{\rtf1\adeflang1025\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\adeff0\deff0\stshfdbch0\stshfloch37\stshfhich37\stshfbi37\deflang1033\deflangfe1033\themelang1033\themelangfe0\themelangcs0{\fonttbl{\f0\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f2\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1{\*\panose 02070309020205020404}Courier New;}{\f3\fbidi \froman\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05050102010706020507}Symbol;}{\f10\fbidi \fnil\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05000000000000000000}Wingdings;}
{\f34\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria Math;}{\f37\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\f58\fbidi \fnil\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Lucida Grande{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}
{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f59\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f60\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f62\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f63\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f64\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f65\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f66\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f67\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f79\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 Courier New CE;}
{\f80\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 Courier New Cyr;}{\f82\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 Courier New Greek;}{\f83\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 Courier New Tur;}{\f84\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset177\fprq1 Courier New (Hebrew);}
{\f85\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset178\fprq1 Courier New (Arabic);}{\f86\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 Courier New Baltic;}{\f87\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset163\fprq1 Courier New (Vietnamese);}{\f399\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria Math CE;}
{\f400\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Math Cyr;}{\f402\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Math Greek;}{\f403\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Math Tur;}{\f406\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Math Baltic;}
{\f407\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria Math (Vietnamese);}{\f429\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE{\*\falt Calibri};}{\f430\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\f432\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek{\*\falt Calibri};}{\f433\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur{\*\falt Calibri};}{\f436\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\f437\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese){\*\falt Calibri};}{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}
{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}
{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese){\*\falt Calibri};}
{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;
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\red128\green0\blue0;\red128\green128\blue0;\red128\green128\blue128;\red192\green192\blue192;\caccentone\ctint25\cshade255\red237\green242\blue248;\ctextone\ctint255\cshade255\red0\green0\blue0;\caccenttwo\ctint255\cshade204\red158\green58\blue56;
\cbackgroundone\ctint255\cshade255\red255\green255\blue255;\caccentone\ctint63\cshade255\red211\green223\blue238;\red255\green255\blue255;\caccentone\ctint51\cshade255\red219\green229\blue241;\caccenttwo\ctint255\cshade255\red192\green80\blue77;
\caccentone\ctint255\cshade255\red79\green129\blue189;\caccentone\ctint255\cshade153\red44\green76\blue116;\caccentone\ctint102\cshade255\red184\green204\blue228;\caccentone\ctint127\cshade255\red167\green191\blue222;}{\*\defchp \f37 }{\*\defpap 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 }\noqfpromote {\stylesheet{\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 \snext0 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid7019858 Normal;}{\s2\ql \li135\ri135\sb30\sa30\keepn\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin135\lin135\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 
\sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink15 \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid7019858 heading 2;}{\s3\ql \fi720\li0\ri135\sb30\sa30\keepn\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl2\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin135\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink16 \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid7019858 heading 3;}{\*\cs10 \additive \ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority1 Default Paragraph Font;}
{\*\ts11\tsrowd\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3\tscellwidthfts0\tsvertalt\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext11 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \sqformat Normal Table;}{\*
\cs15 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe1025\langnp0\langfenp1025 \sbasedon10 \slink2 \slocked \spriority9 \styrsid7019858 Heading 2 Char;}{\*\cs16 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs20\ul\cf1\lang0\langfe1025\langnp0\langfenp1025 \sbasedon10 \slink3 \slocked \spriority9 \styrsid7019858 Heading 3 Char;}{\*\cs17 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super \sbasedon10 \styrsid7019858 footnote reference;}{
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 \sbasedon0 \snext18 \slink19 \styrsid7019858 
footnote text;}{\*\cs19 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\lang0\langfe1025\langnp0\langfenp1025 \sbasedon10 \slink18 \slocked \styrsid7019858 Footnote Text Char;}{\*
\ts20\tsrowd\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tscbandsh1\tscbandsv1\tblind0\tblindtype3\tscellwidthfts0\tsvertalt\tscellcbpat17\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs20\cf18\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon11 \snext20 \spriority72 Colorful List Accent 1;}
{\*\ts20\tsrowd\tscellcfpat0\tscellcbpat19\tscellpct0\tsbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf20 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf20 \tscfirstrow Colorful List Accent 1;}{\*\ts20\tsrowd\tscellcfpat0\tscellcbpat20\tscellpct0\tsbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw30\brdrcf18 
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf19 \tsclastrow Colorful List Accent 1;}{\*\ts20\tsrowd \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b \tscfirstcol Colorful List Accent 1;}{\*\ts20\tsrowd \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b \tsclastcol Colorful List Accent 1;}{\*
\ts20\tsrowd\tscellcfpat0\tscellcbpat21\tscellpct0\tsbrdrt\brdrnone \tsbrdrl\brdrnone \tsbrdrb\brdrnone \tsbrdrr\brdrnone \tsbrdrh\brdrnone \tsbrdrv\brdrnone \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \tscbandvertodd Colorful List Accent 1;}{\*
\ts20\tsrowd\tscellcfpat0\tscellcbpat23\tscellpct0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \tscbandhorzodd Colorful List Accent 1;}{\*\cs21 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i \sbasedon10 \sqformat \spriority20 \styrsid3291480 Emphasis;}{\*\cs22 \additive 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid10903120 apple-converted-space;}{\*\cs23 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid10903120 co_hl;}{\*\cs24 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf2 
\sbasedon10 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid12533908 Hyperlink;}{\*\cs25 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18 \sbasedon10 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid9505377 annotation reference;}{
\s26\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 
\sbasedon0 \snext26 \slink27 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid9505377 annotation text;}{\*\cs27 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang0\langfe1025\langnp0\langfenp1025 \sbasedon10 \slink26 \slocked \ssemihidden \styrsid9505377 
Comment Text Char;}{\s28\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs20\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 
\sbasedon26 \snext26 \slink29 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid9505377 annotation subject;}{\*\cs29 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs20\lang0\langfe1025\langnp0\langfenp1025 
\sbasedon27 \slink28 \slocked \ssemihidden \styrsid9505377 Comment Subject Char;}{\s30\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af58\afs18\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f58\fs18\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 \sbasedon0 \snext30 \slink31 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid9505377 Balloon Text;}{\*\cs31 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f58\fs18\lang0\langfe1025\langnp0\langfenp1025 
\sbasedon10 \slink30 \slocked \ssemihidden \styrsid9505377 Balloon Text Char;}{\s32\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 \sbasedon0 \snext32 \slink33 \sunhideused \styrsid5443785 header;}{\*\cs33 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang0\langfe1025\langnp0\langfenp1025 
\sbasedon10 \slink32 \slocked \styrsid5443785 Header Char;}{\s34\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 \sbasedon0 \snext34 \slink35 \sunhideused \styrsid5443785 footer;}{\*\cs35 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang0\langfe1025\langnp0\langfenp1025 
\sbasedon10 \slink34 \slocked \styrsid5443785 Footer Char;}{\*\ts36\tsrowd\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw60\brdrcf24 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf25 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf25 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf25 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf20 \trbrdrv
\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf20 \trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tscbandsh1\tscbandsv1\tblind0\tblindtype3\tscellwidthfts0\tsvertalt\tscellcbpat17\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs20\cf18\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon11 \snext36 \spriority71 
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{\subject Guam Sanko Transp., Inc. v. Pacific Modair Corp., CVA13-033}{\author Supreme Court of Guam}{\operator raikatalau_l}{\creatim\yr2014\mo11\dy20\hr17\min24}{\revtim\yr2014\mo11\dy21\hr17\min14}{\printim\yr2014\mo11\dy12\hr13\min24}{\version6}
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\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7019858 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6378006 \chftnsep 
\par }}{\*\ftnsepc \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7019858 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6378006 \chftnsepc 
\par }}{\*\aftnsep \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7019858 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6378006 \chftnsep 
\par }}{\*\aftnsepc \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7019858 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6378006 \chftnsepc 
\par }}\ltrpar \sectd \ltrsect\psz1\linex0\headery1440\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid805600\sftnbj {\headerr \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s32\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar
\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12655711 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs20\insrsid12655711 Guam Sanko Transp., Inc. v. Pac. Modair Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid12655711 , 2014 Guam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2049132 31}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\insrsid12655711 , Opinion\tab Page }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid12655711\charrsid8483596  PAGE }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9859925 8}}}
\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid12655711\charrsid8483596  of }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid12655711\charrsid8483596  NUMPAGES  }}{\fldrslt {
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9859925 8}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs20\insrsid12655711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s32\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\brdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp20 \tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid805600 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid805600 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s32\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid12655711\charrsid805600 
\par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}
{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8
\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9859925 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid7019858\charrsid9859925 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7019858\charrsid9859925 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9249304\charrsid9859925 GUAM SANKO TRANSPORTATION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2690855\charrsid9859925 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9249304\charrsid9859925  INC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2755657\charrsid9859925 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7019858\charrsid9859925 ,
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7019858\charrsid9859925 Plaintiff-Appell}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2755657\charrsid9859925 ant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7019858\charrsid9859925 ,
\par 
\par v.
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2755657\charrsid9859925 P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9249304\charrsid9859925 ACIFIC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2755657\charrsid9859925  M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid9249304\charrsid9859925 ODAIR CORP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2755657\charrsid9859925 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7019858\charrsid9859925 ,
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7019858\charrsid9859925 Defendant-Appell}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2755657\charrsid9859925 ee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7019858\charrsid9859925 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12655711\charrsid9859925 
\par 
\par Supreme Court Case No.:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4878569\charrsid9859925  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12655711\charrsid9859925 CVA13-033
\par Superior Court Case No.:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4878569\charrsid9859925  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12655711\charrsid9859925 CV0915-08
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7019858\charrsid9859925 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7019858\charrsid9859925 OPINION
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13632786\charrsid9859925 Filed:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4878569\charrsid9859925  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13632786\charrsid9859925 November 12, 2014
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7019858\charrsid9859925 
\par Cite as: 2014 Guam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2049132\charrsid9859925 31}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7019858\charrsid9859925 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4878569 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7019858\charrsid4878569 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam

\par Argued and submitted on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2755657\charrsid4878569 May 13}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7019858\charrsid4878569 , 2014
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam
\par 
\par 
\par \ltrrow}\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow\ts11\trgaph120\trrh20\trleft0\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid8483596\tblind120\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb
\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4860\clshdrawnil \cellx4860\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4500\clshdrawnil \cellx9360\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid4878569 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7019858\charrsid4878569 Appearing for Plaintiff-App}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9249304\charrsid4878569 ellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7019858\charrsid4878569 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7019858\charrsid4878569 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2755657\charrsid4878569 Carlos L. Taitano}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9249304\charrsid4878569 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9249304\charrsid4878569 Esq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2755657\charrsid4878569 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2755657\charrsid4878569 Taitano & Taitano LLP
\par La Casa de Colina, Third Floor
\par 200 Chichirica St.
\par Tamuning, GU 96913}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7019858\charrsid4878569 \cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7019858\charrsid4878569 Appearing for Defendant-Appe}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9249304\charrsid4878569 llee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\ul\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7019858\charrsid4878569 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7019858\charrsid4878569 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2755657\charrsid4878569 Thomas McKee Tarpley}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9249304\charrsid4878569 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9249304\charrsid4878569 Esq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2755657\charrsid4878569 
\par Law Firm, A Professional Corp.
\par GCIC Building
\par 414 West Soledad Ave., Ste. 904
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7019858\charrsid4878569 \cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7019858\charrsid4878569 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow
\ts11\trgaph120\trrh20\trleft0\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid8483596\tblind120\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4860\clshdrawnil \cellx4860\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4500\clshdrawnil \cellx9360\row }\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4878569 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7019858\charrsid4878569 BEFORE: ROBERT J. TORRES, Chief Justice; F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Associate Justice; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2755657\charrsid4878569 KATHERINE A. MARAMAN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7019858\charrsid4878569 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2755657\charrsid4878569 Associate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7019858\charrsid4878569 Justice.
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2755657\charrsid4878569 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9249304\charrsid4878569 ARAMAN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7019858\charrsid4878569 , J.:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7019858 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569\charrsid4878569 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 [1]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2755657\charrsid4878569 Plaintiff-Appellant Guam Sanko Transportation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2690855\charrsid4878569 , Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2755657\charrsid4878569  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2755657\charrsid4878569 Guam Sanko}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2755657\charrsid4878569 
) filed a complaint for trespass against Defendant-Appellee Pacific Modair Corporation (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2755657\charrsid4878569 PMC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2755657\charrsid4878569 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2755657\charrsid4878569 In the Findings }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid14419864\charrsid4878569 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2755657\charrsid4878569 Facts and Conclusions of Law, the trial court determined that PMC did not trespass.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2755657\charrsid4878569 
Guam Sanko appeals on the grounds that the trial court improperly excluded its evidence at trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2755657\charrsid4878569 Guam Sanko argues that this court should order a new trial and assign a new trial judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9514429\charrsid4878569 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9514429\charrsid4878569 We affirm the trial court judgment finding that PMC did not trespass.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7019858 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569\charrsid4878569 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7019858\charrsid4878569 I.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7019858\charrsid4878569 FACTUAL }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4483581\charrsid4878569 AND PROCEDURAL }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7019858\charrsid4878569 BACKGROUND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7019858 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569\charrsid4878569 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 [2]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 Guam Sanko was the registered owner of Lot Number 5099-6, Municipality of Dededo, Guam (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 Property}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 
PMC was the owner of the adjoining lot, Lot Number 5089-1-1.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 
Guam Sanko entered into a written agreement }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9514429\charrsid4878569 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 
 sell and convey the Property to SJ Rental}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2690855\charrsid4878569 , Inc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 
One day before the scheduled closing, Guam Sanko discovered that PMC had installed water and sewer pipes beneath the Property.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 Upon discovery of the water and sewer lines, SJ Rental delayed its purchase of the Property.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569\charrsid4878569 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 [3]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 Guam Sanko filed suit for trespa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9514429\charrsid4878569 ss in the Superior Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 
In its defense, PMC alleged that Guam Sanko}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 
s prior general manager, Seiji Kiyonaga (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 Kiyonaga}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2563724\charrsid4878569 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569  gave permission to install the pipes to Hideki Ichinose (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 Ichinose}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 
), then executive officer of PMC.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 
Kiyonaga passed away in 1999 before the instant dispute arose.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid262177\charrsid4878569 
PMC subsequently filed a motion for summary judgment pursuant to Rule 56 of the Guam Rules of Civil Procedure (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid262177\charrsid4878569 GRCP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid262177\charrsid4878569 
), which the trial court granted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid262177\charrsid4878569 The trial court denied Guam Sanko}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid262177\charrsid4878569 s Motion for Reconsideration, and Guam Sanko appealed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid262177\charrsid4878569 
In its appeal, Guam Sanko argued that the trial court erred by not considering evidence of reputation or opinion of Kiyonaga}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid262177\charrsid4878569 s character among his business associates to refute Ichinose}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid262177\charrsid4878569 s testimony that consent was given.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid262177\charrsid4878569 This court reversed the trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid262177\charrsid4878569 s grant of summary judgment, finding that Guam S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2563724\charrsid4878569 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid262177\charrsid4878569 nko met its burden by pointing to specific facts to demonstrate that Ichinose}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid262177\charrsid4878569 s credibility should be tested at trial and a genuine issue of material fact existed as to whether oral consent was given by Guam Sanko}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid262177\charrsid4878569 s agent, Kiyonaga.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid262177\charrsid4878569 However, this court refrained from ruling on the issue of admissibility because this court found that the trial court made no ruling regarding admissibility.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569\charrsid4878569 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 [4]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 Prior to trial, Guam Sanko filed a Declaration of Takemitsu Noguchi (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 Noguchi Dec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9514429\charrsid4878569 laration}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 
"}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9514429\charrsid4878569 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 In the declaration, Noguchi stated that he had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 discussed with and heard from co-workers and other people in Japan and on Guam about the character of [Kiyonaga] as the General Manager of [Guam Sanko].}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid1471114\charrsid4878569 Record on Appeal (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid1471114\charrsid4878569 RA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid1471114\charrsid4878569 
), tab 64 at 9 (Decl. of Noguchi, Dec. 2, 2009).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 Noguchi stated that he }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 began working for [Guam San}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8859483\charrsid4878569 ko}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 ] in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15352793\charrsid4878569 . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 1991,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569  and worked }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 in the same building and on the same floor as Kiyonaga on Guam on a day-to-day basis until his death.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 " }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 Noguchi stated that he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 heard from many people who worked closely with Kiyonaga . . . and [he] personally }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15556818\charrsid4878569 [knew]}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 
, that Kiyonaga was a typical Japanese manager who diligently looked out for the best interest of [Guam Sanko], and who would require a written record whenever the land, the operations, or significant affairs of [Guam Sanko] would be or were affected.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 In addition, Noguchi declared that while working with Kiyonaga, he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 personally }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15556818\charrsid4878569 [knew]
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569  that Kiyonaga always required a written agreement for any lease or use by any person of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15352793\charrsid4878569 [Guam Sanko}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15352793\charrsid4878569 s] }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 land including the Property and Kiyonaga always required rent in cash or by check for the lease or use of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15352793\charrsid4878569 [Guam Sanko}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15352793\charrsid4878569 s] }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 land including the Property.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 
Finally, Noguchi stated that it was his opinion }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 that Kiyonaga would never have
 given any consent or permission to any person to lease or use any portion of [Guam Sanko}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 s] land including the Property without }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15352793\charrsid4878569 
a written agreement for that purpose, and Kiyonaga would never have allowed any person to lease or use [Guam Sanko}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15352793\charrsid4878569 s] land including the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2563724\charrsid4878569 P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15352793\charrsid4878569 roperty without }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 the payment of rent in cash or by check.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569  at 9-10.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569\charrsid4878569 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 [5]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 In addition, Guam Sanko filed a Declaration of Norio Nakajima (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 Nakajima}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 ).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 In the declaration, Nakajima stated that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 [s]ince the early 1980}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 s . . . [he] discussed with and heard from co-workers and other people on Guam about the character of [Kiyonaga].}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid11552320\charrsid4878569 RA, tab 66 at 8 (Decl. of Nakajima, Dec. 2, 2009).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 He stated that he had worked with Kiyonaga when they were members of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8787085\charrsid4878569 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 Japan Guam Travel Association.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 He stated that he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 heard from many people who worked closely with Kiyonaga on Guam, and [he] personally }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15556818\charrsid4878569 [knew]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 
, that Kiyonaga was a typical Japanese manager who diligently looked out for the best interest of [Guam Sanko], and who would require a written record whenever, at least, the operations of [Guam Sanko] would be or were affected.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 In addition, he stated that while he worked with Kiyonaga, he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 personally }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15556818\charrsid4878569 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 kn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8787085\charrsid4878569 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8787085\charrsid4878569 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 
 that Kiyonaga always required a written record of financial or significant transactions of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8787085\charrsid4878569 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 [Japan Guam Travel Association].}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 
Finally, he stated that it was his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 
opinion that Kiyonaga would never have given any consent or permission to any person to lease or use any portion of [Guam Sanko}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 s] land including the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8787085\charrsid4878569 P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 roperty }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8787085\charrsid4878569 . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 without the payment of rent in cash or by check.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8859483\charrsid4878569  at 8-9.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569\charrsid4878569 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 [6]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 Finally, Guam Sanko filed the Certificate of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9514429\charrsid4878569 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 Chief Planner of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9514429\charrsid4878569 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 Department of Land Management.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 Guam Sanko attached minutes of the regular meeting of the Development Review Committee on July 15, 1993.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 The minutes indicated that Landmark, a company acting on behalf of PMC, requested a zone change of their own property from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 Multi-Family Dwelling}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569  to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 Light Industrial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid11946676\charrsid4878569 RA, tab 72, Ex. A at 2-3 (Certificate Chief Planner, Dec. 2, 2009).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 When asked whether the sewer leading to Landmark}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 s property was privately owned, Roland Villaverde}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid13320286\charrsid4878569  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid13320286\charrsid4878569 Villaverde}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid13320286\charrsid4878569 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 , the Planning Director of Landmark, stated that the sew
er pipes went through the Property }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid11946676\charrsid4878569 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 
belonged to PMC, and that PMC would maintain the sewer lines on the Property because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 it was on their property and servicing their facilities.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 at 3.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569\charrsid4878569 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 [7]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 On remand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9116084\charrsid4878569  from PMC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9116084\charrsid4878569 s first appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 , PMC fi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9514429\charrsid4878569 led a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid262177\charrsid4878569 motion to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9514429\charrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 exclude }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9116084\charrsid4878569 Noguchi and Nakajima}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9116084\charrsid4878569 s declarations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 , arguing that the evidence would be improper character evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569\charrsid4878569 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 [8]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7885007\charrsid4878569 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 he trial court filed an order granting PMC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 s motion to exclude the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9116084\charrsid4878569 declarations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569  as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid14880856\charrsid4878569 they were}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9116084\charrsid4878569  offered for impermissible purposes.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9116084\charrsid4878569 The trial court found that the declarations could not be admitted as habit evidence because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 Guam S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2563724\charrsid4878569 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 nko failed to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 
establish a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8004284\charrsid4878569 ny}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569  foundation for any }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 habit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569  or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8004284\charrsid4878569 
routine }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 practice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '"}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569  in its }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8004284\charrsid4878569 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 pposition.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid11946676\charrsid4878569 
RA, tab 123 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid1051434\charrsid4878569 at 1-2 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid11946676\charrsid4878569 (Pretrial Order, Jan. 23}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid1051434\charrsid4878569 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid11946676\charrsid4878569  2013).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569\charrsid4878569 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 [9]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid1051434\charrsid4878569 During the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9116084\charrsid4878569 bench }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 trial, Guam Sanko moved to submit the Certificate of the Chief Planner into evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 PMC objected, arguing that it was irrelevant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 Guam Sanko argued that the evidence would show that an agent of PMC made representations that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9373491\charrsid4878569 
PMC }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 was the owner of the Property in 1993.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 The court excluded the evidence, finding that it was irrelevant because ownership of the property was not at issue.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569\charrsid4878569 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 [10]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 In its }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid933852\charrsid4878569 written }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 Findings of Facts and Conclusions of Law, the trial court found that Ichinose}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 s testimony showed that Ichinose and Kiyonaga were friends; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6946929\charrsid4878569 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 sometime between 1989 and 1990}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6946929\charrsid4878569 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569  Ichinose and Kiyonaga agreed that PMC could install water and sewer lines through the Property; and that Guam Sanko could use the lines at PMC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 s expense because Guam Sanko was moving its operations on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid933852\charrsid4878569 to the Property}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 The trial court found other}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid933852\charrsid4878569  circumstantial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 evidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid12479553\charrsid4878569 supporting PMC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid12479553\charrsid4878569 s defense}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 
First, the court found that on cross examination, a Guam Sanko witness stated that Kiyonaga was considering moving part of Guam Sanko}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 s operations onto the Property, which showed that there was incentive for Kiyonaga to allow installation of the lines, especially if PMC was willing to provide water to Guam Sanko for free.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 Second, the court found that installation of the wate
r and sewer lines was designed by Tan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid933852\charrsid4878569 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 
guchi, a member of the Japan Club with Kiyonaga and Ichinose, and that it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 strain}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4541108\charrsid4878569 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569  credibility, absent substantive evidence to th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid933852\charrsid4878569 e contrary, to believe that Tana}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 guchi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4541108\charrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid933852\charrsid4878569 [sic]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569  and Ichinose would cavalierly plan and make unauthorized entry onto Guam Sanko}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 s lot when they were socializing with Mr. Kiyonaga several times a month,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569  and that it was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 
more reasonable to believe that consent had been given.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid10039165\charrsid4878569 RA, tab 150 at 4 (Find}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4675633\charrsid4878569 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid10039165\charrsid4878569 . Fact & Conc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4675633\charrsid4878569 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid10039165\charrsid4878569 . Law, Oct. 2, 2013).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 Finally, the court found that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 the installation of water and sewer lines, by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4541108\charrsid4878569 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 very nature of the operation, cannot be done surreptitiously,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569  and it was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 
more reasonable to believe such a blatant operation was conducted with permission, rather than secretly.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 
The court concluded that there was no trespass because Guam Sanko, through Kiyonaga, consented to the installation of the pipes.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15538872\charrsid4878569 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 he trial court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid12479553\charrsid4878569 entered}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid14497308\charrsid4878569  j}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 udgment in favor of PMC.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569\charrsid4878569 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 [11]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569 Guam Sanko}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid12479553\charrsid4878569  timely}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956\charrsid4878569  filed its Notice of Appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16585956 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569\charrsid4878569 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7019858\charrsid4878569 II.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7019858\charrsid4878569 JURISDICTION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7019858 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569\charrsid4878569 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 [12]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7019858\charrsid4878569 This court has jurisdiction over this appeal pursuant to 48 U.S.C.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid481705\charrsid4878569 A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7019858\charrsid4878569  \'a7 1424-1(a)(2) (Westlaw through Pub. L. 113-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4541108\charrsid4878569 163 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7019858\charrsid4878569 (2014)) and 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 3107 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4675633\charrsid4878569 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7019858\charrsid4878569  3108(a) (2005).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7019858 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569\charrsid4878569 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7019858\charrsid4878569 III.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7019858\charrsid4878569 STANDARD OF REVIEW}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7019858 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569\charrsid4878569 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 [13]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8984513\charrsid4878569 This court reviews evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8984513\charrsid4878569 In re N.A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8984513\charrsid4878569 , 2001 Guam 7 \'b6 19.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid1978425\charrsid4878569 A trial court abuses its discretion when the decision is based upon an erroneous conclusion of law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid1978425\charrsid4878569 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7019858 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569\charrsid4878569 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 [14]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8984513\charrsid4878569 This court will not grant a new trial if it finds that the trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8984513\charrsid4878569 s error was harmless.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8984513\charrsid4878569 Guam R. Civ. P. 61.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16402873\charrsid4878569 The test for harmless error }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6774022\charrsid4878569 is whether it appears beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4675633\charrsid4878569 People }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6774022\charrsid4878569 
v. Perry}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6774022\charrsid4878569 , 2009 Guam 4 \'b6 35 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6774022\charrsid4878569 Neder v. United States}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6774022\charrsid4878569 , 527 U.S. 1, 15 (1999)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid12715816\charrsid4878569 A consideration in passing on a motion for new trial is whether the grounds offered suggest a substantial chance of reaching a different result in a new trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid12715816\charrsid4878569 Yang v. Hong}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid12715816\charrsid4878569 
, 1998 Guam 9 \'b6 12 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid12715816\charrsid4878569 Moylan v. Siciliano, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid12715816\charrsid4878569 
292 F.2d 704, 705 (9th Cir. 1961)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4548602\charrsid4878569 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid12715816\charrsid4878569 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8984513 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569\charrsid4878569 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7019858\charrsid4878569 IV.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4675633\charrsid4878569 ANALYSIS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7019858 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569\charrsid4878569 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 [15]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid1978425\charrsid4878569 On appeal, Guam Sanko argues that the trial court erred in exclud}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid12715816\charrsid4878569 ing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid1978425\charrsid4878569  Noguchi and Nakajima}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid1978425\charrsid4878569 s testimony as improper character evidence, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6946929\charrsid4878569 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid1978425\charrsid4878569 the trial court abused its discretion in excluding the Certificate of the Chief Planner of the Department of Land Management as irrelevant, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7146470\charrsid4878569 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid1978425\charrsid4878569 that this court should order a new trial based on the trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid1978425\charrsid4878569 s errors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid10039165\charrsid4878569 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid1978425\charrsid4878569 Appellant}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid1978425\charrsid4878569 s Br. at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid10039165\charrsid4878569 17-29}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid13793633\charrsid4878569  (Feb. 10, 2014)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid1978425\charrsid4878569 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6647963 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569\charrsid4878569 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1978425\charrsid4878569 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 A.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4878569\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid1978425\charrsid4878569 Whether the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid4675633\charrsid4878569 Tri}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid1978425\charrsid4878569 al }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid4675633\charrsid4878569 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid1978425\charrsid4878569 ourt }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid4675633\charrsid4878569 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid1978425\charrsid4878569 rred in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid4675633\charrsid4878569 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid1978425\charrsid4878569 xcluding Noguchi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid481705\charrsid4878569  and Nakajima}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid1978425\charrsid4878569 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid4675633\charrsid4878569 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid1978425\charrsid4878569 estimony }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid7885007\charrsid4878569 as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid4675633\charrsid4878569 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid1978425\charrsid4878569 mproper }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid4675633\charrsid4878569 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid1978425\charrsid4878569 haracter }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid4675633\charrsid4878569 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid1978425\charrsid4878569 vidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid6647963\charrsid4878569  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4878569\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid1978425\charrsid4878569 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4878569 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 [16]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid27702\charrsid4878569 Guam Sanko first argues that the trial court improperly excluded Noguchi and Nakajima}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid27702\charrsid4878569 s testimony as improper character evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7146470\charrsid4878569 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7146470\charrsid4878569 s Br. at 17.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid27702\charrsid4878569 Specifically, Guam Sanko argues that the trial court erred in excluding }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid12715816\charrsid4878569 their declarations}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid27702\charrsid4878569  that Kiyonaga:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid10039165\charrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid10039165 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid4878569 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569\charrsid4878569 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid10039165\charrsid4878569 a.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid10039165\charrsid4878569 \tab Diligently look[ed] out for the best interest of Guam Sanko;
\par b. \tab Requir[ed] a written record whenever the land, the operations, or significant affairs of Guam Sanko would be or were affected;
\par c.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid10039165\charrsid4878569 \tab 
Always requir[ed] a written agreement for any lease or use by any person of Guam Sanko}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid10039165\charrsid4878569 s land including the Property; and, 
\par d.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid10039165\charrsid4878569 \tab Always requir}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15822227\charrsid4878569 [ed]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid10039165\charrsid4878569  rent in cash or by check for the lease or use of Guam Sanko}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid10039165\charrsid4878569 s land including the Property.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid27702 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4878569 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569\charrsid4878569 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4878569 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7146470\charrsid4878569 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6427995\charrsid4878569 Instead, Guam Sanko argues that the testimony should have been}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid12715816\charrsid4878569  admitted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6427995\charrsid4878569  pursuant to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid1339198\charrsid4878569 Guam Rules of Evidence (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid1339198\charrsid4878569 GRE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid1339198\charrsid4878569 ) }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15822227\charrsid4878569 Rules }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6427995\charrsid4878569 404(b) and 406.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid27702 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569\charrsid4878569 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 [17]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6774022\charrsid4878569 Federal case law concerning the Federal Rules of Evidence (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6774022\charrsid4878569 FRE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6774022\charrsid4878569 
) is persuasive, given the similarities between the GRE and the FRE.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6774022\charrsid4878569 
People v. Roten}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6774022\charrsid4878569 , 2012 Guam 3 \'b6 16 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6774022\charrsid4878569 People v. Jesus}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6774022\charrsid4878569 , 2009 Guam 2 \'b6 32 n.8).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6774022 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid4878569 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569\charrsid4878569 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6774022\charrsid4878569 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid4878569\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid6774022\charrsid4878569 
GRE 404(b): Character Evidence for Other Purposes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid6774022 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid4878569\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid4878569\charrsid4878569 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4878569 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 [18]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid27702\charrsid4878569 Generally, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid27702\charrsid4878569 [e]vidence of a person}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid27702\charrsid4878569 s character }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4548602\charrsid4878569 or a trait of character }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid27702\charrsid4878569 is not admissible for the purpose of proving action in conformity therewith on a particular occasion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 " }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid1339198\charrsid4878569 GRE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid27702\charrsid4878569  404(a).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid27702\charrsid4878569 The circumstan
tial use of character evidence is generally discouraged because it carries serious risk of prejudice, confusion and delay.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid27702\charrsid4878569 See Michaelson v. United States}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid27702\charrsid4878569 , 335 U.S. 469, 476 (1948) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid27702\charrsid4878569 The overriding policy of excluding such evidence, despite its admitted pr
obative value, is the practical experience that its disallowance tends to prevent confusion of issues, unfair surpr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15880342\charrsid4878569 ise and undue prejudice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15880342\charrsid4878569 ); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15880342\charrsid4878569 
see also Cohn v. Papke}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15880342\charrsid4878569 , 655 F.2d 191, 194 (9th Cir. 1981) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15880342\charrsid4878569 Character evidence is of slight probative value and may be very prejudicial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15880342\charrsid4878569 It tends to distract the trier of fact from the main question of what actually happened on the particular occasion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15880342\charrsid4878569 It subtly permits the trier of fact to reward the good man and 
to punish the bad man because of their respective characters despite what the evidence in the case shows actually happened.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15880342\charrsid4878569 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid27702 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569\charrsid4878569 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 [19]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6427995\charrsid4878569 However, pursuant to GRE 404(b), evidence of character m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2245166\charrsid4878569 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6427995\charrsid4878569 y be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6427995\charrsid4878569 a
dmissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7885007\charrsid4878569 GRE 404(b).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid5834613 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569\charrsid4878569 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 [20]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid11732191\charrsid4878569 Here, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2436394\charrsid4878569 Guam Sanko argues that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid11732191\charrsid4878569  Noguchi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid481705\charrsid4878569  and Nakajima}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid11732191\charrsid4878569 s declarations were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2436394\charrsid4878569 not offered to show that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid11732191\charrsid4878569  Kiyonaga would have acted in conformity to his character trait}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid12715816\charrsid4878569 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid11732191\charrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6687665\charrsid4878569 but was offered for other purposes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid11732191\charrsid4878569 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2436394\charrsid4878569 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2436394\charrsid4878569 s Br. at 20-24.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid5983644\charrsid4878569 However, it is clear that t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6687665\charrsid4878569 he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid12715816\charrsid4878569 ir}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6687665\charrsid4878569  declarations that Kiyonaga }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6687665\charrsid4878569 
diligently look[ed] out for the best interest of Guam Sanko; requir[ed] a written record whenever the land, operations, or significant affairs of Guam Sanko would be or were affected; always requir[ed] a written agreement for any lease or use by any perso
n of Guam Sanko}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6687665\charrsid4878569 
s land including the Property; and requir[ed] rent in cash or by check for the lease or use of Guam Sanko}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6687665\charrsid4878569 s land including the Property,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6687665\charrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid5983644\charrsid4878569 were used to show that Kiyonaga acted in conformity to his character traits and did not }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid12715816\charrsid4878569 consent to the installation of the pipes through}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid5983644\charrsid4878569  an oral agreement.}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8858167\charrsid4878569 RA, tab 64 at 9-10 (Decl. of Noguchi); RA, tab 66 at 8-9 (Decl. of Nakajima).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid5983644\charrsid4878569 Guam Sanko offered the evidence that Kiyonaga diligently looked out for }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15538872\charrsid4878569 the best interest of Guam Sanko}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid5983644\charrsid4878569  to show that Kiyonaga
 would never have entered into the oral agreement because it would not have been in Guam Sanko}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid5983644\charrsid4878569 s best interest.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid5983644\charrsid4878569 
Guam Sanko offered the evidence that Kiyonaga always required a written record for Guam Sanko}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid5983644\charrsid4878569 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid5983644\charrsid4878569 
land, operations, or significant affairs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid5983644\charrsid4878569  and a
 written agreement for any lease or use of Guam Sanko}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid5983644\charrsid4878569 
s Property to show that Kiyonaga would have required a written record and would have never entered an oral agreement to allow the pipes to be installed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid5983644\charrsid4878569 Finally, Guam Sanko }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7031632\charrsid4878569 offered the evidence that Kiy
onaga required rent in cash or check for the lease or use of Guam Sanko}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7031632\charrsid4878569 
s Property to show that Kiyonaga would have required PMC to pay rent in order to install pipes on the Property.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7031632\charrsid4878569 Therefore, the trial court properly found that Noguchi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid481705\charrsid4878569  and Nakajima}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7031632\charrsid4878569 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid12715816\charrsid4878569 evidence was}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7031632\charrsid4878569  offered to show that Kiyonaga acted in conformity to his character traits}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8746383\charrsid4878569  and not for another purpose}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7031632\charrsid4878569 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid11732191 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569\charrsid4878569 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5913741\charrsid4878569 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4878569\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid5913741\charrsid4878569 GRE 406: Habit Evidence
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid5913741 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4878569\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid4878569\charrsid4878569 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4878569 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 [21]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8923038\charrsid4878569 In addition to arguing that Noguchi and Nakajima}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8923038\charrsid4878569 s declarations were admissible as character evidence for
 other purposes under 404(b), Guam Sanko asserts the declarations were admissible as evidence of habit or routine practice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8923038\charrsid4878569 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8923038\charrsid4878569 
s Br. at 18.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8923038\charrsid4878569 Pursuant to GRE 406, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8923038\charrsid4878569 [e]vidence of the habit of a person or of the routine practice of an organization, whet
her corroborated or not and regardless of the presence of eyewitnesses, is relevant to prove that the conduct of the person or organization on a particular occasion was in conformity with the habit or routine practice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8923038\charrsid4878569 GRE 406.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8923038 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569\charrsid4878569 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 [22]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8858167\charrsid4878569 FRE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8923038\charrsid4878569  406 clearly permi
ts the use of habit evidence to show that a person acted in conformity with that habit on a specific occasion, provided a sufficient foundation has been laid to establish the habit.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8923038\charrsid4878569 Fountain v. United States}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8923038\charrsid4878569 , 953 F. Supp. 836, 845 (E.D. Mich. 1996).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8923038\charrsid4878569 Although a precise formula cannot be proposed for determining when the behavior may become so consistent as to rise to the level of habit, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8923038\charrsid4878569 adequacy of sampling and uniformity of response}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8923038\charrsid4878569  are controlling considerations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 " }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8923038\charrsid4878569 Reyes v. M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid990276\charrsid4878569 o.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8923038\charrsid4878569  Pac. R.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15730516\charrsid4878569 R.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8923038\charrsid4878569  Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8923038\charrsid4878569 , 589 F.2d 791, 795 (5th Cir. 1979) (citations omitted); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8923038\charrsid4878569 see also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8923038\charrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8923038\charrsid4878569 Hajian v. Holy Family Hosp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8923038\charrsid4878569 , 652 N.E.2d 1132, 1140 (Ill. App. 1995) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8923038\charrsid4878569 
The party seeking admission of the habit evidence must first establish a proper foundation to show conduct that becomes semiautomatic, invariably regular and not merely a tendency to act in a given manner.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8923038\charrsid4878569 ); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8923038\charrsid4878569 
Grewe v. W. Washington Cnty. Unit Dist. No. 10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8923038\charrsid4878569 , 707 N.E.2d 739, 745 (Ill. App. 1999) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8923038\charrsid4878569 In order for habit evidence to be admitted, a party must lay an adequate foundat
ion to show that the habitual conduct has become semiautomatic and invariably regular.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8923038\charrsid4878569 If the testimony is too vague, general, and ambiguous to establish a habit, it should not be allowed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8923038\charrsid4878569 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8923038 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569\charrsid4878569 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 [23]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8483596\charrsid4878569 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid5913741\charrsid4878569 Here,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7031632\charrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid11564966\charrsid4878569 Guam Sanko failed to lay an adequate foundation showing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid12715816\charrsid4878569 
Guam Sanko conducted real estate transactions in a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid11564966\charrsid4878569  semiautomatic and invariably regular}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid12715816\charrsid4878569  manner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid11564966\charrsid4878569 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6126546\charrsid4878569 See Wilson v. Volkswagen of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15730516\charrsid4878569 Am.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6126546\charrsid4878569 , Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6126546\charrsid4878569 , 561 F.2d 494, 511}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9336374\charrsid4878569 -12}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6126546\charrsid4878569  (4th Cir. 1977) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6126546\charrsid4878569 It is only when }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9336374\charrsid4878569 
. . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6126546\charrsid4878569  examples offered to establish such pattern of conduct or habit are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2830717\charrsid4878569 numerous}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6126546\charrsid4878569  enough to base an inference of systematic conduct}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16351012\charrsid4878569  and to establish }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16351012\charrsid4878569 one}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16351012\charrsid4878569 s regular response to a repeated specific situation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16351012\charrsid4878569  . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9336374\charrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16351012\charrsid4878569 . that they are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2830717\charrsid4878569 admissible}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16351012\charrsid4878569  to establish pattern or habit.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9336374\charrsid4878569  . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9336374\charrsid4878569 [I]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16351012\charrsid4878569 
t is obvious that no finding is supportable under Rule 406 [], which fails to examine critically the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16351012\charrsid4878569 ratio of reactions to situations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '"}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16351012\charrsid4878569 ); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16351012\charrsid4878569 Strauss v. Douglas Aircraft Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16351012\charrsid4878569 , 404 F.2d 1152,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6126546\charrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16351012\charrsid4878569 1158 (2d Cir. 1968) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16351012\charrsid4878569 Evidence of specific examples of other negligent repairs might conceivably be relevant to show a party}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16351012\charrsid4878569 s habit or custom to abuse, but such occurrences must be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16351012\charrsid4878569 numerous enough to base an inference of systematic conduct.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '"}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16351012\charrsid4878569 ); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16351012\charrsid4878569 Poling v. Baltimore & O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15730516\charrsid4878569 hio }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16351012\charrsid4878569 R.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15730516\charrsid4878569 R.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16351012\charrsid4878569  Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16351012\charrsid4878569 , 166 F. Supp. 710, 717 (N.D.W.V. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2830717\charrsid4878569 1958) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2830717\charrsid4878569 
To establish a custom it is not enough to prove the act is frequently done; it must be both alleged and proved to be certain, general, uniform and recognized, and so notorious as to probably be known to all parties to be controlled by it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2830717\charrsid4878569 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2830717\charrsid4878569 Guam Sanko failed to provide examples of Kiyonaga}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2830717\charrsid4878569 s conduct or critically examine Kiyonaga}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2830717\charrsid4878569 s ratio of reactions to situations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2715040\charrsid4878569 Noguchi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid481705\charrsid4878569  and Nakajima}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2715040\charrsid4878569 s declaration}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6946929\charrsid4878569 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2715040\charrsid4878569  merely show a tendency for Kiyonaga to act in a certain manner and does not rise to the level of habit.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid5767389\charrsid4878569 Therefore, the declarations are not admissible as evidence of habit or routine practice pursuant to GRE 406.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7031632 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569\charrsid4878569 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1978425\charrsid4878569 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 B.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4878569\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid1978425\charrsid4878569 Whether the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid990276\charrsid4878569 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid1978425\charrsid4878569 rial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid990276\charrsid4878569 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid1978425\charrsid4878569 ourt }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid990276\charrsid4878569 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid1978425\charrsid4878569 rred in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid990276\charrsid4878569 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid1978425\charrsid4878569 xcluding the Development Review Committee Meeting }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid990276\charrsid4878569 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid1978425\charrsid4878569 inutes as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid990276\charrsid4878569 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid1978425\charrsid4878569 rrelevant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid6647963\charrsid4878569 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4878569 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6647963\charrsid4878569 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid12203772\charrsid4878569 [24]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid12203772\charrsid4878569 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid5767389\charrsid4878569 Next, Guam Sanko argues that the trial court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid5767389\charrsid4878569 erred by excluding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid3355318\charrsid4878569 , as irrelevant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid5767389\charrsid4878569  the Certificate of the Chief Planner of the Department of Land Manag}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid3355318\charrsid4878569 ement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid11536310\charrsid4878569 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid3355318\charrsid4878569 
Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid3355318\charrsid4878569 s Br. at 24-28.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid12656633 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569\charrsid4878569 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid12203772\charrsid4878569 [25]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid12203772\charrsid4878569 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2903869\charrsid4878569 
All relevant evidence is admissible, except as otherwise provided by the Constitution of the United States, by the Organic Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid12732266\charrsid4878569  of Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2903869\charrsid4878569 , by the laws of Guam, by these Rules or other rules prescribed by the Supreme Court of Guam pursuant to statutory authority.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2903869\charrsid4878569 Evidence which is not relevant is not admissible.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2903869\charrsid4878569 GRE 402.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2903869\charrsid4878569 Relevant evidence is defined as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2903869\charrsid4878569 evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2903869\charrsid4878569 GRE 401.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2903869\charrsid4878569 The Rule}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2903869\charrsid4878569 s basic standard of relevance is a liberal one.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2903869\charrsid4878569 Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2903869\charrsid4878569 , 509 U.S. 579, 587 (1993).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2903869\charrsid4878569 [E]vidence is admissible if it has a tendency to support a fact relevant to the issues if only in
 a slight degree.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2903869\charrsid4878569 Dilieto v. Cnty. Obstetrics & Gynecology Grp., P.C.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2903869\charrsid4878569 , 828 A.2d 31, 48 (Conn. 2003)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2629993\charrsid4878569  (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2629993\charrsid4878569 Burns v. Hanson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2629993\charrsid4878569 , 734 A.2d 964, 972 (Conn. 1999))}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2903869\charrsid4878569 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2903869 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569\charrsid4878569 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid12203772\charrsid4878569 [26]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid12203772\charrsid4878569 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2903869\charrsid4878569 Guam Sanko argues that Villaverde, acting as PMC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2903869\charrsid4878569 s agent, misrepresented to the Development Review Committee that the Property belonged to PMC because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2903869\charrsid4878569 
PMC knew that it did not have any consent from Guam Sanko to install the sewer or water lines beneath the Property, and, therefore, PMC could not ask a representative of Guam Sanko to attend the Committee hearing to consent to the zone change.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8746383\charrsid4878569 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8746383\charrsid4878569 s Br. at 26-27.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7146470\charrsid4878569 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9205350\charrsid4878569 he Development Review Committee Meeting minutes }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid677703\charrsid4878569 provide that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7146470\charrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9205350\charrsid4878569 Villaverde }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid677703\charrsid4878569 stated that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9205350\charrsid4878569  PMC owned Gua}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid677703\charrsid4878569 m Sanko}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 
'}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid677703\charrsid4878569 s Property.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid11998276\charrsid4878569 Although the meeting occurred three years after the pipes were installed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9010978\charrsid4878569 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid11998276\charrsid4878569 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid5913741\charrsid4878569 he minutes }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid11998276\charrsid4878569 of the meeting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid5913741\charrsid4878569 would support Guam Sanko}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid5913741\charrsid4878569 s theory that Villaverde misrepresented to the Development Review Committee that the Property }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid11998276\charrsid4878569 was owned by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid5913741\charrsid4878569 PMC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid11998276\charrsid4878569  and not Guam Sanko because PMC did not want a Guam Sanko representative to be present at the meeting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid5913741\charrsid4878569 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid5913741\charrsid4878569 
Therefore, given the liberal standard of relevance, the trial court abused its discretion in excluding the Development Review Committee Meeting minutes as irrelevant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid2903869 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569\charrsid4878569 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1978425\charrsid4878569 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 C.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4878569\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid1978425\charrsid4878569 Whether this }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid990276\charrsid4878569 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid1978425\charrsid4878569 ourt }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid990276\charrsid4878569 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid1978425\charrsid4878569 hould }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid990276\charrsid4878569 O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid1978425\charrsid4878569 rder a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid990276\charrsid4878569 N}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid1978425\charrsid4878569 ew }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid990276\charrsid4878569 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid1978425\charrsid4878569 rial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid6647963\charrsid4878569 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid6647963 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4878569\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid4878569\charrsid4878569 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4878569 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid12203772\charrsid4878569 [27]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid12203772\charrsid4878569 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid5913741\charrsid4878569 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9205350\charrsid4878569 his court will order a new trial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid990276\charrsid4878569 only }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9205350\charrsid4878569 if it affects the substantial rights of the parties}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid1059862\charrsid4878569 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8858167\charrsid4878569 GRCP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9205350\charrsid4878569  61.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9205350\charrsid4878569 
A consideration in passing on a motion for new trial is whether the grounds offered suggest a substantial chance of reaching a different result in a new trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9205350\charrsid4878569 Yang}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9205350\charrsid4878569 , 1998 Guam 9 \'b6 12 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9205350\charrsid4878569 Moylan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9205350\charrsid4878569 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9205350\charrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9205350\charrsid4878569 292 F.2d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid14756596\charrsid4878569 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9205350\charrsid4878569  705}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid14773263\charrsid4878569 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9205350\charrsid4878569 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9205350\charrsid4878569 This court has }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid332821\charrsid4878569 found that denial of a motion for new trial is proper where}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9205350\charrsid4878569  the evidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9205350\charrsid4878569 would not have made a difference in the trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9205350\charrsid4878569 s decision, thus not affecting the substantial rights of the parties.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9336374\charrsid4878569 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9205350\charrsid4878569 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid13458005 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569\charrsid4878569 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid12203772\charrsid4878569 [28]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid12203772\charrsid4878569 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9205350\charrsid4878569 Here, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid879150\charrsid4878569 the trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 
'}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9773693\charrsid4878569 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid879150\charrsid4878569  error}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6318548\charrsid4878569  in excluding the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9205350\charrsid4878569 
Development Review Committee Meeting minutes as irrelevant does not warrant a new trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9205350\charrsid4878569 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid14699713\charrsid4878569 minutes }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8265262\charrsid4878569 do not suggest a substantial chance that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid14699713\charrsid4878569  the trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8265262\charrsid4878569  would reach a different result in a new trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid14699713\charrsid4878569 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9205350\charrsid4878569 The trial court found that all the evidence support
ed a finding that Kiyonaga and Ichinose entered into an oral agreement to allow PMC to lay pipes on the Property.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid12215999\charrsid4878569 RA, tab 150 at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6946929\charrsid4878569 2-3, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid12215999\charrsid4878569 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid6705652\charrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid12215999\charrsid4878569 
(Find}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid990276\charrsid4878569 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid12215999\charrsid4878569 . Fact & Conc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8858167\charrsid4878569 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid12215999\charrsid4878569 . Law).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9205350\charrsid4878569 At trial, Ichinose testified that he had entered into an oral agreement with Kiyonaga to allow PMC to lay pipes on Guam Sanko}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9205350\charrsid4878569 s property.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8393501\charrsid4878569 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4851486\charrsid4878569 at 2.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9205350\charrsid4878569 The court found that Ichinose was a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9205350\charrsid4878569 credible witness with credible testimony on the issue.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15538872\charrsid4878569 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid15538872\charrsid4878569  at 3.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9205350\charrsid4878569 In ad
dition, the trial court found that the testimony was consistent with circumstantial evidence: (1) Ichinose}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9205350\charrsid4878569 s testimony that Kiyonaga was considering moving Guam Sanko}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9205350\charrsid4878569 s operations onto the lot was backed u}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid990276\charrsid4878569 p by another Guam Sanko witness;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9205350\charrsid4878569  (2) the architect 
who designed the water and sewer lines was a member of the Japan Club who played golf with Kiyonaga and Ichinose, and it was more reasonable to believe that he had consent to work on the property while he was socializing with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid990276\charrsid4878569 Kiyonaga multiple times a month;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9205350\charrsid4878569 
 and (3) the installation of water and sewer lines would be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9205350\charrsid4878569 open and notorious}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9205350\charrsid4878569  and more likely to be done with permission rather than secretly.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid14630632\charrsid4878569 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid14630632\charrsid4878569 
 at 3-4.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8265262 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16535205\charrsid4878569 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid12203772\charrsid4878569 [29]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid12203772\charrsid4878569 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9205350\charrsid4878569 Even if the trial court were to consider the Development Committee Meeting minutes in a new trial, it is unlikely the trial court would reach a different result.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid84991\charrsid4878569 Guam Sanko did not provide any }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid14630632\charrsid4878569 additional }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid84991\charrsid4878569 evidence to support its theory that Villaverde, acting as PMC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid84991\charrsid4878569 s agent, misrepresented to the Development Review Committee that the Property belonged to PMC because }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid84991\charrsid4878569 
PMC knew that it did not have any consent from Guam Sanko to install the sewer or water lines beneath the Property.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8858167\charrsid4878569 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8858167\charrsid4878569 
s Br. at 26-27.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8265262\charrsid4878569 
In addition, Villaverde was not an employee of PMC, but an employee of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid14828400\charrsid4878569 Landmark, which}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8265262\charrsid4878569  was acting on behalf of PMC.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4851486\charrsid4878569 RA, tab 72 at 3 (Certificate Chief Planner).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8265262\charrsid4878569 Guam Sanko}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid8265262\charrsid4878569 
s argument is unpersuasive and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid3173698\charrsid4878569 inclusion of the Development Committee Meeting minutes would unlikely lead to a different result in a new trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid3173698\charrsid4878569 Therefore, we find that a new trial is inappropriate.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid9205350 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16535205\charrsid4878569 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7019858\charrsid4878569 V.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7019858\charrsid4878569 CONCLUSION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid7019858 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1025\langnp2057\insrsid16535205\charrsid4878569 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4878569\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid12203772\charrsid4878569 [30]}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid12203772\charrsid4878569 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid7019858\charrsid4878569 We find that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid3173698\charrsid4878569 trial court did not err in excluding Noguchi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid481705\charrsid4878569  and Nakajima}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid3173698\charrsid4878569 s declarations as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid14880856\charrsid4878569 either }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid3173698\charrsid4878569 improper character evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid14880856\charrsid4878569  or habit evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid7019858\charrsid4878569 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid9249304\charrsid4878569 In addition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid6318548\charrsid4878569 , we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid3173698\charrsid4878569  find that the trial court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid879150\charrsid4878569 erred}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid3173698\charrsid4878569 
 in excluding the Development Review Committee Meeting minutes as irrelevant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid3173698\charrsid4878569 However, we find that a new trial is inappropriate because there is not a substantial chance of reaching a different result with the inclusion of the minutes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid12543640\charrsid4878569  in evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid3173698\charrsid4878569 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid7019858\charrsid4878569 Therefore, we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid3173698\charrsid4878569 AFFIRM}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid7019858\charrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid3173698\charrsid4878569 the trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid4878569 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid3173698\charrsid4878569 s judgment in favor of PMC.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid4878569  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid5913741\charrsid4878569 Since we affirm the trial court, w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid4851486\charrsid4878569 
e need not address whether to assign a new trial judge. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid4286008\charrsid4878569 
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