{\rtf1\adeflang1025\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\adeff0\deff0\stshfdbch0\stshfloch0\stshfhich0\stshfbi0\deflang1033\deflangfe1033\themelang1033\themelangfe0\themelangcs0{\fonttbl{\f0\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f2\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1{\*\panose 02070309020205020404}Courier New;}{\f3\fbidi \froman\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05050102010706020507}Symbol;}{\f10\fbidi \fnil\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05000000000000000000}Wingdings;}
{\f34\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria Math;}{\f35\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset128\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604020202020204}Arial Unicode MS;}{\f38\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604030504040204}Tahoma;}
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{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}
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{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}
{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f43\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f44\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f46\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f47\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f48\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f49\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f50\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f51\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f63\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 Courier New CE;}
{\f64\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 Courier New Cyr;}{\f66\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 Courier New Greek;}{\f67\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 Courier New Tur;}{\f68\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset177\fprq1 Courier New (Hebrew);}
{\f69\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset178\fprq1 Courier New (Arabic);}{\f70\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 Courier New Baltic;}{\f71\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset163\fprq1 Courier New (Vietnamese);}{\f383\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria Math CE;}
{\f384\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Math Cyr;}{\f386\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Math Greek;}{\f387\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Math Tur;}{\f390\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Math Baltic;}
{\f391\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria Math (Vietnamese);}{\f395\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS Western;}{\f393\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS CE;}{\f394\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS Cyr;}
{\f396\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS Greek;}{\f397\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS Tur;}{\f398\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS (Hebrew);}
{\f399\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS (Arabic);}{\f400\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS Baltic;}{\f401\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS (Vietnamese);}
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{\f427\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Tahoma Tur;}{\f428\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Tahoma (Hebrew);}{\f429\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Tahoma (Arabic);}{\f430\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Tahoma Baltic;}
{\f431\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Tahoma (Vietnamese);}{\f432\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 Tahoma (Thai);}{\f435\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS Western;}{\f433\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS CE;}
{\f434\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS Cyr;}{\f436\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS Greek;}{\f437\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS Tur;}{\f438\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS (Hebrew);}
{\f439\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS (Arabic);}{\f440\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS Baltic;}{\f441\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS (Vietnamese);}
{\f442\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS (Thai);}{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}
{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}
{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}
{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}
{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;
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\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf17\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12086642 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 MICHAEL W. KENNEDY}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe0\langnp2057\langfenp0\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 ,
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Plaintiff-Appellee,
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 v.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12086642 HUGH SULE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12086642 ,
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Defendant-Appellant.
\par 
\par 
\par Supreme Court Case No.:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 CVA14-015}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
\par Superior Court Case No.:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 CV0499-02}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
\par 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 OPINION
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Filed:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 December 7, 2015
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Cite as: 2015 Guam 38}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
\par 
\par Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam
\par Argued and submitted on June 4, 2015
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12086642 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
\par 
\par \ltrrow}\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid333612\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12086642 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\ul\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Appearing for Defendant-Appellant:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 R. Todd Thompson, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Esq}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 .
\par Thompson Thompson & Alcantara, P.C.
\par DNA Bldg.
\par 238 Archbishop Flores St., Ste. 801
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910
\par \cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Appearing for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\ul\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  Plaintiff-Appellee:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Seth Forman,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  Esq}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 .
\par Dooley Roberts & Fowler LLP
\par 865 S. Marine Corps Dr., Ste. 201
\par Tamuning, GU 96913
\par 
\par Robert L. Keogh, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Esq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
\par Law Office of Robert L. Keogh
\par P.O. Box GZ
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid333612\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil 
\cellx9468\row }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12593644 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
\par BEFORE: ROBERT J. TORRES, Chief Justice; F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Associate Justice; ALEXANDRO C. CASTRO, Justice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Pro Tempore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
\par CARBULLIDO, J.:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [1]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab 
Defendant-Appellant Hugh Sule appeals from an adverse judgment in a dental malpractice action filed by Plaintiff-Appellee Michael W. Kennedy.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Dr. Sule contends Kennedy\rquote s claim is barred by Guam\rquote s statute of limitations set forth in 7 GCA \'a7 11308.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 This argument was made at the trial level on a motion for summary judgment that was denied by the tria
l court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 After a jury trial, the jury deemed Kennedy\rquote 
s action was allowable under the statute of limitations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
Dr. Sule subsequently moved for judgment as a matter of law on this issue, but was unsuccessful.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Dr. Sule appeals both the denial of his Motion for Summary Judgment and the denial of his Motion and Renewed Motion for Judgment as a Matter of Law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Dr. Sule also challenges the trial court\rquote s issuance of an \'93ultimate outcome\'94
 instruction that informed the jury of the legal effect of their apportionment of negligence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Dr. Sule contends Guam\rquote s mixed comparative/contributory negligence statute set forth in 7 GCA \'a7 90108, was modeled after Wisconsin\rquote 
s, and that we should follow Wisconsin interpretive precedent barring \'93ultimate outcome\'94 instructions under the \'93blindfold rule.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 For the foregoing reasons, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs38\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 reverse}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  the jury\rquote s verdict, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs38\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 vacate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 the damages award, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs38\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 remand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 this matter to the trial court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12593644 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 I.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Procedural Background}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12593644 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [2]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab 
On April 5, 2002, Kennedy filed a dental malpractice case against Dr. Sule and Gentlecare Dental Associates, P.C.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 In response to the suit, the Defendants asserted the claim was subject to arbitration under Guam\rquote s Mandatory Medical Malpractice Arbitration Act (\'93MMMAA\'94).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Record on Appeal (\'93RA\'94), tab 12 (Mot. Compel Arbitration, Aug. 2, 2002).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
Following several years of contentious litigation, the trial court compelled arbitration pursuant to the MMMAA.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Kennedy appealed an adverse arbitration ruling and requested a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 de novo }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 review by the Superior Court pursuant to 10 GCA \'a7 10139.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [3]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab 
During the Superior Court proceedings, Dr. Sule moved for summary judgment, contending that Kennedy\rquote s claims were barred by the statute of limitations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 The trial court dismissed the motion applying the \'93continuous treatment doctrine,\'94 and reasoned that the \'93
ongoing attempts by Dr. Sule to treat and correct [Kennedy\rquote s] condition tolled the repose portion of the statute of limitation until a date after April 5, 1999.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 RA, tab 114 at 8 (Dec. & Order Mot. Summ. J., Mar. 29, 2011).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
As to the one-year discovery provision, the trial court was persuaded that Kennedy was not subjectively aware of malpractice until affirmatively told by another dental practitioner in May or July of 2001. .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [4]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab 
The trial court also bifurcated the statute of limitations issue from the issues of liability and damages.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Facts concerning the statute of limitations were submitted to the jury first, and Dr. Sule moved for judgment as a matter of law on the ground that
 there was insufficient evidentiary basis for the jury to find Kennedy\rquote s claim timely.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 The court denied the motion, and the jury determined the claim was timely.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [5]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab 
The second phase of trial concerned liability and damages.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 At trial, 
Dr. Sule presented a written objection to Kennedy\rquote s proposed \'93ultimate outcome\'94 instruction on the basis that it was an instruction that informed the jury of the legal effect of its comparative negligence apportionment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 RA, tab 280 at 1-3 (Def.\rquote s Obj. to \'93Ultimate Outcome\'94
 Jury Instructions, Sept. 24, 2013).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Instruction 3G stated as follows: 
\'93If you find that Mr. Kennedy\rquote s negligence is more than 49%, the Court will enter judgment for Dr. Sule and Mr. Kennedy will not recover any damages.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 RA, tab 287 at 26 (Jury Instruction (Nos. 3G), Sept. 26, 2013).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs19\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3690629 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf17\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\super\insrsid3690629 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3690629 
  In his Excerpts of Record, Dr. Sule provides a printout of this instruction as \'93Instruction 3F.\'94  Excerpts of Record (\'93ER\'94) at 92 (Jury Instruction 3F).  However, the instruction appears as \'93Instruction 3G\'94 in the record on appeal.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid3690629\charrsid7430523 RA, tab 287 at 26 (Jury Instruction 3G, Sept. 26, 2013).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Dr. Sule made oral and written objections to the instruction at trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 After consideration, the trial court overruled the objection and instructed the jury as to the \'93ultimate outcome\'94 under 18 GCA \'a7 90108, and denied Dr. Sule\rquote 
s subsequent Motion for a New Trial on this ground.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
RA, tab 317 at 7-10 (Dec. & Order, Apr. 16, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [6]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab 
The jury returned a special verdict apportioning 45% of the negligence to Kennedy and 55% to Dr. Sule.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Kennedy was awarded $62,236.35 in damages, and judgment was entered.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [7]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab 
Following entry of judgment, Dr. Sule brought a renewed motion for judgment as a matter of law on the grounds that no reasonable jury could have found for Kennedy on the statute of limitations issue.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
Dr. Sule also requested a new trial under Guam Rule of Civil Procedure 59, again challenging Instruction 3G as an inappropriate \'93ultimate outcome\'94 instruction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 RA, tab 300 at 1-6 (Mot. for New Trial, Dec. 13, 2013).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 The trial court denied Dr. Sule\rquote s motions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Fenwick v. Watabe Guam, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , 2009 Guam 1, the trial court reasoned it had \'93wide discretion as to what instruction to give the jury in any case.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 at 10 (citing 2009 Guam 1 \'b6 9).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Thus, \'93[a]fter careful consideration, [the trial court] exercised its discretion and gave the instruction in question to the jury.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Dr. Sule filed a timely notice of appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 RA, tab 319 (Notice of Appeal, May 15, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3690629 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf17\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\super\insrsid3690629\charrsid8283418 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3690629\charrsid8283418  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid3690629\charrsid7430523 Defendant Gentlecare Dental Associates, P.C.,
 filed a cross-appeal on September 2, 2014, but it was later dismissed pursuant to Guam Rule of Appellate Procedure 6(c)(2).  Kennedy v. Sule, CVA 14-015 (Order at 1 (Sept. 12, 2014)).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
\par //
\par //
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12593644 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 B.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Factual Background}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12593644 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [8]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab At trial, Kennedy testified that Dr. 
Sule provided him bridges and veneers in 1998, and began placing the implants in \'93January or February\'94 of 1999.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Transcripts (\'93Tr.\'94) at 95 (Jury Trial \endash  Day 2, Sept. 4, 2013).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 When Kennedy was in California in April of 2000 due to his father\rquote s declining hea
lth, he saw a different dentist, Dr. Hoffman, because the temporary caps on the front implants fell off.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 The caps had fallen off on another occasion before he left for California, but Kennedy testified that Dr. Sule informed him they were temporary and re-
cemented them before he saw Dr. Hoffman.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [9]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab At trial, when asked by Dr. Sule\rquote 
s counsel if it was \'93true that one of the reasons you called [Dr. Hoffman] was that you wanted a second opinion of Dr. Sule\rquote s treatment plan and performance to date,\'94 Kennedy replied \'93yes.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  at 49, 119-20; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Trial Ex. E-2 (Client Intake Form, Apr. 25, 2000).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3690629 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf17\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\super\insrsid3690629\charrsid8283418 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3690629\charrsid8283418  The Client Intake Form is dated April 23, 2000, and April 24, 2000}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3690629\charrsid9189052 .  Trial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid3690629\charrsid7430523 Ex. E-2 (Client Intake Form).  However, at trial, Kennedy testified he saw Dr. Hoffman on April 25, 2000.  Tr. at 57 (Jury Trial \endash  Day 2).}}
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Moreover, on his client intake form for Dr. Hoffman\rquote 
s clinic, Kennedy wrote \'93[n]eed second opinion on current dentist\rquote s treatment plan and performance to date.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Trial Ex. E-2 (Client Intake Form); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 see also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  Tr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 at 54 (Jury Trial \endash  Day 2).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Kennedy testified that \'93[t]he only reason [he] asked for a second opinion was it was - - the second time they\rquote d fallen out.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Tr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 at 100 (Jury Trial \endash  Day 2).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Kennedy recalled he thought it was \'93weird\'94 when the 
caps fell out a second time, but was informed it was \'93okay\'94 because it was temporary cement.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 During his visit to Dr. Hoffman, Kennedy also noted that the front implant was getting infected.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 In Kennedy\rquote s recollection, Dr. Hoffman suggested Dr. Sule should establish a better bite using a stent, but did not suggest negligence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [10]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab 
Kennedy also told Dr. Hoffman that Dr. Sule was not a prosthodontist when asked, and Dr. Hoffman replied that a prosthodontist should \'93probably\'94 or \'93possibly\'94 handle his case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  at 61.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
Kennedy further acknowledged that Dr. Hoffman informed him he would have followed a different treatment plan, namely implanting all at once, allowing them to heal, and that he would have used a different style of implant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Later, Dr. Hoffman sent
 a follow-up letter to Kennedy inquiring whether he sought reevaluation from Dr. Sule and offered to treat Kennedy if he still suffered problems.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Trial Ex. E-5 (Letter from Dr. Hoffman, Sept. 24, 2000).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [11]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab At trial, Kennedy represented he returned to 
Dr. Sule \'93pretty much weekly\'94 from June or July of 2000 through October or early November of 2000 for \'93remedial work,\'94 and Dr. Sule reassured him he was \'93okay.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Tr. at 102-03 (Jury Trial \endash  Day 2).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Throughout this time, Dr. Sule worked to improve Kennedy\rquote s 
bite and placed implants to assist his bridge.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
During treatment, Dr. Sule informed Kennedy he perforated his sinus resulting in infection and requiring new implants.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 There were multiple perforations, the majority of which took place in 1999.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Kennedy later testified Dr. Sule told him the problems he experienced were \'93part of the process\'94 and started \'93blaming [Kennedy\rquote s] body.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  at 116.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [12]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab According to Kennedy\rquote 
s recollection, Dr. Sule referred him to Dr. Richardson, a maxillofacial surgeon, in October rather than August of 2000.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 The purpose of the referral was for \'93ongoing care\'94 because Dr. Sule \'93seemed to be having some difficulty\'94 that necessitated a specialist to perform a sinus lift.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  at 105.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 He finally saw Dr. Richardson in February of 2001 because Dr. Richardson was previously off-island.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [13]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab During Kennedy\rquote 
s appointment with Dr. Richardson in February 2001, Dr. Richardson expressed \'93a little bit\'94 of concern about Kennedy\rquote s shaking jaw and his bite.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 at 106.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Following the examination, Kenned
y contends Dr. Richardson told him that either he (Dr. Richardson) or Dr. Sule would contact him about the results of the examination, but neither did.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Kennedy returned to Dr. Sule in March of 2001 for some bridge work, but Dr. Sule did not work on the implants.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
Kennedy testified that as of March 2001, he did not suspect negligence by Dr. Sule, and he had not heard from Dr. Richardson.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [14]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab 
Kennedy testified that nobody had mentioned the word \'93malpractice\'94 to him as of April 2001.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 at 109-10.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Toward the end of April and May of 2001, Kennedy was \'93a little irritated\'94
 that Dr. Richardson was not returning his calls, so he stopped by Dr. Richardson\rquote s office in May of 2001.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 at 110.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Kennedy testified that Dr. Richardson referred him to Dr. Yasuhi
ro and told him that he would not continue to treat him if continued to see Dr. Sule.\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3690629 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf17\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\super\insrsid3690629\charrsid7430523 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\cf1\insrsid3690629\charrsid7430523  Dr. Richardson denies telling Kennedy to not return to Dr. Sule, but acknowledges he did not suggest negligence or malpractice.  Tr. at 8-9 (Jury Trial Extract, Sept. 5, 2013).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
Kennedy met with Dr. Yasuhiro in July or August of 2001, who treated him for a perforated sinus possibly resulting from the implants.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Dr. Yasuhiro recommended a treatment plan which included removing all existing implants.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Trial Ex. 5A (Yasuhiro Progress Notes, Aug. \endash  Nov. 2001).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12593644 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 II.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 JURISDICTION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12593644 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [15]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 This court has jurisdiction over appeals from a final judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7
 1424-1(a)(2) (Westlaw through Pub. L. 114-61 (2015)); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 3105, 3107(b), 3108(a) (2005).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12593644 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 III.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 STANDARD OF REVIEW}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12593644 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Summary Judgment Denial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [16]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Dr. Sule argues a denial of a summary judgment order is appealable after the entry of a final judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 30 (Aug. 25, 2014) (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Comsource Indep. Foodservice Cos. v. Union Pac. R.R. Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
, 102 F.3d 438, 441-42 (9th Cir. 1996)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
To support his position, Dr. Sule contends that the denial of a motion for summary judgment is not immediately appealable because it is generally not a final order.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 See id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 at 441-42; }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 10A Fed. Prac. & Proc. Civ. \'a7
 2715 (3d ed.) (footnote omitted) (\'93[D]enial of a Rule 56 motion is an interlocutory order from which no appeal is available until the entry of judgment following the trial on the merits.\'94).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Kennedy, on the other hand, stresses that there is no appl
icable standard of review because a denial of summary judgment is unreviewable following a trial on the merits.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Appellee\rquote s Br. at 29-31 (Oct. 7, 2014) (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
Chesapeake Paper Prods. Co. v. Stone & Webster Eng\rquote g Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , 51 F.3d 1229, 1234-37 (4th Cir. 1995)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [17]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 This court previously entertained an appeal from a denial of summary judgment following a trial on the merits and reviewed that denial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 See Quan Xing He v. Gov\rquote t of Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , 2009 Guam 20 \'b6 22 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Quichocho v. Macy\rquote s Dep\rquote 
t Stores, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , 2008 Guam 89 \'b6 13).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Many jurisdictions, however, hold that denial of a motion for summary judgment following a trial on the merits}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 is not appealable.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Locricchio v. Legal Servs. Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , 833 F.2d 1352, 1359 (9th Cir. 1987); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 see also Larson v. Benediktsson}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , 152 P.3d 1159, 1170 (Alaska 2007); 10A Fed. Prac. & Proc. Civ. \'a7 2715 (3d ed.).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
The majority of federal circuits do not allow review of a denial of a summary judgment motion following a full trial on the merits.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Chesapeake}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , 51 F.3d at 1234.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Chesapeake}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
, the Fourth Circuit adopted the rule that denial of summary judgment is not reviewable on appeal after a full trial and final judgment on the merits and observed that the First, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, and Federal Circuits held the s
ame.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 at 1234-37 (footnote omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3690629 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf17\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\cf1\super\insrsid3690629\charrsid7430523 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\insrsid3690629\charrsid7430523  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\cf1\insrsid3690629\charrsid7430523 See Watson v. Amedco Steel, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\insrsid3690629\charrsid7430523 , 29 F.3d 274, 277-78 (7th Cir. 1994); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\cf1\insrsid3690629\charrsid7430523 Black v. J.I. Case Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\cf1\insrsid3690629\charrsid7430523 , 22 F.3d 568, 570-72 (5th Cir. 1994); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\cf1\insrsid3690629\charrsid7430523 Johnson Int\rquote l Co. v. Jackson Nat\rquote l Life Ins. Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\cf1\insrsid3690629\charrsid7430523 , 19 F.3d 431, 434 (8th Cir. 1994); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\cf1\insrsid3690629\charrsid7430523 Lama v. Borras}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\insrsid3690629\charrsid7430523 
, 16 F.3d 473, 476 n.5 (1st Cir. 1994); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\cf1\insrsid3690629\charrsid7430523 Whalen v. Unit Rig, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\insrsid3690629\charrsid7430523 , 974 F.2d 1248, 1250-51 (10th Cir. 1992); }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\cf1\insrsid3690629\charrsid7430523 Jarrett v. Epperly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\insrsid3690629\charrsid7430523 , 896 F.2d 1013, 1016 (6th Cir. 1990); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs20\cf1\insrsid3690629\charrsid7430523 Locricchio v. Legal Servs. Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\insrsid3690629\charrsid7430523 , 833 F.2d 1352, 1358-59 (9th Cir. 1987); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs20\cf1\insrsid3690629\charrsid7430523 Glaros v. H.H. Robertson Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\insrsid3690629\charrsid7430523 , 797 F.2d 1564, 1573 & n.14 (Fed. Cir. 1986).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 The rationale for restricting review under such circumstances is that \'93
the denial was based on an undeveloped, incomplete record, which was superseded by evidence adduced at trial.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  at 1236.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [18]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 According to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Kennedy, our}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  de novo }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 standard of review set forth in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Quan Xing He }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 relied solely on citations to prior cases that did not involve review of a denial of summary judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Appellee\rquote s Br. at 28 (citing 2009 Guam 20 \'b6 22).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 In Kennedy\rquote s assessment, the standard of review issue in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Quan Xing He}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  was not litigated or further discussed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Appellee\rquote s Br. at 29.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Accordingly, these \'93
assumptions on non-litigated issues are not precedential holdings binding future decisions.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Sakamoto v. Duty Free Shoppers, Ltd.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
, 764 F.2d 1285, 1288 (9th Cir. 1985) (citations omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
Kennedy distinguishes the Ninth Circuit\rquote s holding in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Comsource }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 relied on by Dr. Sule because that case involved a stipulated judgment entered after a mistrial in which the defendant expressly reserved its right to challenge and appeal the court
\rquote s pre-trial dismissal of its motion for summary judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Appellee\rquote s Br. at 29 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Comsource}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , 102 F.3d at 441).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 There was no comparable stipulation in this case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [19]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 We agree with the majority of federal circuits and hold that denial of summary judgment is not reviewable on appeal after a full trial and final judgment on the merits.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Quan Xing He}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
, the plaintiff appealed his award of damages as inadequate following a bench trial, while the defendant cross-appealed denial of its motion for summary judgment on the issue of the plaintiff\rquote s compliance with the Government Claims Act.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 2009 Guam 20 \'b6\'b6 1, 15, 25.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 The issue of the reviewability of a denial of a motion for summa
ry judgment following a full trial on the merits was not litigated in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Quan Xing He}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 See id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Although we affirmed the trial court\rquote s denial of defendant\rquote s cross-appeal, the issue should not have been reviewed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 See id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [20]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab Today, we hold a
 challenge to denial of a motion for summary judgment should be made through an interlocutory appeal pursuant to Guam Rule of Appellate Procedure 4.2.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Accordingly, Dr. Sule\rquote s challenge to the trial court\rquote s denial of his motion for summary judgment is unrev
iewable because the challenge was brought following a full trial on the merits.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 B.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Judgment as a Matter of Law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [21]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab 
We review a ruling on a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Guam Top Builders, Inc. v. Tanota Partners}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , 2012 Guam 12 \'b6 8 (citing }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 O\rquote Mara v. Hechanova}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , 2001 Guam 13 \'b6
 6; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Leon Guerrero v. DLB Constr. Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
, 1999 Guam 9 \'b6 11).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \'93
A motion for a directed verdict and a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict is the same as a motion for judgement [sic] as a matter of law.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 O\rquote Mara}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , 2001 Guam 13 \'b6
 6 (citations omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
Judgment as a matter of law is appropriate \'93if the evidence, construed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, permits only one reasonable conclusion, and that conclusion is contrary to that of the jury.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  (citations omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 The relevant inquiry when reviewing a jury verdict is \'93whether it is supported by substantial evidence or against the clear weight of evidence.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  (citation omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 We define \'93substantial evidence\'94 as \'93such relevant evid
ence which reasonable minds might accept as adequate to support a conclusion even if it is possible to draw two inconsistent conclusions from the evidence.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
(citation and internal quotation marks omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 C.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Jury Instructions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [22]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab A trial court is a
fforded wide discretion as to what jury instructions to give in a case, and the relevant inquiries on appellate review are \'93
whether the jury was likely misled by the instruction given and whether a different outcome would likely have resulted had the proposed instruction been given.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Fenwick v. Watabe Guam, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , 2009 Guam 1 
\'b6 9 (quoting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  B.M. Co. v. Avery}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
, 2002 Guam 19 \'b6\'b6 10, 31).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Thus, a trial court\rquote 
s formulation of jury instructions is generally reviewed for an abuse of discretion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 See Guam Top Builders}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , 2012 Guam 12 \'b6 52 (citations omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
However, when the error claimed is based on a misstatement of the law, the standard of review is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 See id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 (citations omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12593644 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 IV.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 ANALYSIS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12593644 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Whether 
the Trial Court Erred in Tolling the Medical Malpractice Statute of Limitations When it Denied Dr. Sule\rquote s Motion for Judgment as a Matter of Law
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12593644\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12593644 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [23]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 This action was filed on April 5, 2002.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 RA, tab 3 at 1 (Compl., Apr. 5, 2002).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Dr. Sule appeals the de
nial of his request for judgment as a matter of law based upon the applicable medical malpractice statute of limitations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 33.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Dr. Sule argues that the three-year repose provision of Guam\rquote s statute bars Kennedy\rquote s claims related to Dr. Sule\rquote 
s treatment prior to April 5, 1999, including the February 1999 implants.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  at 32-33 (citing 7 GCA \'a7 11308 (2005)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
He also urges that the one-year discovery provision of the statute is not satisfied because a reasonable person would have suspected malpractice no later than Kennedy\rquote s visit to Dr. Hoffman in April 25, 2000, to repair a broken implant.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  (citing 7 GCA \'a7 11308); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Tr. at 57 (Jury Trial \endash  Day 2).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Kennedy, however, maintains the action was timely because (1) Dr. Sule was Kennedy\rquote s s
ole treating dentist for several months following the initial February 1999 implant procedure, (2) Dr. Sule corrected the implants, (3) Dr. Sule assured Kennedy failures were expected, and (4) Dr. Sule\rquote s treatment continued until April 2001.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Appellee\rquote s Br. at 33.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs19\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3690629 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf17\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\cf1\super\insrsid3690629\charrsid7430523 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid3690629\charrsid7430523 
 Kennedy represents in his brief that Dr. Sule treated him in April of 2001.  Appellee\rquote s Br. at 33.  However, it appears this \'93treatment\'94 consisted of phone calls from Dr. Sule to Kennedy from April 20-25, 2001, to follow up on Kennedy
\rquote s examination with Dr. Richardson.  Tr. at 108 (Jury Trial \endash  Day 2); Tr. at 133-34 (Jury Trial \endash  Day 3, Sept. 5, 2013).  Dr. Sule\rquote 
s last treatment of Kennedy was for bridge work in March of 2001.  Tr. at 59, 75, 107 (Jury Trial \endash  Day 2).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Thus, in Kennedy\rquote s assessment, the complaint filed April 5, 2002, fell within the three-year outer limit of 7 GCA \'a7 11308.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [24]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Guam has a one-year discovery provision for malpractice actions, and a three-year outer bar from the date of \'93treatment, omission or operation:\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12593644 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
An action to recover damages for injuries to the person arising from any medical, surgical or dental treatment, omission or operation shall be commenced with [sic] one (1) year from the date when the injury is first discovered; provided, that such action 
shall be commenced within three (3) years from the date of treatment, omission or operation upon which the action is based. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12593644 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 7 GCA \'a7 11308.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 We have said statutes of limitation \'93\lquote 
promote justice by preventing surprises through the revival of claims that have been allowed to slumber until evidence has been lost, memories have faded, and witnesses have disappeared.\rquote \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Taitano v. Calvo Fin. Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , 2008 Guam 12 \'b6 55 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Order of R.R. Telegraphers v. Ry. Express Agency}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , 321 U.S. 342, 348-49 (1944)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 The short time limit on malpractice actions encourages the plaintiff to act and provides the defendant notice and an opportunity to prepare a defense before evidence becomes stale.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Lamont v. Wolfe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , 190 Cal. Rptr. 874, 877 (Ct. App. 1983) (citations omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [25]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 After trial, the court held Dr. Sule\rquote s motion for judgment as a matter of law failed to establish his burden that the verdict could not be supported by substantial evidence relat
ing to the statute of limitations issue.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
RA, tab 317 at 5 (Dec. & Order, Apr. 16, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
Guam Rule of Civil Procedure 50(a)(1) sets forth the applicable standard for judgment as a matter of law:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10057807 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
If during a trial by jury a party has been fully heard on an
 issue and there is no legally sufficient evidentiary basis for a reasonable jury to find for that party on that issue, the court may determine the issue against that party and may grant a motion for judgment as a matter of law against that party with res
pect to a claim or defense that cannot under the controlling law be maintained or defeated without a favorable finding on that issue.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10057807 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12593644\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
Guam R. Civ. P. 50(a)(1).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 The relevant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  standard of review for a jury verdict is \'93whether it is supported by substantial evidence or against the clear weight of evidence.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 O\rquote Mara}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , 2001 Guam 13 \'b6 6.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12593644 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [26]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Our analysis in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Custodio v. Boonprakong}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , 1999 Guam 5,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 is instructive to determine whether Kennedy\rquote 
s claims are barred in whole or part.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
In that case, we considered (1) whether the plaintiff\rquote 
s claim fell within the one-year statute of limitations following discovery of malpractice; (2) whether the existence of an ongoing physician-patient relationship tolled the statute of limitations throu
ghout the pendency of the relationship; and (3) whether the continuous negligent treatment doctrine was applicable to the plaintiff\rquote s claims.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \'b6\'b6 26-35.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 We addressed the first two tolling methods, but noted that the facts of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Custodio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  did not lend themse
lves to application of the continuous negligent treatment doctrine.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \'b6\'b6 31, 34-35.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 The applicability of each doctrine to the facts of this case will be discussed in turn.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10057807 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12593644\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf17\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 1.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 The One-Year Statute of Limitations is Predicated on the Discovery Rule
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10057807\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12593644 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf17\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [27]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Custodio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , the plaintiff, Custodio, underwent a hysterectomy on February 7, 1994, and suffered a perforated bowel, which led to debilitating seizures starting in March of 1994.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \'b6\'b6 34.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Another physician, Dr. Chen, became Custodio\rquote s primary neurological care physician on May 16, 1994.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  at 4.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Throughout 1994 and 1995, Custodio saw other physicians in Hawaii }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
who informed her and her sister of the causes of her injuries and that the condition was permanent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id. \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \'b6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 5, 31.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Dr. Chen resumed treatment of Custodio in May of 1995 through February 17, 1996.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \'b6 5.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 A malpractice suit was filed against Dr. Chen on December 2, 1996.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \'b6 7.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Custodio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  claimed she first became aware of Dr. Chen\rquote s malpractice in February 1996 when a different physician opined that Dr. Chen\rquote s sub-standard care caused brain damage.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [28]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Dr. Chen successfully moved to dismiss the suit as untimely under the statute of limitations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \'b6 8.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 On appeal, we held that Custodio\rquote s claim did not satisfy 7 GCA \'a7 11308 
because the statute provides a \'93clear directive\'94 that medical malpractice suits must be filed \'93within one year from the date that an injury is discovered or, at the outside, three years from the date of treatment.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \'b6 27 (footnote omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 We noted the \'93discovery rule\'94 builds upon section 11308 by \'93delaying the accrual date of a cause of action until the plaintiff is aware of the injury and its negligent cause.\'94
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 (footnote omitted) (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Jolly v. Eli Lilly & Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , 751 P.2d 923, 926-27 (Cal. 1988) (en banc)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Under the discovery rule, a party is deemed aware of an injury not only \'93when he has actual knowledge\'94 but \'93
when he could have reasonably discovered both the injury and the negligent cause through the exercise of reasonable diligence.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [29]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 The discovery period begins running when the injured party \'93\lquote has suffered appreciable harm and knows or suspects that professional blundering is its cause.\rquote \'94}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 (quoting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  Gutierrez v. Mofid}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , 705 P.2d 886, 889 (Cal. 1985) (en banc)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Suspicion of wrongdoing starts the clock because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [i]gnorance of legally significant facts [does] not toll the statute of limitations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Gutierrez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , 705 P.2d at 889).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Consequently, if a suspicion exists, the plaintiff cannot sit back and wait fo
r the facts to find him as the burden of finding the facts falls upon his shoulders.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Jolly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , 751 P.2d at 928).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [30]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 We upheld the trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s assessment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
that the suit, filed approximately two years and eight months later on December 2, 1996, did not satisfy the one-year statute of limitations requirement set forth in section 11308.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  \'b6 28.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 The discovery rule did not save Custodio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s case because her injuries should have reasonably been discovered soon after her treatment by Dr. Chen because she was given reason to suspect wrongdoing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 See id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \'b6 29.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 In addition to the nature of her injuries, the intervening consultation with another p
hysician in Hawaii put Custodio on notice of wrongdoing because he informed Custodio of the causes of her injuries and that her condition was permanent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \'b6 31.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Thus, it was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 irrelevant whether [Custodio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s guardians ad litem] knew Dr. Chen was the cause 
of the injury as the facts before them should have reasonably lead [sic] them to investigate whether his actions were also negligent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12593644 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 a.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Kennedy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s injuries prior to April 25, 2000}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12593644\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf17\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12593644 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf17\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [31]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Dr. Sule argues that like Custodio, Kennedy }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 had the benefit of a second opinion from Dr. Hoffman, a specialist in implants, which he obtained in April 2000.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s Br. at 36.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 This opinion, coupled with the problems he was experiencing, was sufficient to put Kennedy on notice of wrongdoing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 at 36-37.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 As in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Custodio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
if a suspicion exists, the plaintiff cannot sit back and wait for the facts to find him as the burden of finding the facts falls upon his shoulders.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Custodio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , 1999 Guam 5 \'b6 27 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Jolly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , 751 P.2d at 928).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [32]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 We were not persuaded in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Custodio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  that a subsequent physician}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s failure to explicitly mention sub-standard care was sufficient for tolling purposes.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 1999 Guam 5 \'b6\'b6 7, 27.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 In this case, Kennedy likewise failed to act in a reasonably prudent manner because the issues he faced would ha
ve put a reasonably prudent person on notice even if Dr. Hoffman did not overtly mention the term }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 malpractice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Tr. at 100 (Jury Trial \endash  Day 2).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 The alleged injuries were readily apparent no later than April 2000 when he consulted with Dr. Hoffman.
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 at 98-101.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Kennedy went to Dr. Hoffman seeking a second opinion on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Dr. Sule}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s treatment plan and performance to date.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  at 49, 119-20; Trial Ex. E-2 (Client Intake Form).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Dr. Hoffman asked Kennedy if Dr. Sule was a prosthodontist, to which he replied
 no, and Dr. Hoffman informed him that a prosthodontist should possibly or probably handle his case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Tr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 at 61 (Jury Trial \endash  Day 2).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [33]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Further trial testimony established that Kennedy noted his front implant was getting infected during his visit with Dr. Hoffman.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  at 120-22.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 The fact that the caps fell out caused Kennedy to think it was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 weird.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 at 100.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Kennedy was also aware of multiple perforations to
 his sinus resulting in infection which required new implants, most of which occurred in 1999.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 at 123.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
Dr. Hoffman informed Kennedy that he would have followed a different treatment plan, namely implanting all at once, allowing the implants to heal, and that he would have used a different style of implant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  at 62.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
Dr. Hoffman also sent a follow-up letter to Kennedy dated September 24, 2000, inquiring whether Kennedy sought reevaluation from Dr. Sule and offering to treat Kennedy if he still suffered problems.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Trial Ex. E-5 (Letter from Dr. Hoffman).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
Accordingly, Dr. Sule maintains that as a matter of law, the discovery period for injuries prior to April 25, 2000, began to run when Kennedy obtained a second opinion on April 25, 2000.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s Br. at 37.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [34]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 In light of evidence on the record, the trial court should have granted Dr. Sule}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s motion for judgment as a matter of law regarding injuries sustained prior to April 25, 2000.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Due to the discovery provision within 7 GCA \'a7 11308, Kennedy should 
have filed his claim by April 25, 2001, rather than April 5, 2002, to recover damages for any pre-April 25, 2000 injuries.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \caps\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 RA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , tab 3 at 1 (Compl.).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 The jury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s verdict that Kennedy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s injuries prior to April 25, 2000, were not barred by the discovery rule was against the clear weight of evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 See O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Mara}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , 2001 Guam 13 \'b6 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
Because the facts show Kennedy should have had a suspicion of wrongdoing before being explicitly informed of malpractice, Kennedy did not act in a reasonably prudent manner, and he is barred from recovering damages for these injuries. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [35]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 The propriety of the trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s reliance on the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 continuous negligent treatment doctrine}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  to toll the statute for injuries prior to April 25, 2000, is discussed more fully below, following discussion of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 ongoing physician-patient relationship}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  doctrine.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 First, however, we must address injuries resulting from any negligence subsequent to April 25, 2000.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12593644 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 b.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Kennedy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s post-April 25, 2000 injuries}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12593644\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf17\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12593644 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf17\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [36]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Dr. Sule claims he last installed, removed, or adjusted Kennedy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s implants in July 2000.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Tr. at 21 (Jury Trial \endash  Day 3).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Kennedy, however, testified that he returned to Dr. Sule almost weekly from June or July of 2000 through October or early November of 2000 for remedial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 work, and was repeatedly assured he would recover.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Tr. at 102-03 (Jury Trial \endash  Day 2).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 The purposes of these visits were to improve Kennedy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s bite and to place implants to assist his bridge.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 at 102.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 During this period, Dr. Sule perforated Kennedy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s sinus multiple times and informed Kennedy that those problems were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 part of the process.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id.
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  at 116.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [37]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab 
Kennedy concedes being referred to Dr. Richardson, a maxillofacial surgeon, by October of 2000.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 at 104-05.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
Dr. Sule referred Kennedy to Dr. Richardson because Dr. Sule explained he was having some difficulty that necessitated a specialist to perform a sinus lift.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 at 103-05.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Kennedy finally saw Dr. Richardson in February of 2001.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 at 104-06. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [38]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab During Kennedy}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
s appointment with Dr. Richardson in February 2001, Dr. Richardson expressed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 a little bit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  of concern about Kennedy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s shaking jaw and his bite.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 at 106.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Following the examination, Kennedy contends Dr. Richardson told him that ei
ther he (Dr. Richardson) or Dr. Sule would contact him about the results of the examination, but neither did.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [39]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab 
Dr. Sule saw Kennedy in March 2001 for bridge work, but Dr. Sule did not work on the implants.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 at 75, 107.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
Kennedy began meeting with Dr. Yasuhiro in July or August of 2001 for treatment for a perforated sinus resulting from Dr. Sule drilling too deep.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  at 116.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [40]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab 
The Complaint in this case is extremely broad, and states Kennedy }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 has suffered injuries, including but not limited to injuries to his teeth, jaw, sinuses and other dental related areas, which have caused and will continue to cause pain and suffering}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  during his course of treatment with Dr. Sule.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 RA, tab 3 at 2-3 (Compl.).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Unlike the injuries pr
ior to April 25, 2000, there was substantial evidence introduced that could lead reasonable minds to conclude that any negligent treatment by Dr. Sule subsequent to April 25, 2000, was not discovered by Kennedy.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 See O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Mara}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , 2001 Guam 13 \'b6 6.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 The visit to Dr. Richardson in February 2001 was insufficient to trigger a second discovery rule.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
Hence, we determine that the evidence introduced in this case does not establish as a matter of law that any injury sustained by Kennedy subsequent to April 25, 2000, would have put a reasonably prudent person on notice of wrongdoing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Dr. Richardson only expressed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 a little bit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  of concern over Kennedy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s shaking bite in May of 2001, and the Complaint was filed within one year of Kennedy}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s consultation with Dr. Yasuhiro.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 RA, tab 3 at 1 (Compl., Apr. 5, 2002).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [41]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab 
On remand, Kennedy will need to prove both Dr. Sule}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
s liability and the amount of damages sustained for any negligent services and treatment rendered subsequent to April 25, 2000.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
Recovery for post-April 25, 2000 may be recoverable, if damages and liability are proven, because those claims are not barred by the discovery rule and fall within the three-year outer limit of 7 GCA \'a7 11308.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12593644 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12593644\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf17\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 2.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Ongoing Physician-Patient Relationship
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12593644 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf17\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [42]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab The plaintiff in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Custodio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
 next asked this court to adopt an exception tolling the statute of limitations until }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 the physician-patient relationship ends.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Custodio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , 1999 Guam 5 \'b6 33 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Greninger v. Fischer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , 184 P.2d 694, 697 (Cal. Dist. Ct. App. 1947)).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
This ongoing physician-patient relationship doctrine provides that a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 patient will not ordinarily be put on notice of a physician}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s negligent conduct}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  while the physician-patient relationship continues.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Hundley v. St. Francis Hosp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , 327 P.2d 131, 135 (Cal. Dist. Ct. App. 1958)).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 The justification for the doctrine is that }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
during the relationship, the physician is in a position to urge upon the patient the prognosis that he will recover over time.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Huysman v. Kirsch}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , 57 P.2d 908, 911 (Cal. 1936)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [43]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab 
We stated, however, that an ongoing physician-patient relationship }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 will not benefit a patient if the injury is discovered or through the use of reasonable diligence, should have been discovered.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Petrucci v. Heidenreich}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , 111 P.2d 421, 422 (Cal. Dist. Ct. App. 1941)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Tolling based upon the physician-patient relationship did not save the Custodio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s action because (1) she knew or should have known through reasonable diligence that her injuries resulted from 
negligence; (2) she was subsequently examined by a Hawaii physician showing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 that she was not solely reliant upon Dr. Chen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s skill, judgment, and treatment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 ; and (3) the Hawaii physician advised her that her injuries were permanent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  \'b6 34.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Accordingly, Custodio and her representative were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 on notice that she had suffered injuries requiring investigation of all physicians involved,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
 and her claims were not tolled by the physician-patient relationship.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [44]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab 
In this case, the physician-patient relationship does not benefit Kennedy for injuries prior to April 25, 2000, because the injuries either were discovered, or should have been discovered, through the use of reasonable diligence under the requirements of 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Custodio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 See id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \'b6 33.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 As stated above, evidence was introduced at trial that Kennedy approached Dr. Hoffman for assistance with resealing an implant, and to get a second opinion on Dr. Sule}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s treatment plan and performance to date.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Tr. at 49, 119-20 (Jury Trial \endash  Day 2); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Trial Ex. E-2 (Client Intake Form).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
Thus, the facts of this case would put a reasonable person on notice of the claim for injuries prior to April 25, 2000, despite any continued professional relationship, and the ongoing physician-patient relationship doct
rine does not toll the statute for Kennedy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
s injuries prior to April 25, 2000.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12593644 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 3.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Continuous Negligent Treatment
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12593644\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf17\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12593644 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf17\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [45]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab The final issue raised in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Custodio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  was whether this court should adopt the }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 continuing negligent treatment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  rule to toll the statute bas
ed on the argument that subsequent treatment by Dr. Chen of the plaintiff through 1996 caused further brain damage.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 1999 Guam 5 \'b6 35.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 We looked to other jurisdictions and held that the facts of the case did not lend themselves to application of that doctrine.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12593644 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [46]}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 The continued course of treatment exception is a limited one.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
Several courts have held that the statute begins to run at the time the patient knew or should have known of his injury, even if this occurs prior to the severance of the doctor-patient relationship.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Ballenger v. Crowell}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , 247 S.E.2d 287, 294 (N.C. Ct. App. 1978) (citations omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 The purpose of this doctrine is to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 aid victims of medical malpractice who are unable to pinpoint the exact date of their injury due to the continuing nature of their medical treatment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Forshey v. Jackson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 671 S.E.2d 748, 756 (W. Va. 2008) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 (citing}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Gilbert v. Bartel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 144 S.W.3d 136, 140-41 (Tex. App. 2004)) (doctrine inapplicable when plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
injury did not result from a continuing course of treatment that rendered him unable to identify the precise date of his injury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12593644 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [47]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab Dr. Sule contends the trial court erroneously relied on the continuous negligent 
treatment doctrine because (1) this court has not expressly adopted the doctrine; (2) the doctrine is at odds with Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s statutory scheme; and (3) the doctrine is not applicable to Kennedy.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s Br. at 39-44.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Dr. Sule points to other jurisdictions that have considered, but ultimately rejected the continuing treatment doctrine.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 at 40-41 (citations omitted); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 see, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  Carpenter v. Rohrer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , 714 N.W.2d 804, 814 (N.D. 2006) (citations omitted) (declining to adopt the continuous treatment rule, recognizing it would not save plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s claim after acknowledging North Dakota had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
not adopted the continuous treatment rule in medical malpractice cases, although [the court had] alluded to the rule in several of [its] past decisions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 In Dr. Sule}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s view, this court should reject the continuing treatment doctrine because Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s statute of limitations for medical malpractice actions includes a separate discovery limitation, and, therefore, the doctrine is unnecessary in this jurisdiction.
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s Br. at 41.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [48]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab 
Dr. Sule highlights that in many jurisdictions, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
continuing negligent treatment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
 doctrine has been abrogated by judicial and legislative adoption of the one-year discovery rule.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Stanbury v. Bacardi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , 953 S.W.2d 671, 676-77 (Tenn. 1997)); }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 see also Stanbury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , 953 S.W.2d at 676 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 T
he rule has outlived its necessity in light of the comprehensive medical malpractice statute of limitations which requires that suit be brought within one year of the negligent act or within one year of discovery.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 ); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Ratcliff v. Graether}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , 697 N.W.2d 119, 1
25 (Iowa 2005) (the court did not decide whether it rejected the doctrine altogether, but noted it would be inapplicable when the plaintiff was on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 inquiry notice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Thus, Dr. Sule argues that because Guam legislation includes a one-year discovery rule for
 malpractice actions, and also an outside limit of three years from the date of treatment, the continuing treatment doctrine should not be adopted in Guam.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s Br. at 43.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [49]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab 
Kennedy, however, points to a survey of multiple state decisions performed by the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia suggesting the majority of jurisdictions recognized }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 some form}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  of the continuous medical treatment doctrine.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Appellee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 
'}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s Br. at 37 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Forshey}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 671 S.E.2d at 757 n.16).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 However, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Forshey }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 also clarifies that the purpose of the doctrine is to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 aid victims of medical malpractice who are unable to pinpoint the exact date of their injury due to the continuing nature of their medical treatment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 671 S.E.2d at 756 (citations omitted).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [50]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 The continuous medi
cal treatment doctrine is not applicable to this case because as discussed above, Kennedy either was aware, or reasonably should have been aware, of any injuries he sustained prior to April 25, 2000.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
The injuries prior to April 2000 are barred by the discovery rule, and treatment after April 25, 2000, falls within the three-year repose provision of 7 GCA \'a7 11308.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
Hence, the trial court erroneously reasoned the three-year statute of repose portion of 7 GCA \'a7 11308 was tolled by Dr. Sule}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s continued treatment of Kennedy for approximately ten months following the February 1999 implant procedure.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 RA, tab 317 at 4-5 (Dec. & Order, Apr. 16, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [51]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab A careful reading of California}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s medical malpracti
ce statute and interpretive precedents shows the flaw in the trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s reliance on California decisions to toll the statute of limitations in this case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 California Civil Procedure Code section 340.5, like 7 GCA \'a7 11308, has a one-year discovery bar to 
actions, and a three-year repose provision under which an action must be commenced within three years of treatment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Cal. Civ. Proc. Code \'a7 340.5 (1975).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 The three-year repose provision of California}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s statute can be tolled only in three circumstances: (1) 
upon proof of fraud; (2) upon proof of intentional concealment; and (3) if the treatment results in the presence of a foreign body that provides no therapeutic or diagnostic purpose or effect.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [52]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab 
The trial court reasoned the continuous negligent treatment doctrine tolled the three-year repose period by relying on California decisions that predate the 1975 California statute, and involve claims that would be permitted under the statute}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s tolling exceptions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 RA, tab 114 at 6-8 (Dec. & Order Mot. Summ. J.)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  (citing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  Huysman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , 57 P.2d 908 (failure to remove rubber drainage tube); }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Trombley v. Kolts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
, 85 P.2d 541 (Cal. Dist. Ct. App. 1938) (skin clip left in plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s body); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Petrucci}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , 111 P.2d 421 (claim not outside three-year period)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 The three situations in California Civil Procedure Code section 340.5 are not enumerated in 7 GCA \'a7 11308, and they are not at issue in this case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs19\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3690629 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf17\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\cf1\super\insrsid3690629\charrsid7430523 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid3690629\charrsid7430523 
 Although there does not appear to be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\insrsid3690629\charrsid7430523  proof}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid3690629\charrsid7430523  of fraud or concealment in this case, Kenn
edy argues fraudulent concealment.  Appellee\rquote s Br. at 40-42.  We note, however, that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid3690629\charrsid8283418 notwithstanding a defendant\rquote 
s efforts to conceal, the limitations period commences if the plaintiff is independently put on inquiry notice.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\insrsid3690629\charrsid8283418 Sanchez v. S. Hoover Hosp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\insrsid3690629\charrsid8283418 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid3690629 553 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid3690629\charrsid8283418 P.2d 1129, 1134 (Cal. 1976).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid3690629\charrsid7430523 Furthermore, the implants were placed for treatment purposes. 
\par }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
Thus, the trial court erroneously relied on these California decisions to extend the three-year repose provision for pre-April 25, 2000 treatment. 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [53]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab Limiti
ng tolling of the three-year repose provision is supported by other jurisdictions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 61 Am. Jur. 2d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Physicians, Surgeons, Etc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  \'a7 299 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
In some jurisdictions, the medical malpractice statute of repose, unlike the statute of limitations, may not be tolled for any reason.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  (footnote omitted)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 For example, Louisiana enforces the three-year bar to malpractice suits in jurisdictions with a limit comparable to 7 GCA \'a7 11308.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 La. Rev. Stat. Ann. \'a7 9:5628 (2001); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 see also Gurdin v. Dongieux}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
, 468 So. 2d 1241, 1246 (La. Ct. App. 1985) (April 20, 1983 lawsuit against orthodontist barred because appliances were placed on her teeth on March 19, 1980); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Chaney v. State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
, 432 So. 2d 256, 257-60 (La. 1983) (claims for damages resulting from injuries sustained in 1977, but discovered January 1981, were time-barred and appropriately dismissed when filed in May 1981, while injuries sustained from 1978-1979 
treatment created an independent cause of action that should not have been dismissed).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [54]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab 
Furthermore, the trial court erroneously reasoned that Kennedy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s unilateral phone calls and March 2001 visit to Dr. Sule}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s office were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 treatment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  for continuing negligent treatment purposes because there was no mutual agreement or expectation for a future consultation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 See Peters v. Asarian}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , 936 N.Y.S.2d 206, 208 (App. Div. 2011); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 see generally }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 RA, tab 114 at 8 (Dec. & Order Mot. Summ. J.).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Peters}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 a single visit to plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
s plastic surgeon nearly 19 months after her treatment was insufficient to establish a continuous course of treatment to overcome a statute of limitations because there was no mutual agreement or expectation for a future consultation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 936 N.Y.S.2d at 208; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 see also Adams v. Kohan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
, 963 N.Y.S.2d 342, 343 (App. Div. 2013) (two phone calls between plaintiff and defendant physician did not demonstrate that plaintiff was undergoing an actual course of treatment, or that plaintiff and defendant physician contemplated future treatment).}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Likewise, Kennedy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s phone calls to Dr. Sule did not constitute }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 treatment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  as reasoned by the trial court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [55]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab As in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Custodio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [t]he facts before the court do not lend themselves to an application of [the 
continuous negligent treatment] doctrine.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 1999 Guam 5 \'b6
 35.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
Accordingly, we decline to expressly adopt or reject the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
continuing negligent treatment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  doctrine at this time.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
We are not persuaded that the continuous negligent treatment doctrine, if adopted, would toll the three-year repose provision of 7 GCA \'a7 11308.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Thus, Kennedy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s injuries }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 prior to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
 April 25, 2000, are barred}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 ; the judgment in Kennedy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s favor for $62,236.35 is vacated; and the matter is remanded for a new trial to determine liability and damages for any }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 post-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
April 25, 2000 injuries sustained by Kennedy resulting from Dr. Sule}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s treatment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 RA, tab 292 (Judgment, Dec. 6, 2013).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12593644 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 B.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Whether the Trial Court Erred by Instructing the Jury on the Legal Effect of their Comparative Negligence Apportionment
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12593644\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf17\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12593644 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf17\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [56]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 As we have reversed and vacated the trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s judgment, this court need not address the remaining issues on appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 See People v. Kim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , 2015 Guam 25 \'b6 28;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Presto v. Lizama}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 , 2012 Guam 24 \'b6 54.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12593644 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644\charrsid12593644 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 V.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 CONCLUSION
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12593644\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf17\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12593644 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf17\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 [57]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 \tab 
We hold that a denial of summary judgment is unreviewable following a full trial on the merits.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 We also hold that all damages suffered by Kennedy prior to April 25, 2000, are barred by the discovery rule.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 Kennedy may recover some damages on remand if he can prove at trial that Dr. Sule}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s treatment subsequent to April 25, 2000, was negligent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 For the foregoing reasons, we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs38\b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 REVERSE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  the jury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12593644 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 s verdict, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs38\b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 VACATE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 the damages award, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs38\b\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 REMAND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3690629\charrsid12593644 this matter to the trial court for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
\par 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1972231\charrsid12593644 
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