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\ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\f0\fs20\insrsid14692190\charrsid16652989  NUMPAGES  \\* Arabic  \\* MERGEFORMAT }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\f0\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid3564574 7}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\f0\fs20\insrsid14692190\charrsid16610454 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\brdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp20 \tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16610454 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\fs20\insrsid14692190\charrsid16610454 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16610454 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid14692190\charrsid16610454 
\par }}{\footerf \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10513337 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10513337\charrsid3490909 
\par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}
{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8
\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3564574 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Steven A. Levin,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Plaintiff-Appellant,
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 v.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 United States of America,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Defendant-Appellee.
\par 
\par Supreme Court Case No.: CRQ15-001
\par District Court of Guam Civil Case No.: 05-00008
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 OPINION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Filed:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 April 21, 2016
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Cite as: 2016 Guam 14
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
\par Certified Question from the District Court of Guam
\par Argued and submitted October 21, 2015
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3564574 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
\par \ltrrow}\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow\ts11\trqc\trgaph120\trleft-120\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid2239166\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4860\clshdrawnil \cellx4740\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4500\clshdrawnil \cellx9240\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid3564574 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Appearing for Plaintiff-Appellant:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 William L. Gavras, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Esq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
\par 101 Salisbury St.
\par Dededo, GU 96929\cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Appearing for Defendant-Appellee:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Mikel W. Schwab, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Esq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
\par Assistant United States Attorney
\par Office of the United States Attorney Guam
\par 108 Hernan Cortez Ave., Ste 500
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow\ts11\trqc\trgaph120\trleft-120\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid2239166\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4860\clshdrawnil \cellx4740\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4500\clshdrawnil \cellx9240\row }\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3564574 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
\par BEFORE: ROBERT J. TORRES, Chief Justice; F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Associate Justice; KATHERINE A. MARAMAN, Associate Justice.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
\par CARBULLIDO, J.:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574\charrsid3564574 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3564574 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 [1]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 \tab 
Plaintiff-Appellant Steven A. Levin brought suit against Defendant-Appellee United States of America (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 United States}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 ) in the District Court of Guam (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 the District Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 ) seeking damages pursuant to the Federal Tort Claims Act, 28 U.S.C. \'a7\'a7 1346(b), 2671\endash 2680, for negligent medical malpractice and battery.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5056754 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid5056754 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5056754 
 The designation for the underlying case in the District Court is Civil Case No. 05-00008.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 The District Court has certified to this court one question of law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5056754 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid5056754 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5056754  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5056754\charrsid9643713 
For the purposes of the litigation conducted in this court, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5056754 Levin }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5056754\charrsid9643713 has been }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5056754 
designated the appellant and the United States}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5056754\charrsid9643713  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5056754 has been designated as the appellee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5056754\charrsid9643713 
. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5056754  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5056754\charrsid9643713 This is pursuant to Rule 20(a) of the Guam Rules}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5056754  of Appellate Procedure}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5056754\charrsid9643713  which reads in relevant part: \'93Where there are several questions which have been certified or reserved and a party maintains the affirmative to some and the negative 
to other certified or reserved questions, the plaintiff shall }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5056754 be regarded as the Appellant . . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5056754\charrsid9643713 \'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5056754  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5056754\charrsid9643713 Guam R.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5056754  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5056754\charrsid9643713 App. P. 20(a).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5056754  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
Our response is that we adopt the principles articulated in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Mims }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 as stated herein.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574\charrsid3564574 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3564574 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 I.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\caps\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3564574 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574\charrsid3564574 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 [2]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 \tab 
Some time prior to December 31, 2002, Levin }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
was referred to the Ophthalmology Department of the U.S. Naval Hospital on Guam, for evaluation and treatment of a cataract in his right eye.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Levin v. United States, CV-05-00008 (Order at 3 (Mar. 27, 2015)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 The evaluation was performed by Frank M. Bishop, M.D., LCDR, United States Navy.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
Subsequent to discussing treatment options with Dr. Bishop, Levin agreed to undergo a procedure described as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "'}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 phakoemulsification [sic] with intraocular lens placement.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Levin gave informed consent on two occasions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Levin also signed a written consent form entitled }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "'}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Request for Administration of Anesthesia and for Performance of Operations and Other Procedures.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Additionally, Levin signed a written consent form entitled }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "'}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Consent for Anesthesia Service.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574\charrsid3564574 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 [3]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 \tab Dr. Bishop performed Levin}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 s surgery at the U.S. Naval Hospital on Guam.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
Levin claims that he withdrew his consent to the operation at least twice, once when he saw the equipment in the operating room and again after he had been anesthetized.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Nevertheless, the surgery took place.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 During the surgery, part of Levin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 s eye began to contract and the use of a hook-like }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 retractor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574  was required to keep the aperture open so that the surgery could continue.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574\charrsid3564574 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 [4]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 \tab 
After the surgery, Levin suffered from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "'}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
corneal clouding,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '"}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574  which the United States claims was 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "'}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
a known complication of cataract surgery that was discussed with [Levin] during his Informed Consent session with the surgeon.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574  (quoting ECF No. 75 at 3:2-4).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 In addition, Levin alleged to have suffered from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "'}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
severe corneal edema, which caused severe pain, some ptosis, disorientation, discomfort and problems with glare and depth of field vision as well as greatly diminished visual acuity.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574  (quoting ECF No. 1 \'b6 7).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574\charrsid3564574 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 [5]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 \tab 
As a result, Levin filed a Complaint, seeking damages pursuant to the Federal Tort Claims Act (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 FTCA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 ), 28 U.S.C. \'a7\'a7 1346(b), 2671\endash 2680, for negligent medical malpractice\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5056754 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid5056754 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5056754  \'93On September 12, 2008, the [District C]ourt granted the United States\rquote  motion for summary judgment on the medical malpractice claim.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5056754\charrsid15270823 Levin v. United States}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5056754 , CV-05-00008 (Order at 4 n.1 (Mar. 27, 2015)) (citing ECF No. 84).  }} and battery\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5056754 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\super\insrsid5056754 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5056754  \'93On June 3, 2009, the [District C]ourt granted the United States\rquote  motion to dismiss the battery claim, holding that the Gonzalez Act, 10 U.S.C. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5056754\charrsid15337316 \'a7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5056754  1089, does not authorize battery claims against the United States when military doctors operate without the patient\rquote s consent.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5056754\charrsid15270823 Levin v. United States}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5056754 , CV-05-00008 (Order at 4 n.2 (Mar. 27, 2015)).  The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid5056754 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5056754  (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5056754\charrsid2050768 Levin v. United States}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5056754 , 663 F.3d 1059 (9th Cir. 2011))
.  In resolving a split among the circuit courts of appeals, the U.S. Supreme Court reversed the Ninth Circuit\rquote s judgment and remanded for further proceedings.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5056754 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5056754  (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5056754\charrsid2050768 Levin v. United States}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5056754 , 133 S. Ct. 1224 (2013)).  }} against the United States and Dr. Bishop.\chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5056754 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\super\insrsid5056754 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5056754  \'93On June 27, 2005, the [District C]ourt granted the United States\rquote  motion to have itself named as the sole defendant.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5056754\charrsid15270823 Levin v. United States}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5056754 , CV-05-00008 (Order at 4 n.3 (Mar. 27, 2015)).  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574\charrsid3564574 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 [6]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 \tab Relying on }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Mims v. Boland}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
, 138 S.E.2d 902 (Ga. Ct. App. 1964), the United States moved for summary judgment on the battery claim.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574\charrsid3564574 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 [7]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 \tab 
Stating that it could find no authority from the Supreme Court of Guam on what constitutes a patient}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 s withdrawal or revocation of consent during a procedure for which consent had previously been given such that a medical provider would be held liable 
for battery, the District Court requested an answer to the following Certified Question:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574\charrsid3564574 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3564574 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
In a medical battery case, with respect to what constitutes effective withdrawal of written consent as a matter of law after treatment or examination has commenced or is underway, does Guam follow the two-prong standard set forth in }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Mims v. Boland}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
, 110 Ga. App. 477, 138 S.E.2d 902 (Ga. Ct. App. 1964)?
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3564574 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574  at 2.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 This court accepted the Certified Question pursuant to Rule 20(b) of the Guam Rules of Appellate Procedure (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 GRAP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574  Levin v. United States, CRQ15-001 (Order at 1 (Apr. 2, 2015)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \caps\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574\charrsid3564574 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3564574 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 II.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 JURISDICTION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\caps\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3564574 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574\charrsid3564574 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 [8]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 \tab This court has jurisdiction }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 to entertain certified questions from }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 other}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574  courts, as described in GRAP 20(b) . . . by virtue of the expansive language of 7 GCA \'a7
 3107(a).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Maeda Pac. Corp. v. GMP Haw., Inc.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 , 2011 Guam 20 \'b6 19; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 see also id. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 \'b6 20 (holding that the court had jurisdiction to entertain a certified question from the District Court of Guam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
[g]iven the unrestrictive language of section 3107(a) and the lack of any Guam law purporting to limit our power to consider certified questions . . . even in the absence of any specific Guam statute addressing the issue of certified questions from }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 other}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574  courts (including the District Court).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574  (footnote omitted)); 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 1424-1(a)(1) (Westlaw current through Pub. L. 114-
115 (2015)); 7 GCA \'a7 3107(a) (2005).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574\charrsid3564574 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3564574 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 III.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 STANDARD OF REVIEW}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3564574 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574\charrsid3564574 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 [9]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 \tab  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Normal standards of review do not apply when addressing cert
ifications of law; instead, the court addresses the matters in the context in which they arise and as if they were presented to the court in the first instance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 " }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Maeda Pac.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 , 2011 Guam 20 \'b6
 21 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 People v. Johnny}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
, 2006 Guam 10 \'b6 8) (internal quotation marks omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574\charrsid3564574 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3564574 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 IV.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Analysis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\caps\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3564574 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574\charrsid3564574 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 A.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \fi-360\li360\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid3564574 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
Facts Outside the District Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
s Certification Order}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li360\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid3564574 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574\charrsid3564574 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3564574 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 [10]}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 \tab As an initial matter, we first consider whether this court should consider facts outside of the District Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 s certification order.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Levin argues that the United States improperly included such 
facts in its statement of facts and argument presented before this court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 s Reply Br. at 4-5 (Aug. 28, 2015).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Levin urges the court not to consider such facts.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574  at 4.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574\charrsid3564574 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 [11]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 \tab A major
ity of courts hold that courts answering certified questions consider only those facts contained in the certification order.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 In re Fontainebleau Las Vegas Holdings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 , 267 P.3d 786, 794 (Nev. 2011) (}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
A vast majority of courts hold that the answering court is bound by the facts as provided in the certification order.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574  (citations omitted)); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 St Luke}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 s Magic Valley Reg}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 l Med. Ctr. v. Luciani}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 , 293 P.3d 661, 664 (Idaho 2013) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 If }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 the parties in their briefs and arguments before this Court present [] facts outside}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574  the certification order, we consider }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 only those facts contained in the order.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '"}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574  (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Kunz v. Utah Power & Light Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 , 792 P.2d 926, 927 n.1 (Idaho 1990))); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 see also}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Piselli v. 75th St. Med.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 , 808 A.2d 508, 516 (Md. 2002) (disregarding defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 s assertion that injury was discovered at an earlier date than that stated in the certification order); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Preussag Int}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 l Steel Corp. v. March-Westin Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 , 655 S.E.2d 494, 498 n.2 (W. 
Va. 2007) (refusing to consider new affidavit intended to downplay certain facts in certification order); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 In re Patel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 , 242 P.3d 1015, 1017 n.2 (Wyo. 2010) (stating that answering court relies on facts presented by certifying court).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 As the Nevada Supreme Court has noted, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 [t]he answering court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
s role is limited to answering the questions of law posed to it, and the certifying court retains the duty to determine the facts and to apply the law provided by the answering court to those facts.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 In re Fontainebleau Las Vegas Holdings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 , 267 P.3d at 794-95 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Janson v. Christensen}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 , 808 P.2d 1222, 1222 n.1 (Ariz. 1991); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 AGV Sports 
Grp., Inc. v. Protus IP Solutions, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 , 10 A.3d 745, 746 n.1 (Md. 2010); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Piselli}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 , 808 A.2d at 516; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 In re Gregory}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 , 97 P.3d 639, 640 n.1 (Okla. 2004); }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Mecham v. Frazier}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 , 193 P.3d 630, 632 (Utah 2008)).}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
This policy precludes the answering court from encroaching on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 the certifying court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 s sphere by making factual findings or resolving factual disputes.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574  at 795 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Alexander v. Certified Master Builders}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
, 1 P.3d 889, 908 (Kan. 2000)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
The Mississippi Supreme Court has stated that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
this Court is not called upon to decide the case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
Nor should we go behind the facts presented by the certifying court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 If either party has any objection to the facts related by the certifying court, the place to voice the objection is with that court, not us.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Puckett v. Rufenacht, Bromagen & Hertz}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 , 587 So. 2d 273, 277 (Miss. 1991).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574\charrsid3564574 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 [12]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 \tab Here, the United States}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574  discussion of Levin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 s mental condition certainly contains facts 
outside of those contained in the District Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
s certification order.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574  Appellee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 s Br. at 8-10 (Aug. 19, 2015); Levin v. United States, CV-05-00008 (Order at 1-4 (Mar. 27, 2015)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 The issue of whether to include those additional facts in 
the certification order was argued in the papers in the District Court, but the court excluded such facts in its certification order.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574  Levin v. United States, CV-05-00008 (United States}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574  Proposed Certification Order at 5-7 (Mar. 2, 2015)
) (including facts regarding Levin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
s mental condition in proposed certification order); Levin v. United States, CV-05-00008 (Pl.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 s Resp. to United States}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574  Proposed Certification Order at 2-3 (Mar. 16, 2015)) (arguing that the references to Levin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 alleged psychiatric condition is improper and should be removed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 ); Levin v. United States, CV-05-00008 (United States Reply to Pl.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 s Resp. to Proposed Certification Order at 4-6 (Mar. 20, 2015)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574\charrsid3564574 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 [13]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 \tab We 
hold that an answering court may consider only those facts contained in the certification order.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Accordingly, we refuse to consider those facts presented by the United States that are outside of the District Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 s certification order. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574\charrsid3564574 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 B.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \fi-360\li360\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid3564574 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Mims}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574  Standard}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li360\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid3564574 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574\charrsid3564574 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3564574 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 [14]}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 \tab Before discussing the issue of whether we adopt the standard set forth in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Mims}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 , we first note that the District Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
s question assumes that the cause of action of medical battery exists under Guam law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Because the issue was not explicitly presented to this court in the certification order and because the issue was not briefed by the parties, our answer to the District Court}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 s question assumes, without deciding, that 
medical battery exists as a cause of action under Guam law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574\charrsid3564574 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 [15]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 \tab 
Under the assumption that medical battery exists as a cause of action under Guam law, we next consider the issue of whether to adopt the two-prong standard set forth in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Mims}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Mims v. Boland}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 , the Georgia Court of Appeals considered the question of }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 whether after treatment or examination has begun, the
 patient}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
s consent previously given may be withdrawn so as to subject the doctor to liability for assault and battery if the treatment or examination is continued.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 " }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 138 S.E.2d at 907.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 The court, considering }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 the interest of the individual}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 s right of freedom from unwanted contacts and invasions upon his body}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574  stated that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 we can not [sic] go so far as to say that once the examination or treatment has begun with the patient}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 s consent the patient can in no event and by no means withdraw his approval.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
The court balanced this interest with the possibility that a doctor may face liability for malpractice or indictment for some criminal offense if a doctor stopping treatment in the middle of a procedure results in a patient}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 s death or injury.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
In weighing these interests, the court devised a standard to govern conduct in this scope of activity:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574\charrsid3564574 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3564574 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
To constitute an effective withdrawal of consent as a matter of law after treatment or examination is in progress commensurate to subject medical practitioners to liability for assault and battery if treatment or examination is continued, two distinct thi
ngs are required: (1) The patient must act or use language which can be subject to no other inference and which must be unquestioned responses from a clear and rational mind.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 These actions and utterances of the patient must be such as to leave no room for 
doubt in the minds of reasonable men that in view of all the circumstances consent was actually withdrawn.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 (2) When medical treatments or examinations occurring with the patient}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 s consent are proceeding in a manner requiring bodily contact by the physicia
n with the patient and consent to the contact is revoked, it must be medically feasible for the doctor to desist in the treatment or examination at that point without the cessation being detrimental to the patient}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 s health or life from a medical viewpoint.
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3564574 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 In addition, the court held that the burden of proving each essential condition was on the plaintiff, and that the second condition could only be proved by medical evidence.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 at 907-08.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574\charrsid3564574 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3564574 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 [16]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 \tab 
The court reasoned that allowing a more lenient standard would: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574\charrsid3564574 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3564574 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
[S]ubject the medical profession to an endless possibility of harassment and would place upon them a potential of punishment in every case where their examination or treatment results in less than complete success.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 The possibility of irresponsi
ble harassment is something the medical profession should not be called upon to bear, dealing as it does with human life and human frailty.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3564574 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 at 908. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574\charrsid3564574 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3564574 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 [17]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 \tab 
A few jurisdictions have directly utilized the standard set forth in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Mims}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 For example, Kentucky adopted the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Mims}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574  test in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Coulter v. Thomas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 , 33 S.W.3d 522, 524 (Ky. 2000).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Additionally, in an unpublished opinion, the Superior Court of Connecticut applied the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Mims }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 test in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Pallacovitch v. Waterbury Hosp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
, No. CV126013332, 2012 WL 3667310, at *4 (Conn. Super. Ct. Aug. 3, 2012).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Finally, in another unpublished opinion, the Court of Appeals of Tennessee employed the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Mims}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574  test in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Hartman v. Le Corps}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 , No. 89-188-II, 1989 WL 115181, at *3-5
 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 4, 1989).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574\charrsid3564574 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3564574 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 [18]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 \tab 
Moreover, while the aforementioned jurisdictions are the only ones to have used the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Mims}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574  test verbatim, other jurisdictions perform a similar analysis when ruling on the issue of what constitutes effective withdrawal of consent after consent is given.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 For example, the Supreme Court of Wisconsin has stated:}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574\charrsid3564574 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3564574 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
We reject the notion that the onset of a procedure categorically forecloses a patient}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 s withdrawal of consent. To be sure, at some point in virtually every medical procedure 
a patient reaches a point from which there is no return. However, that point need not be arbitrarily created at the commencement of treatment. Rather it varies with the nature and circumstances of the individual procedure and continues so long as there ex
ist alternative viable modes of medical treatment.
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3564574 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
Schreiber v. Physicians Ins. Co. of Wisconsin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 , 588 N.W.2d 26, 31 (Wis. 1999).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Accordingly, in a case in which the patient had given a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 clear indication of her withdrawal of consent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 since alternative viable modes of medical treatment existed,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574  the patient was able to withdraw consent to the medical procedure at issue.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574  at 31-32.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Additionally, the Supreme Court of Nebraska held that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 [i]n a medical examination context, a court must first ask wheth
er a party used language that unequivocally revoked his or her consent and was subject to no other reasonable interpretation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Second, a court must ask whether stopping the treatment or examination was medically feasible.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Yoder v. Cotton}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 , 758 N.W.2d 630, 637 (Neb. 2008) (footnote omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Finally, the Supreme Court of Virginia, citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Mims}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 , has held that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 consent to an operation may . . . be withdrawn, if timely and unequivocally done, thereby subjecting the surgeon to liability for battery if the operation is continued.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Pugsley v. Privette}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 , 263 S.E.2d 69, 74 (Va. 1980).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574\charrsid3564574 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3564574 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 [19]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 \tab We are persuaded by the language used in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Yoder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574  by the Supreme Court of Nebraska.
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 As such, we hold that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 where . . . a physician is conducting an examination with express or impli
ed consent, a plaintiff must prove that she withdrew her consent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Yoder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 , 758 N.W.2d at 637 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Andrew v. Begley}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 , 203 S.W.3d 165, 172 (Ky. Ct. App. 2006)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Moreover, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 [i]n a medical examination context, a court must first ask whether a party used la
nguage that unequivocally revoked his or her consent and was subject to no other reasonable interpretation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Second, a court must ask whether stopping the treatment or examination was medically feasible.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 (footnote omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574\charrsid3564574 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 [20]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 \tab As a final matter, 
we address Levin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
s argument that the second element of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Mims}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574  test, that it must be medically feasible for the doctor to desist treatment, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 is simply a common law affirmative defense}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574  and thus, that this court should not adopt the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
Mims}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574  test as it shifts the burden of proof from the defendant to the plaintiff.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 s Br. at 11-12 (July 17, 2015).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 We find this argument unconvincing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
As discussed above, there are important policy considerations as to why the plaintiff should bear the burden of proof.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Mims}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574  noted that a lesser standard of review would }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 subject the medical profession to an
 endless possibility of harassment . . . . [which is] something the medical profession should not be called upon to bear, dealing as it does with human life and human frailty.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Mims}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 , 138 S.E.2d at 908.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 We agree that the burden of proof to establish an effective withdrawal of consent under these circumstances is properly with the plaintiff.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574\charrsid3564574 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3564574 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 V.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 CONCLUSION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\caps\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3564574 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574\charrsid3564574 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 [21]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 \tab 
We hold that in the context of a medical procedure in which consent was previously given by the plaintiff, to constitute an effective withdrawal of consent, (1) 
the plaintiff must have used language that unequivocally revoked his or her consent and was subject to no other reasonable interpretation, and (2) stopping the treatment or examination must have been medically feasible.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3564574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Accordingly, we follow the principles of the two-prong standard articulated in 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 Mims}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574  as stated herein.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \caps\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5056754\charrsid3564574 
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\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5056754 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5056754 /s/
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\af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5056754 /s/
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