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{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
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{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}
{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}
{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
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{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}
{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}}
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\up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi6184\li296\jclisttab\tx296\lin296 }{\listname ;}\listid1}{\list\listtemplateid-1991317387{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \s18\fi720\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi1440\li360\jclisttab\tx360\lin360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi2224\li296\jclisttab\tx296\lin296 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi2880\li360\jclisttab\tx360\lin360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi3600\li360\jclisttab\tx360\lin360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi4384\li296\jclisttab\tx296\lin296 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi5040\li360\jclisttab\tx360\lin360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi5760\li360\jclisttab\tx360\lin360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi6544\li296\jclisttab\tx296\lin296 }{\listname ;}\listid3}{\list\listtemplateid-1991317386{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \s18\fi720\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi1440\li360\jclisttab\tx360\lin360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0
\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi2224\li296\jclisttab\tx296\lin296 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi2880\li360\jclisttab\tx360\lin360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi3600\li360\jclisttab\tx360\lin360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi4384\li296\jclisttab\tx296\lin296 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi5040\li360\jclisttab\tx360\lin360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi5760\li360\jclisttab\tx360\lin360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi6544\li296\jclisttab\tx296\lin296 }{\listname ;}\listid4}{\list\listtemplateid-1991317385{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \s19\fi1440\li540\jclisttab\tx540\lin540 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi2160\li360\jclisttab\tx360\lin360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi2944\li296\jclisttab\tx296\lin296 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0
\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi3600\li360\jclisttab\tx360\lin360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi4320\li360\jclisttab\tx360\lin360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi5104\li296\jclisttab\tx296\lin296 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi5760\li360\jclisttab\tx360\lin360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi6480\li360\jclisttab\tx360\lin360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi7264\li296\jclisttab\tx296\lin296 }{\listname ;}\listid5}{\list\listtemplateid-1991317383{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \s20\fi720\li432\jclisttab\tx432\lin432 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi1440\li360\jclisttab\tx360\lin360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0
\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi2224\li296\jclisttab\tx296\lin296 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi2880\li360\jclisttab\tx360\lin360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi3600\li360\jclisttab\tx360\lin360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi4384\li296\jclisttab\tx296\lin296 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi5040\li360\jclisttab\tx360\lin360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi5760\li360\jclisttab\tx360\lin360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi6544\li296\jclisttab\tx296\lin296 }{\listname ;}\listid7}{\list\listtemplateid-1991317382{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\strike0\outl0\scaps0\caps0\fs20\ulnone\cf1\up0\nosupersub\kerning0\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\striked0\fbias0\ulc1\hres0\chhres0 \s21
\fi720\li360\jclisttab\tx360\lin360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b0\i0\strike0\outl0\scaps0\caps0\fs20\ulnone\cf1\up0\nosupersub\kerning0\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\striked0\fbias0\ulc1\hres0\chhres0 \fi1440\li360\jclisttab\tx360\lin360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\strike0\outl0\scaps0\caps0\fs20\ulnone\cf1\up0\nosupersub\kerning0\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\striked0\fbias0\ulc1\hres0\chhres0 \fi2224\li296
\jclisttab\tx296\lin296 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b0\i0\strike0\outl0\scaps0\caps0\fs20\ulnone\cf1\up0\nosupersub\kerning0\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\striked0\fbias0\ulc1\hres0\chhres0 \fi2880\li360\jclisttab\tx360\lin360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\strike0\outl0\scaps0\caps0\fs20\ulnone\cf1\up0\nosupersub\kerning0\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\striked0\fbias0\ulc1\hres0\chhres0 \fi3600\li360
\jclisttab\tx360\lin360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b0\i0\strike0\outl0\scaps0\caps0\fs20\ulnone\cf1\up0\nosupersub\kerning0\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\striked0\fbias0\ulc1\hres0\chhres0 \fi4384\li296\jclisttab\tx296\lin296 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\strike0\outl0\scaps0\caps0\fs20\ulnone\cf1\up0\nosupersub\kerning0\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\striked0\fbias0\ulc1\hres0\chhres0 \fi5040\li360
\jclisttab\tx360\lin360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b0\i0\strike0\outl0\scaps0\caps0\fs20\ulnone\cf1\up0\nosupersub\kerning0\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\striked0\fbias0\ulc1\hres0\chhres0 \fi5760\li360\jclisttab\tx360\lin360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\strike0\outl0\scaps0\caps0\fs20\ulnone\cf1\up0\nosupersub\kerning0\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\striked0\fbias0\ulc1\hres0\chhres0 \fi6544\li296
\jclisttab\tx296\lin296 }{\listname ;}\listid8}{\list\listtemplateid-1991317381{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \s20\fi720\li432\jclisttab\tx432\lin432 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi1440\li360\jclisttab\tx360\lin360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi2224\li296\jclisttab\tx296\lin296 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi2880\li360\jclisttab\tx360\lin360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi3600\li360\jclisttab\tx360\lin360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi4384\li296\jclisttab\tx296\lin296 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi5040\li360\jclisttab\tx360\lin360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi5760\li360\jclisttab\tx360\lin360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\up0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi6544\li296\jclisttab\tx296\lin296 }{\listname ;}\listid9}{\list\listtemplateid1959535820\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid577416542\'03(\'00);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1800\lin1800 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2520\lin2520 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li3240\lin3240 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3960\lin3960 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4680\lin4680 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li5400\lin5400 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6120\lin6120 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6840\lin6840 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li7560\lin7560 }{\listname ;}\listid12654843}{\list\listtemplateid663522006\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc3\levelnfcn3\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat2\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid1593898064\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-720\li720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2
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\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5842624 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
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\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 PEOPLE OF GUAM,
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Plaintiff-Appellee,
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12656107\charrsid5056287 v.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 DOMINIC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid13061709\charrsid14114545 K}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  L. FELDER}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 ,Defendant-Appellant.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Supreme Court Case No. CRA11-002
\par Superior Court Case No. CF0081-08
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 OPINION
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14812418\charrsid14114545 Filed:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14812418\charrsid14114545 June 29, 2012
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Cite as:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 201}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9249271\charrsid14114545 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  Guam }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13056332\charrsid14114545 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
\par Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam
\par Argued and submitted August 25, 2011
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam
\par 
\par 
\par \ltrrow}\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid12277741\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15080186\charrsid14114545 
Appearing for Plaintiff-Appellee:
\par Marianne Woloschuk, Esq.
\par Assistant Attorney General
\par Office of the Attorney General
\par Prosecution Division
\par 287 W O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15080186\charrsid14114545 Brien Dr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15080186\charrsid14114545 
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910\cell Appearing for Defendant-Appellant:
\par F. Randall Cunliffe, Esq.
\par Cunliffe & Cook
\par A Professional Corporation
\par 210 Archbishop Flores St.
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910
\par \cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15080186\charrsid14114545 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow
\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid12277741\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb
\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
\par 
\par BEFORE: F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Chief Justice; ROBERT J. TORRES, Associate Justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9249271\charrsid14114545 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  KATHERINE A. MARAMAN, Associate Justice.

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid817980\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5581002\charrsid14114545 MARAMAN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 , J.:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12656107 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6637856\charrsid14114545 [1]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7036658\charrsid14114545 Defendant-Appellant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Dominic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9056606\charrsid14114545 k}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  L. Felder was indicted for first degree criminal sexual conduct (}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 CSC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 After the gathering of evidence and before the jury reached its verdict, Felder }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7540952\charrsid14114545 acquiesced 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 to the trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 s issuance of a 
second degree CSC instruction to the jury.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Felder was subsequently found guilty of second degree CSC and sentenced to }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3504226\charrsid14114545 twenty }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 years in prison.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6637856\charrsid14114545 [2]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 s failure to object to the jury instruction subjects the jury instruction to plain error review}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9249271\charrsid14114545 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  and Felder has not met his burden to show how the error below needs to be reversed in order to prevent a miscarriage of justice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6779778\charrsid14114545 Additionally, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 the Superior Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6779778\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3342748\charrsid14114545 did not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  sentence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6779778\charrsid14114545 Felder }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
as a first offender }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3342748\charrsid14114545 because it found that he was not a first offender.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3342748\charrsid14114545 We find that t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6779778\charrsid14114545 he court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6779778\charrsid14114545 
s sentencing decision was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9534222\charrsid14114545 not based }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6779778\charrsid14114545 on an erroneous view of the law or on a clearly erron}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9534222\charrsid14114545 eous assessment of the evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 As a result, we affirm his conviction and 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14362272\charrsid14114545 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 year sentence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 I.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6637856\charrsid14114545 [3]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 G.K.H.H. (DOB 02/21/1995) was 12 years old in February 2008.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 At }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9534222\charrsid14114545 Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9534222\charrsid14114545 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
trial, G.K.H.H. testified that on the night of February 11, 2008, while her mother was sleeping, Tokiou Andon called her from Dominic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9056606\charrsid14114545 k}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 s cell phone and told her to come outside.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 When G.K.H.H. came outside, Andon told her to get in Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 s car.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 G.K.H.H. hopped in the back seat next to Andon.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 G.K.H.H. testified that when she got in the car, she did not know where they were going.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 They ultimately ended up at Hotel Ypao in Tamuning.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid7557293 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s25\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid13516546 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 A\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
lthough Felder refused to put his name or car license plate number on the registration form, upon request, Felder wrote \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Lion Felder\'94\loch\f0 
 as his name.  At trial, the attendant who received his registration materials also identified Felder\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s car and license pl\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 te.  Tr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  vol. 2 at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
26 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546\charrsid2449448 (Cont. Jury Trial, Oct. 16, 2009)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546 

\par }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Andon testified that once in the hotel he went back out to the car to fetch condoms after Felder }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14362272\charrsid14114545 asked }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 him to do so.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 G.K.H.H. testified that at the hotel, Felder }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7540952\charrsid14114545 aka }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7540952\charrsid14114545 Boss}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7540952\charrsid14114545  penetrated her vagina with his penis and then Tokio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11369229\charrsid14114545 u}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7540952\charrsid14114545  Andon did }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7540952\charrsid14114545 the same thing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7540952\charrsid14114545  Tr., vol}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13126481\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7540952\charrsid14114545  1 at }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10047003\charrsid14114545 80}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7036658\charrsid14114545 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10047003\charrsid14114545 83 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4528036\charrsid14114545 (Jury Trial, Oct. 15, 2009)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7036658\charrsid14114545 ; Tr.,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7540952\charrsid14114545  vol. 3 at 25}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4528036\charrsid14114545  (Cont. Jury Trial, Oct. 19, 2009)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7036658\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6637856\charrsid14114545 [4]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 The next morning, G.K.H.H. reported to her school counselor }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7540952\charrsid14114545 what}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  Felder and Andon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7540952\charrsid14114545  did to her the night before.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15884312\charrsid14114545 Accompanied by her mother, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 G.K.H.H. filed a po
lice report and afterwards went to the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, Healing Hearts Crisis Center, where }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15884312\charrsid14114545 G.K.H.H}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3430665\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 underwent an acute examination for sexual assault.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6637856\charrsid14114545 [5]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14362272\charrsid14114545 The grand jury returned an indictment charging Felder with first de
gree CSC.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14362272\charrsid14114545 At trial, before instructing the jury, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
the trial court went through each jury instruction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14362272\charrsid14114545  with the parties}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14362272\charrsid14114545 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 asked Felder for his response to the inclusion of a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14362272\charrsid14114545 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  instruction for second degree CSC.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Even though Felder was only indicted on first d
egree CSC, he did not object to the giving of an instruction }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14362272\charrsid14114545 on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
second degree CSC as a lesser included offense of first degree CSC.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 In response to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14362272\charrsid14114545 trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14362272\charrsid14114545 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
inquiry, Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 s counsel stated, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6621508\charrsid14114545 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 he Supreme Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14362272\charrsid14114545 [of Guam] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 has said in four or five cases }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13965819\charrsid14114545 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13965819\charrsid14114545 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  it is a lesser included offense.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10356649\charrsid14114545 Tr., vol. 3 at 112 (Cont. Jury Trial, Oct. 19, 2009).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
The instruction that second degree CSC was a lesser included offense }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid666331\charrsid14114545 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 first degree CSC was then given to the jury.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6637856\charrsid14114545 [6]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 The jury }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7540952\charrsid14114545 acquitted Felder of first degree CSC but }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 convicted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7540952\charrsid14114545  him}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  of second degree CSC, a felony of the first degree.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
The trial court subsequently sentenced Felder to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3824422\charrsid14114545 twenty }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 years of incarceration.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Felder now appeals }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9534222\charrsid14114545 both }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
the conviction on the basis of improper jury instructions and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9534222\charrsid14114545 the trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9534222\charrsid14114545 s decision to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 sentenc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9534222\charrsid14114545 e him to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3824422\charrsid14114545 twenty }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9534222\charrsid14114545 years of incarceration.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 II.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 JURISDICTION
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6637856\charrsid14114545 [7]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 This court has jurisdiction over appeals from}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3824422\charrsid14114545  a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  final judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8527096\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 1424-1(a)(2) (Westlaw through Pub. L. 112-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6822515\charrsid14114545 104 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 (201}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8527096\charrsid14114545 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 )); 7 GCA \'a7\'a7
 3107}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6621508\charrsid14114545 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3824422\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 3108(a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid666331\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 (2005).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid666331\charrsid14114545 III.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid666331\charrsid14114545 STANDARD OF REVIEW
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6637856\charrsid14114545 [8]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Jury instructions are reviewed for plain error when no objection }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8527096\charrsid14114545 to the instructions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 was made at trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid7557293 People v. Perry}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 , 2009 Guam 4 \'b6 9.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15884312\charrsid14114545 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9467724\charrsid14114545 hen the defendant fails to object to a jury instruction giving rise to a constructive amendment, we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15884312\charrsid14114545 also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9467724\charrsid14114545 review for plain error.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10552864\charrsid14114545 8 GCA \'a7\'a7 90.19(c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6621508\charrsid14114545 ),}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3824422\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10552864\charrsid14114545 
130.50(b) (2005).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10552864 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6637856\charrsid14114545 {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b1281}{\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b1282}{\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b1285}{\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b1286}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b1281}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b1282}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b1285}
{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b1286}[9]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15957332\charrsid14114545 Issues of statutory interpretation are reviewed de novo.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15957332\charrsid7557293 People v. Manley}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15957332\charrsid14114545 , 2010 Guam 15 \'b6 12.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9534222\charrsid14114545 The trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9534222\charrsid14114545 
s imposition of a sentence is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9534222\charrsid7557293 People v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid666331\charrsid7557293 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9534222\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9534222\charrsid7557293 Diaz}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3819781\charrsid7557293 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9534222\charrsid14114545  2007 Guam 3 \'b6 10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10174162\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 IV.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 ANALYSIS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12656107 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7557293 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12537322\charrsid14114545 A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Whether the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15423317\charrsid14114545 G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 iving of a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid14253311\charrsid14114545  Lesser}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15423317\charrsid14114545 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 ncluded }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15423317\charrsid14114545 O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 ffense }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15423317\charrsid14114545 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 harge of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15423317\charrsid14114545 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 econd }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15423317\charrsid14114545 D}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 egree CSC }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15423317\charrsid14114545 Warrants Reversal of Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15423317\charrsid14114545 s Conviction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6637856\charrsid14114545 [10]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Felder argues that the giving of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14253311\charrsid14114545  lesser}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  included offense charge of second degree CSC is reversible error and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6621508\charrsid14114545 that }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 it is not necessary to object to the instruction to have this appeal be subject to a standard other than plain error review.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 s Br. at 5-7 (May 27, 2011).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 He asserts that the trial court was required to give the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14253311\charrsid14114545  lesser}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  included offense instruction because the Supreme Court in four or five cases stated that second degree CSC is a lesser included offense }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3108836\charrsid14114545 
of first degree CSC }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 and there was a rational basis to support the giving of the instruction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Tr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3108836\charrsid14114545 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  vol. 3 at 112}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5852109\charrsid14114545 
 (Cont. Jury Trial, Oct. 19, 2009)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
Substantiating this point, Felder cites to case law from the Appellate Division of the District Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3108836\charrsid14114545 of Guam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
that held that second degree CSC was an included offense of first degree CSC.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 s Br. at 5 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3108836\charrsid14114545 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 citing }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid13452149 People v. Lastimoza}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3108836\charrsid14114545 No. 82-0017A, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 1983 WL 29940 (D.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3108836\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Guam App. Div.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4350468\charrsid14114545 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3108836\charrsid14114545 Aug. 16, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 1983)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3108836\charrsid14114545 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9534222\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 now believes, however, that this court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 s holdings in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid13452149 People v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid15273504\charrsid13452149 Cummins}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15273504\charrsid14114545 , 2010 Guam 19,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid12656107\charrsid13452149 People v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15273504\charrsid13452149 Songeni}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15273504\charrsid14114545 
2010 Guam 20, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 that second degree CSC is not an included offense of first degree CSC, compels this court to reverse Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 s conviction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid13452149 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s25\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13452149 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs27\super\insrsid13516546 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546  The opinions in both }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546 Cummins}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid13516546 Songeni}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546  were issued after Felder was convicted.
\par }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11238079\charrsid14114545 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11238079\charrsid14114545 s Br. at 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16267090\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
He argues that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10315264\charrsid14114545 because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 he was only indicted for first degree CSC, a conviction for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10300814\charrsid14114545 second degree CSC\emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 a crime not charged in the indictment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10300814\charrsid14114545 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 constitutes a constructive amendment to the indictment, which is reversible error violating both the Fifth and Sixth Amendment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10315264\charrsid14114545 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10300814\charrsid14114545 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 the Constitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 s Br. at 7-8.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6637856\charrsid14114545 [11]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
Although Felder was not indicted on second degree CSC charges, the People argue that it is within the power of the court to amend an indictment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 if }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4350468\charrsid14114545 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4350468\charrsid14114545 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  substantial rights of the defendant are not prejudiced.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Appellee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 s Br. at 4 (June }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4350468\charrsid14114545 
28}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 , 2011) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid750408\charrsid14114545 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 citing 8 GCA \'a7 55.20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid750408\charrsid14114545  (2005))}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
The People also request this court to take judicial notice of the fact that although second degree CSC is not a lesser included offense}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid750408\charrsid14114545  of first degree CSC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 , it is a lesser }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid13452149 related}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  offense }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1857862\charrsid14114545 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 which defendants sometimes plead guilty in order to take advantage of the lower }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1857862\charrsid14114545 
sentencing range}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11403315\charrsid14114545 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid11403315\charrsid13452149 id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11403315\charrsid14114545 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 at 5.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Lastly, the People argue that Felder took the risk of requesting the second degree CSC instruction in order to take advantage of the lower sentenc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1857862\charrsid14114545 ing range}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 , and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1857862\charrsid14114545 that he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
is now appealing because he did not anticipate the trial court sentencing him at the maximum end of the range}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid13452149 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14114545\charrsid13452149  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11753517\charrsid13452149 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11753517\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 at 6-7.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6637856\charrsid14114545 [12]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 We must initially address whether Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 s failure to object to the jury instruction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid13452149 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13452149 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs27\super\insrsid13516546 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Felder never denied that he failed to object to the instruction.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546\charrsid8679164 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  Appellant\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Br. at 4.  He also admitted t\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  not objecting at oral argument:  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-1620\li2340\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin720\lin2340\itap0\pararsid13452149 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Justice Torres:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 But you don
\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 t disagree that you did not object to the inclusion of Second Degree CSC as a lesser included}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\tx2340\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid13452149 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Felder\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Counsel:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 I did n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ot object . . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13452149 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Digital Recording at 10:20:17-10:20:25 (Oral Argument\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , Aug. 25, 2011).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546 
\par }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  subjects it to plain error review or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1857862\charrsid14114545 rather, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
as Felder argues, reversible error}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1857862\charrsid14114545  review}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\tx540\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13452149 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid811072\charrsid14114545 1.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
s failure to object to the jury instruction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6629220\charrsid14114545  subjects the instruction to plain error review}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6903125\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6637856\charrsid14114545 [13]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5401573\charrsid14114545 Title 8 GCA \'a7 90.19}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7240358\charrsid14114545 (c)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5401573\charrsid14114545  provides that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5401573\charrsid14114545 
no party may assign as error any portion of an instruction or omission therefrom unless he objects thereto stating distinctly the matter to which he objects and the grounds of his objection.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4793163\charrsid14114545 8 GCA \'a7 90.19}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15881611\charrsid14114545 (c)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4793163\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1521382\charrsid14114545 However, on appeal, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1521382\charrsid14114545 [p]lain errors or defects affecting substantial rights may be noticed although they were not brought to the attention of the [trial] court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1521382\charrsid14114545 8 GCA \'a7 130.50}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15881611\charrsid14114545 (b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1521382\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid13452149 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid13516546 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13516546\charrsid15810405 Title 8 GCA \'a7 130.50 is derived from Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure Rule 52(b), which provides th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 at \'93[a]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid13516546\charrsid15810405  plain error that affects substantial rights may be considered even though it was not brought to the court's attention.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13516546 \'94  Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b); }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\insrsid13516546 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13516546 8 GCA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 \'a7 130.50}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid13516546 
.  Thus, federal court interpretation of Rule 52(b) is persuasive authority.
\par }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1521382 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6637856\charrsid14114545 [14]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15881611\charrsid14114545 Notwithstanding sections 90.19 and 130.50, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Felder argues that the need for a contemporaneous objection }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8150431\charrsid14114545 to a jury instruction }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 is not necessary when there is a solid wall of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6305838\charrsid14114545 binding }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
authority that forecloses the trial court from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8150431\charrsid14114545 correcting an error in light of the objection}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 s Br. at 6.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3278943\charrsid14114545 When such authority exists}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 , he argues, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 it is not necessary for an objection to be made to have the court decide the issue under a standard other than plain error.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid13452149 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15354359\charrsid14114545 6-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 7.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
Here, Felder cites to three cases to support his argument that the standard of review is reversible error }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3278943\charrsid14114545 rather than}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
 plain error: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid674503\charrsid13452149 United States}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid13452149  v. Scott}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
, 425 F.2d 55 (9th Cir. 19}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid674503\charrsid14114545 70}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14569974\charrsid14114545 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid14569974\charrsid13452149 overruled by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14569974\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1514031\charrsid13452149 United States v. Keys}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1514031\charrsid14114545 , 133 F.3d 1282, 1287 (9th Cir. 1998)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid13452149 Guam v. Yang}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 , 850 F.2d 507 (9th Cir. 1988); and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid13452149 Guam v. Ibanez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 , 880 F.2d 108 (9th Cir. 1989).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12454089\charrsid14114545 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6621508\charrsid14114545 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6621508\charrsid14114545 s Br.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12454089\charrsid14114545  at 6.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6637856\charrsid14114545 [15]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid4992244 
Scott}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 , appellant Scott argued that the inclusion of a jury instruction that was recently found unconstitutional compelled reversal of his conviction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8265127\charrsid4992244 Scott,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8265127\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8455935\charrsid14114545 425 F.2d at 57.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 In response, the Ninth Circuit stated that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 [t]he general rule is that a claim of error in a jury instruction is waived, unless the defendant excepts to the instruction before the jury retires to consider its verdict.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 
"}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14114545\charrsid4992244  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8455935\charrsid4992244 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8455935\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1654733\charrsid14114545 (citing Fed. R. Crim. P. 30; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1654733\charrsid4992244 Lopez v. United States}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1654733\charrsid14114545 , 373 U.S. 427 (1963))}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5713780\charrsid14114545 
The court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 added, however}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9062965\charrsid14114545 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4992244 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3629133\charrsid14114545 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
t the time of Scott}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 s trial, there was a solid wall of circuit }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8455935\charrsid14114545 court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 authority, including our own, sustaining the presumption against constitutional attack.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 An exception would not have produced any results in the trial court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
Under these circumstances were we to insist that an exception be taken to save the point for appeal, the unhappy result would be that we would encourage defense counsel to burden district courts with repeated assaults on then set
tled principles out of hope that those principles will be later overturned, or out of fear that failure to object might subject counsel to a later charge of incompetency.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 We conclude that Scott}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 s failure to except did not waive the point on appeal.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid4992244 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 . at 57-58 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3629133\charrsid14114545 internal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 citations omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Therefore, the Ninth }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8455935\charrsid14114545 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 ircuit created an exception to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11822629\charrsid14114545 the provision in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1654733\charrsid14114545 Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure Rule 30 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 that failure to object to a jury instruction served as a waiver}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid12656107\charrsid4992244 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14114545\charrsid4992244  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11822629\charrsid4992244 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11822629\charrsid14114545 
 Fed. R. Crim. P. 30.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8150431\charrsid14114545 The court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5379754\charrsid14114545 essentially }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 held that where there is a solid wall of circuit authority}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5379754\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2895408\charrsid14114545 
endorsing a jury instruction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5379754\charrsid14114545 , failure to object to the instruction would not waive the point on appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6305838 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6637856\charrsid14114545 [16]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid4992244 
Yang}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 , the Ninth }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14290946\charrsid14114545 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 ircuit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14290946\charrsid14114545 , applying the Scott exception,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  reviewed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14290946\charrsid14114545 an unobjected-to jury }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 instruction for reversible error}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11231737\charrsid14114545 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14290946\charrsid14114545 rather than}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6305838\charrsid14114545  for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  plain error}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11231737\charrsid14114545 
,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14290946\charrsid14114545  because an objection to the instruction would have been futile given the Ninth Circuit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14290946\charrsid14114545 s affirmance of the same instruction in an earlier unpublished case and the trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14290946\charrsid14114545 
s erroneous practice of relying on the Ninth Circuit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14290946\charrsid14114545 s unpublished decisions as binding precedent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11822629\charrsid14114545 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11231737\charrsid4992244 Yang}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11231737\charrsid14114545 , 850 F.2d at 512 n.8.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8010679\charrsid14114545 For the same reasons, the Ninth Circuit 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6305838\charrsid14114545 also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8010679\charrsid14114545 applied the Scott exception in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8010679\charrsid4992244 Ibanez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8010679\charrsid14114545  and reviewed the jury instruction at issue in that case for reversible error, rather than for plain error.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5728040\charrsid14114545 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6305838\charrsid4992244 Ibanez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6305838\charrsid14114545 , 880 F.2d at 111-12.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6637856\charrsid14114545 [17]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10292804\charrsid14114545 Although u}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4327421\charrsid14114545 nder the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4327421\charrsid4992244 Scott}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4327421\charrsid14114545  exception we would review the jury instruction in the i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10292804\charrsid14114545 nstant case for reversible error}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9002330\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4327421\charrsid14114545 because the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12995260\charrsid14114545 existing precedent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4327421\charrsid14114545  at the time of Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4327421\charrsid14114545 s trial required the trial court to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12995260\charrsid14114545 give the instruction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10292804\charrsid14114545 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid2440016\charrsid4992244 see, e.g., Lastimoza}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2440016\charrsid14114545 , 1983 WL 29940, at *1-*2,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid4992244 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s25\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid13516546 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546\charrsid2449448 See also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546 Angoco v. Bitanga}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 , 2001 Guam 17 \'b6 21 (holding that \'93trial courts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546 must}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 
 issue lesser-included offense instructions if there is a rational basis for such as shown by substantial evidence, without regard to whether such instructions were requested or objected to by the parties\'94 (emphasis added)); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546 accord}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546  8 GCA \'a7 90.27 (2005).
\par 
\par }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2440016\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4603023\charrsid4992244 Scott}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12995260\charrsid4992244  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603023\charrsid14114545 is no longer good law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603023\charrsid14114545 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8150431\charrsid14114545 
1998}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8926599\charrsid14114545 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14110299\charrsid14114545 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9836131\charrsid14114545 n reman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10292804\charrsid14114545 d from the U}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1514031\charrsid14114545 nited States}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10292804\charrsid14114545  Supreme Court,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9836131\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10292804\charrsid14114545 see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9836131\charrsid4992244 United States v. Keys}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9836131\charrsid14114545 
, 520 U.S. 1226 (1997), t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13123563\charrsid14114545 he Ninth Circuit, applying the Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13123563\charrsid14114545 s holding in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13123563\charrsid4992244 Johnson v.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13123563\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13123563\charrsid4992244 
United States}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13123563\charrsid14114545 , 520 U.S. 461 (1997),}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid4992244 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s25\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid13516546 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 Johnson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 , the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 Supreme Court affirmed the Eleventh Circuit\rquote s decision to review an unobjected}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 -to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271  jur}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 y instruction for plain error, despite the fact that the trial court\rquote s ruling on the instruction was plainly supported by existing precedent.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 Johnson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 , 520 U.S. at 464-68}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 
\par }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13123563\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14110299\charrsid14114545 explicitly overruled both }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14110299\charrsid4992244 Scott}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14110299\charrsid14114545  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14110299\charrsid4992244 Yang }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14110299\charrsid14114545 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 held that the plain error standard applies to unobjected}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4483603\charrsid14114545 -to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
 jury instructions regardless of whether there }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13175862\charrsid14114545 are}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  solid wall}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13175862\charrsid14114545 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  of authority endorsing such instruction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13175862\charrsid14114545 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid4992244 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid13516546 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546 
Keys}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546  did not explicitly overrule }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546 Ibanez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 .  However, because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546 
Ibanez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546  relied on the reversed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546 Scott}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546 Yang}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546  holdings, it was effectively overruled by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546 Keys}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546\charrsid9518200  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546  See Keys}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 , 133 F.3d 1282; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546\charrsid9518200 Ibanez}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13516546\charrsid6621508 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271  880 F.2d 108}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 .
\par }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1514031\charrsid4992244 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14110299\charrsid4992244 Keys}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14110299\charrsid14114545 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8934768\charrsid14114545 133 F.3d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1514031\charrsid14114545 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14110299\charrsid14114545  1287.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4483603\delrsid4483603\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6637856\charrsid14114545 [18]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 The law upon which Felder rests his argument }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15478047\charrsid14114545 that the standard of review is reversible error, and not plain error, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 has been overturned}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4483603\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7341082\charrsid4992244 See id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7341082\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6162458\charrsid14114545 As such, we adhere to the settled rule}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4483603\charrsid14114545  that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15478047\charrsid14114545 failure to object to a jury instruction before the jury retires to consider its verdict precludes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14626607\charrsid14114545  reversal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15478047\charrsid14114545  except where there is a plain error affecting substantial rights.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10552864\charrsid14114545 Accordingly}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13175862\charrsid14114545 we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  review }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15478047\charrsid14114545 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 unobjected}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15478047\charrsid14114545 -to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15478047\charrsid14114545 lesser included offense }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 instruction for plain error.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid4992244 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid13516546 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546  Felder argues that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546 Yang }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 
still applies because it was not overruled by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546 Perry}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 , but because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546 Yang}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13516546  was overruled by the Ninth Circuit before }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546 Perry}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546  was decided, this court did not have to address }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid13516546 Yang}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546  in its }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546 Perry }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 decision.  Appellant\rquote s Br. 6-8; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid13516546 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 Yang}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 , 850 F.2d 507; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 Perry}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546\charrsid5113288 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 2009 Guam 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 .
\par }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid4992244 See People v. Perry}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 , 2009 Guam 4 \'b6 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4483603\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4992244 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7343903\charrsid14114545 2.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Whether the issuance of the instruction constituted plain error requiring reversal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6637856 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6637856\charrsid14114545 [19]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Plain error is highly prejudicial error.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14626426\charrsid4992244 People v. Quitugua}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14626426\charrsid14114545 
, 2009 Guam 10 \'b6 11.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14626426\charrsid14114545 Thus, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14626426\charrsid14114545 [w]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 e 
will not reverse unless (1) there was an error; (2) the error is clear or obvious under current law; (3) the error affected substantial rights; and (4) reversal is necessary to prevent a miscarriage of justice or to maintain the integrity of the judicial 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14552996\charrsid14114545 process}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14626426\charrsid4992244 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid4992244  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 (citations omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6705442\charrsid14114545 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6705442\charrsid4992244 see also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6705442\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6705442\charrsid4992244 
United States v. Olano}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6705442\charrsid14114545 , 507 U.S. 725, 732 (1993)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4487848\charrsid14114545 Felder }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 bears the burden to demonstrate that reversal is warranted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10449310\charrsid4992244 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid469113\charrsid4992244 Quitu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10449310\charrsid4992244 gua}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10449310\charrsid14114545 , 2009 Guam 10 \'b6 11}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid263235\charrsid14114545 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid4992244 People v. Van Bui}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 , 2008 Guam 8 \'b6 10; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid12656107\charrsid4992244 People v. Chung}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 , 2004 Guam 2 \'b6 9).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 We will now conduct a plain error review of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14552996\charrsid14114545 jury instruction }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 in this case.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4992244 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 a. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Was the jury instruction in error?
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid811072\charrsid14114545 [20]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 The jury instruction }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14552996\charrsid14114545 at issue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  stated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14552996\charrsid14114545 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
second degree CSC is a lesser included offense of first degree CSC.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14552996\charrsid14114545 Howev
er, we have since held that second degree CSC is not a lesser included offense of first degree CSC because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14835330\charrsid14114545 it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5315210\charrsid14114545 does}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14835330\charrsid14114545  not fall into one of the three prongs of Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14835330\charrsid14114545 
s included offense statute, 8 GCA \'a7 105.58.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14835330\charrsid4992244 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid4992244 Songeni
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 , 2010 Guam 20 \'b6 27; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid4992244 Cummins,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  2010 Guam 19 \'b6 24.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7739063\charrsid14114545 
Because second degree CSC is not a lesser included offense of first degree CSC, it is error to instruct the jury on second degree CSC if such charge is not included in the indictment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14114545\charrsid4992244  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7739063\charrsid4992244 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7739063\charrsid14114545  8 GCA \'a7 1.15 (2005) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7739063\charrsid14114545 Any felony . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7739063\charrsid4992244 . . shall}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7739063\charrsid14114545  be prosecuted by indictment . . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7739063\charrsid14114545  (emphasis added)); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7739063\charrsid4992244 Songeni,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7739063\charrsid14114545  2010 Guam 20 
\'b6 25 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7739063\charrsid14114545 Convictions on crimes not charged in the indictment constitute }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7739063\charrsid14114545 constructive amendments}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7739063\charrsid14114545  to indictments . . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7739063\charrsid14114545 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12874695\charrsid4992244 Under}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12874695\charrsid4992244  Griffith v. Kentucky}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12874695\charrsid14114545 , a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12874695\charrsid14114545 
new rule for the conduct of criminal prosecutions is to be applied retroactively to all cases . . . pending on direct review or not yet final}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid4992244 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s25\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid13516546 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546  By \'93final,\'94 the Court meant \'93a case in which a
 judgment of conviction has been rendered, the availability of appeal exhausted, and the time for a petition for certiorari elapsed or a petition for certiorari finally denied.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546 Griffith v. Kentucky}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 , 479 U.S. 314, 321 n.6 (1987).
\par }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12874695\charrsid14114545  [when the new rule was decided], with no exception for cases in which the new rule constitutes a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12874695\charrsid14114545 clear break}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12874695\charrsid14114545  with the past.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12874695\charrsid14114545 479 U.S. 314, 328 (1987).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12874695\charrsid14114545 Because a judgment of conviction had yet to be rendered against Felder at the time }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12874695\charrsid4992244 Songeni }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12874695\charrsid14114545 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12874695\charrsid4992244 Cummins }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12874695\charrsid14114545 were decided, Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12874695\charrsid14114545 s case was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12874695\charrsid14114545 not yet final}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12874695\charrsid14114545  for purposes of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12874695\charrsid4992244 Griffith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7739063\charrsid4992244  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7739063\charrsid14114545 retroactivity.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7739063\charrsid14114545 We therefore
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12874695\charrsid14114545  must apply }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12874695\charrsid4992244 Songeni and Cummins }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12874695\charrsid14114545 retroactively.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6039799\charrsid14114545 Applying our holdings in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6039799\charrsid4992244 Songeni }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6039799\charrsid14114545 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6039799\charrsid4992244 Cummins}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6039799\charrsid14114545 
 that second degree CSC is not a lesser included offense of first degree CSC, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 he trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16331418\charrsid14114545 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16331418\charrsid14114545 issuance of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
the second degree CSC instruction, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16331418\charrsid14114545 an offense for which Felder was not indicted, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1848193\charrsid14114545 was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  contrary to law and in error.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9270384 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4992244 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 b. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Was the error clear or obvious }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9713116\charrsid14114545 under}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  current law? 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid811072\charrsid14114545 [21]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8141962\charrsid14114545 Although the error was by no means clear or obvious at the time of }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6705442\charrsid14114545 Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6705442\charrsid14114545 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8141962\charrsid14114545 trial, in order to satisfy the second prong of the plain error test, at a minimum, the error must be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6705442\charrsid14114545 clear or obvious}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8141962\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8141962\charrsid14114545 under current law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6705442\charrsid4992244 Olano,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6705442\charrsid14114545  507 U.S. at 734.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6705442\charrsid14114545 Thus, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6705442\charrsid14114545 in a case such as this\emdash 
where the law at the time of trial was settled and clearly contrary to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2705138\charrsid14114545 the law at the time of appeal\emdash it is enough that an error be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2705138\charrsid14114545 plain}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6705442\charrsid14114545 
 at the time of appellate consideration.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2705138\charrsid4992244 Johnson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2705138\charrsid14114545 , 520 U.S. at 467-68.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14626426\charrsid14114545 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2705138\charrsid14114545 t the time of trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1925053\charrsid14114545 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2705138\charrsid14114545 
 it was settled that second degree CSC was a lesser included offense of first degree CSC; by the time of appellate consideration, the law changed, and it is now settled that second degree CSC is not a lesser included offense of first degree CSC.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10294695\charrsid14114545 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10294695\charrsid4992244 Cummins}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10294695\charrsid14114545 , 2010 Guam 19 \'b6 24.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3813473\charrsid14114545 Furthermore, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6623932\charrsid14114545 it is also settled that it is error for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3813473\charrsid14114545 the trial court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6623932\charrsid14114545 to constructively amend}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3813473\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6623932\charrsid14114545 an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3813473\charrsid14114545  indictment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6623932\charrsid14114545 by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3813473\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6623932\charrsid14114545 giving an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3813473\charrsid14114545  instruction }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6623932\charrsid14114545 that permits}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3813473\charrsid14114545  the jury to convict }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6623932\charrsid14114545 the defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3813473\charrsid14114545  of an offense }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5506578\charrsid14114545 neither}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6623932\charrsid14114545  charged in the indictment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5506578\charrsid14114545  nor included in the offense charged}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3813473\charrsid4992244 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14114545\charrsid4992244  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid3813473\charrsid4992244 See Songeni}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3813473\charrsid14114545 , 2010 Guam 20 \'b6 25.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2705138\charrsid14114545 The second prong of the plain error test is therefore satisfied.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2705138 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4992244 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 c. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Did the error affect Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid263235\charrsid14114545 substantial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 rights?
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid811072\charrsid14114545 [22]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2705138\charrsid14114545 Even though an error is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13049777\charrsid14114545 clear or obvious under current law,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2705138\charrsid14114545  it must also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2705138\charrsid14114545 affect[] substantial right}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13049777\charrsid14114545 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2705138\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13049777\charrsid14114545 in order to warrant notice on appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13049777\charrsid4992244 Quitugua,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13049777\charrsid14114545  2009 Guam 10 \'b6 11; 8 GCA \'a7 130.50(b).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1662906\charrsid14114545 Once a clear error has been found, the burden lies with the defendant to demonstrate that the error was prejudicial (i.e., that it affected the outcome of the case).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1662906\charrsid4992244 People v. Mendiola}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1662906\charrsid14114545 , 2010 Guam 5 \'b6 24 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1662906\charrsid4992244 People v. Evaristo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1662906\charrsid14114545 , 1999 Guam 22 \'b6 26).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1532106 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid811072\charrsid14114545 [23]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14514034\charrsid14114545 Felder }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10189658\charrsid14114545 
suggests}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14514034\charrsid14114545  that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10189658\charrsid14114545 under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14514034\charrsid4992244 Songeni,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14514034\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10189658\charrsid14114545 automatic }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14514034\charrsid14114545 reversal of his conviction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10189658\charrsid14114545  is required and that he need not show prejudice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14514034\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid1966322\charrsid4992244 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10189658\charrsid14114545 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10189658\charrsid14114545 s Br. at 8}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1966322\charrsid14114545  (citing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10373306\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10373306\charrsid13261828 Songeni,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10373306\charrsid14114545  2010 Guam 20 \'b6\'b6 25-26}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1966322\charrsid14114545 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10189658\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 In Songeni, we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4983254\charrsid14114545 recognized }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6623932\charrsid14114545 constructive amendments to indictments}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 have been found by federal courts to be reversible error as they violate both the Fifth and Sixth Amendments }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7150325\charrsid14114545 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7150325\charrsid14114545 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 onstitution of the United States.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1966322\charrsid13261828 Songeni}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1966322\charrsid14114545 , 2010 Guam 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7150325\charrsid14114545 \'b6 25 (citing United States v. Kelly, 722 F.2d 873, 876 (1st Cir. 1983)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7150325\charrsid14114545 
In a parenthetical }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14636070\charrsid14114545 to our citation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 to United States v. Crocker}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14636070\charrsid14114545 , 568 F.2d 1049 (3d Cir. 1977), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7340569\charrsid14114545 which relied upon }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7340569\charrsid13261828 Stirone v. United States,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7340569\charrsid14114545  361 U.S. 212 (1960),}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid13261828 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s25\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13261828 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs27\super\insrsid13516546 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546  In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546 Stirone}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 , the United
 States Supreme Court, reviewing for harmless error, held that \'93[d]eprivation of [a defendant\rquote 
s substantial right to be tried only on charges presented in an indictment returned by a grand jury] is far too serious to be treated as nothing more than a variance and then dismissed as harmless error.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid13516546\charrsid5456135 Stirone}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546\charrsid5456135 361}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546  U.S. at 217.
\par }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7340569\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14636070\charrsid14114545 we quoted the Third Circuit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14636070\charrsid14114545 s holding that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
[t]he consequence of a constructive amendment is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14636070\charrsid14114545 . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
 per se reversible error, requiring no analysis of additional prejudice to the defendant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid6558132\charrsid11631305 Songeni,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6558132\charrsid14114545  2010 Guam 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15277285\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 \'b6
 26 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14636070\charrsid14114545 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid11631305 Crocker,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  568 F.2d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14636070\charrsid14114545 at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 1059-60}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14636070\charrsid14114545 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid11631305 abrogated on other grounds by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14636070\charrsid11631305 United}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14636070\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14636070\charrsid11631305 States}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid11631305  v. Miller}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 , 527 F.3d 54}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14636070\charrsid14114545 , 79 n.21}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 \~(3d Cir. 2008)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14636070\charrsid14114545 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid811072\charrsid14114545 [24]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid485491\charrsid14114545 While we find a constructive amendment error here, we do not agree that S}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid485491\charrsid11631305 ongeni }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6060002\charrsid14114545 necessarily }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid485491\charrsid14114545 requires automatic reversal of Felder}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid485491\charrsid14114545 s conviction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10189658\charrsid14114545 First, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5907040\charrsid14114545 he language in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5907040\charrsid11631305 Songeni}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5907040\charrsid14114545  upon which Felder relies is dicta.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5456135\charrsid11631305 See id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5456135\charrsid14114545  \'b6\'b6 25-26.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5907040\charrsid14114545 More importantly, the constructive amendment cases cited in }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5907040\charrsid11631305 Songeni}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5907040\charrsid14114545  are federal cases analyzing the Fifth Amendment right to a grand jury indictment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10189658\charrsid14114545 See Kelly, 722 F.2d at 876; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10189658\charrsid11631305 Crocker}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10189658\charrsid14114545 , 568 F.2d at 1059-60.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5907040\charrsid14114545 Such }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid992136\charrsid14114545 
constitutional }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5907040\charrsid14114545 right has not been extended to Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10576790\charrsid14114545 ; thus, this protection has no application here}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5907040\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5907040\charrsid11631305 See Guam v.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5907040\charrsid14114545  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5907040\charrsid11631305 Inglett,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5907040\charrsid14114545  417 F.2d 123, 124-25 (9th Cir. 1969) (holding }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13841837\charrsid14114545 the}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5907040\charrsid14114545  Guam Elective Governor Act extend}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10109092\charrsid14114545 ing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5907040\charrsid14114545 
 Fifth Amendment to Guam did not make grand jury indictment mandatory in prosecution of infamous crimes by territorial government)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5986040\charrsid14114545 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7815181\charrsid11631305 overruled}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5986040\charrsid11631305  on other grounds by United}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5986040\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid5986040\charrsid11631305 States v. Frame}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5986040\charrsid14114545 , 454 F.2d 1136, 1138 (9th Cir. 1972)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5907040\charrsid14114545 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid12593721\charrsid11631305 Tarpley v. Estelle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12593721\charrsid14114545 , 703 F.2d 157, 161 n.7 (5th Cir. 1983) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12593721\charrsid14114545 We note that in federal courts, the fifth amendment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12593721\charrsid14114545 
s guarantee of a grand jury indictment prohibits the sort of constructive amendment of the indictment that was worked by Tarpley}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12593721\charrsid14114545 s jury instructions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12593721\charrsid14114545 
That constitutional protection, however, has never been incorporated into the fourteenth amendment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12593721\charrsid14114545 
s due process clause; it is inapplicable to state proceedings.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12593721\charrsid14114545  (citations omitted));}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5907040\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5907040\charrsid11631305 Hurtado v. California}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10576790\charrsid11631305 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10576790\charrsid14114545 
 110 U.S. 516, 534-35}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5907040\charrsid14114545  (1884)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12593721\charrsid14114545 
 (holding that due process clause of Fourteenth Amendment does not incorporate Fifth Amendment right to be charged by grand jury indictment)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5907040\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5907040\charrsid14114545 Rather, Guam provides a statutory}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6558132\charrsid14114545 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5907040\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid992136\charrsid14114545 not a constitutional}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6558132\charrsid14114545 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid992136\charrsid14114545  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5907040\charrsid14114545 right to a grand jury indictment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5907040\charrsid11631305 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6558132\charrsid11631305 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6558132\charrsid14114545  8 GCA \'a7 1.15}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5907040\charrsid14114545  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5907040\charrsid14114545 Any felony together with any related misdemeanor shall be prosecuted by indictment . . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5907040\charrsid14114545 ); 8 GCA \'a7 50.10(a) (2005) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5907040\charrsid14114545 A grand jury is a body of the required number of person}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6558132\charrsid14114545 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5907040\charrsid14114545  summoned by the court and sworn to inquire into felonies and any related misdemeanors triable by the court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5907040\charrsid14114545 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5907040 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11631305 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid811072\charrsid14114545 [25]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5907040\charrsid14114545 Furthermore, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12538916\charrsid14114545 he facts of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12538916\charrsid11631305 Songeni }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12538916\charrsid14114545 are distinguishable.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12538916\charrsid14114545 Although }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12538916\charrsid11631305 Songeni }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12538916\charrsid14114545 
also involved the trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12538916\charrsid14114545 
s instruction on second degree CSC as a lesser included offense of first degree CSC, when second degree CSC was not charged in the indictment, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12538916\charrsid11631305 Songeni}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12538916\charrsid14114545  preserved his claim below by repeatedly objecting to the lesser included offense instruction, so the question of plain error review was not implicated.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16665081\charrsid14114545 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16665081\charrsid11631305 Songeni, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16665081\charrsid14114545 2010 Guam 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12538916\charrsid14114545  \'b6\'b6 4-6.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12538916\charrsid14114545 Here, however, Felder never objected to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2324998\charrsid14114545 the instruction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12538916\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6060002\charrsid14114545 While }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4880615\charrsid11631305 Songeni}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4880615\charrsid14114545  did not specify whether the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4880615\charrsid11631305 per se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4880615\charrsid14114545  rule applies under both harmle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6060002\charrsid14114545 ss error and plain error review, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4880615\charrsid11631305 Stirone,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4880615\charrsid14114545  the U}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16665081\charrsid14114545 nited States}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4880615\charrsid14114545  Supreme Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1730436\charrsid14114545 case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4880615\charrsid14114545  from which the per se rule derives, reviewed a constructive amendmen
t to which the defendant raised an objection at trial, and thus does not necessarily extend the per se rule to the plain error context}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4880615\charrsid11631305 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid14114545\charrsid11631305  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12668400\charrsid11631305 See Stirone,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12668400\charrsid14114545  361 U.S. at 218.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12538916 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid811072\charrsid14114545 [26]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5907040\charrsid14114545 Finally}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12538916\charrsid14114545 
, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4009917\charrsid14114545 because plain error review was not implicated in Songeni, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3739308\charrsid14114545 we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12538916\charrsid14114545 did not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13578000\charrsid14114545 discuss}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3739308\charrsid14114545  the impact of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid3739308\charrsid11631305  Olano}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3739308\charrsid14114545  on constructive amendment jurisprudence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid11631305 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s25\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid13516546 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546  In fact, both of the constructive amendment cases we cited to in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546 Songeni}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546 Kelly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546 Crocker}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 \emdash predate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid13516546 Olano}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546 Kelly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 , 722 F.2d 873;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271  Crocker}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 , 568 F.2d 1049.
\par }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid11631305 Olano}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid8207774\charrsid11631305 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid212267\charrsid14114545 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5464157\charrsid14114545 United States }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13578000\charrsid14114545 Supreme }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid212267\charrsid14114545 Court reviewed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5771712\charrsid14114545 the Ninth Circuit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5771712\charrsid14114545 s holding that the presence of alternate jurors during jury deliberations was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid212267\charrsid14114545 inherently prejudicial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid212267\charrsid14114545  and reversible per se, thereby satisfying the plain error doctrine.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14114545\charrsid11631305  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10706702\charrsid11631305 Olano}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10706702\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid212267\charrsid14114545 at 730-31.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid212267\charrsid14114545 
The Court clarified the standard for plain error review of forfeited errors under Rule 52(b), laying out the four-prong test articulated above.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid14036102\charrsid11631305 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14036102\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid212267\charrsid14114545 As to the t}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5771712\charrsid14114545 hird prong, the Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2324998\charrsid14114545 held}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15810405\charrsid14114545  that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15810405\charrsid14114545 [n]ormally, although perhaps not in every case,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid11631305 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s25\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid13516546 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546  The Supreme Court reserved the question of whether there might be some errors for which specific prejudice need not be shown.  The Court noted that \'93
[t]here may be a special category of forfeited errors that can be corrected regardless of their effect on the outcome,\'94 i.e., structural errors, but declined to address the issue.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546 Olano}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 , 507 U.S. at 735.  The Court also declined to address \'93those errors that should be presumed prejudicial if the defendant cannot make a specific showing of prejudice.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid13516546 Id.
\par }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15810405\charrsid14114545  the defendant must make a specific showing of prejudice to satisfy the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15810405\charrsid14114545 affecting substantial rights}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15810405\charrsid14114545  prong of Rule 52(b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12615468\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12615468\charrsid11631305 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12615468\charrsid14114545 . at 735.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9133973\charrsid14114545 The Court then explained that Rule 52(b) is permissive, not mandatory: }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9133973\charrsid14114545 If the forfeited error is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9133973\charrsid14114545 plain}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9133973\charrsid14114545  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9133973\charrsid14114545 affect[s] substantial rights,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9133973\charrsid14114545 
 the court of appeals has authority to order correction, but is not required to do so.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid9133973\charrsid11631305 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9133973\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9133973\charrsid14114545 
The standard that should guide the exercise of discretion under Rule 52(b) is that the court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9133973\charrsid14114545 
should correct a plain forfeited error affecting substantial rights if the error }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9133973\charrsid14114545 
seriously affect[s] the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9133973\charrsid11631305 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9133973\charrsid14114545 . at 736.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid212267 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13126481\charrsid14114545 [27]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid212267\charrsid11631305 Olano}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid12656107\charrsid11631305  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 affected federal court interpretations of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid11631305 Stirone}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4413914\charrsid14114545 because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 prior to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid11631305 
Olano, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 it was established in many circuit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10706702\charrsid14114545  courts of appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
 that a constructive amendment required }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8996602\charrsid14114545 automatic }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 reversal, even under plain error review.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid11631305 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7340569\charrsid11631305 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid11631305  e.g.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7340569\charrsid11631305 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid11631305  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9583804\charrsid11631305 United States v. Bohuchot}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9583804\charrsid14114545 , 625 F.3d 892, 897\~(5th Cir. 2010) (recognizing that pre-Olano, constructive amendments were reversible }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9583804\charrsid11631305 per se,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9583804\charrsid14114545  but that post-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9583804\charrsid11631305 Olano}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9653532\charrsid11631305 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9653532\charrsid14114545 
 plain error review applies}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9583804\charrsid14114545 ); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7340569\charrsid11631305 United States}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid11631305  v. Dipentino}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 ,\~242 F.3d 1090, 1095\~(9th Cir. 2001)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9583804\charrsid14114545  (recognizing that Ninth Circuit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9583804\charrsid14114545 s pre-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2826414\charrsid14114545 Olano}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9583804\charrsid14114545 
 jurisprudence required automatic reversal for constructive amendments even on plain error review, but that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9583804\charrsid11631305 Olano }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9583804\charrsid14114545 
had raised serious doubts that such a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9583804\charrsid11631305 per se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9583804\charrsid14114545  approach was still appropriate)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4413914 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13126481\charrsid14114545 [28]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Since }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid12656107\charrsid11631305 Olano,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4413914\charrsid14114545 many circuit courts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4935784\charrsid14114545 do not require automatic reversal of unpreserved }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3430665\charrsid14114545 objections to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4935784\charrsid14114545 constructive amendments.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 The First, Fifth}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1334929\charrsid14114545 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  Seventh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7486585\charrsid14114545 , and Tenth}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
 Circuits hold that constructive amendments in this context are subject to plain error analysis and that no presumption of prejudice should apply.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid12656107\charrsid11631305 See United States v. Brandao}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 , 539 F.3d 44, 60 (1st Cir. 2008) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 We . . . apply the standard prejudice evaluation to constructive amendment claims on plain error review and do not presume prejudice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 ); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7486585\charrsid11631305 United States v. Brown}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7486585\charrsid14114545 , 400 F.3d 1242, 1253 n.6 (10th Cir. 2005) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7486585\charrsid14114545 [T]he automatic reversal rule . . . no long
er applies in a constructive amendment plain error case, i.e., where the defendant failed to object in the district court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7486585\charrsid14114545 ); }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid11631305 United States v. Fletcher}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 , 12}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1730436\charrsid14114545 
1 F.3d 187, 193 (5th Cir. 1997), abrogated on other grounds as recognized by United }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1730436\charrsid11631305 States v. Robinson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1730436\charrsid14114545 
, 367 F.3d 278, 286 n.11 (5th Cir. 2004) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Following }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid11631305 Olano}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  . . . we have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid11631305 discretion }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 to correct a Stirone error}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1730436\charrsid14114545 \emdash an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14758886\charrsid14114545 error}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  that, prior to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid11631305 Olano}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14758886\charrsid14114545 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
 would have required reversal per se.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10387281\charrsid14114545  (footnote omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1730436\charrsid14114545 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid11631305 United States v. Remsza}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 , 77 F.3d 1039, 104}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7348612\charrsid14114545 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  (7th Cir. 1996) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7348612\charrsid14114545 finding third prong unsatisfied because defendant did not suffer prejudice from constructive amendment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13634405\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4147233 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13126481\charrsid14114545 [29]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10385832\charrsid14114545 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13634405\charrsid14114545 
Ninth}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7486585\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13634405\charrsid14114545 and District of Columbia Circuits have not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4147233\charrsid14114545 squarely}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13634405\charrsid14114545  decided whether post-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13634405\charrsid11631305 Olano}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13634405\charrsid14114545 
 constructive amendments always affect substantial rights, but nevertheless adhere to the usual plain error formulation when considering }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4147233\charrsid14114545 unpreserved}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13634405\charrsid14114545  constructive amendments.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10243910\charrsid11631305 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid13634405\charrsid11631305 United}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13634405\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13634405\charrsid11631305 States v. Hall}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13634405\charrsid14114545 
, 610 F.3d 727, 743 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (declining to decide }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10385832\charrsid14114545 whether}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13634405\charrsid14114545  constructive amendments always affect sub
stantial rights because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10385832\charrsid14114545 instant error did not satisfy fourth prong of plain error analysis);}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4935412\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid4935412\charrsid11631305 United States v. Hugs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4935412\charrsid14114545 , 384 F.3d 762, 768 (9th Cir. 2004) (finding that a constructive amendment did not violate defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4935412\charrsid14114545 s substantial rights under plain error review without discussion of per se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10371016\charrsid14114545 
 prejudice or structural error)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid11631305 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s25\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid13516546 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 In the Third Circuit, however, constructive amendments warrant a rebuttable presumption of prejudice.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 See United States v. Syme}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 , 276 F.3d 131, 154 (3d Cir. 2002) (\'93
[W]e will apply in the plain error context a rebuttable presumption that constructive amendments are prejudicial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546  .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 \'94).  Lastly, the Second and Fourth Circuits treat constructive amendments as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 per se}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271  prejudicial errors that always affect substantial rights.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546 See United States v. Hassan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 
, 578 F.3d 108 (2d Cir. 2008) (\'93Constructive amendments are \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546 per se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546  violations . .
 . that require[ ] reversal even without a showing of prejudice to the defendant.\rquote \'94 (alterations in original) (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546 United States v. Wozniak}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 
, 126 F.3d 105, 109 (2d Cir. 1997))); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 United States v. Floresca}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 , 38 F.3d 706, 714 (4th Cir. 1994) (\'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 [W]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546\charrsid6240892 e hold that, under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546\charrsid6240892 Stirone}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13516546\charrsid6240892 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546\charrsid6240892  constructive amendments of a federal indictment are error }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546\charrsid6240892 per se}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546\charrsid6240892 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546\charrsid6240892  and, under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546\charrsid6240892 Olano}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546\charrsid6240892 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546\charrsid6240892  must be corrected on appeal even when not preserved by objection.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 \'94
 (footnote omitted)).
\par }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13126481\charrsid14114545 [30]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1782189\charrsid14114545 Because the Fifth Amendment right to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3350740\charrsid14114545 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1782189\charrsid14114545 grand jury indictment has not been extended to the states, the issue of c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 onstructive }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1782189\charrsid14114545 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 mendments }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1782189\charrsid14114545 is rarely addressed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1782189\charrsid14114545 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 tate courts.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1782189\charrsid14114545 In some states, however, the right to a grand jury indictment is guaranteed by the state constitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12668400\charrsid11631305 See, e.g.,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12668400\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12668400\charrsid11631305 State v. Johnson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12668400\charrsid14114545 , 188 P.3d 912, 915 (Idaho 2008); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12668400\charrsid11631305 Michael v. State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12668400\charrsid14114545 , 805 P.2d 371, 373-74 (Alaska 1991).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1782189\charrsid14114545 In that instance, application of federal constructive amendment analysis may be appropriate.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12668400\charrsid11631305 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6887125\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1782189\charrsid14114545 
In Guam, however, the right to a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13902586\charrsid14114545  grand jury indictment is provided by statute; therefore, federal constructive amendment analysis is inapplicable.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12668400\charrsid11631305 See Inglett}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12668400\charrsid14114545 , 417 F.2d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3350740\charrsid14114545 at
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12668400\charrsid14114545  124-25.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5907040 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13126481\charrsid14114545 [31]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2437025\charrsid14114545 Because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 the right to a grand jury indictment is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11996627\charrsid14114545 
not a fundamental constitutional right in Guam, and because even where it is constitutionally provided, many federal circuit courts do not find an unpreserved }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3430665\charrsid14114545 objection to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11996627\charrsid14114545 constructive amendment to be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11996627\charrsid11631305 per se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11996627\charrsid14114545  reversible error,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2437025\charrsid14114545 we are hard-pressed to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11996627\charrsid14114545 adopt such a per se rule here.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2437025\charrsid11631305 Cf.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2437025\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid11631305 
Rivera v. Illinois}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 ,\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10364110\charrsid14114545 556 U.S. 148, 161-62}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 \~(2009) (}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Absent a federal constitutional violation, States retain the prerogative to decide whether }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10364110\charrsid14114545 [state-law] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 errors }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10364110\charrsid14114545 . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
 require automatic reversal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 ); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid11631305 Engle v. Isaac,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  456 U.S. 107, 121 n.21 (1982) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8800039\charrsid14114545 We have long recognized that a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 mere error of state law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8800039\delrsid8800039\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 is not a denial of due process.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8800039\charrsid14114545 If the contrary were true, then }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8800039\charrsid14114545 
every erroneous decision by a state court on state law would come [to this Court] as a federal constitutional question.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4876463\charrsid14114545  (alteration in original) (citations omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11996627\charrsid14114545 Instead, we hold that where the defendant fails to object to a constructive amendment at trial, we review the constructive amendment claim for plain error, and the burden lies with the defendant to show prejudice.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid11631305 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16660538 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\fs20\super\insrsid13516546\charrsid16660538 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid13516546\charrsid16660538 We find the Fifth Circuit
\rquote s reasoning in Fletcher to be persuasive in this regard:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid13516546 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid13516546\charrsid16660538 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\qj \li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16660538 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 [T]o hold that a constructive amendment of the indictment requires }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546 per se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546  reversal even under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546 Olano}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546  would encourage the kind of sandbagging that the plain error standard is designed in part to prevent.  Were we to so hold, no rational d
efense counsel would ever object to the erroneous instructions in a prosecution similar to this one [because] defense counsel would . . . know that a conviction would necessarily be reversed on appeal.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s25\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16660538 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 121 F.3d at 193.
\par }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13126481\charrsid14114545 [32]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid137935\charrsid14114545 Felder does not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13902586\charrsid14114545 claim a violation of his statutory right to a grand jury indictment, nor does he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid137935\charrsid14114545 attempt to demonstrate how he was prejudiced by the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15032448\charrsid14114545 erroneous jury instruction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid137935\charrsid14114545 , presumably because he believes that 
the appropriate standard of review of the instruction is reversible error rather than plain error,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid16660538 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s25\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid13516546 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546  Under reversible error (i.e., harmless error) review, the burden lies with the prosecution to show that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid13516546 Chapman v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546\charrsid7150325 California}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 , 386 U.S. 18, 24 (1967); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546\charrsid8266839 s}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546\charrsid7150325 ee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546  also Olano}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 , 507 U.S. at 734 (noting that under \'93harmless error\'94 inquiry, government 
bears burden of persuasion with respect to prejudice); 8 GCA \'a7 130.50(a) (\'93Any error, defect, irregularity or variance which does not affect substantial rights shall be disregarded.\'94).
\par }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid137935\charrsid14114545  as discussed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14630304\charrsid14114545 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8266839\charrsid14114545 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14630304\charrsid14114545 ection IV.A.1. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid137935\charrsid14114545 above, and because he believes that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid137935\charrsid16660538 Songeni }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid137935\charrsid14114545 controls our analysis of the constructive amendment issue in this case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9774968\charrsid14114545 Appellant}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9774968\charrsid14114545 s Br. at 5-7.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10710363\charrsid14114545 Because there is no Fifth Amendment issue here, Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10710363\charrsid14114545 s reliance upon S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10710363\charrsid16660538 ongeni }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10710363\charrsid14114545 in that regard is misplaced.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14692831 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13126481\charrsid14114545 [33]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10710363\charrsid14114545 However, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15032448\charrsid14114545 the prohibition on constructive amendments is grounded not just in the Fifth Amendment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15032448\charrsid14114545 
s grand jury guarantee, but also in the Sixth Amendment right to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15032448\charrsid14114545 be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid16660538 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid13516546 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 
 Felder alleged a violation of his Sixth Amendment rights in his opening brief.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546  Appellant\rquote s Br. at 8.
\par }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15032448\charrsid16660538 Songeni,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15032448\charrsid14114545  2010 Guam 20 \'b6 25 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15032448\charrsid16660538 Kelly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15032448\charrsid14114545 , 722 F.2d at 876); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15032448\charrsid16660538 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15032448\charrsid16660538 U.S. Const. amend. VI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5899680\charrsid16660538 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid16660538  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5899680\charrsid16660538 We}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5899680\charrsid14114545  discuss }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8266839\charrsid14114545 the Sixth Amendment further in s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5899680\charrsid14114545 ection }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12848664\charrsid14114545 IV.A.2.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5899680\charrsid14114545 d. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8266839\charrsid14114545 below}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5899680\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14692831 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13126481\charrsid14114545 [34]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12089329\charrsid14114545 
Felder fails to satisfy the third prong of the plain error test; accordingly, we will not notice the error.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12479050\charrsid14114545 Moreover,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  even if }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12479050\charrsid14114545 Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12479050\charrsid14114545 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 substantial rights were affected, reversal is not necessary to prevent a miscarriage of justice or to maintain the integrity of the judicial system.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid485491 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16660538 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 d. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid10099837\charrsid14114545 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid263235\charrsid14114545 eversal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10099837\charrsid14114545 is not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid263235\charrsid14114545 
necessary in order to p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 revent a miscarriage of justice or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid263235\charrsid14114545 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 maintain the integrity of the judicial system
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13126481\charrsid14114545 [35]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12479926\charrsid14114545 
In addition to our determination that Felder failed to demonstrate a violation of his substantial rights, we further find that the error here does not present exceptional circumstances justifying relief under the fourth prong of the plain error analysis}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11808485\charrsid14114545 , which permits correction of a clear error affecting substantial rights when }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11808485\charrsid14114545 
reversal is necessary to prevent a miscarriage of justice or to maintain the integrity of the judicial process}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12479926\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11808485\charrsid16660538 Quitugua,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11808485\charrsid14114545  2009 Guam 10 \'b6 11.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13634535 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13126481\charrsid14114545 [36]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12479926\charrsid14114545 Reversal for plain error under}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11029471\charrsid14114545  8 GCA \'a7 130.50(b) is permissive, not mandatory.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11808485\charrsid16660538 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid12479926\charrsid16660538  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11808485\charrsid14114545 \'b6 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12479926\charrsid14114545 47 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12479926\charrsid16660538 Olano
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12479926\charrsid14114545 , 507 U.S. at 735).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11808485\charrsid14114545 If the forfeited error is plain and affects substantial rights,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11029471\charrsid14114545 
 [we have] authority to order correction, but [we are] not required to do so.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11808485\charrsid16660538 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11808485\charrsid14114545 . (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11029471\charrsid16660538 Olano}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11029471\charrsid14114545 , 507 U.S. at 735}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11808485\charrsid14114545 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11029471\charrsid14114545 ; see also 8 GCA \'a7 130.50(b) (}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11029471\charrsid14114545 Plain errors or defects affecting substantial rights }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11029471\charrsid16660538 may }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11029471\charrsid14114545 be noticed although they were not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2371725\charrsid14114545 brought to the attention of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11029471\charrsid14114545  court.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2371725\charrsid14114545  (emphasis added)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11029471\charrsid14114545 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11147542\charrsid14114545 
It is this distinction between automatic and discretionary reversal that gives practical effect to the difference between harmless-error and plain-error review, and also every incentive to the defendant to raise objections at the trial level.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15355991\charrsid16660538 Quitugua,
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15355991\charrsid14114545  2009 Guam 10 \'b6 47}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16015480\charrsid14114545  (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid16015480\charrsid16660538 Olano,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16015480\charrsid14114545  507 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9312569\charrsid14114545 U.S. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16015480\charrsid14114545 at 744).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11147542 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13126481\charrsid14114545 [37]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Reversal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12473710\charrsid14114545 under the plain error rule }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 is warranted only when the plain, forfeited error resul
ted in the conviction of an actually innocent defendant or when an error }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 seriously affect}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11088069\charrsid14114545 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11088069\charrsid14114545 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
 the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  independent of the defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 s innocence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid16660538 People v. Carines,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  597 N.W.2d 130}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11088069\charrsid14114545 , 138}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  (Mich. 1999)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1919758\charrsid14114545  (alteration in original)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11088069\charrsid14114545 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11088069\charrsid16660538 Olano}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11088069\charrsid14114545 , 507 U.S. at 736-37)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12473710\charrsid14114545 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12473710\charrsid16660538 see also Quitugua,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12473710\charrsid14114545  2009 Guam 10 \'b6 48}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1919758\charrsid14114545  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1919758\charrsid14114545 
[P]lain error . . . also applies to cases where the putative error affects the fairness or integrity of the trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1919758\charrsid14114545 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12473710\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1467939\charrsid14114545 This affords the court with great discretion in determining whether}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13634535\charrsid14114545  a miscarriage of justice would result}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1467939\charrsid14114545  if the conviction is not reversed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1467939\charrsid16660538 Quitugua,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1467939\charrsid14114545  2009 Guam 10 \'b6 48.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13634535 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13126481\charrsid14114545 [38]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1467939\charrsid14114545 In this case, we will not exercise our discretion to reverse Felder}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1467939\charrsid14114545 s conviction for several reasons.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1467939\charrsid14114545 First, we find that Felder had notice of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5899680\charrsid14114545 charges against him}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1467939\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14692831\charrsid14114545 Unlike the Fifth Amendment right to a grand jury indictment, an accused}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14692831\charrsid14114545 s Sixth Amendment right to be informed of the charges against him is a constitutional right in Guam.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14114545\charrsid16660538  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14692831\charrsid16660538 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14692831\charrsid14114545  48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 1421b(g), (u) (Westlaw through Pub. L. 112-89 (2012)); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid14692831\charrsid16660538 In re Oliver,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14692831\charrsid14114545 
 333 U.S. 257, 273-74 (1948) (holding that Sixth Amendment guarantee of notice of charges against accused is applicable to the states through due process clause of Fourteenth Amendment).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14692831 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16660538 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13126481\charrsid14114545 [39]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14692831\charrsid14114545 In the context of constructive amendments, actual notice is important to a Sixth Amendment inquiry.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14692831\charrsid14114545 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14692831\charrsid16660538 United States v. Alvarez-Moreno}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14692831\charrsid14114545 , 874 F.2d 1402, 1416 (11th Cir. 1989) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14692831\charrsid14114545 If a defendant has actual notice, due process may be satisfied despite an inadequate
 indictment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14692831\charrsid14114545  (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid14692831\charrsid16660538 United States v. Becton}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14692831\charrsid14114545 , 751 F.2d 250, 256 (8th Cir. 1984))).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid16660538 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs27\super\insrsid13516546 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 State v. Freeney}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , the Supreme Court of Arizona }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 recognized that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0  \'93\loch\f0 a violation of [one
\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s statutorily provided right to a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 rand }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 j}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ury }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
ndictment] does not necessarily equate to an infringement of a defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546 \loch\af0\dbch\af35\hich\f0 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 s Sixth A\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 mendment rights.\'94\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 219 P.3d 1039, 1043}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0  (Ariz. 2009).  The court found that \'93\loch\f0 
for Sixth Amendment purposes, courts look beyond the indictment to determine whether defendants received actual notice of charges, and the notice requirement can be satisfied even \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
when a charge was not included in the indictment.\'94\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546 

\par }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14692831\charrsid14114545 The People argue that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14692831\charrsid14114545 Felder maintained his due process right to notice of the criminal charges against him because he was aware of the differences between the two charges.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14692831\charrsid14114545 Appellee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14692831\charrsid14114545 
s Br. at 6.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14692831\charrsid14114545 The People}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14692831\charrsid14114545 s argument is further supported by the fact that Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14692831\charrsid14114545 
s primary argument on appeal concerning his failure to object was that there was a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14692831\charrsid14114545 wall of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6900180\charrsid14114545 circuit }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14692831\charrsid14114545 authority}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14692831\charrsid14114545 
 that mandated the trial court to give an instruction on second degree CSC as a lesser included offense of first degree CSC.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid14692831\charrsid16660538 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14692831\charrsid14114545 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14692831\charrsid14114545 s Br. at }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6900180\charrsid14114545 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14692831\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14692831\charrsid14114545 Furthermore, because the existing precedent at the time of Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14692831\charrsid14114545 
s trial did indeed require the trial court to instruct the jury on second degree CSC, Felder was not surprised by the instruction but rather was well aware that the instruction would be given, as evident through his counsel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14692831\charrsid14114545 s statement to the trial court on the issue.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid14692831\charrsid16660538 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14692831\charrsid14114545  Tr., vol. 3 at 112 (Cont. Jury Trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5911579\charrsid14114545 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9774968\charrsid14114545 Oct. 19, 2009}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14692831\charrsid14114545 ) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14692831\charrsid14114545 The Supreme Court [
of Guam] has said in four or five cases }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6446994\charrsid14114545 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14692831\charrsid14114545 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6446994\charrsid14114545 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14692831\charrsid14114545  it is a lesser included offense.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14692831\charrsid14114545 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14692831\charrsid14114545 
Additionally, Felder does not argue that his defense theory was affected by the second degree CSC instruction, such as might have been the case had his defense to the first 
degree CSC charge been that he merely engaged in sexual contact with G.K.H.H rather than sexual penetration.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid16660538 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s25\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid13516546 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546  When reviewing a formal amendment to an indictment in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546 Diaz}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 , we stated:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s25\qj \li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16660538 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546\charrsid15550033 
The test as to whether the defendant is prejudiced by an amendment to an indictment has been said to be whether a defense und
er an indictment as it originally stood would be equally available after the amendment is made, and whether any evidence the defendant might have would be equally applicable to the indictment in the one form as in the other.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s25\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16660538 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 2007 Guam 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546\charrsid15550033  \'b6 17}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546\charrsid15550033 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546\charrsid15550033 United States v. Fawcett}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13516546\charrsid15550033 , 115 F.2d 764, 767 (3d Cir. 1940)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 
\par }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14692831\charrsid14114545 
Lastly, if Felder felt unduly burdened by the existing precedent, he could have stated his objection in order to avoid the burden of proving prejudice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14692831\charrsid14114545 Instead, Felder acquiesced to the instruction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14692831\charrsid14114545 
Because Felder had adequate notice that the jury would be instructed on second degree CSC, we find no Sixth Amendment violation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid16660538 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s25\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid13516546 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546  Furthermore, although we do not engage in a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546 Stirone}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 
 analysis of the constructive amendment in this case, we note that in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546\charrsid14693940 Stirone}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13516546\charrsid14693940 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546  \'93reversal of the conviction seemed to be based not solely on th
e possibility that the jury convicted the defendant on a charge not set forth in the indictment, but also on the possibility that if this charge had been presented to the grand jury it would have been rejected.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid13516546 People v. Henderson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 , 568 N.E.2d 1234, 1267-68 (Ill. 1990) (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546 Stirone}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 
, 361 U.S. at 219), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13516546 declined to follow on other grounds by People v. Terry}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 
, 700 N.E.2d 992, 995-96 (Ill. 1998).  We do not find the latter possibility to exist here.  While second degree CSC is not a lesser included offense of
 first degree CSC, we recognize that in most instances, the facts giving rise to a first degree CSC charge would also satisfy a finding of probable cause of second degree CSC.  We harbor no doubt that had second degree CSC been presented to the grand jury
 in this case, the indictment would have included that charge.
\par }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid461251 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13126481\charrsid14114545 [40]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid461251\charrsid14114545 Second, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14692831\charrsid14114545 we do not see the need to exercise our discretion to reverse Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14692831\charrsid14114545 
s conviction because Felder has not demonstrated that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863739\charrsid14114545 his defense would have been different had he also been indicted for second degree CSC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5899680\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16132508\charrsid14114545 Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16132508\charrsid14114545 s defense went to the credibility of the victim and co-defendant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4008924\charrsid14114545 
In his opening statement, Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4008924\charrsid14114545 s counsel stated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13925139\charrsid14114545 :}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16132508 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13925139\charrsid14114545 [W]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4008924\charrsid14114545 
hat I say today, and what [the People] said is not evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4008924\charrsid14114545 It}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4008924\charrsid14114545 s just to give you an idea about what}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4008924\charrsid14114545 s coming.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4008924\charrsid14114545 So we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4008924\charrsid14114545 re giving an outline of what we expect you to hear. . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4008924\charrsid14114545 I don}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4008924\charrsid14114545 t know what you}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4008924\charrsid14114545 re going to hear, but you}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4008924\charrsid14114545 re going to hear from liars.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4008924 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3100296\charrsid14114545 . . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3100296 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4008924\charrsid14114545 [T]herefore, you will have to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5054655\charrsid14114545 decide }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4008924\charrsid14114545 the truth of these witnesses}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5054655\charrsid14114545 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4008924\charrsid14114545  because Mr. Andon tells a different story than [G.K.H.H], both from the beginning through the end.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4008924\charrsid14114545 And now they}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4008924\charrsid14114545 re going to come in here, and Lord knows what they}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4008924\charrsid14114545 re going to say, and it will be up to you to decide their credibility.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4008924 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4008924\charrsid14114545 Tr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13925139\charrsid14114545 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4008924\charrsid14114545  vol. 1 at 7, 10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13925139\charrsid14114545  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11343244\charrsid14114545 J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3100296\charrsid14114545 ury Trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11343244\charrsid14114545 , Oct. 15, 2009
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13925139\charrsid14114545 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4008924\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13653606\charrsid14114545 In his opening, therefore, Felder out}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863739\charrsid14114545 lined his defense, which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13653606\charrsid14114545 was based on }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863739\charrsid14114545 attacking the credibility of the People}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863739\charrsid14114545 s witnesses}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13653606\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16517796\charrsid14114545 Felder believed that t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13653606\charrsid14114545 heir credibility }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16517796\charrsid14114545 would either lead to an acquittal or conviction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7343778\charrsid14114545 Moreover, a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4008924\charrsid14114545 t oral arguments}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13653606\charrsid14114545  on appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7877613\charrsid14114545 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4008924\charrsid14114545  Felder }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16517796\charrsid14114545 stated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15036659\charrsid14114545 :}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9853742 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9853742\charrsid14114545 
If you have sexual intercourse, you have to have, I mean if you have penetration, you have to have touching . . . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863739\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9853742\charrsid14114545 If the evidence is that my client, two people testified, had intercourse with this girl, one would assume they would }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1578055\charrsid14114545 either }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9853742\charrsid14114545 convict him or acquit him.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1578055\charrsid14114545 
I never conceived that a jury would come back with a lesser included of touching on the facts of this case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1578055\charrsid14114545 
To me he was either going to be convicted or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13653606\charrsid14114545 acq}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1578055\charrsid14114545 uit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13653606\charrsid14114545 
ted because if he didn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13653606\charrsid14114545 t penetrate her I don}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13653606\charrsid14114545 t think there was any evidence that he touched her.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13653606\charrsid14114545 
You had to believe their witnesses or not believe their witnesses.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13653606 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13653606\charrsid14114545 Digital Recording at 10:20:17-10:20:25 (Oral Argument, Aug. 25, 2011).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16517796\charrsid14114545 Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16517796\charrsid14114545 s opening argument at trial, and arguments to this court on appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7877613\charrsid14114545 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16517796\charrsid14114545  make clear t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13653606\charrsid14114545 
hat even had Felder been charged with second degree CSC, his defense would not have changed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13653606\charrsid14114545 He rested his defense o}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16517796\charrsid14114545 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13653606\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7877613\charrsid14114545 what he perceived as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13653606\charrsid14114545 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7877613\charrsid14114545 lack of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13653606\charrsid14114545 credibility }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7877613\charrsid14114545 in}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13653606\charrsid14114545  the witnesses,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16517796\charrsid14114545  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7343778\charrsid14114545 he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16517796\charrsid14114545 believed that the case rested on whether or not the jury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7877613\charrsid14114545  believed them}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12535872\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12535872\charrsid14114545 This defense w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16517796\charrsid14114545 ould not have changed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7343778\charrsid14114545 had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12535872\charrsid14114545 Felder }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7343778\charrsid14114545 been}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16517796\charrsid14114545  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12535872\charrsid14114545 indicted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16517796\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12535872\charrsid14114545 on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16517796\charrsid14114545  second degree CSC.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16517796\charrsid14114545 In addition to Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16517796\charrsid14114545 s opening statement at tr
ial, and his representations to this court on appeal, he has never argued that he could or would have provided an alternative defense had he been charged with second degree CSC.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16517796\charrsid14114545 We cannot now find that he would have}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7877613\charrsid14114545  changed his defense had he been charged with second degree CSC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12535872\charrsid14114545 , and we therefore }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5899680\charrsid14114545 decline }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16517796\charrsid14114545 to reverse his conviction on this basis.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4008924 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13126481\charrsid14114545 [41]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16517796\charrsid14114545 
Third, we are convinced that rather than having prejudiced Felder, the second degree CSC instruction benefitted Felder because it allowed the jury to convict him of an off}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12535872\charrsid14114545 
ense that carries a less severe }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16517796\charrsid14114545 penalty than the charged offense.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16517796\charrsid14114545 Felder reaped the benefit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8992949\charrsid14114545 s that lesser included offense instructions are meant to provide, namely, that the jury is not left with an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8992949\charrsid14114545 all-or-nothing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8992949\charrsid14114545  decision when faced with a si
ngle charge.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7343778\charrsid14114545 After the jury convicted Felder of second degree CSC, the trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4985642\charrsid14114545  sentenced }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7343778\charrsid14114545 him }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4985642\charrsid14114545 to the maximum penalty given for a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12535872\charrsid14114545  second degree CSC conviction, which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4985642\charrsid14114545 is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15036659\charrsid14114545 twenty }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4985642\charrsid14114545 years}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12535872\charrsid14114545  of imprisonment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4985642\charrsid5774336 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14114545\charrsid5774336  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12535872\charrsid5774336 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12535872\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4985642\charrsid14114545 9 GCA \'a7 80.30(a) (2005).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4985642\charrsid14114545 Had Felder been convicted of first degree CSC,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8992949\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4985642\charrsid14114545 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8016566\charrsid14114545 maximum penalty }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4985642\charrsid14114545 would have been}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8016566\charrsid14114545  life in prison.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1467939 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13126481\charrsid14114545 [42]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4985642\charrsid14114545 Lastly, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 his court has refused to reverse convictions, in spite of clear error, so long as enough evidence was found to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2826414\charrsid14114545 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2826414\charrsid5774336 People v. Moses}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12535872\charrsid14114545 , 2007 Guam 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2826414\charrsid14114545 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2826414\charrsid5774336 People v. Ueki}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2826414\charrsid14114545 , 1999 Guam 4.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 The facts supporting Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 s conviction from the entire record, including the transcripts of testimony admitted at trial, are sufficient to prevent reversal, in spite of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12009657\charrsid14114545 any}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  potential violation of his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7568210\charrsid14114545 substantial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 rights.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13126481\charrsid14114545 [43]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
In this case, G.K.H.H. testified that on the night of the alleged incident, Andon called her from Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
s cell phone, and he told her to come outside.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Tr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10380250\charrsid14114545 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  vol. 1 at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7479799\charrsid14114545 63-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 64}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10380250\charrsid14114545  (Jury Trial, Oct. 15, 2009)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 She also testified that when she came outside, Andon told her to get in Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 s car}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid12412313 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14114545\charrsid12412313  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid12412313 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12009657\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7479799\charrsid14114545 at 64.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
G.K.H.H. then testified that she hopped in the back seat of Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 s car next to Andon.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10380250\charrsid12412313 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10380250\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  at }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7479799\charrsid14114545 64-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 65.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
At trial, Andon confirmed this testimony and testified to calling G.K.H.H. on Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 s phone
, encouraging G.K.H.H. to get in Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 s car, and being in Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 s car with Felder and G.K.H.H. as Felder drove to a hotel.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Tr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10380250\charrsid14114545 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  vol. 3 at 24}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10380250\charrsid14114545  (}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5272959\charrsid14114545 Cont. Jury Trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10380250\charrsid14114545 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9774968\charrsid14114545 Oct. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7479799\charrsid14114545 19}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9774968\charrsid14114545 , 2009}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10380250\charrsid14114545 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 G.K.H.H.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 s mother also confirmed at trial that Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 s number was the last number on her caller I}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7568210\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7568210\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  before G.K.H.H. disappeared.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Tr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10380250\charrsid14114545 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  vol. 1 at 31}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10380250\charrsid14114545  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5272959\charrsid14114545 Jury Trial}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10380250\charrsid14114545 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9774968\charrsid14114545 Oct. 15, 2009}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10380250\charrsid14114545 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13126481\charrsid14114545 [44]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 The front desk supervisor at the hotel identified Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 s car and license plate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7568210\charrsid14114545  number}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Tr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14692303\charrsid14114545 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  vol. 2 at 25-27}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14692303\charrsid14114545  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5272959\charrsid14114545 Cont. Jury Trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14692303\charrsid14114545 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9774968\charrsid14114545 Oct. 16, 2009}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14692303\charrsid14114545 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 She testified that on the day of the alleged incident, a guest attempted to pay without filling out the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7568210\charrsid14114545 hotel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7568210\charrsid14114545 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
registration form.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14692303\charrsid12412313 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12009657\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 at 26.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 She asked the guest to write his name on the registration form}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7568210\charrsid14114545 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  and the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7568210\charrsid14114545 guest }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
wrote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Lion Felder.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid12412313 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 The front desk
 supervisor also stated that the driver refused to write his license plate information, and that she recorded his license plate information for him.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid12009657\charrsid12412313 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12009657\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12009657\charrsid14114545 recorded }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 license plate number matched the license plate number on Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 s car.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid12412313 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid12009657\charrsid12412313  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12009657\charrsid14114545 Record on Appeal (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12009657\charrsid14114545 RA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12009657\charrsid14114545 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3814462\charrsid14114545 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3022812\charrsid14114545  vol. II,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7497463\charrsid14114545 seq. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14974204\charrsid14114545 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 4}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14974204\charrsid14114545 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10508091\charrsid14114545 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7497463\charrsid14114545 Gov}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7497463\charrsid14114545 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7497463\charrsid14114545 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11932\charrsid14114545 Chain of Custody }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10508091\charrsid14114545 Receipt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7497463\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12009657\charrsid14114545 & Exs.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7497463\charrsid14114545 , Ex. 14}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14501337\charrsid14114545 , }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10508091\charrsid14114545 Oct. 22, 2009}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14501337\charrsid14114545 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 The check-in form with Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 s nickname and license plate number was admitted into evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Tr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14501337\charrsid14114545 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  vol}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13126481\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  2 at 25
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3814462\charrsid14114545  (Cont. Jury Trial, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12018144\charrsid14114545 Oct. 16, 2009}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3814462\charrsid14114545 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 The front desk supervisor then confirmed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3896745\charrsid14114545 Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3896745\charrsid14114545 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
room number and identified the configuration of the room in pictures.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12009657\charrsid12412313 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  at 28.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
At trial, G.K.H.H. was able to describe the configuration of the room before and after looking at the same pictures.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5406429\charrsid12412313 Id.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13126481\charrsid14114545 [45]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Andon testif
ied that once in the hotel he went back out to the car to fetch condoms after Felder requested him to do so.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Tr.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7014042\charrsid14114545 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  vol. 3 at 25}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7014042\charrsid14114545  (Cont. Jury Trial, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid159628\charrsid14114545 Oct. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8717122\charrsid14114545 19}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid159628\charrsid14114545 , 2009}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7014042\charrsid14114545 )}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
G.K.H.H. testified that Felder told her to get on the bed and then proceeded to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9835231\charrsid14114545 have sex with her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Tr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7014042\charrsid14114545 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
 vol. 1 at 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9835231\charrsid14114545 7-82}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7014042\charrsid14114545  (Jury Trial, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8717122\charrsid14114545 Oct. 15, 2009}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7014042\charrsid14114545 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 ; Tr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7014042\charrsid14114545 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
 vol. 3 at 25}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7014042\charrsid14114545  (Cont. Jury Trial, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid159628\charrsid14114545 Oct. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8717122\charrsid14114545 19}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid159628\charrsid14114545 , 2009}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7014042\charrsid14114545 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Andon testified to watching Felder }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9835231\charrsid14114545 have sex with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  G.K.H.H.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Tr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14229738\charrsid14114545 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  vol. 3 at 25}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14229738\charrsid14114545  (Cont. Jury Trial, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid159628\charrsid14114545 Oct. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8717122\charrsid14114545 19}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid159628\charrsid14114545 , 2009}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14229738\charrsid14114545 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13126481\charrsid14114545 [46]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 At trial, a forensic nurse tes
tified to conducting an acute examination of G.K.H.H. within 72 hours of the incident.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Tr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14229738\charrsid14114545 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  vol. 2 at 39}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8717122\charrsid14114545 -40}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14229738\charrsid14114545 
 (Cont. Jury Trial, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid159628\charrsid14114545 Oct. 16, 2009}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14229738\charrsid14114545 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 The test included a full examination of G.K.H.H.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 s entire body.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14229738\charrsid12412313 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14229738\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 at 40.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
The nurse testified that G.K.H.H.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 s fossa navicularis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid12412313 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12412313 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid13516546 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 As described at trial, the injury was at the bottom of her hymen.  Tr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  vol. 2 at 44}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\insrsid13516546\charrsid16389408 (Cont. Jury Trial, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid13516546 Oct. 16, 2009}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid13516546\charrsid16389408 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 
\par }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12412313  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 showed signs of redness and stretching.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid1333142\charrsid12412313 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  at 44.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 G.K.H.H.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 s cervix also showed signs of redness.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1333142\charrsid12412313 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1333142\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  at 45.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 The forensic nurse testified that these injuries could be attributed to blunt force trauma such as penile penetration.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1333142\charrsid12412313 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3896745\charrsid12412313  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3896745\charrsid14114545 at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8717122\charrsid14114545 45}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3896745\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
She concluded that the injuries were consistent with G.K.H.H.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7671106\charrsid14114545 account }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 of what took place that night.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid12656107\charrsid12412313 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8717122\charrsid14114545  at 46.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13126481\charrsid14114545 [47]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Both }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10682550\charrsid14114545 
Andon }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 and G.K.H.H.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
s mother testified to G.K.H.H. returning home early in the morning on the day of the incident.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Andon }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3896745\charrsid14114545 testified }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 that he returned home early that morning.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Tr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8927306\charrsid14114545 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  vol. 3 at 33}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8927306\charrsid14114545  (Cont. Jury Trial, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid159628\charrsid14114545 Oct. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8717122\charrsid14114545 19}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid159628\charrsid14114545 
, 2009}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8927306\charrsid14114545 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 G.K.H.H.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 s mother said that her daughter did not return home until well after midnight.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Tr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8927306\charrsid14114545 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  vol. 1 at 41}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8927306\charrsid14114545  (Jury Trial, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid159628\charrsid14114545 Oct. 15, 2009}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8927306\charrsid14114545 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 s mother-in-law, who lived with Felder, testified that Felder did not return home until 3:30 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3896745\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3896745\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
 the night of the incident.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Tr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12396749\charrsid14114545 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  vol. 3 at 16}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6624612\charrsid14114545  (Cont. Jury Trial, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid159628\charrsid14114545 Oct. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13269192\charrsid14114545 19}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid159628\charrsid14114545 , 2009}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6624612\charrsid14114545 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13126481\charrsid14114545 [48]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 On the basis of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3896745\charrsid14114545 this evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 , a jury convicted Felder of second degree CSC.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid12412313 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs27\super\insrsid13516546 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 j}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ury found beyond a reasonable doubt that the facts here satisfi
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ed the e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 lements of second degree CSC.  Thus, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 he jury found that Felder:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546 
\par 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi-432\li1152\ri720\sa120\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1152\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls9\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin720\lin1152\itap0\pararsid12412313 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Intentionally;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 2.\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Engage[d] in sexual contact with another, to wit: by causing his penis to touch the vagina of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [G.K.H.H.]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , and that the touching can reasonably be construed as being fo\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 r the purpose of sexual gratification;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 3.\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 That }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [G.K.H.H.]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  (DOB: 02/21/1995) is a minor under (14) years of age; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 4.\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 n or about Februar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  11, 2008, in Guam.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid12412313 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12412313 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 RA, vol. II}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546\charrsid9249271 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 145 (Jury Instruction No. 4b, Oct. 20, 2009).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\dbch\af35\ulc1\insrsid13516546 
\par }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 We believe that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3896745\charrsid14114545 this evidence is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  strong, if not overwhelming, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3896745\charrsid14114545 proof of Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3896745\charrsid14114545 s guilt, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12343107\charrsid14114545 
even if we were able to exercise our discretion to correct the error, we would choose not to do so.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3350740\charrsid12412313 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12343107\charrsid12412313  Remsza}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3350740\charrsid14114545 , 77 F.3d at 1044}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12343107\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12930965\charrsid14114545 Our decision not to exercise our discretion to notice the forfeited error is heavily dependent on the facts of this case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12930965\charrsid14114545 Felder was convicted of second degree CSC, which at the time was considered to be a necessarily included lesser offense of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7349378\charrsid14114545 first degree CSC, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12930965\charrsid14114545 the crime with which he was charged.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12930965\charrsid14114545 Alth
ough it was error for the trial court to have instructed the jury on second degree CSC, Felder was fully aware of not only the possibility that the instruction would be given, but of the certainty that it would be given.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12930965\charrsid14114545 Thus, Felder was not su}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7349378\charrsid14114545 rprised }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12930965\charrsid14114545 by the instruction, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7349378\charrsid14114545 and he does not assert how or whether the error prejudiced his defense.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6699453\charrsid14114545 Furthermore, we have no doubt that had second degree CSC been presented to the grand jury, it would have returned an indictment charging that offense.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7349378\charrsid14114545 Finally, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6699453\charrsid14114545 the evidence at trial compelled }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7349378\charrsid14114545 the jury }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6699453\charrsid14114545 to find Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7349378\charrsid14114545  guilty of second degree CSC beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13126481\charrsid14114545 [49]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330540\charrsid14114545 
The plain error rule is not a run-of-the-mill remedy.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330540\charrsid14114545 
The intention of the rule is to serve the ends of justice; therefore it is invoked only in exceptional circumstances . . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid330540\charrsid3294477 Quitugua,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330540\charrsid14114545  2009 Guam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid469113\charrsid14114545 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330540\charrsid14114545 0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8340758\charrsid14114545 \'b6 52 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8340758\charrsid3294477 
United States v. Gerald,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8340758\charrsid14114545  624 F.2d 1291, 1299 (5th Cir. 1980)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8340758\charrsid14114545 Moreover}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid469113\charrsid14114545 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8340758 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12338933\charrsid14114545 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330540\charrsid14114545 
he reversal of a conviction entails substantial social costs: it forces jurors, witnesses, courts, the pros
ecution, and the defendants to expend further time, energy, and other resources to repeat a trial that has already once taken place; victims may be asked to relive their disturbing experiences.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330540\charrsid14114545 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330540\charrsid14114545 
[p]assage of time, erosion of memory, and dispersion of witnesses may render retrial difficult, even impossible.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330540\charrsid14114545 Thus, while reversal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330540\charrsid14114545 
may, in theory, entitle the defendant only to retrial, in practice it may reward the accused with complete freedom from prosecution,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330540\charrsid14114545 
 and thereby }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330540\charrsid14114545 cost the society the right to punish admitted }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8340758\charrsid14114545 offenders.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid330540 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8340758\charrsid3294477 People v. Grant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8340758\charrsid14114545 , 520 N.W.2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12338933\charrsid14114545 d 123, 130 (Mich. 1994) (}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8340758\charrsid14114545 alteration in original)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7623849\charrsid14114545  (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2835432\charrsid3294477 United States v. Mechanik}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2835432\charrsid14114545 , 475 U.S. 66, 72 (1986))}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8340758\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8340758\charrsid14114545 With these principles in mind, we find that the error here does not warrant reversal of Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8340758\charrsid14114545 s conviction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8340758 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3801776 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 B. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12338933\charrsid14114545 
Whether the Trial Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12338933\charrsid14114545 s Sentence of Twenty Y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 ears}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12338933\charrsid14114545  of I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15025385\charrsid14114545 mprisonment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12338933\charrsid14114545  for Second D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 egree }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15025385\charrsid14114545 CSC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12338933\charrsid14114545  is Contrary to L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 aw}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12338933\charrsid14114545  and an Abuse of D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12613721\charrsid14114545 iscretion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13126481\charrsid14114545 [50]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Title 9 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15025385\charrsid14114545 GCA \'a7 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 25.20(b) states that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
[c]riminal sexual conduct in the second degree is a felony in the first degree}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8879706\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8879706\charrsid14114545  .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14159593\charrsid14114545 9 GCA \'a7 25.20(b) (2005).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Title 9 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15025385\charrsid14114545 GCA \'a7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  80.30(a) provides that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8879706\charrsid14114545 
[i]n the case of a felony of the first degree, the court shall impose a sentence of not less than five (5) years and not more than twenty (20) years.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8879706\charrsid14114545 9 GCA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14159593\charrsid14114545 \'a7 80.30(a) (2005).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 In this case, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8739478\charrsid14114545 trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  sentenced Felder to the maximum of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13179886\charrsid14114545 twenty }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 years }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8739478\charrsid14114545 for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 his conviction for second degree CSC.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13126481\charrsid14114545 [51]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Felder argues that the trial court erred when it sentenced him to an }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 enhanced}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  sentence }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8739478\charrsid14114545 because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 9 GCA \'a7 80.31(a) provides for first offenders sentences of three }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14179283\charrsid14114545 (3) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 to fifteen }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14179283\charrsid14114545 (15) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 years }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14179283\charrsid14114545 shall be imposed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 for a first degree felony.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid3294477 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3294477 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs27\super\insrsid13516546 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546  Title 9 GCA \'a7 80.31 provides, in relevant part:

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s25\qj \li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid3294477 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 In the cases to which \'a7
 80.30 is applicable as to the sentencing of the person, a person who has not previously been convicted of a criminal offense and has been convicted of a felony for the first time may be sentenced to imprisonment as follows:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s25\qj \fi720\li1440\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid3294477 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 
(a)  In the case of a felony of the first degree, the court shall impose a sentence of not less than three (3) years and not more than fifteen (15) years;
\par . . . .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s25\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3294477 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516546 9 GCA \'a7 80.31 (2005).
\par }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 s Br. at 9.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Felder cites to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid12656107\charrsid11602277 People v.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid11602277 Muritok}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8739478\charrsid11602277 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8739478\charrsid14114545  2003 Guam 21,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  to argue that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 in order for an enhancement to take effect based upon }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8739478\charrsid14114545 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
prior conviction, the prior conviction must be pled as set forth in 8 GCA \'a7 55.40(a).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid13706920\charrsid11602277 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Section 55.40(a) provides, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 A prior conviction may be alleged when the existence of such conviction changes the punishment which can be imposed upon the defendant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 8 GCA \'a7 55.40(a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8739478\charrsid14114545  (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Felder concludes by stating, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8739478\charrsid14114545 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 here were never any pleadings contained in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8739478\charrsid14114545 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8739478\charrsid14114545 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
ndictment which alleged any prior felony convictions against Felder, and therefore . . . the court should not have sentenced Felder to twenty }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8739478\charrsid14114545 (20) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 years, the maximum being fifteen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8739478\charrsid14114545  (15)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 s Br. at 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8739478\charrsid14114545  (emphases omitted)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13126481\charrsid14114545 [52]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14108927\charrsid14114545 
Felder essentially argues that because the indictment did not allege any prior convictions, the trial court erred in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9916064\charrsid14114545 imposing an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9916064\charrsid14114545 enhanced}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9916064\charrsid14114545  sentence of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14957978\charrsid14114545 twenty }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9916064\charrsid14114545 years when it should have sentenced him, as a first offender, to no more than }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14957978\charrsid14114545 
fifteen }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9916064\charrsid14114545 years.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9916064\charrsid14114545 
A review of the record confirms that the indictment did not allege the existence of prior convictions against Felder; instead, several prior convictions were alleged in the People}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9916064\charrsid14114545 s Sentencing Memorandum, filed after the jury returned its verdict.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14114545\charrsid11602277  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid9916064\charrsid11602277 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9916064\charrsid14114545  RA, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3022812\charrsid14114545 vol. II, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9916064\charrsid14114545 
tab 155 at 1-2 (People}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9916064\charrsid14114545 s Sentencing Mem., Nov. 20, 2009).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9916064\charrsid14114545 We do not agree, however, that the failure to allege Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9916064\charrsid14114545 
s prior convictions in the indictment precluded the trial court from sentencing Felder to no more than }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14957978\charrsid14114545 fifteen }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9916064\charrsid14114545 
years of imprisonment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1599057 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11602277 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13126481\charrsid14114545 [53]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Although Felder argues that the indictment should have contained evidence of a prior conviction, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid11602277 Muritok }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 case states the opposite.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid12656107\charrsid11602277 Muritok}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 , the defendant also made a similar argument which was rejected by this court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15155038\charrsid14114545 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15155038\charrsid14114545 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid11602277 People v. Muritok}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 , 2003 Guam 21 \'b6 48}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15155038\charrsid14114545  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15155038\charrsid11602277 Muritok }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15155038\charrsid14114545 . . . contends that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15155038\charrsid11602277 Apprendi }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15155038\charrsid14114545 
requires the People to charge in the indictment any fact which increases the statutory maximum penalty for the offense.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15155038\charrsid14114545 
We disagree.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15155038\charrsid14114545 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 We went on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14957978\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 to hold that }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 unless otherwise }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6515518\charrsid14114545 required }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 by law, the penalty enhancing facts which fall within the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid11602277 Apprendi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
 rule need not be charged in the indictment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid11602277 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Furthermore, we cited to the U.S. Supreme Court when it held }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14114545\charrsid11602277 "'}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid11602277 [o]ther than the fact of a prior conviction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
, any fact that increases the penalty beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14114545\charrsid11602277 '" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid12656107\charrsid11602277 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 . at \'b6 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13185589\charrsid14114545 43 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 citing }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12656107\charrsid11602277 Apprendi v. New Jersey}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 , 530 U.S. 466, 490 (2000)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13185589\charrsid14114545 )}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15155038\charrsid14114545 Accordingly,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15957332\charrsid14114545  evidence of prior conviction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15155038\charrsid14114545 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15957332\charrsid14114545  need not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15155038\charrsid14114545 have been}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15957332\charrsid14114545  ple}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15155038\charrsid14114545 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15957332\charrsid14114545 d}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15155038\charrsid14114545 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15957332\charrsid14114545  in the indictment in order for Felder to not be sentenced as a first offender.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3342748 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13126481\charrsid14114545 [54]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3342748\charrsid14114545 I{\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b2115}{\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b2117}
{\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b2121}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b2115}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b2117}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b2121}t should be noted that in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15957332\charrsid14114545 the section of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid3342748\charrsid11602277 Muritok}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15957332\charrsid14114545  that Felder cites,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3342748\charrsid14114545  a footnote states, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3342748\charrsid11602277 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3342748\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3342748\charrsid11602277 e.g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3342748\charrsid14114545 ., Title 8 GCA \'a7 55.40}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3342748\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9056606\charrsid11602277 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9056606\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2428038\charrsid14114545 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2428038\charrsid14114545 s Br. at 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6900180\charrsid14114545 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6900180\charrsid11602277 Muritok}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6900180\charrsid14114545 , 2003 Guam 21 \'b6 48}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2428038\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3342748\charrsid14114545 Section 55.40(a) states that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3342748\charrsid14114545 
[a] prior conviction may be alleged when the existence of such conviction changes the punishment which can be imposed upon the defendant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13185589\charrsid14114545 8 GCA \'a7 55.40 (2005).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3342748\charrsid14114545 We do not believe that there is a }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3342748\charrsid14114545 change}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3342748\charrsid14114545  in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5703541\charrsid14114545 punishment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3342748\charrsid14114545 in this case because Felder was sentenced according to the standard sentencing guidelines for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7692541\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13178979\charrsid14114545 second }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3342748\charrsid14114545 degree criminal sexual conduct.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3342748\charrsid14114545 See 9 GCA \'a7 80.30(a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2886593\charrsid14114545 ) (2005)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3342748\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3342748\charrsid14114545 Title 8 GCA \'a7 55.40, therefore, does not affect our analysis here.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid197795 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13126481\charrsid14114545 [55]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13649681\charrsid14114545 We need not address Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13649681\charrsid14114545 s contention that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid528477\charrsid14114545 the first offender sentencing statute, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13649681\charrsid14114545 9 GCA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4547879\charrsid14114545 \'a7 80.31}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid528477\charrsid14114545 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4547879\charrsid14114545  required}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13649681\charrsid14114545  the trial court to sentence him }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4547879\charrsid14114545 between the three to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid948941\charrsid14114545 fifteen}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4547879\charrsid14114545 -year range}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13697810\charrsid14114545 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4547879\charrsid14114545  because the trial court f
ound that Felder was not a first offender}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid528477\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10508091\charrsid14114545 RA, }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11300387\charrsid14114545 vol. II, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10508091\charrsid14114545 tab 169 (Recording Log, Feb}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1131201\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10508091\charrsid14114545  4, 2010).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13697810\charrsid14114545 In response to the People}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13697810\charrsid14114545 s Sentencing Memorandum in which the People alleged the existence of several prior convictions against Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6649276\charrsid14114545 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11229129\charrsid14114545 Felder submitted a memorandum arguing that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11942762\charrsid14114545 People }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11229129\charrsid14114545 never established evidence of prior convictions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6649276\charrsid14114545  and requesting the court to sentence him as a first offender}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11229129\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3942317\charrsid11602277 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11229129\charrsid14114545 RA}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3168459\charrsid14114545 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11300387\charrsid14114545 vol. II, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3168459\charrsid14114545 tab}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11229129\charrsid14114545  158 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3168459\charrsid14114545 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11229129\charrsid14114545  2 (Sentencing Me}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6649276\charrsid14114545 
m., Nov. 27, 2009).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6649276\charrsid14114545 At the sentencing hearing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11229129\charrsid14114545 
, Felder and the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11942762\charrsid14114545 People }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11229129\charrsid14114545 present}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7086338\charrsid14114545 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11229129\charrsid14114545  their arguments}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6649276\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7086338\charrsid14114545 to the court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11229129\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11229129\charrsid14114545 See RA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3168459\charrsid14114545 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11300387\charrsid14114545  vol. II,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3168459\charrsid14114545  tab}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11229129\charrsid14114545  160 (Not. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13178979\charrsid14114545 Hr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13178979\charrsid14114545 g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11229129\charrsid14114545 , Dec. 7, 2009).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7086338\charrsid14114545 In response}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11229129\charrsid14114545 , the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid528477\charrsid14114545 trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11229129\charrsid14114545  noted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15025385\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4598383\charrsid14114545 
that it distinguished }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15025385\charrsid14114545 section }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4598383\charrsid14114545 
55.40(a) and found the section inapplicable to the issue of whether the defendant may be sentenced as a first offender.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4598383\charrsid14114545 RA}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3168459\charrsid14114545 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11300387\charrsid14114545  vol. II,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3168459\charrsid14114545  tab}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4598383\charrsid14114545  169 (Recording Log, Feb. 4. 2010).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4598383\charrsid14114545 
It added that the issue before the court was not an enhancement of the charge, but rather, whether the defendant should be considered for first offender sentencing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4598383\charrsid11602277 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4598383\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14575288\charrsid14114545 
The court concluded}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4598383\charrsid14114545  that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid734269\charrsid14114545  it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4598383\charrsid14114545  is the duty of the court}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid734269\charrsid14114545 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4598383\charrsid14114545  and not the jury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid734269\charrsid14114545 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4598383\charrsid14114545  to decide whether the defendant has suffered a previous conviction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585698\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585698\charrsid14114545 The court then}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10250202\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4598383\charrsid14114545 found that the defendant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6585698\charrsid14114545 wa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4598383\charrsid14114545 s not a first offender.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16131905\charrsid14114545 
Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4739050\charrsid14114545 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6649276\charrsid14114545 he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16131905\charrsid14114545  f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585698\charrsid14114545 acts above}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4739050\charrsid14114545  show that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid528477\charrsid14114545 
trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6649276\charrsid14114545  considered Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6649276\charrsid14114545 s arguments carefully}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585698\charrsid14114545  before }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1839340\charrsid14114545 finding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585698\charrsid14114545  that he was not a first offender}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6649276\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4867668\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4739050 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13126481\charrsid14114545 [56]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4867668\charrsid14114545 On appeal, Felder }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1131201\charrsid14114545 does not contend}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4867668\charrsid14114545  that he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1131201\charrsid14114545 had no convictions prior to the instant case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4867668\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4867668\charrsid14114545 Instead, he argues that any }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1131201\charrsid14114545 prior convictions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4867668\charrsid14114545  need}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3168459\charrsid14114545 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4867668\charrsid14114545 
 to be ple}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15155038\charrsid14114545 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4867668\charrsid14114545 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15155038\charrsid14114545 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4867668\charrsid14114545  in the indictment in order for him to not be sentenced as a first offender.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6314205\charrsid14114545 Appellant}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6314205\charrsid14114545 s Br. at 9.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4867668\charrsid14114545 As reasoned above, we do no}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4739050\charrsid14114545 t agree.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3168459\charrsid14114545 Furthermore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4739050\charrsid14114545 , on the basis }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4867668\charrsid14114545 of the record, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3168459\charrsid14114545 we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4867668\charrsid14114545 cannot find that the trial court abused its discretion in denying Felder a lesser sentencing range under the first offender statute, 9 GCA \'a7}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15025385\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4867668\charrsid14114545 80.31.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 V.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 CONCLUSION
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14114545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13126481\charrsid14114545 [57]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 Because Felder failed to object to the second degree CSC}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10771886\charrsid14114545  jury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  instruction, we must review the unobjected}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3168459\charrsid14114545 -to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545  instruction for plain error.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
Although giving the instruction was clear error under current law, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3168459\charrsid14114545 reversal of Felder}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3168459\charrsid14114545 s conviction is not warranted because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3827990\charrsid14114545 he failed to meet his burden of demonstrating prejudice by the instruction, and reversal is not necessary }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 to prevent a miscarriage of justice or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3827990\charrsid14114545 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
maintain the integrity of the judicial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3827990\charrsid14114545 process}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid738912 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13514266\charrsid14114545 [58]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid738912\charrsid14114545 Moreover, o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11276302\charrsid14114545 n the basis of the record, we cannot find that the trial court abused its discretion in denying Felder a lesser sentencing range under the first offender statute, 9 GCA \'a7 80.31.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid738912\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid738912 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545\charrsid14114545 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13514266\charrsid14114545 [59]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid738912\charrsid14114545 Accordingly, we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid738912\charrsid14114545 AFFIRM}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3342748\charrsid14114545  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14891912\charrsid14114545 the judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid738912\charrsid14114545 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12656107\charrsid14114545 
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