{\rtf1\adeflang1025\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\adeff0\deff0\stshfdbch0\stshfloch0\stshfhich0\stshfbi0\deflang1033\deflangfe1033\themelang1033\themelangfe0\themelangcs0{\fonttbl{\f0\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f2\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1{\*\panose 02070309020205020404}Courier New;}
{\f3\fbidi \froman\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05050102010706020507}Symbol;}{\f10\fbidi \fnil\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05000000000000000000}Wingdings;}{\f10\fbidi \fnil\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05000000000000000000}Wingdings;}
{\f37\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}{\f335\fbidi \fnil\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Lucida Grande{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f343\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\f344\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\f346\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\f347\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\f348\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\f349\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\f350\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\f351\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\f363\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 Courier New CE;}
{\f364\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 Courier New Cyr;}{\f366\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 Courier New Greek;}{\f367\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 Courier New Tur;}{\f368\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset177\fprq1 Courier New (Hebrew);}
{\f369\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset178\fprq1 Courier New (Arabic);}{\f370\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 Courier New Baltic;}{\f371\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset163\fprq1 Courier New (Vietnamese);}{\f713\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}
{\f714\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\f716\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\f717\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}{\f720\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}
{\f721\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}
{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}
{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}
{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}
{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;\red255\green255\blue0;
\red255\green255\blue255;\red0\green0\blue128;\red0\green128\blue128;\red0\green128\blue0;\red128\green0\blue128;\red128\green0\blue0;\red128\green128\blue0;\red128\green128\blue128;\red192\green192\blue192;}{\*\defchp }{\*\defpap 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 }\noqfpromote {\stylesheet{\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 \snext0 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid15351764 Normal;}{\s2\ql \li135\ri135\sb30\sa30\keepn\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin135\lin135\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 
\sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink15 \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid15351764 heading 2;}{\s3\ql \fi720\li0\ri135\sb30\sa30\keepn\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl2\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin135\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink16 \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid15351764 heading 3;}{\*\cs10 \additive \ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority1 Default Paragraph Font;}
{\*\ts11\tsrowd\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3\tscellwidthfts0\tsvertalt\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext11 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \sqformat Normal Table;}{\*\cs15 
\additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe1025\langnp0\langfenp1025 \sbasedon10 \slink2 \slocked \spriority9 \styrsid15351764 Heading 2 Char;}{\*\cs16 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe1025\langnp0\langfenp1025 \sbasedon10 \slink3 \slocked \spriority9 \styrsid15351764 Heading 3 Char;}{\*\cs17 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super \sbasedon10 \styrsid15351764 footnote reference;}{
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 \sbasedon0 \snext18 \slink19 \styrsid15351764 
footnote text;}{\*\cs19 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang0\langfe1025\langnp0\langfenp1025 \sbasedon10 \slink18 \slocked \styrsid15351764 Footnote Text Char;}{\s20\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon0 \snext20 \sqformat \spriority34 \styrsid15351764 List Paragraph;}{\*\cs21 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i \sbasedon10 \sqformat \spriority20 \styrsid15351764 Emphasis;}{\*\cs22 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid15351764 apple-converted-space;}{\*\cs23 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid15351764 co_hl;}{\*\cs24 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf2 
\sbasedon10 \sunhideused \styrsid15351764 Hyperlink;}{\*\cs25 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18 \sbasedon10 \sunhideused \styrsid15351764 annotation reference;}{
\s26\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 
\sbasedon0 \snext26 \slink27 \sunhideused \styrsid15351764 annotation text;}{\*\cs27 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang0\langfe1025\langnp0\langfenp1025 \sbasedon10 \slink26 \slocked \styrsid15351764 Comment Text Char;}{
\s28\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs20\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 
\sbasedon26 \snext26 \slink29 \sunhideused \styrsid15351764 annotation subject;}{\*\cs29 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang0\langfe1025\langnp0\langfenp1025 \sbasedon27 \slink28 \slocked \styrsid15351764 
Comment Subject Char;}{\s30\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af335\afs18\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f335\fs18\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 
\sbasedon0 \snext30 \slink31 \sunhideused \styrsid15351764 Balloon Text;}{\*\cs31 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af335\afs18\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f335\fs18\lang0\langfe1025\langnp0\langfenp1025 \sbasedon10 \slink30 \slocked \styrsid15351764 Balloon Text Char;}{
\s32\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 
\sbasedon0 \snext32 \slink33 \sunhideused \styrsid15351764 header;}{\*\cs33 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang0\langfe1025\langnp0\langfenp1025 \sbasedon10 \slink32 \slocked \styrsid15351764 Header Char;}{
\s34\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 
\sbasedon0 \snext34 \slink35 \sunhideused \styrsid15351764 footer;}{\*\cs35 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang0\langfe1025\langnp0\langfenp1025 \sbasedon10 \slink34 \slocked \styrsid15351764 Footer Char;}{
\s36\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext36 \sqformat \spriority1 \styrsid15351764 No Spacing;}
{\s37\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 \snext37 \shidden \ssemihidden \styrsid15351764 Revision;}{\*
\cs38 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \sunhideused \styrsid15351764 page number;}{\*\cs39 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid15351764 co_searchterm;}{\*\cs40 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid15351764 co_starpage;}{\*\cs41 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid15351764 co_smallcaps;}{\*\cs42 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf15 \sbasedon10 \ssemihidden \styrsid15351764 
Placeholder Text;}}{\*\listtable{\list\listtemplateid1{\listlevel\levelnfc255\levelnfcn255\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow2\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'00;}{\levelnumbers;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0\hres0\chhres0 
\fi-432\li432\jclisttab\tx0\lin432 }{\listlevel\levelnfc255\levelnfcn255\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow2\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'00;}{\levelnumbers;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \s2\fi-576\li576
\jclisttab\tx0\lin576 }{\listlevel\levelnfc255\levelnfcn255\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow2\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'00;}{\levelnumbers;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \s3\fi-720\li720\jclisttab\tx0\lin720 }
{\listlevel\levelnfc255\levelnfcn255\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow2\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'00;}{\levelnumbers;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-864\li864\jclisttab\tx0\lin864 }{\listlevel\levelnfc255
\levelnfcn255\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow2\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'00;}{\levelnumbers;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-1008\li1008\jclisttab\tx0\lin1008 }{\listlevel\levelnfc255\levelnfcn255\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow2\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'00;}{\levelnumbers;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-1152\li1152\jclisttab\tx0\lin1152 }{\listlevel\levelnfc255\levelnfcn255\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow2\levelstartat1
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'00;}{\levelnumbers;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-1296\li1296\jclisttab\tx0\lin1296 }{\listlevel\levelnfc255\levelnfcn255\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow2\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\'00;}{\levelnumbers;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-1440\li1440\jclisttab\tx0\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc255\levelnfcn255\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow2\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'00;}{\levelnumbers
;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-1584\li1584\jclisttab\tx0\lin1584 }{\listname ;}\listid1}{\list\listtemplateid-969794710\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6480\lin6480 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li7200\lin7200 }{\listname ;}\listid64690123}{\list\listtemplateid610167784\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc3\levelnfcn3\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698709\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li450\lin450 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1170\lin1170 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1
\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li1890\lin1890 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1
\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2610\lin2610 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1
\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3330\lin3330 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1
\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li4050\lin4050 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1
\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4770\lin4770 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1
\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5490\lin5490 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1
\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li6210\lin6210 }{\listname ;}\listid208341990}{\list\listtemplateid-264359468\listhybrid{\listlevel
\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698689\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li360\lin360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0
\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698691\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1080\lin1080 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698693\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1800\lin1800 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ulnone\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2520\lin2520 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid67698691\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3240\lin3240 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698693
\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3960\lin3960 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698689\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}
\f3\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4680\lin4680 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698691\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 
\fi-360\li5400\lin5400 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698693\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6120\lin6120 }
{\listname ;}\listid791364720}{\list\listtemplateid-1973811484\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698689\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}
\f3\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li360\lin360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698691\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 
\fi-360\li1080\lin1080 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698693\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1800\lin1800 }
{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698689\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2520\lin2520 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23
\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698691\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3240\lin3240 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698693\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3960\lin3960 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1
\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698689\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4680\lin4680 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698691\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5400\lin5400 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698693\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6120\lin6120 }{\listname ;}\listid843129032}{\list\listtemplateid1887456168\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1080\lin1080 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1800\lin1800 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li2520\lin2520 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3240\lin3240 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3960\lin3960 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li4680\lin4680 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5400\lin5400 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6120\lin6120 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li6840\lin6840 }{\listname ;}\listid2133861726}}{\*\listoverridetable{\listoverride\listid1
\listoverridecount0\ls1}{\listoverride\listid208341990\listoverridecount0\ls2}{\listoverride\listid843129032\listoverridecount0\ls3}{\listoverride\listid791364720\listoverridecount0\ls4}{\listoverride\listid64690123\listoverridecount0\ls5}
{\listoverride\listid2133861726\listoverridecount0\ls6}}{\*\revtbl {Unknown;}}{\*\rsidtbl \rsid4388\rsid811014\rsid862776\rsid1123428\rsid1400451\rsid1598413\rsid1921974\rsid1972231\rsid2193419\rsid2309175\rsid2371452\rsid2504626\rsid2506087\rsid2773454\rsid3089330
\rsid3176464\rsid3422714\rsid3570811\rsid3810279\rsid3822112\rsid3831056\rsid4160285\rsid4329331\rsid4331392\rsid4744076\rsid4810204\rsid4815830\rsid4855016\rsid4931203\rsid5052173\rsid5062183\rsid5123780\rsid5592493\rsid5643559\rsid6060947\rsid6160848
\rsid6514138\rsid6750657\rsid6782860\rsid6953338\rsid7366506\rsid7483118\rsid7958375\rsid8016262\rsid8027940\rsid8083724\rsid8270074\rsid8524331\rsid8598875\rsid8790013\rsid8866877\rsid8999828\rsid9189166\rsid9371990\rsid9452663\rsid9455426\rsid9722346
\rsid9776131\rsid9899897\rsid10297576\rsid10577736\rsid10635957\rsid10712439\rsid10749241\rsid11014019\rsid11227556\rsid11292607\rsid11355540\rsid11404427\rsid11489986\rsid11494859\rsid11880640\rsid11928628\rsid12063525\rsid12081942\rsid12211158
\rsid12539605\rsid12652701\rsid12921552\rsid12931985\rsid12983114\rsid13109234\rsid13198352\rsid14055906\rsid14105686\rsid14108652\rsid14496123\rsid14510136\rsid14636347\rsid14695321\rsid14967201\rsid15032169\rsid15159555\rsid15297671\rsid15344026
\rsid15351764\rsid15405516\rsid15541791\rsid15560408\rsid15736528\rsid15864576\rsid15945946\rsid16592213\rsid16597937\rsid16671932}{\mmathPr\mmathFont34\mbrkBin0\mbrkBinSub0\msmallFrac0\mdispDef1\mlMargin0\mrMargin0\mdefJc1\mwrapIndent1440\mintLim0
\mnaryLim1}{\info{\title \'93this is a quote, has said, of me saying \'91this is a quote\'92\'94}{\author raikatalau_l}{\operator raikatalau_l}{\creatim\yr2015\mo5\dy7\hr14\min31}{\revtim\yr2015\mo5\dy7\hr15\min3}{\version3}{\edmins6}{\nofpages22}
{\nofwords10844}{\nofchars56308}{\nofcharsws66588}{\vern32775}}{\*\xmlnstbl {\xmlns1 http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/word/2003/wordml}}\paperw12240\paperh15840\margl1440\margr1440\margt1440\margb1440\gutter0\ltrsect 
\widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\trackmoves1\trackformatting1\donotembedsysfont0\relyonvml0\donotembedlingdata0\grfdocevents0\validatexml1\showplaceholdtext0\ignoremixedcontent0\saveinvalidxml0\showxmlerrors1\noxlattoyen
\expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\formshade\horzdoc\dgmargin\dghspace180\dgvspace180\dghorigin1440\dgvorigin1440\dghshow1\dgvshow1
\jexpand\viewkind1\viewscale100\pgbrdrhead\pgbrdrfoot\splytwnine\ftnlytwnine\htmautsp\nolnhtadjtbl\useltbaln\alntblind\lytcalctblwd\lyttblrtgr\lnbrkrule\nobrkwrptbl\snaptogridincell\allowfieldendsel\wrppunct
\asianbrkrule\rsidroot15351764\newtblstyruls\nogrowautofit\usenormstyforlist\noindnmbrts\felnbrelev\nocxsptable\indrlsweleven\noafcnsttbl\afelev\utinl\hwelev\spltpgpar\notcvasp\notbrkcnstfrctbl\notvatxbx\krnprsnet\cachedcolbal \nouicompat \fet0
{\*\wgrffmtfilter 013f}\nofeaturethrottle1\ilfomacatclnup0{\*\ftnsep \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15351764 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15351764 \chftnsep 
\par }}{\*\ftnsepc \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15351764 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15351764 \chftnsepc 
\par }}{\*\aftnsep \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15351764 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15351764 \chftnsep 
\par }}{\*\aftnsepc \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15351764 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15351764 \chftnsepc 
\par }}\ltrpar \sectd \ltrsect\psz1\linex0\headery1440\footery1008\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid10577736\sftnbj {\headerr \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s32\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar
\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9722346 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs20\insrsid2773454 Gov\rquote t of Guam v. Kim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2773454 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid12652701 2015 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2773454 Guam }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid3089330 15}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2773454 , Opinion\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid11227556 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2773454 Page}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2773454\charrsid15736528  }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs38\fs20\insrsid2773454\charrsid15736528  PAGE }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs38\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1921974 22}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs38\fs20\insrsid2773454\charrsid15736528  of }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs38\fs20\insrsid2773454\charrsid15736528  NUMPAGES }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs38\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1921974 22}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs38\fs20\insrsid2773454 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s32\ql \li0\ri0\sl-120\slmult0\widctlpar\brdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp20 \tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9722346 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs38\fs20\insrsid2773454\charrsid15736528 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s32\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2773454\charrsid3089330 
\par }}{\footerr \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s34\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10635957 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773454 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s34\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773454 
\par }}{\footerf \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s34\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13109234 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2773454\charrsid13109234 
\par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}
{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8
\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1921974 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid15351764\charrsid1921974 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM
\par 
\par GOVERNMENT OF GUAM,
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15351764\charrsid1921974 Plaintiff-Appellant,
\par 
\par v.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15351764\charrsid1921974 
\par YOUNG C. KIM,
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15351764\charrsid1921974 Defendant-Appellee.
\par 
\par 
\par OPINION
\par 
\par Filed:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6750657\charrsid1921974  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15351764\charrsid1921974 April 28, 2015
\par 
\par Cite as: 2015 Guam 15
\par 
\par 
\par Supreme Court Case No.:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6750657\charrsid1921974  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15351764\charrsid1921974 CVA14-023
\par Superior Court Case No.:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6750657\charrsid1921974  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15351764\charrsid1921974 CV0783-13
\par 
\par 
\par Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam
\par Argued and submitted on October 28, 2014
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
\par \ltrrow}\trowd \irow0\irowband0\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph120\trleft0\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid8027940\tblind120\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb
\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4860\clshdrawnil \cellx4860\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4500\clshdrawnil \cellx9360\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Appearing for Plaintiff-Appellant:}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
\par Kenneth Orcutt, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Esq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
\par Assistant Attorney General
\par Office of the Attorney General
\par 590 S. Marine Corps Dr.
\par Tamuning, GU 96913\cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Appearing for Defendant-Appellee:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
\par Phillip Torres, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Esq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
\par Torres Law Group
\par 130 Aspinall Ave., Ste. 2A
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi690\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \cell }\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\ltrrow
\ts11\trgaph120\trleft0\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid8027940\tblind120\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4860\clshdrawnil \cellx4860\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4500\clshdrawnil \cellx9360\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \trowd \irow1\irowband1\lastrow \ltrrow
\ts11\trgaph120\trleft0\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid8027940\tblind120\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4860\clshdrawnil \cellx4860\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4500\clshdrawnil \cellx9360\row }\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
BEFORE: ROBERT J. TORRES, Chief Justice; F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Associate Justice; KATHERINE A. MARAMAN, Associate Justice.
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 CARBULLIDO, J.:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6750657 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [1]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab Plaintiff-Appellant Government of Guam (
\'93Government\'94) appeals the trial court\rquote s Decision and Order denying the Government\rquote s Motion for Summary Judgment and dismissing the case, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 sua sponte}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , in favor of Defendant-Appellee Young C. Kim (\'93Kim\'94).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The Government argues that the trial court erred in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 sua sponte}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
 dismissing its claims, and in denying the Government\rquote s Motion for Summary Judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [2]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab 
First, we find that the Government has standing to bring a claim under Guam\rquote s Deceptive Trade Practices Act (\'93DTPA\'94).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Second, we find that when the economic loss rule applies, it bars claims against both the corporation in privity of contract and the officers of that corporation.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
Third, we find that the economic loss rule does not bar fraud claims in Guam.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Finally, we find that the economic loss rule does not bar claims brought under the DTPA.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Therefore, we reverse the trial court\rquote 
s Decision and Order dismissing the DTPA and fraud claims, and remand to the trial court to determine liability and damages pursuant to the Government\rquote s Motion for Summary Judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6750657 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 I.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [3]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab Department of Public Works (\'93DPW\'94
) contracted with Hubtec International Corporation (\'93Hubtec\'94) for the repair of roadway infrastructures.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Hubtec is a closely held corporation controlled and managed by Kim.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Under the contract, Hubtec was to repair several damaged culverts in Agat and Umatac.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Hubtec was required to use American-made steel rebar for permanent structures.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The requirement of American steel was imposed by the project\rquote s funder, the Federal Highway Administration (\'93FHWA\'94).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [4]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab Hubtec submitte
d proposals to use U.S.-made steel on the project, and DPW\rquote s construction manager for the project, Duenas, Camacho & Associates (\'93Duenas\'94), approved the submittals.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 During the construction of the culverts, FHWA visited the project site, where there was both Korean and American steel.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Kim stated that American steel was used for permanent structures and Korean steel was used for fences \endash 
 which would be consistent with the contract.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
Kim stated that he had rebar tags at his office, and that he would provide the tags to FHWA.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Subsequently, Kim gave Duenas a copy of three rebar tags for American steel rebar from Cascade Rolling Mills of Oregon.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
The tags did not match identification numbers Kim had submitted in his proposal, and Kim could not show he used U.S.-made rebar on the project.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Kim submitted a letter on behalf of Hubtec acknowledging foreign-made steel had been used in the project.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 By that time, DPW had paid Hubtec $108,000.00 for the Cetti Bay slide wall.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 FHWA notified DPW it would not reimburse for pay items that were constructed with foreign steel on the project and that \'93
any pay items already reimbursed shall be deducted from the next request for reimbursement from the project.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Record on Appeal (\'93RA\'94), tab 21 at Ex. D (Letter from U.S. Dep\rquote t Transp. to Guam DPW, Feb. 18, 2011).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The headwall at the Umatac baseball field culvert was removed and reconstructed using American steel.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [5]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab 
DPW terminated the contract, following the revelation that Hubtec had submitted false invoices and sales receipts for purchases of American steel.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [6]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab 
The federal government indicted Hubtec and Kim for wire fraud, making false statements in connection with a highway project, and major fraud against the United States.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Hubtec and Kim pleaded guilty to two counts of making false statements in connection with a federal highway project; the other charges were dismissed.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [7]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab 
Subsequently, Hubtec sought payment for its work performed by filing an administrative appeal with the Office of Public Accountability (\'93OPA\'94).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The OPA denied Hubtec\rquote s claim.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Hubtec sued the Government, claiming breach of contract and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 quantum meruit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  in case number CV1358-12.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The Government counterclaimed for breach of contract and for violations of Guam\rquote s DTPA.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The court dismissed Hubtec\rquote s breach of contract and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
quantum meruit claim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , and the Government\rquote s breach of contract claim.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [8]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab 
The Government filed a complaint in this suit (CV0783-13) against Kim, for violations of DTPA and fraud.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [9]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab The Government moved for summary judgment on both clai
ms.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
In support of its motion, the Government attached declarations from employees of Duenas; the Department of Administration; Conwood Products, the corporation which sold rebar to Kim; the DPW; and Kenneth Orcutt, who conducted Kim\rquote 
s deposition in Hubtec\rquote s suit against the Government (CV1358-12).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [10]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab Kim filed an opposition to the Government\rquote 
s Motion for Summary Judgment, arguing that the Government did not have standing to assert claims under the DTPA because it was not a \'93consumer\'94 as required under the act.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 RA, tab 27 at 2-3 (Opp\rquote n Mot. Summ. J., Feb. 7, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 In addition, he claimed there were material disputes of fact that existed as to liability and damages on the DTPA claim.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Next, he claimed that summary judgment was improper on the fraud claim because there was no evidence of \'93
knowledge of falsity,\'94 an element to the claim, and that \'93a breach of contract claim[] disregard[s] the fraud claim as duplicative, especially when the fraud claim simply restates facts of the claim for breach of contract.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
 at 4.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [11]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab 
The Government filed its reply brief in support of its Motion for Summary Judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The Government argued that it had standing to sue under the DTPA, and that the breach of contract claim against Hubtec in case number CV1358-12 did not pre
clude it from bringing a fraud claim in this action.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [12]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab The trial court\rquote 
s Decision and Order addressed the issues in Kim\rquote s response, and found that the case should be dismissed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Specifically, the court found that the Government did not have standing to sue under the DTPA because it was not a \'93consumer\'94
 within the meaning of the act, RA, tab 38 at 5-12 (Dec. & Order, May 14, 2014), and that the economic loss rule prevented the Government from bringing a fraud claim, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 at 14-27.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The trial court denied the Government\rquote s Motion for Summary Judgment but did not specifically address the Government\rquote s arguments.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 See generally id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [13]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab The trial court filed its Judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The Government timely filed a Notice of Appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 II.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 JURISDICTION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [14]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab 
This court has jurisdiction over this appeal pursuant to 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 1424-1(a)(2) (Westlaw through Pub. L. 113-296 (2014)), and 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 3107 and 3108(a) (2005).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 III.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 STANDARD OF REVIEW}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [15]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab Dismissal of a plaintiff\rquote 
s claim for failing to state a claim is reviewed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 First Hawaiian Bank v. Manley}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 2007 Guam 2 \'b6 6 (citations omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \'93The interpretation of a statute is a question of law reviewed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 .\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Guam Fed\rquote n of Teachers v. Gov\rquote t of Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 2013 Guam 14 \'b6
 24 (citations omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Issues which are purely legal issues are reviewed }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 See People v. Rios}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 2008 Guam 22 \'b6 8.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [16]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab We review the trial court\rquote 
s grant or denial of a motion for summary judgment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Torres v. Torres}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 2005 Guam 22 \'b6 8 (citation omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Summary judgment is appropriate \'93
if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.
\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Guam R. Civ. P. 56(c); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Torres}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 2005 Guam 22 \'b6 8.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \'93There is a genuine issue, if there is \lquote sufficient evidence\rquote 
 which establishes a factual dispute requiring resolution by a fact-finder.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
Torres}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 2005 Guam 22 \'b6 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Iizuka Corp. v. Kawasho Int\rquote l (Guam), Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 1997 Guam 10 \'b6 7).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Furthermore, the \'93dispute must be as to a material fact which is a fact that is relevant to an element of a claim or defense and whose existence might affect the outcome of the suit.\'94}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 IV.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 ANALYSIS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [17]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab 
On appeal, the Government argues that the trial court erred in dismissing its DTPA and fraud claims.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 In addition, the Government requests that this court grant summary judgment on its claims.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 These issues are addressed below.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-432\li432\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin432\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 A.\tab 
Whether the Government has Standing to Bring a Claim under Guam\rquote s Deceptive Trade Practices Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [18]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab The Government first argues that the trial court erred in finding that it did not have standing to bring a claim under the DTPA.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 10-14 (Aug. 21, 2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Kim did not discuss this issue in his brief.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [19]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab 
The DTPA is governed by Title 5, Chapter 32 of the Guam Code Annotated (\'93GCA\'94).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The general purpose of the DTPA is \'93to protect consumers against false
, misleading, and deceptive business practices, unconscionable actions, and breaches of warranty, and to provide efficient and economical procedures to secure such protection\'94 and is \'93liberally construed in favor of the consumer.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 5 GCA \'a7 32108(a) (2005); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 see also Mendiola v. Bell}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 2009 Guam 15 \'b6 15.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
If a director, officer, or agent of any corporation violates the provisions of Title 5, Chapter 32 of the GCA or \'93knowingly aids or assists, directly or indirectly, in such violation, knowing that the . . . corporation, or person is violating a law,
\'94 the director, officer, or agent is equally responsible with the corporation in any civil suit.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 7 GCA \'a7 12117 (2005).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 This court has found that pursuant to section 12117, officers, directors, and agents of a corporat
ion can be held liable equally with the corporation for violations of the DTPA where that director, agent, or officer knowingly aided or assisted in committing the violation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Mendiola}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 2009 Guam 15 \'b6 26 (citations omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [20]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab The DTPA specifies what pa
rties have standing under 5 GCA \'a7 32111.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Pursuant to section 32111:}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Any }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 aggrieved consumer or the Attorney General}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
 may maintain an action for any of the following:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 (a) Any prohibited
 act or practice that is specifically enumerated in this chapter, including but not limited to acts of omissions, failure to honor any warranty or agreement with the consumer, or committing any false, misleading or deceptive acts or practices by a merchan
t to induce a consumer to purchase goods or services.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
(b) Any unconscionable action or course of action by any person as to non-business consumers in non-land transactions.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
(c) If the Attorney General is representing a consumer or consumers not in a class action suit, the court may not award damages other than restitution, costs and attorneys[sic] fees unless specifically permitted by statute.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
If a consumer is not represented by the Attorney General, the court may award the consumer damages, restitution, costs, attorneys\rquote  fees, and all other relief permitted at law or equity.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 5 GCA \'a7 32111 (2005).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The DTPA defines a \'93consumer\'94 as:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
[A]n individual, partnership, association, corporation, or the government of Guam who seeks or acquires by purchase or lease, 
any goods or services, except that the term does not include a business consumer that has assets of Twenty-Five Million Dollars ($25,000,000) or more, or that is owned or controlled by a corporation or entity with assets of Twenty-Five Million Dollars ($2
5,000,000) or more.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 5 GCA \'a7 32103(c) (2005).}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [21]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab Here, the trial court recognized that \'93consumers
\'94 have a cause of action under the DTPA.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 RA, tab 38 at 4 (Dec. & Order).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 However, the trial court stated that the \'93broad use of [\lquote consumer\rquote 
 under the DTPA,] is contrary to its ordinary legal meaning: \lquote A person who buys goods or services for personal, family, or household use, with no intention of resale; a natural person who uses products for personal rather than business [purposes].
\rquote \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  at 5-6 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Black\rquote s Law Dictionary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  358 (9th ed. 2009)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s18\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15351764 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs17\super\insrsid15351764 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15351764   The trial court\rquote s Decision and Order cited the ninth edition of Black\rquote s Law Dictionary, but used the term \'93purposes\'94 rather than \'93services\'94
 at the end of the definition.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15351764 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15351764 RA, tab 38 at 4 (Dec. & Order); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15351764 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15351764\charrsid9371990 Black\rquote s Law Dictionary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15351764  358}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15351764\charrsid9371990  (9th ed. 2009)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15351764 
.  Our quotation has been altered to accurately reflect the language of Black\rquote s Law Dictionary.  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The trial court concluded that \'93[t]he use of the term [\lquote consumer\rquote ] that appears in its specific 
statutory provision contradicts its ordinary meaning, resulting in an ambiguity.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [22]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab 
We find that the trial court incorrectly found that the term \'93consumer\'94 was ambiguous.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \'93Statutory interpretation always begins with the language of the statute.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Guam Resorts, Inc. v. G.C. Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 2012 Guam 13 \'b6 7 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Aguon v. Gutierrez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 2002 Guam 14 \'b6 6).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \'93[W]here a statute is clear on its face, the court shall not read further.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Castino v. G.C. Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 2010 Guam 3 \'b6 58; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 see also Guam Resorts, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 2012 Guam 13 \'b6 7 (stating that plain reading construction applies when statute is clear on its face); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Core Tech Int\rquote l Corp. v. Hanil Eng\rquote g & Constr. Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 2010 Guam 13 \'b6 19.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The definitions for the DTPA clearly state that the term \'93consumer\'94
 includes the Government of Guam.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 5 GCA \'a7 32103(c).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The trial court had to look outside the statute, at Black\rquote 
s Law Dictionary, in order to find an ambiguity.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
However, this court will not look at Black\rquote s Law Dictionary if the statute is clear.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 See In re Request of Gutierrez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 2002 Guam 1 \'b6 5 (reliance on Black\rquote 
s Law Dictionary definition of \'93appellate court\'94 was unsound in light of a provision in the Organic Act contrary to the dictionary\rquote s definition).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [23]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab In addition, the trial court reads the term \'93gov
ernment of Guam\'94 found within 5 GCA \'a7 32103(c) out of the definition of \'93consumer.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 This court has found that \'93[a] statute should be construed to give effect to all of its provisions so that no part would be superfluous or insignificant.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Macris v. Richardson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 2010 Guam 6 \'b6 15 (citations omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 If this court were to determine that the Government was not a \'93consumer\'94 under the DTPA despite its inclusion in the definition, this court would be rendering the meaning of \'93
government of Guam\'94 in 5 GCA \'a7 32103(c) superfluous.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
Therefore, we find that the Government is a consumer under the DTPA and has standing to bring a DTPA claim.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 B.\tab Whether the Economic Loss Rule Bars Fraud Claims in Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [24]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab 
Next, the Government argues that the trial court erred in holding that the economic loss rule precludes the Government\rquote s fraud claims against Kim.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 14.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-360\li792\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin792\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab 1.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The Economic Loss Rule in Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [25]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab \'93The economic loss doctrine is a common law rule that emerged in the field of products liability.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Maeda Pac. Corp. v. GMP Haw., Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 2011 Guam 20 \'b6
 24 (citations omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 This \'93
judicially created remedies principle that operates generally to preclude contracting parties from pursuing tort recovery for purely economic or commercial losses associated with the contract relationship.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
Drawing a legal line between contract and tort liability, the economic loss doctrine forbids tort compensation for \'93certain types of foreseeable, negligently caused, financial injury.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  \'b6
 25 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Terracon Consultants W., Inc. v. Mandalay Resort Grp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 206 P.3d 81, 87 (Nev. 2009)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [26]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab This court adopted the economic loss rule in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Maeda}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  \'b6 31.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Maeda}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , a construction comp
any was awarded a contract to build a water supply system, which included a water reservoir tank.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  \'b6\'b6 2-3.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
The construction company hired an engineering firm as the lead designer and quality control provider for the project.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  \'b6 2.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 In addition, the construction company hired a subcontractor to build the tank and a design firm to design the tank.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id. \'b6 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 3.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
After the tank was constructed, the tank roof collapsed during a test of the water pumping system.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
A subsequent investigation suggested design defects in the tank roof.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  \'b6 4.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The construction company filed a complaint in the District Court of Guam against the engineering firm and the design firm, alleging breach of contract and negligence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
 \'b6 6.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The engineering firm filed a cross claim against
 the second design firm and a third party complaint against a subcontractor for contribution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  \'b6 7.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The second design firm and the third party defendant filed motions for summary judgment, claiming that the damages sought by the construction company were \'93
economic losses\'94 which are not recoverable in tort.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  \'b6 8.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [27]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab 
The District Court certified two questions to this court: \'93(1) Does the economic loss doctrine apply in Guam?\'94; and \'93(2) If the economic loss doctrine does apply in Guam, does it preclud
e negligence-based claims against design professionals, such as engineers and architects, who provide services in the context of commercial property development or improvement, when the plaintiffs seek to recover purely economic losses?\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [28]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab This co
urt adopted the economic loss doctrine, recognizing that \'93
across jurisdictions, the terms and scope of the economic loss rule may be the subject of disagreement, [but] there is no dispute that recovery in tort actions for purely economic losses is often difficult to obtain.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  \'b6\'b6
 27, 31 (citing Herbert Bernstein, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Civil Liability for Pure Economic Loss Under American Tort Law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 46 Am J. Comp. L. 111, 112 (1998)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 This court stated that \'93[t]he vigor with which the economic loss doctrine is now applied sugges
ts that the pendulum of American law has swung far in the direction of favoring resolution of disputes via contract law rather than tort law,\'94 which the court hinted might be because of the \'93preference for private ordering over public regulation.
\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  \'b6\'b6 28-29 (citing Vincent R. Johnson,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Boundary\endash Line Function of the Economic Loss Rule}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 66 Wash. & Lee L. Rev. 523, 571 (2009); Jay M. Feinman, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The Economic Loss Rule and Private Ordering}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 48 Ariz. L. Rev. 813, 817 (2006)).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [29]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab We also found that 
in the commercial construction litigation context: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
where a party in privity of contract with a design professional is seeking to recover economic loss damages, and no personal injury or damage to property other than the subject of the contract is alleged
, such a party is limited to contractual remedies, and a negligence action may not be maintained. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  \'b6 43 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 City Express, Inc. v. Express Partners}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 959 P.2d 836, 839 (Haw. 1998)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 We explained that \'93[t]his appears to be the majority trend, with mo
st jurisdictions applying the economic loss doctrine to bar commercial construction industry plaintiffs from recovering under a negligence-based theory against design professionals, especially when the parties are in privity.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
 \'b6 40 (citations omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 We further recognized that \'93
[i]f tort and contract remedies were allowed to overlap, certainty and predictability in allocating risk would decrease and impede future business activity.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The construction industry in particular would suffer .\~.\~. .\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \'b6 41 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 City Express}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 959 P.2d at 839-40).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [30]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab 
Accordingly, this court held that in the context of commercial construction cases, the economic loss doctrine can apply regardless of whether there is privity between the parties.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \'b6 49.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 We noted that in the commercial construction context, \'93
[t]here is no principled reason . . . to establish a bright-line rule dependent solely on privity.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Such an approach would ignore the traditional practices of the construction industry.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Rather, application of the doctrine should depend on the opportunity a party had to reasonably protect itself through contract.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [31]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Maeda}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , we acknowledged our holding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 was narrowly tailored to the facts of that case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \'b6 50.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 We refused to address the parties\rquote 
 arguments over exactly how far and in what specific circumstances the doctrine should apply, finding that these issues go beyond the District Court\rquote s certification to this court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  \'b6\'b6
 32-33.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Specifically, we refused to address whether there was an excep
tion to the economic loss doctrine for claims of negligent misrepresentation because it was not pleaded in the District Court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  \'b6 34.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 In addition, we refused to address whether the economic loss doctrine applied when the damages from the tort extends be
yond the work product itself to physical property damage resulting from the defect.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \'b6 35.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [32]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab 
However, we emphasized the importance of distinguishing between whether only the product is damaged, and whether \'93other property\'94 is damaged.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  \'b6\'b6 35-37 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 E. River S.S. Corp. v. Transamerica Delaval, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 476 U.S. 858, 871-72 (1986)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 We noted that in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 East River}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , the U.S. Supreme Court found that \'93
[w]hen a product injures only itself, the reason for imposing tort duty are weak and those for leaving the party to its contractual remedies are strong.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  \'b6 35 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 E. River}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 475 U.S. at 871-72).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 In contrast, \'93
when only the work product itself is damaged as a result of its defective nature, the damage is defined as \lquote economic\rquote  rather than as \lquote property damage\rquote  and is not recoverable in tort.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  \'b6
 36 (quoting Sidney R. Barrett, Jr., }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Recovery of Economic Loss in Tort for Construction Defects: A Critical Analysis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 40 S.C. L. Rev. 891, 896 (1989)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [33]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab In sum, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Maeda}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  decision is very limited in its scope.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
This court adopted the economic loss doctrine, but only applied it (1) to commercial construction cases, (2) in negligence actions, (3) to cases where the damages are purely economic, and (4) regardless of whether or not the parties were in privity 
of contract.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 See id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \'b6 53.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [34]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab This case is factually very similar to }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Maeda}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
 because it involves a commercial construction case, where the damages are purely economic (i.e., the \'93cost to repair or replace defective materials, .\~.\~. lost revenue, and costs.\'94).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 See id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  \'b6
 36.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 However, this case is distinguishable in one major aspect \endash 
 it is an action for fraud, not negligence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-360\li1080\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 2.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Whether the Economic Loss Rule Applies Where the Officer is a Party, but only the C
orporation is in Privity of Contract
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6750657\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6750657 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [35]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab 
As an initial matter, the Government argues that this court should not find that the economic rule applies because there was no contractual relationship between the Government and Kim.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 17-18 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Rhino Fund, LLLP v. Hutchins}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 215 P.3d 1186, 1194 (Colo. App. 2008)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
Rather, the Government brings the fraud claim against Kim for statements Kim made on behalf of Hubtec.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  at 5, 14.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 This court has said that:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 In general, \'93
[d]irectors or officers of a corporation do not incur personal liability for torts of the corporation merely by reason of their official position, unless they participate in the wrong or authorize or direct that it be done,\'94 but \'93
[t]hey may be liable, under the rules of tort and agency, for tortious acts committed on behalf of the corporation.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Mendiola}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 2009 Guam 15 \'b6 28 (alterations in original) (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Michaelis v. Benavides}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 71 Cal. Rptr. 2d 776, 779 (Ct. App. 1998)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [36]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab As stated previously, in the context of commercial
 construction, the economic loss doctrine is applicable regardless of privity of contract.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Maeda}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 2011 Guam 20 \'b6 45.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Maeda}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , this court assessed whether a lack of privity between a commercial party and a design professional precluded the application of the economic loss doctrine.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 See generally id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 However, the rationale behind our rule in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Maeda}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
 supports extending the application of the economic loss rule to directors and officers of businesses who are involved in the construction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  Vesta Constr. & Design, L.L.C. v. Lotspeich & Assocs., Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
, 974 So. 2d 1176, 1179 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2008) (\'93[I]t would completely undermine the contractual privity economic loss rule to allow any party which contracts with a corporation to avoid the rule by simply 
bringing its tort claim directly against the corporate officers or employees tasked with performing the contract on behalf of the corporation.\'94); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
Former TCHR, LLC v. First Hand Mgmt. LLC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 317 P.3d 1226, 1232 (Colo. App. 2012) (\'93When the economic loss rule 
bars a claim against a corporate entity, it may also bar claims against that entity\rquote s officers and directors, even if the officers and directors were not parties to the contract at issue.\'94).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Where the plaintiff has a contract with a construction business, 
the plaintiff reasonably has an opportunity to protect itself in the contract.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
See Maeda}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 2011 Guam 20 \'b6 49.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The fact that the defendant was a director of the business does not affect the plaintiff\rquote s ability to protect itself.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Therefore, we find that where
 the economic loss rule bars a claim against a business entity, it also bars claims against that entity\rquote s officers and directors. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [37]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab Because we find that the economic loss rule is applic
able regardless of whether the defendant is a business or a director or officer of the business, we turn to the issue of whether the economic loss rule bars fraud claims.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 3.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Fraud and the Economic Loss Rule
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [38]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab Prior to 1995, only a few cases had applied the economic loss rule to bar fraud claims.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Katherine Heaton, Comment, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Eastwood\rquote s Answer to Alejandre\rquote 
s Open Question: The Economic Loss Rule Should Not Bar Fraud Claims}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 86 Wash. L. Rev. 331, 339 (2011)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\delrsid4810204\charrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 (citing R. Joseph Barton, Note, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Drowning in a Sea of Contract: Application of the Economic Loss Rule to Fraud and Negligent Misrepresentation Claims}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 41 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 1789, 1802 (2000)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Prior to the adoption of the economic loss rule in fraud cases, courts routinely awarded purely economic damages when a defendant\rquote s fraud induced a transaction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [39]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab 
Today, courts take one of three approaches: (1) the economic loss rule does not bar fraud claims, (2) the economic loss rule does not bar fraud in the inducement claims that are \'93extraneous to the contract,\'94
 or (3) the economic loss rule bars all fraud claims.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , Heaton, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , at 339; Barton, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , at 1803-12; Grant Treaster, Comment, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
The Confusion Continues: The New Dynamic of the Economic Loss Doctrine in Kansas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 62 U. Kan. L. Rev. 1325, 1336 (2014); Johnson, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\delrsid3570811\charrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 at 568-70.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 a.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 First approach: The economic loss rule does not bar fraud claims}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [40]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab 
Courts that take the first approach find that fraud claims are an exception to the economic loss rule \'93because the duty not to commit fraud is independent of any contract.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
, Heaton, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , at 339-40 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 First Midwest Bank, N.A. v. Stewart Title Guar. Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 843 N.E.2d 327, 333 (Ill. 2006); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Moorman Mfg. Co. v. Nat\rquote l Tank Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 435 N.E.2d 443, 452 (Ill. 1982)); }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Robinson Helicopter Co. v. Dana Corp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 102 P.3d 268, 273-74 (Cal. 2004).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [41]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab 
One rationale for this approach is that fraud is distinguishable from other tort claims because \'93[a]llegations of fraud .\~.\~. are in a class by themselves. .\~. .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Unlike the other theories, in which the safety and efficacy of the product is assailed, the fraud claim impugns defendants\rquote  conduct.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Barton, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , at 1803-12}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\delrsid9899897\charrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Kahn v. Shiley, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 266 Cal. Rptr. 106, 112 (Ct. App. 1990)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Instead, \'93the viability of a fraud claim rests on the defendant\rquote 
s conduct and not on the type of damage or on the existence of an underlying contract.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
Therefore, the presence or absence of physical injury or the underlying contract makes no difference.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 See id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 see also Lazar v. Superior Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 909 P.2d 981, 990 (Cal. 1990) (\'93
[B]ecause in fraud cases we are not concerned about the need for predictability about the cost of contractual relationships, fraud plaintiffs may recover out-of-pocket damages in addition to the benefit-of-the-bargain damages.\'94
 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [42]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab 
A second rationale is cited in jurisdictions where fraud in the inducement is a limited exception to the economic loss rule.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Fraud in the inducement is \'93fraud occurring when a misrepresentation leads another to enter into a transaction with a false impression of risks, duties, or obligations involved.\'94}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Black\rquote s Law Dictionary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  731 (9th ed. 2009).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The rationale is that fraud in the inducement arises out of a separate and independent duty from the contract itself.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  Barton, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , at 1804-05 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Formosa Plastics Corp. v. Presidio Eng\rquote rs & Contractors, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
, 960 S.W.2d 41, 46 (Tex. 1998)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
According to the Texas Supreme Court, tort law has \'93long imposed a duty to abstain from inducing another to enter into a contract through the use of fraudulent misrepresentations.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Formosa Plastics Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 960 S.W.2d at 46.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 As the duty is \'93separate and independent from the duties established by the contract itself,\'94 the economic loss rule does
 not apply to fraud claims regardless of whether the duties were subsumed later into the contract, or the losses were purely economic.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 at 46-47.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 b.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Second approach: Fraud in the inducement claims are an exception to the economic loss doctrine when they are extraneous to the breach of contract claim
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
\par [43]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab Courts taking the second approach recognize an exception to the economic loss rule only in situati
ons where (1) there was fraud in the inducement and (2) the misrepresentations are \'93extraneous to,\'94 as opposed to \'93interwoven with,\'94 the breach of contract.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Heaton, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , at 339-40 n.80 (citing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  Huron Tool & Eng\rquote g Co. v. Precision Consulting Servs.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 532 N.W.2d 541, 546 (Mich. Ct. App. 1995); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
Marvin Lumber & Cedar Co. v. PPG Indus., Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 223 F.3d 873, 884-87 (8th Cir. 2000)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Under this approach, a misrepresentation is \'93
related to an underlying contract if they concern the subject matter of the contract, such as quality or characteristics of the goods.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Heaton, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  at 340.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [44]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab 
The leading case advocating the limited exception for fraud is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Huron Tool}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  at 339-40 n.68.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Huron Tool}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , a manufacturer entered into an agreement with a consulting service for the sale of a computer software system.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 532 N.W.2d at 543.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Under the agreement, the consulting service was to provide the manufacturer with \'93system\rquote s design, programming, training and installation services.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Subsequently the manufacturer sued the consulting service for breach of contract and fraud, alleging that the consulting service supplied defective software.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The trial court dismissed the action following the consulting service\rquote s motion for summary judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 On appeal, the Court of Appeals 
of Michigan determined whether the economic loss doctrine precluded the manufacturer from bringing a fraud claim independent of its contractual claim.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 at 544.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [45]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab 
The court recognized that the emerging trend, in the handful of jurisdictions who had addressed the issue, \'93is clearly toward creating an exception to the economic loss doctrine for a select group of intentional torts.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 (citations omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The court explained that these jurisdictions have limited the exception to certain types of fraud
s, and adopted two requirements for a fraud claim to be an exception to the economic loss doctrine.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 at 544-45.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The court first looked at other jurisdictions that \'93have distinguished fraud in the inducement as the only kind of fraud claim not barred by 
the economic loss doctrine\'94 because it is a \'93pre-contractual conduct which is, under the law, a recognized tort.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 at 544 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Williams Elec. Co. v. Honeywell, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 772 F. Supp. 1225, 1237-38 (N.D. Fla. 1991)).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The court adopted the requirement that
 only fraud in the inducement claims were not barred by the economic loss doctrine, noting that it \'93reflects the rule adopted by our Supreme Court .\~.\~. that the policy behind the doctrine \lquote 
encourages parties to negotiate economic risks through warranty provisions and price.\rquote \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 at 545 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Fla. Power & Light Co. v. Westinghouse Elec. Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 510 So. 2d 899, 901 (Fla. 1987)).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 In addition, the court added the requirement that the fraud must be \'93
extraneous to the contractual dispute\'94 and the harm must be \'93distinct from those caused by the breach of contract.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 at 545-46 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Pub. Serv. Enter. Grp. Inc. v. Phila. Elec. Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 722 F. Supp. 184, 201 (D.N.J. 1989)).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
The court looked at the complaint and found that the alleged fraudulent representations \'93concern[ed] the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 quality and characteristics}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  of the software system sold by defendants,\'94 which were \'93indistinguishable from the terms of the contract . . . that the plaintiff alleges [was] breached.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  at 546 (emphasis added).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The court concluded that the fraud allegations were not extraneous to the contract dispute, and were therefore barred by the economic loss rule.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 See id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 c.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Third approach: The economic loss rule bars all fraud claims}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [46]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab A few courts have found that the economic loss rule bars all fraud claims.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The reasoning behind this approach is that the economic loss rule bars recovery in tort, and because fraud is a tort, recovery of purely economic loss is barred.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Heindel v. Pfizer, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 381 F. Supp. 2d 364, 385-86 (D.N.J. 2004) (applying Pennsylvania law, the District Court of New Jersey followed the Third Circuit\rquote 
s prediction that there is no fraud exception to the economic loss doctrine in Pennsylvania).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [47]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Werwinski v. Ford Motor Company}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , purchasers of automobiles which allegedly con
tained defective transmissions brought a class action against a manufacturer asserting claims for fraudulent concealment and for violations of state unfair trade practices statutes.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 286 F.3d 661, 663 (3d Cir. 2002).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The trial court dismissed the fraudulent
 concealment claim and the statutory unfair trade practices claim, finding that both were barred under the economic loss doctrine.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  at 665.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 On appeal, the Third Circuit looked at whether the economic loss doctrine barred fraud claims under Pennsylvania law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  at 670.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
The court also acknowledged that Pennsylvania law was unsettled on the issue of whether the economic loss doctrine applied to intentional fraud.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  at 675.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The court looked to other jurisdictions and found that Michigan and Wisconsin had the most persuasive and developed laws regarding the economic loss doctrine.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  at 676.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
The Third Circuit noted that it was particularly \'93influenced by an emerging trend in these and other jurisdictions \lquote 
recogniz[ing] a limited exception to the economic loss doctrine for fraud claims, but only where the claims at issue arise independent[ly] of the underlying contract.\rquote \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
 (alteration in original) (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Raytheon Co. v. McGraw-Edison Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 979 F. Supp. 858, 870 (E.D. Wis. 1997)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The Third Circuit noted that the leading case in the application of the economic loss rule to fraud claims was the Michigan appellate court\rquote s rule in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Huron Tool}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , which recognized an exception for fraud in the induceme
nt where the fraud was extraneous to the contract.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The Third Circuit noted that this approach was \'93not without its critics\'94 and cited }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Budgetel Inns, Inc. v. Micros Systems, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
, 8 F. Supp. 2d 1137 (E.D. Wis. 1998), and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Rich Products Corp. v. Kemutec, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 66 F. Supp. 2d 937 (E.D. Wis. 1999).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Werwinski}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 286 F.3d at 677.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Next, the court examined the parties\rquote  justifications in support of their competing position.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  at 680.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
The Third Circuit concluded that under Pennsylvania law the economic loss doctrine applied to fraudulent concealment claims.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 at 681.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [48]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab 
The court determined that the need to provide a plaintiff with tort remedies is \'93diminished greatly when (1) the plaintiff can be made whole under contract law, and (2) allowing additional tort remedies will impose additional costs on society.\'94}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  at 679-80.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
Next, the court reasoned that the \'93willingness of Pennsylvania courts to restrict intentional tort claims that overlap with contract claims\'94 indicated that the Supreme Court of Pennsylvani
a would apply the economic loss doctrine to intentional fraud cases.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  at 680.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The court found that the \'93gist of the action\'94 doctrine evidenced Pennsylvania courts\rquote  \'93penchant for dismissing fraud claims that simply restate breach of contract claims.\'94}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s18\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15351764 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\super\insrsid15351764 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15351764  The \'93gist of the action\'94 doctrine bars plaintiffs from bringing a tort claim that merely replicates a claim for breach of an underlying contract.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15351764\charrsid1123428 Werwinski}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15351764 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15351764\charrsid1123428 286}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15351764 
 F.3d at 680 n.8 (citations omitted).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The Third Circuit found that even if it were torn between two interpretations of Pennsylvania law, it should 
\'93opt for the interpretation that restricts liability rather than expands it, until the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania decides differently.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 City of Philadelphia v. Beretta U.S.A. Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 277 F.3d 415, 421 (3d Cir. 2002); }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Home Valu, Inc. v. Pep Boys,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 213 F.3d 960, 965 (7th Cir. 2000)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi360\li360\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 4.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Distinction between Fraud in the Inducement and Fraud in the Performance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [49]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab A majority of courts that recognize fraud as an exception to the economic loss rule distinguish between fraud in the inducement and fraud in the performance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 This distinction is important in this case because the Government asserts Kim committed fraud duri
ng the performance of the contract rather than in the inducement of the contract.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 20-21.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [50]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab 
As stated previously, many courts limit the fraud exception to fraud in the inducement.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  Huron Tool}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 532 N.W.2d at 544 (\'93With re
gard to the specific intentional tort of fraud, courts generally have distinguished fraud in the inducement as the only kind of fraud claim not barred by the economic loss doctrine.\'94);}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  Marvin Lumber}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 223 F.3d at 884-85; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Digicorp, Inc. v. Ameritech Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 6
62 N.W.2d 652, 657 (Wis. 2003) (noting that Wisconsin recognizes a narrow fraud in the inducement exception similar to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Huron Tool}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 ); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 see also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  Christopher J. Faricelli, Note, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Wading into the \'93Morass\'94
: An Inquiry into the Application of New Jersey\rquote s Economic Loss Rule to Fraud Claims}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
, 35 Rutgers L.J. 717, 739 (2004) (stating that the trend in New Jersey courts has been to bar \'93fraud-in-the-performance\'94 claims but permit \'93fraud-in-the-inducement\'94 claims).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 These courts typically focus on the fact that the duty i
n fraud in the inducement claims arise from a time before the contract is made, because: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
There is a danger that tort remedies could simply engulf the contractual remedies and thereby undermine the reliability of commercial transactions.\~.\~.\~.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Fraud in the inducement, however, addresses a situation where the claim is that one party was tricked into contracting.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 It is based on pre-contractual conduct which is, under the law, a recognized tort.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Huron Tool}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 532 N.W.2d at 545 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Williams Elec.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 772 F. Supp. at 1237-38); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 see also Kaloti Enters., Inc. v. Kellogg Sales Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 699 N.W.2d 205, 220 (Wis. 2005) (recognizing that the limited fraud in the inducement exception \'93maintains the fundamental distinction between tort and contract law.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Matters t
hat are expressly or implicitly dealt with in the contract, such as the performance or the quality or character of the goods sold, still must be addressed by contract law.\'94 (citation omitted)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 It appears that a minority of courts, including California and
 a few Texas courts, have extended this exception to fraud in the performance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
Robinson Helicopter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 102 P.3d at 270; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Kajima Int\rquote 
l, Inc. v. Formosa Plastics Corp., USA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 15 S.W.3d 289, 293-94 (Tex. Ct. App. 2000).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [51]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab The economic loss doctrine was origina
lly adopted to draw a legal line between contract and strict product liability, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 see Maeda}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 2011 Guam 20 \'b6\'b6 24-25, and many courts have had difficulties applying it outside the strict product liability setting because of the inherent differences between str
ict product liability and other torts.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  Tiara Condo. Ass\rquote n v. Marsh & McLennan Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 110 So. 3d 399, 401 (Fla. 2013) (discussing the concerns with the over-expansion of the economic loss rule, and receding from its \'93prior rulings to the extent tha
t they have applied the economic loss rule to cases other than products liability\'94); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Budgetel Inns}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 8 F. Supp. 2d at 1146 (discussing the difficulties of applying the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Huron Tool}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  rule regarding fraud in the inducement as an exception to the economic loss rule because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Huron Tool }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
still bars fraud in the inducement claims involving the actual subject matter of the contract); Johnson, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , at 568 (\'93Courts have struggled with the issue of whether recovery in tort is barred by the economic loss rule when the pla
intiff alleges that fraud was committed in the context of a contractual relation.\'94).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [52]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab 
Courts that limit the exception to fraud in the inducement have recognized that the tort of fraud is different because unlike strict products liability or negligence, fraud is an intentional tort.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  Huron Tool}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
, 532 N.W.2d at 544 (acknowledging that unlike negligence or strict liability, fraud is an intentional tort).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 However, in creating an exception for fraud in the inducement, these courts have focused on t
he fact that fraud in the inducement claims are based on pre-contractual conduct, and thus, are independent of the contract.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  at 544-45 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Williams Elec.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 772 F. Supp. at 1237-38).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 In doing so, these courts appear to fit fraud within the
 confines of the economic loss doctrine without fully addressing the inherent conflicts between fraud and contract law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [53]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab 
Therefore, before determining whether to distinguish between fraud in the inducement and fraud in the performance, we feel it is 
important to analyze the inherent conflict between fraud and contract law to determine whether fraud claims should be subject to the economic loss rule.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi360\li360\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 5.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The Inherent Difference between Fraud and Contract Claims}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [54]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab In contract law, a breach of contract is not inherently wrong.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 In fact, the doctrine of efficient breach states that the \'93
law should not deter an otherwise socially beneficial, or efficient, breach of contract by forcing the promisor to compensate the promisee for more than the promisee\rquote s actual losses.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 See Paolella v. Browning-Ferris, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 973 F. Supp. 508, 515 (E.D. Pa. 1997) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Instead of seeking to punish a party for breach of contract, courts traditionally seek to compensate a plaintiff for the loss resulting from the breach.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  Freeman & Mills, Inc. v. Belcher Oil Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 900 P.2d 669, 676 (Cal. 1995); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Allapattah Servs., Inc. v. Exxon Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 61 F. Supp. 2d 1326, 1329 (S.D. Fla. 1999).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Therefore, willful breaches are not generally distinguished from other breaches.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Freeman & Mills}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 900 P.2d at 676; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Allapattah Servs.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 61 F. Supp. 2d at 1329.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [55]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab 
In contrast, the major distinction between fraud and other types of torts, such as negligence and strict liability, is the intent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Compare Black\rquote s Law Dictionary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  1626 (9th ed. 2009) (intentional tort), }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Black\rquote s Law Dictionary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  1626 (9th ed. 2009) (negligent tort), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Black\rquote s Law Dictionary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  998 (9th ed. 2009) (strict liability).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \'93In pursuing a valid fraud a
ction, a plaintiff advances the public interest in punishing intentional misrepresentations and in deterring such misrepresentations in the future.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Robinson Helicopter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 102 P.3d at 275.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Because there is an \'93extra measure of blameworthiness inher[ent] in fraud,\'94
 fraud plaintiffs may generally recover punitive damages.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 See id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 see also Allowance of Punitive Damages in Products Liability Case}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 13 A.L.R.4th 52 (1982).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 6.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Robinson Helicopter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [56]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab 
With these conflicting doctrines in mind, we look at the California Supreme Court\rquote s decision in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Robinson Helicopter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  to determine whether to apply the economic loss rule in fraud cases.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Robinson Helicopter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , a helicopter manufacturer had an exclusive contract with a parts manufacturer to supply a safety mechanism for its helicopters.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 102 P.3d at 270.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The contract required the parts manufacturer to adhere to certain specifications when building the safety mechanism.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  at 270-71.}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 For approximately twelve y
ears, the parts manufacturer adhered to the required specifications and provided written certificates that the safety mechanism conformed with the specifications.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  at 271.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 After this period, the parts manufacturer changed the specifications, but continu
ed to provide written certificates of performance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
Once the change in specifications was revealed, the helicopter manufacturer was required to recall and replace the safety mechanisms in each of the helicopters that did not conform to the specifications.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The helicopter manufacturer sued the parts manufacturer for breach of contract, breach of warranty, and negligent and intentional misrepresentations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
 at 272.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
The jury found in favor of the helicopter manufacturer on the breach of contract, warranty, and fraud claims.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
The parts manufacturer appealed, and the intermediate court of appeals found that under the economic loss theory, the helicopter manufacturer suffered only economic losses, and therefore, it could not recover in tort.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The helicopter manufacturer appealed to the Supreme Court of California.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [57]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab In determining whether to find that the economic loss 
rule bars fraud claims, the California Supreme Court found that the intentional aspect of fraud showed that it was independent of the breach of contract.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 See id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 at 273-74.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Next, the California Supreme Court looked at public policy which strongly favored e
xempting fraud from the economic loss rule, stating:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
In pursuing a valid fraud action, a plaintiff advances the public interest in punishing intentional misrepresentations and in deterring such misrepresentations in the future.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Because of the extra measur
e of blameworthiness inhering in fraud, and because in fraud cases we are not concerned about the need for predictability about the cost of contractual relationships, fraud plaintiffs may recover out-of-pocket damages in addition to benefit-of-the bargain
 damages.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
In addition, California also has a legitimate and compelling interest in preserving a business climate free of fraud and deceptive practices.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Needless to say, [the parts manufacturer\rquote s] fraudulent conduct cannot be considered a socially useful business practice. . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Simply put, a contract is not a license allowing one party to cheat or defraud the other.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 See id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  at 275}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\delrsid11494859\charrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The California Supreme Court found that the economic loss rule does not bar fraud and intentional misrepresentation claims because they are independent of a breach of contract.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  at 274.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
The court stated that it did not \'93believe that [its] decision [would] open the floodgates to future litigation.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  at 276.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The court highlighted that its decision was limited to \'93
misrepresentations on which a plaintiff relies and which expose a plaintiff to liability for personal damages independent of the plaintiff\rquote s economic loss.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 In addition, the court noted that \'93[i]n California fraud must be pled specifically; general and conclusory allegations do not suffice.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
 (alteration in original) (citations omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [58]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab 
In her dissent, Justice Werdegar listed rationales for fully adopting the economic loss rule in fraud cases.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 She asserted that it is important to limit tort recovery in contract because of \'93
the value commercial parties place on predictable potential costs and the chilling effect tort exposure in routine breach cases would have on commercial enterprise.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  at 278 (Werdegar, J., dissenting).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
Moreover, the economic loss rule allows contract damages where the damages are purely economic and additional tort liability where the misrepresentation led to actual property damage or personal injury.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  at 279.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 These damages both sanction and deter the fraudulent conduct while \'93
preserv[ing] the valuable distinction between tort and contract remedies.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 at 279-80.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 In addition, the dissent stressed the need for a rationale for why tort liability should apply to each specific case rather than broadly allowing tort liability for certain classes of torts.}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 See id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  at 279-80.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [59]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab 
We do not find the dissent persuasive and decide to exempt fraud from the economic loss rule, adopting the rationale set forth by the majority in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
Robinson Helicopter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The economic loss rule has been developed: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
(1) to maintain the fundamental distinction between tort law and contract law; (2) to protect commercial parties\rquote  freedom to allocate econo
mic risk by contract; and (3) to encourage the party best situated to assess the risk [of] economic loss, the commercial purchaser, to assume, allocate, or insure against that risk.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Budgetel Inns}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 8 F. Supp. 2d at 1142 (alteration in original) (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
Daanen & Janssen, Inc. v. Cedarapids, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 573 N.W.2d 842, 846 (Wis. 1998)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 With this in mind, we find that the California majority\rquote 
s approach properly balances the purposes of the economic loss rule while recognizing the distinct nature of fraud.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [60]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab 
Finding that fraud is an exception to the economic loss rule maintains the fundamental distinction between intentional torts and contract law, negligence, and product liability.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 A \'93breach of contract action requires three elements: (1) a valid contract; (2) a material breach; and (3) damages\'94 resulting from the breach.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Friedman v. N.Y. Life Ins. Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 985 So. 2d 56, 58 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2008) (citations omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 It is logical to preclude product liability claims and negligence claims under the economic loss rule because the elements within these principles are enveloped by the contract claim.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
Both product liability and negligence focus on an action or defect which results in damages.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The Restatement (Third) of Torts: Products Liability provides that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\delrsid12539605\charrsid6750657  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \'93[o]
ne engaged in the business of selling or otherwise distributing products who sells or distributes a defective product is subject to liability for harm to persons or property caused by the defect.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Restatement (Third) of Torts: Prod. Liab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs41\caps\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \'a7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  1 (1998).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Negligence requires: (1) a duty, (2) breach of the duty, (3) causation, and (4) damages.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Guerrero v. McDonald}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid6750657 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 s Int}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid6750657 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 l Prop. Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 2006 Guam 2 \'b6 9 (citations omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The elements of an action or defect that results in damages are also present in a contract claim.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Fraud claims, however, are distinguishable because they involve a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 knowledge of falsity (or scienter)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  element.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Taitano v. Calvo Fin. Corp}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 ., 2008 Guam 12 \'b6 12.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Fraud implies bad faith, intentional wrongdoing and a sinister motive . . . [and] is never imputed or presumed.}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Davis v. Comm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
, 184 F.2d 86, 87 (10th Cir. 1950).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
The scienter element is the major distinction between fraud and contract law, and it is a reason to draw an exception for fraud under the economic loss doctrine.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [61]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab 
Recognizing a fraud exception to the economic loss rule also does not violate the rule}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 s purpose of protecting commercial parties}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  freedom to allocate economic risk by contract.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 As stated previously, the dissent in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Robinson Helicopter }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 noted that parties}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  ability to allocate economic risk by contract is important because of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 the value commercial parties place on predictable potential costs and the chilling effect tort exposure in routine breach cases would have on commercial enterprise.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 102 P.3d at 277.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 As the majority explained, however, they }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 are not concerned about the need for predictability about the cost of contractual relationships}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  in fraud cases.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  at 275 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Lazar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 909 P.2d at 998 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 internal quotation marks omitted)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Instead, the focus is on advancing public interest through punishment and deterrence of misrepresentations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 See id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 However, even if we overlook the purpose of fraud actions, recognizing a fraud exception would promote the purpose of the economic loss rule.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 As the California Supreme Court asserts, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
[the state] has a legitimate and compelling interest in preserving a business climate free of fraud and deceptive practices.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Diamond Multimedia Sys., Inc. v. Superior Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
, 968 P.2d 539, 557 (1999)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [62]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab 
By finding that fraud is an exception to the economic loss rule, the potential for punitive damages would discourage companies from committing fraud and deceptive practices.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Honest companies would be more willing to enter contracts in a jurisdiction
 where fraud and deceptive practices are discouraged, and where they have legal protections if they are a victim to fraud.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 On the other hand, if there were no fraud exception to the economic loss rule, dishonest companies may have incentive, or at least not be discouraged, to commit fraud and deceptive practices.
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
Dishonest companies may commit fraud or deceptive practices because the potential costs, if they are caught, are predictable.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 These dishonest companies will know they only have to pay for economic damages or, at the most, additional property damages which actually occur.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
Honest companies would be less willing to enter into contracts in a jurisdiction where fraud is not discouraged, and where they do not have any legal protections against fraud.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [63]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab 
Furthermore, recognizing a fraud exception does not defeat the purpose of encouraging the party best situated to assess the risk of economic loss\emdash the commercial purchaser\emdash to assume, allocate, or insure against that risk.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The California Supreme Court recognized that generally in contractual situations, }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "'}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
it is appropriate to enforce only such obligations as each party voluntarily assumed, and to give him only such benefits as he expected to receive; this is the function of contract law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 '" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
 at 275 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Applied Equip. Corp. v. Litton Saudi Arabia Ltd.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 869 P.2d 454, 461 (1994))}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 However: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
[A] party to a contract cannot rationally calculate the possibility that the other party will deliberately misrepresent terms critical to that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \~}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 contract.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \~ }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 No rational party would enter into a contract anticipating that they are or will be lied to.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 While parties, perhaps because of their technical expertise and sophistication, can be presumed to understand and allocate the risks relating to negligent product 
design or manufacture, those same parties cannot, and should not, be expected to anticipate fraud and dishonesty in every transaction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Therefore, where the party is deceived by misrepresentation, they are no longer best situated to assess the risk of economic loss, and assume, allocate or insure against that risk.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [64]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab 
In holding that fraud is excluded from the economic loss rule, we recognize the concern that this rule may }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 raise[] the specter that ev
ery alleged breach will yield satellite litigation over whether contemporaneous remarks by one side or the other amounted to intentional misrepresentations about the existence of a breach.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  at 278 (Werdegar, J., dissenting).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The majority opinion in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Robinson Helicopter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  addressed this concern by limiting the exception to fraud which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 expose[s] a plaintiff to liability for personal damages independent of the plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 s economic loss.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  at 276.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 However, we are concerned that adopting this limitation may
 lead to excessive litigation as to whether the plaintiff was exposed to liability for personal damages.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 To address this concern, we rely on the rule in Guam that fraud claims must be pleaded with particularity.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Taitano}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 2008 Guam 12 \'b6 12 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 To successfully
 plead actual fraud . . . [the plaintiff] must plead facts with sufficient particularity to demonstrate the elements of fraud.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  (citing GRCP 9(b))).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [65]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab In sum, we adopt the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Robinson Helicopter }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 rule to the extent that we hold 
fraud claims are excluded from the economic loss rule.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
However, we do not adopt the limitation that the exception applies only to fraud that exposes a plaintiff to liability for personal damages independent of economic loss.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Instead, we believe the fraud exception will be adequately limited by the GRCP pleading requirements.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Finally, we find no reason to limit this exception to fraud in the inducement claims.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-450\li450\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin450\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 C.\tab 
Whether the Economic Loss Rule Bars Claims Under the Deceptive Trade Practices Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [66]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab As discussed above, the trial court dismissed the DTPA on the basis that the Government did not have standing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Thus, it did not address whether the economic loss rule precludes claims in dismissing the DTPA claim.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 However, the trial court did indicate that
 the economic loss rule barred tort claims, such as the DTPA, generally.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15351764 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\super\insrsid15351764 \chftn }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid15351764\charrsid15344026  \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid15351764\charrsid8999828 
In short, the prospect that the dollar amount of liability will be different if a suit may only proceed under a contract theory rather than a tort theory is not a reason not to apply the economic loss rule.  It is the point of the economic loss rule.\'94
  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid15351764\charrsid14636347 RA, tab 38 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid15351764 at 27 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid15351764\charrsid14636347 (Dec. & Order).  }}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
Pure questions of law not addressed by the trial court can be suited for our immediate resolution because we review these questions of law }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 de novo}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Bibeau v. Pac. Nw. Research Found. Inc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 ., 188 F.3d 1105, 1111 n.5 (9th Cir. 1999), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 amended on denial of reh
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid6750657 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 208 F.3d 831 (9th Cir. 2000) (choosing to address issue of qualified immunity, although not considered by the trial court, because it was a pure question of law subject to }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  review, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 any decision by the district court would be entitled to no deference.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Furthermore, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
the issue of whether the economic loss doctrine precludes the DTPA claim was addressed by both parties on appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Appellee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
s Br. at 5; Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 s Reply Br. at 1-2.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 We have held an argument may be addressed for the first time on appeal to clarify a significant issue of law.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 See Taitano v. Lujan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 2005 Guam 26 \'b6 15.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Accordingly, we can determine whether the economic loss doctrine precludes DTPA claims because this issue presents a pure and significant question of law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [67]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab 
Here, Kim argues this court should find that the economic loss rule also applies in statutory claims under the DTPA.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Appellee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
s Br. at 5-6.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Kim relies on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Gadley v. Ellis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , No. 3:13-17, 2014 WL 3696209 (W.D. Pa. 2014), and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Werwinski}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 286 F.3d 661, to support this argument.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Gadley}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , a district court found that the economic loss doctrine precluded fraud claims brought under the state statutory fraud claims act.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Gadley}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
, 2014 WL 3696209, at *4.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The court quoted }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Werwinski}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , where the Third Circuit found that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
exempting [statutory fraud] claims from the effects of the economic loss doctrine would virtually nullify the doctrine since [the statute] is broad enou
gh to encompass nearly every misrepresented claim in the commercial sales context, and claims arising from product failure can readily be recast as misrepresentation claims.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 " }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  (alterations in original) (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Werwinski}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 286 F.3d at 681).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
Other courts have also found that the economic loss rule precludes statutory claims, including those for deceptive or unfair trade practices, in certain circumstances.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  Makoto USA Inc. v. Russell}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 250 P.3d 625, 629 (Colo. App. 2009) (the economic
 loss rule precludes statutory claims unless the legislature intends }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
to provide a remedy in addition to a contractual one, the statutory remedy would trump the economic loss rule}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 ); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Bussain v. DaimlerChrysler Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 411 F. Supp. 2d 614, 627 (M.D.N.C. 2006) (finding that the economic loss rule does not bar }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 all claims of unfair trade practices that allege only economic losses,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  but does bar unfair trade practices when the claim involves }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 allegations of a defective product where the only damage alleged is da
mage to the product itself and the allegations of unfair trade practices are intertwined with the breach of contract or warranty claims.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [68]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab 
In contrast, other jurisdictions have found that statutory causes of action trump the judicially designed economic loss rule.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 All Care Nursing Serv., Inc. v. High Tech Staffing Servs. Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
, 135 F.3d 740, 745 (11th Cir. 1998) (finding the economic loss rule did not bar federal and Florida RICO claims); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
Florian Greenhouse, Inc. v. Cardinal IG Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 11 F.
 Supp. 2d 521, 528 (D.N.J. 1998)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  (finding that the economic loss rule did not preclude a state Consumer Fraud Act claim, and stating that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [t]o hold that this statutory claim is subsumed by plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 s breach of contract cause of action would be contrary t
o legislative intent and would preclude consumer fraud claims in far too many circumstances.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 ); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Ulbrich v. Groth}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 78 A.3d 76, 99-102 (Conn. 2013) (overruling }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Flagg Energy Dev. Corp. v. Gen. Motors Corp.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 709 A.2d 1075 (Conn. 1998), and finding that the eco
nomic loss doctrine did not bar statutory unfair trade practices claims); Christian C. Burden & Sean Trende, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The Economic Loss Rule and Franchise Attorneys}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 27-WTR Franchise L.J. 192, 197 (2008) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Courts .\~. . have generally concluded that the economic los
s rule does not bar statutory claims despite allegations forming essentially the same basis as breach of contract and even negligence claims.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  (citations omitted)); Johnson, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 supra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , at 532 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
[S]tatutory causes of action, even when based on negligence or strict liability principles, usually trump the judicially designed economic loss rule.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  (footnotes omitted)).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [69]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab In this case, we must first look at the legislature}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
s intent to determine whether the economic loss rule precludes a claim under the DTPA.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 See Makoto USA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 250 P.3d at 629; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 see also Berschauer/Phillips Constr. Co. v. Seattle Sch. Dist. No. 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
, 881 P.2d 986, 990 (Wash. 1994) (finding that under the Washington Products Liability Act, legislature}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 s intent was to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
exclude[] a recovery in tort for economic loses}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 ); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Park Ave. Condo. Owners Ass}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 n v. Buchan Devs., L.L.C.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 71 P.3d 692, 698 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 (Wash. Ct. App. 2003)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
 (finding that the economic loss rule is a judicially created rule which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
evolved in arenas in which the legislature had not spoken,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
[w]here the legislature has acted to create rights and remedies, courts cannot enlarge or restrict those rights or remedies unless the statute is unclear and we are confident our interpretation is consistent with legislative intent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The Guam Legislature}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 s intent appears to be that the DTPA is excluded from the economic loss rule.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [70]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Abalos v. Cyfred}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , the Abaloses purchased land from Cyfred.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 2006 Guam 7 \'b6 2.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The Land Purchase Agreement provided that Cyfred was to provide sewer, power, and water lines to the property.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Cyfred failed to connect the water, power and sewer lines when the deed was delivered, but the Abaloses took possession of the property.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  \'b6 3.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
Subsequently, the Abaloses filed a complaint, and in count one sought rescission of the purchase agreement for breaches of promises and warranties pursuant to 21 GCA \'a7 60314,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs17\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15351764 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\fs20\super\insrsid15351764\charrsid4388 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid15351764\charrsid4388  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid15351764 Title 21 GCA \'a7 60314 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid15351764\charrsid4388 provides in pertinent part:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid15351764 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid15351764\charrsid4388 
(f) If the transferor agrees to make water or power or sewer available to the property, such shall be stated in the d
ocument transferring an interest in the property, and such hookup shall be made available to the property by the transferor within one (1) year or such lesser time as may be agreed upon between transferor and transferee. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid15351764  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid15351764\charrsid4388 Failure to make power or water or 
sewer available to the property within one (1) year or such lesser time as agreed upon will result in the transferee being allowed, at his option, to: 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li1440\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15351764 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid15351764\charrsid4388 
(1) rescind the transaction and recover all money paid, reasonable interest, and reasonable costs and attorney}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid15351764 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid15351764\charrsid4388 
s fees; or 
\par (2) recover from the transferor all amounts required to make the promised utilities available on the property, plus all relate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid15351764 d costs and reasonable attorney\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid15351764\charrsid4388 s fees. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid15351764 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid15351764\charrsid4388 Failure to put the 
promise to make a utility available in the document transferring an interest in the property shall not be a defense raised by the transferor.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid15351764\charrsid10635957 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15351764 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15351764 21 GCA \'a7 60314(f) (2005).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  and recovery of damages, costs and attorney}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 s fees.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  \'b6 6.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 In addition, the Abaloses sought damages under the DTPA.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  \'b6 6 n.4.
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The trial court ordered summary judgment on count one of the complaint.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 See id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  \'b6 8.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
On appeal, Cyfred argued that the claims for damages were inconsistent with a claim for relief by rescission, and the Abaloses could not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 rescind for breach of [c]ontract and at the same time recover damages under the breach.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  \'b6 53 (citations omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 This court found that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 the trial court may, in addition to restitution, award money damages or such other relief as justice may require.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  \'b6
 54 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Bank of Am. Nat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 l Trust & Sav. Ass}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 n v. Greenbach}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 219 P.2d 814, 827 (Cal. Dist. Ct. App. 1950)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [71]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab Next, we assessed the DTP
A claims and found that damages sought under the DTPA were not exclusive of the remedy of rescission.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \'b6 55.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Specifically, we looked at 5 GCA \'a7\'a7 32105 and 32108(a) to find that the DTPA provided non-exclusive remedies.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  \'b6 55.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Pursuant to section 32105(a): }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
The provisions of [the DTPA] are not exclusive.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
The remedies specified in [the DTPA] for violation of any section of [the DTPA] or for conduct proscribed by any section of [the DTPA] shall be in addition to any other procedures or remedies for any 
violation or wrongful conduct provided for in any other law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
Nothing in this chapter shall limit any other statutory or any common law rights of the Attorney General, or any other person.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 If any act or practice proscribed by [the DTPA] is also the basis fo
r a cause of action in common law or a violation of another statute, the person may assert the common law or statutory cause of action under procedures and with the remedies applicable thereto.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6750657 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 5 GCA \'a7 32105(a) (2005).}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Section 32108(a) provides that the DTPA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
shall be liberally construed in favor of the consumer and shall be applied to promote its underlying purposes, which are to protect consumers against false, misleading, and deceptive business practices, unconscionable actions, and breaches of warranty,
 and to provide efficient and economical procedures to secure such protection.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
5 GCA \'a7 32108(a).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [72]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab 
We then turned to authorities from other jurisdictions that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
interpreted their own Deceptive Trade Practices Acts as providing non-exclusive remedies.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Abalos}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 2006 Guam 7 \'b6 2.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 For example, we noted that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Texas courts permit DTPA . . . plaintiffs to recover both damages and rescission of future obligations . . . caused by deceptive trade practices.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \'b6 56 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Nottingham v. Gen. Am. Commc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 n Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 ,
 811 F.2d 873, 879 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 (5th Cir. 1987)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 This is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  because Texas views an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 award of damages under the DTPA not exclusive of, but in addition to, other remedies provided by law.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Nottingham}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 811 F.2d at 879 (citations and internal quotation marks).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 This court concluded that the DTPA claim was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 not inconsistent with a claim for rescission.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Abalos}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , 2006 Guam 7 \'b6 57.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [73]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab Although this court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Abalos}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
 did not specifically address whether the legislature intended that the DTPA be exempt from the economic loss rule, this intent can be inferred.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The claim for recession seems to have been for breach of contract.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  \'b6 53 (Cyfred argued that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 one cannot rescind for breach of contract and at the same time recover damages for the breach.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  (alterations omitted)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
This court found that pursuant to the DTPA, the rescission claim could be brought at the same time as a DTPA claim without violating the statute.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 See id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  \'b6\'b6 56-58.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [74]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab 
The language of the statute also appears to provide that a plaintiff should not be precluded from bringing a DTPA claim because of another claim.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Under section 32105(a), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [t]he remedies specified in [the DTPA] . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 shall be in addition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
to any other procedures or remedies for any violation or wrongful conduct provided for in any other law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 5 GCA \'a7 32105(a) (emphasis added).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 The language }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 shall be in addition to any procedures or remedies .\~.\~.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 provided for in any other law,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  seems to indicate that the DTPA can be brought along with any other claims, including contract claims.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
Therefore, we find that the intent of the Legislature was that the economic loss rule does not preclude a person from bringing a statutory fraud claim under the DTPA.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 D.\tab Whether to Grant the Government}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 s Motion for Summary Judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [75]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab Finally, the Gove
rnment argues that the trial court erred in denying the Government}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
s Motion for Summary Judgment on its DTPA and fraud claims.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [76]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 When a trial court erroneously fails to address an issue raised before it, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 an appellate court may either remand or, if the record is sufficiently developed, decide the issue itself.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 '" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Guam Imaging Consultants, Inc. v. Guam Mem}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 l Hosp. Auth.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
, 2004 Guam 15 \'b6 16 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Bank of Guam v. Reidy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
, 2001 Guam 14 \'b6 31).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Here, the trial cou
rt did not address the issues in the Government}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
s Motion for Summary Judgment, instead choosing to dismiss the case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
In addition, Kim fails to address the Government}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
s summary judgment arguments on appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
Therefore, on remand, the trial court should determine in the first instance whether summary judgment is proper.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15351764 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\super\insrsid15351764 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15351764  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid15351764\charrsid15344026 The Government requests attorneys}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid15351764 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid15351764\charrsid15344026  fees pursuant to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid15351764\charrsid15344026 5 }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid15351764 GCA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid15351764\charrsid15344026  \'a7 32109.  Appellant\rquote 
s Br. at 34.  However, we decline to award attorneys}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid15351764 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid15351764\charrsid15344026  fees under this section because we are remanding the case to the trial court rather than entering judgment in the Government\rquote s favor.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 V.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 CONCLUSION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15351764 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6750657\charrsid6750657 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6750657\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 [77]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 \tab 
The trial court improperly dismissed the Government}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
s fraud and DTPA claims.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
We find that the Government has standing to bring a claim under the DTPA.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 In addition, we find that fraud and DTPA claims are both exceptions to the economic loss rule.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6750657  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 Therefore, we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 REVERSE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  the trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 s Decision and Order dismissing the fraud and DTPA claims, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 REMAND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657  the case to the trial court to determine liability an
d damages pursuant to the Government}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6750657 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15351764\charrsid6750657 
s Motion for Summary Judgment not inconsistent with this opinion.
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6750657 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid1972231\charrsid6750657 
\par }{\*\themedata 504b030414000600080000002100828abc13fa0000001c020000130000005b436f6e74656e745f54797065735d2e786d6cac91cb6ac3301045f785fe83d0b6d8
72ba28a5d8cea249777d2cd20f18e4b12d6a8f843409c9df77ecb850ba082d74231062ce997b55ae8fe3a00e1893f354e9555e6885647de3a8abf4fbee29bbd7
2a3150038327acf409935ed7d757e5ee14302999a654e99e393c18936c8f23a4dc072479697d1c81e51a3b13c07e4087e6b628ee8cf5c4489cf1c4d075f92a0b
44d7a07a83c82f308ac7b0a0f0fbf90c2480980b58abc733615aa2d210c2e02cb04430076a7ee833dfb6ce62e3ed7e14693e8317d8cd0433bf5c60f53fea2fe7
065bd80facb647e9e25c7fc421fd2ddb526b2e9373fed4bb902e182e97b7b461e6bfad3f010000ffff0300504b030414000600080000002100a5d6a7e7c00000
00360100000b0000005f72656c732f2e72656c73848fcf6ac3300c87ef85bd83d17d51d2c31825762fa590432fa37d00e1287f68221bdb1bebdb4fc7060abb08
84a4eff7a93dfeae8bf9e194e720169aaa06c3e2433fcb68e1763dbf7f82c985a4a725085b787086a37bdbb55fbc50d1a33ccd311ba548b63095120f88d94fbc
52ae4264d1c910d24a45db3462247fa791715fd71f989e19e0364cd3f51652d73760ae8fa8c9ffb3c330cc9e4fc17faf2ce545046e37944c69e462a1a82fe353
bd90a865aad41ed0b5b8f9d6fd010000ffff0300504b0304140006000800000021006b799616830000008a0000001c0000007468656d652f7468656d652f7468
656d654d616e616765722e786d6c0ccc4d0ac3201040e17da17790d93763bb284562b2cbaebbf600439c1a41c7a0d29fdbd7e5e38337cedf14d59b4b0d592c9c
070d8a65cd2e88b7f07c2ca71ba8da481cc52c6ce1c715e6e97818c9b48d13df49c873517d23d59085adb5dd20d6b52bd521ef2cdd5eb9246a3d8b4757e8d3f7
29e245eb2b260a0238fd010000ffff0300504b03041400060008000000210096b5ade296060000501b0000160000007468656d652f7468656d652f7468656d65
312e786d6cec594f6fdb3614bf0fd87720746f6327761a07758ad8b19b2d4d1bc46e871e698996d850a240d2497d1bdae38001c3ba618715d86d87615b8116d8
a5fb34d93a6c1dd0afb0475292c5585e9236d88aad3e2412f9e3fbff1e1fa9abd7eec70c1d1221294fda5efd72cd4324f1794093b0eddd1ef62fad79482a9c04
98f184b4bd2991deb58df7dfbb8ad755446282607d22d771db8b944ad79796a40fc3585ee62949606ecc458c15bc8a702910f808e8c66c69b9565b5d8a314d3c
94e018c8de1a8fa94fd05093f43672e23d06af89927ac06762a049136785c10607758d9053d965021d62d6f6804fc08f86e4bef210c352c144dbab999fb7b471
7509af678b985ab0b6b4ae6f7ed9ba6c4170b06c788a705430adf71bad2b5b057d03606a1ed7ebf5babd7a41cf00b0ef83a6569632cd467faddec9699640f671
9e76b7d6ac355c7c89feca9cccad4ea7d36c65b258a206641f1b73f8b5da6a6373d9c11b90c537e7f08dce66b7bbeae00dc8e257e7f0fd2badd5868b37a088d1
e4600ead1ddaef67d40bc898b3ed4af81ac0d76a197c86826828a24bb318f3442d8ab518dfe3a20f000d6458d104a9694ac6d88728eee2782428d60cf03ac1a5
193be4cbb921cd0b495fd054b5bd0f530c1931a3f7eaf9f7af9e3f45c70f9e1d3ff8e9f8e1c3e3073f5a42ceaa6d9c84e5552fbffdeccfc71fa33f9e7ef3f2d1
17d57859c6fffac327bffcfc793510d26726ce8b2f9ffcf6ecc98baf3efdfdbb4715f04d814765f890c644a29be408edf3181433567125272371be15c308d3f2
8acd249438c19a4b05fd9e8a1cf4cd296699771c393ac4b5e01d01e5a30a787d72cf1178108989a2159c77a2d801ee72ce3a5c545a6147f32a99793849c26ae6
6252c6ed637c58c5bb8b13c7bfbd490a75330f4b47f16e441c31f7184e140e494214d273fc80900aedee52ead87597fa824b3e56e82e451d4c2b4d32a423279a
668bb6690c7e9956e90cfe766cb37b077538abd27a8b1cba48c80acc2a841f12e698f13a9e281c57911ce298950d7e03aba84ac8c154f8655c4f2af074481847
bd804859b5e696007d4b4edfc150b12addbecba6b18b148a1e54d1bc81392f23b7f84137c2715a851dd0242a633f900710a218ed715505dfe56e86e877f0034e
16bafb0e258ebb4faf06b769e888340b103d3311da9750aa9d0a1cd3e4efca31a3508f6d0c5c5c398602f8e2ebc71591f5b616e24dd893aa3261fb44f95d843b
5974bb5c04f4edafb95b7892ec1108f3f98de75dc97d5772bdff7cc95d94cf672db4b3da0a6557f70db629362d72bcb0431e53c6066acac80d699a6409fb44d0
8741bdce9c0e4971624a2378cceaba830b05366b90e0ea23aaa241845368b0eb9e2612ca8c742851ca251ceccc70256d8d87265dd96361531f186c3d9058edf2
c00eafe8e1fc5c509031bb4d680e9f39a3154de0accc56ae644441edd76156d7429d995bdd88664a9dc3ad50197c38af1a0c16d684060441db02565e85f3b966
0d0713cc48a0ed6ef7dedc2dc60b17e92219e180643ed27acffba86e9c94c78ab90980d8a9f0913ee49d62b512b79626fb06dccee2a432bbc60276b9f7dec44b
7904cfbca4f3f6443ab2a49c9c2c41476dafd55c6e7ac8c769db1bc399161ee314bc2e75cf8759081743be1236ec4f4d6693e5336fb672c5dc24a8c33585b5fb
9cc24e1d4885545b58463634cc5416022cd19cacfccb4d30eb45296023fd35a458598360f8d7a4003bbaae25e331f155d9d9a5116d3bfb9a95523e51440ca2e0
088dd844ec6370bf0e55d027a012ae264c45d02f708fa6ad6da6dce29c255df9f6cae0ec38666984b372ab5334cf640b37795cc860de4ae2816e95b21be5ceaf
8a49f90b52a51cc6ff3355f47e0237052b81f6800fd7b802239daf6d8f0b1571a8426944fdbe80c6c1d40e8816b88b8569082ab84c36ff0539d4ff6dce591a26
ade1c0a7f669880485fd484582903d284b26fa4e2156cff62e4b9265844c4495c495a9157b440e091bea1ab8aaf7760f4510eaa69a6465c0e04ec69ffb9e65d0
28d44d4e39df9c1a52ecbd3607fee9cec7263328e5d661d3d0e4f62f44acd855ed7ab33cdf7bcb8ae889599bd5c8b3029895b6825696f6af29c239b75a5bb1e6
345e6ee6c28117e73586c1a2214ae1be07e93fb0ff51e133fb65426fa843be0fb515c187064d0cc206a2fa926d3c902e907670048d931db4c1a44959d366ad93
b65abe595f70a75bf03d616c2dd959fc7d4e6317cd99cbcec9c58b34766661c7d6766ca1a9c1b327531486c6f941c638c67cd22a7f75e2a37be0e82db8df9f30
254d30c1372581a1f51c983c80e4b71ccdd28dbf000000ffff0300504b0304140006000800000021000dd1909fb60000001b010000270000007468656d652f74
68656d652f5f72656c732f7468656d654d616e616765722e786d6c2e72656c73848f4d0ac2301484f78277086f6fd3ba109126dd88d0add40384e4350d363f24
51eced0dae2c082e8761be9969bb979dc9136332de3168aa1a083ae995719ac16db8ec8e4052164e89d93b64b060828e6f37ed1567914b284d262452282e3198
720e274a939cd08a54f980ae38a38f56e422a3a641c8bbd048f7757da0f19b017cc524bd62107bd5001996509affb3fd381a89672f1f165dfe514173d9850528
a2c6cce0239baa4c04ca5bbabac4df000000ffff0300504b01022d0014000600080000002100828abc13fa0000001c0200001300000000000000000000000000
000000005b436f6e74656e745f54797065735d2e786d6c504b01022d0014000600080000002100a5d6a7e7c0000000360100000b000000000000000000000000
002b0100005f72656c732f2e72656c73504b01022d00140006000800000021006b799616830000008a0000001c00000000000000000000000000140200007468
656d652f7468656d652f7468656d654d616e616765722e786d6c504b01022d001400060008000000210096b5ade296060000501b000016000000000000000000
00000000d10200007468656d652f7468656d652f7468656d65312e786d6c504b01022d00140006000800000021000dd1909fb60000001b010000270000000000
00000000000000009b0900007468656d652f7468656d652f5f72656c732f7468656d654d616e616765722e786d6c2e72656c73504b050600000000050005005d010000960a00000000}
{\*\colorschememapping 3c3f786d6c2076657273696f6e3d22312e302220656e636f64696e673d225554462d3822207374616e64616c6f6e653d22796573223f3e0d0a3c613a636c724d
617020786d6c6e733a613d22687474703a2f2f736368656d61732e6f70656e786d6c666f726d6174732e6f72672f64726177696e676d6c2f323030362f6d6169
6e22206267313d226c743122207478313d22646b3122206267323d226c743222207478323d22646b322220616363656e74313d22616363656e74312220616363
656e74323d22616363656e74322220616363656e74333d22616363656e74332220616363656e74343d22616363656e74342220616363656e74353d22616363656e74352220616363656e74363d22616363656e74362220686c696e6b3d22686c696e6b2220666f6c486c696e6b3d22666f6c486c696e6b222f3e}
{\*\latentstyles\lsdstimax267\lsdlockeddef0\lsdsemihiddendef0\lsdunhideuseddef0\lsdqformatdef0\lsdprioritydef0{\lsdlockedexcept \lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 Normal;\lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 heading 1;
\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority9 \lsdlocked0 heading 2;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority9 \lsdlocked0 heading 3;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 heading 4;
\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 heading 5;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 heading 6;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 heading 7;
\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 heading 8;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 heading 9;\lsdpriority99 \lsdlocked0 footnote text;\lsdpriority99 \lsdlocked0 annotation text;\lsdpriority99 \lsdlocked0 header;
\lsdpriority99 \lsdlocked0 footer;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 caption;\lsdpriority99 \lsdlocked0 footnote reference;\lsdpriority99 \lsdlocked0 annotation reference;\lsdpriority99 \lsdlocked0 page number;
\lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 Title;\lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 Subtitle;\lsdpriority99 \lsdlocked0 Hyperlink;\lsdqformat1 \lsdlocked0 Strong;\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority20 \lsdlocked0 Emphasis;\lsdpriority99 \lsdlocked0 annotation subject;
\lsdpriority99 \lsdlocked0 No List;\lsdpriority99 \lsdlocked0 Balloon Text;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdpriority99 \lsdlocked0 Placeholder Text;\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority1 \lsdlocked0 No Spacing;\lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading;
\lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List;\lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid;\lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1;\lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2;\lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1;\lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2;
\lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1;\lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2;\lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3;\lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List;\lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading;\lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List;
\lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid;\lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading Accent 1;\lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List Accent 1;\lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid Accent 1;\lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1 Accent 1;
\lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2 Accent 1;\lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1 Accent 1;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdpriority99 \lsdlocked0 Revision;\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority34 \lsdlocked0 List Paragraph;
\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority29 \lsdlocked0 Quote;\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority30 \lsdlocked0 Intense Quote;\lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2 Accent 1;\lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1 Accent 1;\lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2 Accent 1;
\lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3 Accent 1;\lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List Accent 1;\lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading Accent 1;\lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List Accent 1;\lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid Accent 1;
\lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading Accent 2;\lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List Accent 2;\lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid Accent 2;\lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1 Accent 2;\lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2 Accent 2;
\lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1 Accent 2;\lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2 Accent 2;\lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1 Accent 2;\lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2 Accent 2;\lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3 Accent 2;
\lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List Accent 2;\lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading Accent 2;\lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List Accent 2;\lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid Accent 2;\lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading Accent 3;
\lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List Accent 3;\lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid Accent 3;\lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1 Accent 3;\lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2 Accent 3;\lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1 Accent 3;
\lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2 Accent 3;\lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1 Accent 3;\lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2 Accent 3;\lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3 Accent 3;\lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List Accent 3;
\lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading Accent 3;\lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List Accent 3;\lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid Accent 3;\lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading Accent 4;\lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List Accent 4;
\lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid Accent 4;\lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1 Accent 4;\lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2 Accent 4;\lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1 Accent 4;\lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2 Accent 4;
\lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1 Accent 4;\lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2 Accent 4;\lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3 Accent 4;\lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List Accent 4;\lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading Accent 4;
\lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List Accent 4;\lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid Accent 4;\lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading Accent 5;\lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List Accent 5;\lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid Accent 5;
\lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1 Accent 5;\lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2 Accent 5;\lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1 Accent 5;\lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2 Accent 5;
\lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1 Accent 5;\lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2 Accent 5;\lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3 Accent 5;\lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List Accent 5;\lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading Accent 5;
\lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List Accent 5;\lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid Accent 5;\lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading Accent 6;\lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List Accent 6;\lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid Accent 6;
\lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1 Accent 6;\lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2 Accent 6;\lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1 Accent 6;\lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2 Accent 6;
\lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1 Accent 6;\lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2 Accent 6;\lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3 Accent 6;\lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List Accent 6;\lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading Accent 6;
\lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List Accent 6;\lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid Accent 6;\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority19 \lsdlocked0 Subtle Emphasis;\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority21 \lsdlocked0 Intense Emphasis;
\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority31 \lsdlocked0 Subtle Reference;\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority32 \lsdlocked0 Intense Reference;\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority33 \lsdlocked0 Book Title;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdpriority37 \lsdlocked0 Bibliography;
\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority39 \lsdlocked0 TOC Heading;}}{\*\datastore 0105000002000000180000004d73786d6c322e534158584d4c5265616465722e352e3000000000000000000000060000
d0cf11e0a1b11ae1000000000000000000000000000000003e000300feff090006000000000000000000000001000000010000000000000000100000feffffff00000000feffffff0000000000000000ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
fffffffffffffffffdfffffffeffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff52006f006f007400200045006e00740072007900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000016000500ffffffffffffffffffffffffec69d9888b8b3d4c859eaf6cd158be0f0000000000000000000000009004
beb97a88d001feffffff00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffffffffffffffffffff00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffffffffffffffffffff0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffffffffffffffffffff000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000105000000000000}}