division are merely persuasive and not controlling.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Appellee}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 s Br. at 4 (Sept. 2, 2015) (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 People v. Quenga}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , 1997 Guam 6 \'b6 13 n.4).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
Therefore, he claims this court should reject the notion that simply because a legislature passes two laws covering the same conduct with no exceptions, it necessarily intended double punishment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 State v. Franklin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
, 865 P.2d 1209, 1213-14 (N.M. Ct. App. 1993) (rejecting the state}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
s argument that mere enactment of a firearm enhancement statute indicated a legislative intent to enhance the penalty for any crime committed with a firearm)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 [13]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 \tab 
The People also cite two Ninth Circuit cases arising out of Guam, discussing the legislature}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 s intent to impose additional punishment on those who use weapons during felonies.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Reply Br. at 6-8.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 In analyzing whether it was proper to apply the special allegation to an aggravated assault statute that contained its own deadly weapon enhancement, the Ninth Circuit stated }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Guam has clearly indicated its desire to impose cumulativ
e sanctions on those who use deadly weapons in the commission of felonies.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Indeed, Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 s purpose in enacting \'a7 80.37 was specifically to impose a penalty that would be in addition to the punishment for the underlying felony.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 People v. Snaer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , 758 F.2d 1341, 1344 (9th Cir. 1985) (citation omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
However, the court specifically stated the claim was without merit because the underlying conviction was not based on the deadly weapon version of aggravated assault, but on a version of aggravated assault that did not mention a deadly weapon.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 The People next cite }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 People v. Borja}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , for the general finding that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Section 80.37 is an unambiguous expression of the Guam legislature}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 s intent to impose additional punishment on those who use weapons during the commission of felonies.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 732 F.2d 733, 736 (9th Cir. 1984) (citation omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 However, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Borja}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  dealt with the special allegation applied to a statute that, like in }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Snaer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , did not mention a deadly weapon at all.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  at 734.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Indeed, the court was analyzing the appropriateness of consecutive or concurrent sentences, and not whether two statutes proscribed the same conduct.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
 at 736. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 [14]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 \tab The parties neglect to cite }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 People v. Iglesias}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
, 839 F.2d 628 (9th Cir. 1988), which is dispositive on this issue.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 In 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Iglesias}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , the
 defendant was convicted of violating 9 GCA \'a7 19.20(a)(3), which is assault that causes or attempts to cause }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 bodily injury to another }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 with a deadly weapon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
Iglesias}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , 839 F.2d at 629 (emphasis added).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Iglesias was punished for a specific felony committed with a deadly weapon (assault), and for generally committing a felony with a deadly weapon (the special allegation).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
On appeal, Iglesias argued that under the Fifth Amendment, he should not have received enhanced punishment for using a deadly weapon when the underlying felony already included the use of a deadly weapon as an element of the offense.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  at 628.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 This is the double jeopardy question the Ninth Circuit had previously left open in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Snaer}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  at 629; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 see also Snaer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , 758 F.2d at 1344.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 The court affirmed Iglesias}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 s convictions under the same reasoning seen in the District Court of Guam Appellate Division}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 s earlier decisions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Iglesias}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , 839 F.2d at 629; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 see also Camacho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , 1986 WL 68903, at *1; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Petros}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , 1983 WL 29957, at *4.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 The Ninth Circuit reasoned the Guam legislature could have easily and explicitly excluded any felony from the reach of 9 GCA \'a7 80.37 under Public Law 14-143, but clearly chose not to do so.
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Iglesias}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , 839 F.2d at 629.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 The court also found the meaning of 9 GCA \'a7 80.37 to be plain and clear on its face, applying to all those who possess or use a deadly weapon during commission of any felony.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
Based on this legislative omission and unambiguous language, the court found that the legislature intended for the special allegation to apply, even where the underlying felony included use of a deadly weapon as an element.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 [15]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 \tab 
Here, Moses was convicted of an underlying felony (second degree robbery) mentioning a deadly weapon.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Under the Ninth Circuit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 s ruling in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Iglesias}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , the legislature intended 9 GCA \'a7 80.37 to apply in this situation, doubly punishing a felon for using a deadly weapon.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 See id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 The District Court of Guam Appellate Division cases are merely persuasive to this court, and the People}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 s authority is not quite on point.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 However, the Ninth Circuit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 s ruling in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Iglesias}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
 resolves the Fifth Amendment query; there is no constitutional double jeopardy violation from conviction of both second degree robbery and the deadly weapon special allegations. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 [16]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 \tab Since legislative intent is no
t ambiguous here, there is no need to apply the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Blockburger}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  analysis.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Hunter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , 459 U.S. at 368-369 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
Where, as here, a legislature specifically authorizes cumulative punishment under two statutes, regardless of whether those two statutes proscribe the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 same}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  conduct under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Blockburger}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , a court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 s task of statutory construction is at an end . . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
Additionally, Moses}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
s claim that the rule of lenity should favor the defendant is inapplicable.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 United States v. Millis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , 621 F.3d 914, 917 (9th Cir. 2010) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
The rule of lenity applies only where after seizing every thing from which aid can be derived, the Court is left with an ambiguous statute.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  (citations and internal quotation marks omitted)). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 B.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 The Organic Act of Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 [17]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 \tab The Organic Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 s Bill of Rights contains a stand-alone provision against double punishment, providing that }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
[n]o persons shall be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of punishment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 San Nicolas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , 2001 Guam 4 \'b6 8 (alteration in original) (quoting 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 142
1b(d)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 In the 1968 Mink Amendment, Congress }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 extended certain constitutional rights to Guam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 to the extent that they [had] not been previously extended.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 People v. Guerrero}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , 290 F.3d 1210, 1214 (9th Cir. 2002) (alteration in original) (quoting 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 1421b(u) (Westlaw through Pub. L. 114-115 (2015)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 This extension encompassed federal Fifth Amendment rights.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 See id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Provisions in state constitutions can at times contain stronger rights protection than their federal versions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  Am. Tower Corp. v. City of San Diego}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , 763 F.3d 1035, 1050 (9th Cir. 2014) (stating that the California Constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 s due process protections are broader than those contained in the Fourteenth Amendment).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 The question is thus, whether the Organic Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 s double jeopardy prohibition exceeds the rights established in the Federal Constitution. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 [18]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 \tab 
Moses argues that statutes should be construed so as to avoid rendering any statutory language superfluous.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Appellee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 s Br. at 6 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Astoria Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 n v. Solimino}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , 501 U.S. 104, 112 (1991)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Accordingly, Moses asserts that the Organic Act should function like a more protective state constitution, simply because there are two double jeopardy provisions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 In support, he cites several cases from jurisdictions utilizing their own constitutions as a more stringent protection against double punishment.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 See id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 State v. Guillaume}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , 975 P.2d 312 (Mont. 1999); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Cross v. State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , 15 N.E.3d 569 (Ind. 2014); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 State v. Houtenbrink}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , 539 A.2d 714 (N.H. 1988) (superseded by statute)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Guillaume}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , the Montana Supreme Court rejected the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Hunter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  reasoning, finding a double jeopardy violation under the Montana Constitution (even with nearly identical language as the federal version), regardless of legislative intent to doubly punish.}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 975 P.2d at 316.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
Because the use of a weapon was the only reason for elevating the underlying crime to a felony, the court found applying an additional weapon enhancement violated the Montana State Constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 s protection.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 at 317.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Moses urges us to follow this approach.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
 Appellee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 s Br. at 7.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 [19]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 \tab 
In response, the People concede that state constitutions can provide greater protections than the federal version, but argue there is no substantive difference in the language at hand.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Reply Br. at 10.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
Additionally, the People assert that while the jurisdictions cited by Moses all have established jurisprudence applying greater protections, we have no such precedent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 [20]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 \tab 
A similar dispute, arising out of Guam, came before the Ninth Circuit in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Guerrero}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
290 F.3d at 1210.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
In that case, Guerrero, a Rastafarian, was convicted of importing marijuana into Guam, which he used in his religious practices.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  at 1212.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 In considering this case on appeal, we had ruled that the Free Exercise Clause in the Or
ganic Act was more protective than the federal version, safeguarding Guerrero}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 s religious practices.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 See id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  at 1213.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
On appeal to the Ninth Circuit, Guerrero maintained he was shielded by two layers of protection: the Organic Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 s Bill of Rights, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 subject to final construction by [this court], and a federal Bill of Rights, subject to final construction by the U.S. Supreme Court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
 at 1216.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 He argued that subsection (u) of the Mink Amendment is }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 a floor below which the Guam legislature cannot dip,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  wher
eas the standalone provision is analogous to a state constitution, and should be interpreted more broadly.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
The Ninth Circuit had to decide whether we had authority to interpret section 1421b(a) as providing more protection for religious freedom than its federal counterpart, despite the clauses being nearly identical.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs19\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3487586 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\fs20\super\insrsid9775696\charrsid5192772 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid9775696\charrsid5192772  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\insrsid9775696\charrsid5192772 The Fi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid9775696 rst Amendment provides that \'93C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid9775696\charrsid5192772 
ongress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid9775696\charrsid5192772 
U.S. Const. amend. I. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid9775696\charrsid5192772 The Organic Act similarly provides that \'93
[n]o law shall be enacted in Guam respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid9775696\charrsid5192772 
 48 U.S.C.A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid9775696 . \'a7 1421b(a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid9775696\charrsid5192772 ).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 The court explained that Guam is a federal instrumentality, and the Organic Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 s Bill of Rights is a federal statute.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
 at 1217.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Further, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 [n]ot even a sovereign State may interpret a f
ederal statute or constitutional provision in a way contrary to the interpretation given it by the U.S. Supreme Court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
Therefore, because of the similarity of the provisions involved, the Ninth Circuit held that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 a territorial court lacks the authority to interpret a federal statute or federal constitutional provision contrary to the interpretation the U.S. Supreme Court has given it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  at 1217-18 (footnote omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 The Ninth Circuit extended this reasoning to the Speedy Trial Clause and its nearly identical Organic Act counterpart (the only difference being use of the word }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 enjoy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  instead of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 have}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 ).}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 United States v. Drake}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , 543 F.3d 1080, 1085 (9th Cir. 2008).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 We further applied this same reasoning to identical right to petition clauses, opting to follow federal interpretations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Guam Greyhound, Inc. v. Brizill}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , 2008 Guam 13 \'b6 16.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 [21]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 \tab 
Here, Moses also argues for protection under the Organic Act that is broader than that from the United States Constitution, even with very similar provisions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  Appellee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 s Br. at 7.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Guerrero}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  ruling certainly makes this argument difficult.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 However, it does not foreclose all possibility of using the Organic Act in this manner; leaving open the possibility that we could interpret the Organic Act to be more protective
, if the provision were substantively different than the federal version.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Here, the provisions are nearly identical (though more distinct than in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Guerrero}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 ): The Fifth Amendment declares, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 " }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 U.S. Const. amend. V.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 The Organic Act reads, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 [n]o person shall be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of punishment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 1421b(d).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 The only arguable difference is use of the language }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 punishment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  instead of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 life or limb.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Since the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Guerrero}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  ruling discounted the significance of having separate but substantively identical provisions, the only viable argument is that the use of the word }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 punishment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  contemplates greater protection.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 We find this is not reason enough to recognize more protection than that currently bestowed by the Fifth Amendment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
It would be folly to here find different meanings in substantively identical language, based solely on the usage of a more modern vocabulary. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 [22]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 \tab Moses}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 s call to use the Organic Act as a more protective local constitution is potentially viable.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 However, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Guerrero}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
 ruling narrows the availability of such remedy, making it only plausible if the language in the Organic Act and Federal Constitution were substantively different.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 While the Organic Act uses }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 punishment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  instead of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 life or limb,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  this fails to offer sufficient cause to recognize a source of greater protection in our case law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 C.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Title 9 GCA \'a7 1.22}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 [23]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 \tab The trial court found that conviction for
 both 9 GCA \'a7 80.37 and 9 GCA \'a7 43.20(a)(3) would violate 9 GCA \'a7 1.22(a), one being a lesser-included }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 offense}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  of the other.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 During oral arguments, the issue arose as to whether the special allegation is an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 offense}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  for the purposes of 9 GCA \'a7 1.22, and the parties submitted supplemental briefing on this issue.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 If one offense is included in the other, or is merely a general or specific iteration, a defendant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 may not . . . be convicted of more than one }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 offense}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 9 GCA \'a7 1.22 (2005) (emphasis added).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 This s
tatutory double jeopardy language seems narrower than its constitutional and Organic Act counterparts, which do not specifically address the statutory means of punishment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Compare id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  U.S. Const. amend. V, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 1421b(d).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Determining whether the special allegation is an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 offense}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  for purposes of section 1.22 dictates analysis of the broader statutory scheme and case law. \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 [24]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 \tab While the term }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 offense}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  is not neatly defined in the Guam Code Annotated, various provisions provide an indirect definition.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
No conduct constitutes an offense unless it is a crime or violation under this Code or other statute of this Territory.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 9 GCA \'a7 1.20(a) (2005).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 A }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 crime
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
 is an offense for which a prison term is authorized as possible punishment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  9 GCA \'a7 1.18(a) (2005).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Crimes are classified as felonies, misdemeanors, or petty misdemeanors.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 An offense that is not a crime (no possible prison sentence) is considered a violation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 9 GCA \'a7 1.18(f).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Any offense that is declared to be a crime but without specified grade or sentence is a misdemeanor.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 9 GCA \'a7 1.18(d).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 [25]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 \tab The People argue that applying this }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 offense}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  framework to the special allegation would lead to absurd results.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 s Supp. Br. at 5 (Jan. 25, 2016).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 The special allegation carries a mandatory prison term, so it could not be termed a violation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Therefore, it would have to be a crime, classified as a felony, misdemeanor, or petty misdemeanor.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Since the special allegation is not declared to be a felony, with no specified grade or sentence, under 9 GCA \'a7
 1.18(d) the special allegation would have to be a misdemeanor, meaning that a defendant would strangely be found guilty of a misdemeanor for an underlying felony.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Also, given the 5-25 year sentencing range, the special allegation would far exceed the one-year maximum sentencing range for a misdemeanor under 9 GCA \'a7 80.34.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
The People submit that offenses that do not adhere to general sentencing levels of felonies (e.g., burglary, first degree criminal sexual conduct, kidnapping, and home invasion) specifically state their felony level and sentencing range, which 9 GCA \'a7
 80.37 does not do.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  at 5-6.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 The People point to several provisions where Chapter 80 provides additional punishment, none of which are classified as a felony or 
misdemeanor and must all be necessarily attached to an underlying felony.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3487586 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs19\fs20\super\insrsid9775696\charrsid8193803 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid9775696\charrsid8193803  Additional punishment tied to underlying felonies for deadly weapons used in felonies (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\insrsid9775696 section }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid9775696\charrsid8193803 80.37); felonies committed on release (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid9775696 section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\insrsid9775696\charrsid8193803  80.37.1); habitual offenders (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid9775696 section }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid9775696\charrsid8193803 80.37.2); and vulnerable victims (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid9775696 section }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid9775696\charrsid8193803 80.37.3).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Therefore, the People argue these provisions are not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 offenses}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  themselves, and are merely sentencing enhancements.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  at 6. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 [26]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 \tab Moses argues that 9 GCA \'a7
 1.20 was intended to abolish the existence of common law offenses.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
Appellee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 s Supp. Br. at 2-3 (Jan. 28, 2016).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
Since the special allegation is codified, Moses asserts it is not made a non-offense by this statute.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  at 3.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Instead, Moses reasons that because the special allegat
ion carries its own sentence of imprisonment, it is a crime under 9 GCA \'a7 1.18(a) and therefore an offense under 9 GCA \'a7 1.20(a).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Additionally Moses asserts that unlike the 9 GCA \'a7 80.37 provisions, most sentencing enhancements do not provide their own
 sentence, but merely allow for a greater maximum for the underlying offense.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Appellee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 s Supp. Br. at 3-4; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 see also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  9 GCA \'a7\'a7 80.38, 80.40, 80.42 (2005).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 The deadly weapons and felony release provisions additionally do not run concurrent with their underlying offense.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Appellee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 s Supp. Br. at 4.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Moses next declares that simply because the special allegation depends on an underlying offense does not automatically categorize it as a non-offense.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
 at 4.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Moses analogizes this to robbery requiring proof of thef
t, and aggravated murder requiring the commission of an underlying felony.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
Finally, Moses maintains that under 9 GCA \'a7 1.36, chapter, article, or section headings do not affect the scope, meaning, or intent of the criminal code provisions, so location 
in the imprisonment chapter has no bearing on whether the special allegation is an offense.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  at 4-5.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 [27]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 \tab Both parties point to 9 GCA \'a7
 1.20(a), stating that no conduct is an offense unless it is a crime or violation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 While the special allegation is not
 a common law crime aimed at by the statute, it makes little sense to ignore the plain language of a statute stating that every offense must be either a crime or violation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
 9 GCA \'a7 1.20(a).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Further, Moses}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 s argument that the special allegation is a cri
me simply because it carries a sentence of imprisonment fails to recognize that crimes must be further classified as felonies, misdemeanors, or petty misdemeanors.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  9 GCA \'a7 1.18(a).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 The special allegation is not defined as a felony, and it is unreasonab
le to term it a misdemeanor.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
Instead, it functions as a sentencing enhancement, carrying its own punishment. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 [28]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 \tab Case law prescribes the same conclusion.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Moses points to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 State v. Van den Berg}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , wherein the Hawaii Supreme Court considered whether convictio
n for second degree murder, which had a higher mandatory minimum from use of a firearm, and a firearm enhancement, violated a state double jeopardy statute.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 65 P.3d 134 (Haw. 2003).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 The court held the statute prohibited conviction for both, as the underlying felony was an included offense of the firearm statute (concluding they were both }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 offenses}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  at 140-41.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Importantly, the firearm statute at issue was itself specifically designated as a Class A felony.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  at 139.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 [29]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 \tab As for the provision at issue
 here, where a defendant argued that special allegations were additional felonies in violation of 9 GCA \'a7 1.22(e), the District Court of Guam Appellate Division found that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 the violation of \'a7 80.37 is not an offense in and of itself.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 People v. Tedtaotao}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , No. 93\endash 00001A, 1994 WL 129737, at *6 (D. Guam App. Div. Mar. 15, 1994), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 aff}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , 46 F.3d 1144 (9th Cir. 1995).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Since a defendant could not be convicted solely of a violation of 9 GCA \'a7 80.37 without an underlying felony, the court found the special allegatio
ns were not separate offenses, but must be linked in this manner.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Id.
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  see also People v. Perez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 , 1999 Guam 2 \'b6 4 n.3 (recognizing a problem with conviction for a special allegation when jury acquitted defendant of the underlying felony). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 [30]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 \tab Adding a fel
ony would certainly constitute an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 offense.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Van den Berg}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
 is easily distinguishable in that the firearm enhancement at issue there was clearly designated a Class A felony, whereas our special allegation contains no such definition and does not add a felony upon conviction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Compare}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  65 P.3d at 139-40, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  8 GCA \'a7 80.37.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 We also find the ruling in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Tedtaotao}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  persuasive, as an indication that the special allegation is not an offense in and of itself.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  1994 WL 129737, at *6.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Additionally, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Van den Berg}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  court stated that conviction for the firearms statute would be allowed with }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
clear legislative intent to create an exception to the statutory prohibition.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 65 P.3d at 139.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Thus even if the special allegation were an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 offense,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Van den Berg}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  reasoning would likely still allow double conviction, given that 9 GCA \'a7 80.37 expressly applies in addition to the underlying felony.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 [31]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 \tab There is no convenient definition of an }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 offense}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  in the Guam Code Annotated.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 However, persuasive case law and the overall statutory scheme indicate the special allegation is not an }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 offense.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Therefore, we find that the special allegation is outside the scope of 9 GCA \'a7 1.22.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9775696 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 V.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 CONCLUSION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 [32]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 \tab 
We hold that conviction for both second degree robbery and the deadly weapon special allegation results in no double jeopardy violation under either the Fifth Amendment or the Organic Act of Guam.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Further, we find 9 GCA \'a7 1.22 inapplicable, as the special allegation is not an }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 offense}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  for purposes of the statute.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 Therefore, the trial court erred in dismissing the special allegations. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 [33]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 \tab Accordingly, we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 REVERSE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  the trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9775696 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 s Decision and Order, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 REMAND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696  this matter for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion. 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3487586\charrsid9775696 
\par 
\par \ltrrow}\trowd \irow0\irowband0\ltrrow\ts32\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid11602463\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid9775696 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 
____________________________________}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid11602463 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 Associate Justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463 \cell }\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid9775696 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 ____________________________________}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid11602463 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 KATHERINE A. MARAMAN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 Associate Justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463 
\par \cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\ltrrow
\ts32\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid11602463\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row \ltrrow
}\trowd \irow1\irowband1\lastrow \ltrrow\ts32\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid11602463\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth9576\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid11602463 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 ____________________________________}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 ROBERT J. TORRES}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463\charrsid9775696 Chief Justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463 \cell }\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463 \trowd \irow1\irowband1\lastrow \ltrrow
\ts32\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid11602463\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth9576\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9775696 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11602463 
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