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.}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373199 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 GUAM MEMORIAL HOSPITAL AUTHORITY,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Petitioner, \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 v. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 SUPERIOR COURT OF GUAM,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Respondent, \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \par v. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 COMMITTEE ON HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES, \par 31st GUAM LEGISLATURE, \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Real Party in Interest-Respondent \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Supreme Court Case No. WRM12-001 \par Superior Court Case No. SP0059-12}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199\charrsid2373199 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 OPINION \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Filed:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 December 3, 2012 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Cite as: 2012 Guam 17 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373199 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373199 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam \par Argued and submitted August 29, 2012 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373199 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \par \ltrrow}\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid12192661\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0 \tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid2373199 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Appearing for Petitioner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 : \par Thomas J. Fisher, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Esq. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Fisher & Associates \par De La Corte Bldg., Ste. 101 \par 167 E. Marine Corps Dr. \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Appearing for Real Party in \par Interest-Respondent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 : \par Therese M. Terlaje, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Esq. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 The Law Office of Therese M. Terlaje, P.C. \par Terlaje Professional Bldg., Ste. 216 \par 194 Hernan Cortes Ave. \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow \ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid12192661\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl \brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard \ltrpar \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373199 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \par BEFORE: F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Chief Justice; ROBERT J. TORRES, Associate Justice; KATHERINE A. MARAMAN, Associate Justice. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 CARBULLIDO, C.J.: \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 [1]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \tab The Committee on Health & Human Services of the 31st Guam Legislature (\'93Committee\'94) issued a legislative subpoena to the Interim Administrator of the Guam Memorial Hospital Authority (\'93GMHA\'94).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 The subpoena required the Interim Administrator to appear at a legislative committee hearing and to bring particular documents with him by a specified deadline.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Prior to that deadline, GMHA filed in the trial court an application for an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 ex parte}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 order to quash the legislative subpoena.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 That same day, the matter was dismissed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 sua sponte}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 by the trial court for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 The Committee then issued an amended subpoena that limited the scope of the initial subpoena to the production of information it believed to be nonconfidential.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Three days later, GMHA filed a writ of mandamus, asking this court to order the trial court to exercise its jurisdiction to hear GMHA\rquote s application for an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 ex parte}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 order to quash the legislative subpoena.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 During the elapsed time following the writ filing, GMHA fully complied with the amended legislative subpoena.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 As a result, the amended subpoena was vacated and there are no longer any outstanding legislative subpoenas directed to GMHA.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 For the following reasons, we hold that a writ of mandamus shall not issue and deny GMHA\rquote s petition.}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199\charrsid2373199 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 I.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199\charrsid2373199 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 [2]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \tab On or around February 2, 2012, Senator Dennis G. Rodriguez, Jr., Chairman of the Committee was alerted that GMHA and its Board of Trustees tried to overturn a GMHA Medical Peer Review action r egarding a physician, Dr. George Macris, for the purpose of avoiding litigation with Macris in the future.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 The concern of potential future litigation stemmed from the fact that Dr. Macris had his GMHA privileges revoked after the Medical Peer Review process revealed its findings and determinations. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 On March 30, 2012, Attorney General of Guam, Leonardo A. Rapadas received a written request from Chairman Rodriguez for a copy of the settlement agreement, release, and covenant not to sue between GMHA and Dr. Macris.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Chairman Rodriguez did not receive a response to the request until July 10, 2012.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199\charrsid2373199 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 [3]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \tab On April 17, 2012, Chairman Rodriguez made a Sunshine Act request to the Governor.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 The Governor\rquote s legal counsel responded via e-mail on April 23, 2012, but did not provide the requested document or seek an extension of time to comply.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 The Committee issued a subpoena duces tecum to the Interim Administrator of GMHA on April 24, 2012.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 The subpoena ordered the Administrator to appear at a legislative committee hearing and bring certain documents with him by 6:30 P.M. on April 30, 2012.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 The documents required for production included the following: all settlement agreements and releases that GMHA entered into in the previous twenty-four months relating to an appeal for a peer review; all documents \'93 being entered into and/or already entered into\'94 involving the reinstatement of medical privileges for Dr. Macris, whose privileges were revoked within the past twenty-four-month period; all communications within the prev ious twenty-four months between GMHA and the National Practitioners Data Bank (\'93NPDB\'94); and records of proceedings of executive sessions of the GMHA Board of Trustees within the previous twenty-four months.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Excerpts of Record (\'93ER\'94) at 1-2 (Legislative Subpoena, Apr. 24, 2012).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199\charrsid2373199 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 [4]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \tab GMHA then sought to quash the subpoena in the trial court on April 27, 2012.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 On the evening of April 27, 2012, the Committee amended its subpoena to limit the production to information it believed to be nonconfidential.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 In its application to quash, GMHA argued that the subpoena required it to violate federal and Guam law, that it was overbroad and oppressive, and that it was not protected by the Speech or Debate Clause of the United States Constitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 The trial court dismissed, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 sua sponte}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 , the application to quash the original subpoena.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 On the same day as the dismissal, GMHA filed a motion to reconsider that decision.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 That motion was never heard.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Pet\rquote r\rquote s Br. at 5 (Jul. 3, 2012).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 On April 30, 2012, GMHA also petitioned for a writ of mandamus in this court, seeking to have this court compel the trial court to exercise jurisdiction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199\charrsid2373199 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 [5]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \tab Meanwhile, on April 30, 2012, the Governor, through his counsel, replied to Chairman Rodriguez\rquote s April 17, 2012 Sunshine Act request.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Also on this day, in response to the amended subpoena, GMHA\rquote s Interim Administrator, Rey Vega, \'93satisfactorily responded to all but one of the provisions of the subpoena at the April 30, 2012 oversight hearing.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Resp\rquote t\rquote s Br. at 14 (July 19, 2012).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Vega appeared at a legislative oversight hearing on April 30, 2012, and he stated he wished to comply with the amended subpoena.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 No objections were made at that time.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 On May 3, 2012, Chairman Rodriguez informed Vega that his response was insufficient regarding item 6 of the subpoena because it did not contain minutes from the Board of Trustee executive session meeting discussing the settlement agreement, release, and covenant not to sue.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 On May 11, 2012, the requested sessio n minutes were submitted to the Committee, which satisfied the last outstanding request.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Lastly, on May 14, 2012, Chairman Rodriguez notified Vega in writing that Vega had submitted the documents requested pursuant to item 6, which placed him in complianc e, and that the subpoena was vacated.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Currently, there are no outstanding legislative subpoenas regarding this matter.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199\charrsid2373199 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 II.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 JURISDICTION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199\charrsid2373199 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 [6]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \tab The Supreme Court of Guam has original jurisdiction over writs of mandamus pursuant to 48 U.S.C.A. 1424-1(a)(1), (3) (Westlaw through Pub. L. 112-195 (2012)) and 7 GCA \'a7 3107(b) (2005).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 See Duenas v. Guam Election Comm\rquote n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 , 2008 Guam 1 \'b6 11.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199\charrsid2373199 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 III.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 STANDARD OF REVIEW}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199\charrsid2373199 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 {\*\bkmkstart wlCitedDoc}[7]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \tab The trial court\rquote s determination of lack of jurisdiction is reviewed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 de novo.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Sananap v. Cyfred, Ltd.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 , 2008 Guam 10 \'b6 7.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Conclusions of law by the trial judge are reviewed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Duenas v. George & Matilda Kallingal, P.C.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 , 2012 Guam 4 \'b6 7.}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199\charrsid2373199 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 {\*\bkmkend wlCitedDoc}IV.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 ANALYSIS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199\charrsid2373199 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 [8]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \tab The leading issue is whether petitioner GMHA has s tanding in this case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 When a party lacks standing, this court is without subject matter jurisdiction to hear a claim.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Benavente v. Taitano}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 , 2006 Guam 15 \'b6 14 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Guam Imaging Consultants, Inc. v. Guam Mem\rquote l Hosp. Auth.,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 2004 Guam 15 \'b6 17).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Standing is a \'93threshold jurisdictional matter,\'94 and as such, this issue can be raised \'93at any stage of the proceedings, including for the first time on appeal.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Taitano v. Lujan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 , 2005 Guam 26 \'b6 15 (citations omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Moreover, an appellate court may raise issues of standing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 sua sponte}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 See People v. Tennessen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 , 2011 Guam 2 \'b6 12, quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 FW/PBS, Inc. v. City of Dallas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 , 493 U.S. 215, 230\endash 31 (1990) (\'93 Although neither side raises the issue here, we are required to address the issue even if the courts below have not passed on it, and even if the parties fail to raise the issue before us.\'94) (emphasis omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199\charrsid2373199 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 [9]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \tab Similar to state courts, this court is not bound by the standing requirements applicable to federal courts of limited jurisdiction under Article III of the United States Constitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Benavente}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 , 2006 Guam 15 \'b6 16 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Gutierrez v. Pangelinan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 , 276 F.3d 539, 544 (9th Cir. 2002)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 We have nonetheless adopted traditional standing requirements.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 {\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK1}See, e.g., id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 at \'b6 17 (\'93\'85while we recognize that Guam courts are not bound by Article III standing requirements, we do not reject such principles\'94).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 {\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK1} In addition, deriving guidance from our state court counterparts, we have held that standing may be based upon common-law standing as governed by Article III, or upon statutory standing as governed by Guam statutory law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 at \'b6 18.}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199\charrsid2373199 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 A.\tab Common-Law Standing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199\charrsid2373199 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 [10]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \tab Common-law constitutional standing requires proof of three elements.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 First, a party must show it has suffered an \'93injury in fact.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs. (TOC), Inc., }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 528 U.S. 167, 180 (2000) (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 , 504 U.S. 555, 560-61 (1992)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Second, a party must show causation, in that the injury can be fairly tra ced to the challenged action taken by the defendant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Third, and finally, a party must show redressability, meaning it is likely and beyond mere speculation that a favorable decision will remedy the injury sustained.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 at 181.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 The injured party bears the burden of proof with respect to these three elements.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 See, e.g.,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Renne v. Geary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 , 501 U.S. 312, 316 (1991) (\'93 It is the responsibility of the complainant clearly to allege facts demonstrating that he is a proper party to invoke judicial resolution of the dispute and the exercise of the court's remedial powers.\'94) (citation omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199\charrsid2373199 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 [11]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \tab We address each of these three elements in turn an d find no common-law standing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373199 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199\charrsid2373199 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373199 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Injury in Fact}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373199 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199\charrsid2373199 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373199 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 [12]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \tab The first element of common-law standing is injury in fact.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 An injury in fact must be concrete, particularized, and actual or imminent; it cannot be purely conjectural or hypothetical.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Laidlaw}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 , 528 U.S. at 180.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 See also O\rquote Shea v. Littleton}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 , 414 U.S. 488, 495-96 (1974) (\'93Past exposure to illegal conduct does not in itself show a present case or controversy regarding injunctive relief . . . if unaccompanied by any continuing, present adverse effects.\'94).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199\charrsid2373199 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 [13]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \tab GMHA contends that while it has substantially complied with the legislative subpoena, this court should nonetheless resolve the issue underlying the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 ex parte}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 order to quash the subpoena because \'93the Hospital }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 may }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 be subject to such a subpoena again and relief }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 may}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 not be had before the time of compliance runs.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Pet\rquote r\rquote s Br. at 7 (July 3, 2012) (emphasis added).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 GMHA also tries to paint its injury in fact as the potential need for the Committee to return the materials sent in compliance with the subpoena.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 See id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 at 11 ( \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 If}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 , on the merits, the Superior Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 to quas h the subpoena, the Legislative Committee would need to disgorge wrongfully obtained material.\'94) (emphasis added).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199\charrsid2373199 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 [14]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \tab It is important for us to determine the exact nature of the injury in fact complained of here, and to distinguish between the injury in fact claimed at the trial and appellate levels, respectively.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 The injury in fact outlined for the purpose of this mandamus proceeding is simply the denial of subject matter jurisdiction at the trial court level, and not the potential for future injury or the threat of legislative contempt proceedings.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Specifically, GMHA suggests the injury in fact for our consideration is the absence of \'93 the ability to request relief before a court which has jurisdiction but will not exercise it.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 at 8.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199\charrsid2373199 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 [15]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \tab To entertain an argument that the trial court\rquote s denial of subject matter jurisdiction amounted to an injury in fact, we must address the merits of the trial court\rquote s decision to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, but with the cautious eyes of writ review.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 In doing so, we note that n o contempt proceedings were ever threatened by the Committee, and no subpoenas remain outstanding.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 It appears that because GMHA pled before the trial court an injury in fact that was merely hypothetical and prospective in nature, the trial court declined to exercise subject matter jurisdiction over the matter.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199\charrsid2373199 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 [16]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \tab To that end, we cannot help GMHA achieve the goal of finding \'93relief before a court which has jurisdiction but will not exercise it,\'94 because we are unaware of a court available to do so at this stage in the litigation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Pet\rquote r\rquote s Br. at 8.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Therefore, we hold GMHA has not met its burden to show an injury in fact in support of its writ petition, as it has not first met the burden of showing a particular and imminent injury in fact at the trial court level.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373199 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199\charrsid2373199 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373199 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Causation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373199 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199\charrsid2373199 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373199 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 [17]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \tab The second element of common-law standing requires GMHA to show that the injury sustained can be fairly traced to action taken by the respondent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 GMHA contends that \'93there was not enough time to fully litigate the matter\'94 before it succumbed to and complied with the subpoena.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Pet\rquote r\rquote s Br. at 11. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199\charrsid2373199 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 [18]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \tab T here are two respondents here, namely, the Superior Court of Guam, which is the trial court, and the Committee.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 First, in analyzing the conduct of the trial court, if the alleged injury is a denial of jurisdiction, the conduct of the trial court in dismissing the case for lack of jurisdiction clearly establishes causation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 But if, on the other hand, we analyze the conduct of the Committee as the real party in interest, the tenacity of a causal chain proves weak, if not broken.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 This is because the injury sustained in this case, a denial of subject matter jurisdiction at the court below, is arguably self-inflicted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 See, e.g., Petro-Chem Processing, Inc. v. E.P.A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 , 866 F.2d 433, 438 (D.C. Cir. 1989) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 noting self-inflicting injury completely of petitioner \rquote s own fault breaks the causal chain) (footnotes omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6623468 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\super\insrsid6623468 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6623468 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 We }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6623468 find}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 the decision rendered by the Superior Court of Massachusetts in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 Commonwealth of Massachusetts v. Philip Morris, Inc. et al.}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6623468 to be instructive.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 See Philip Morris}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 ,} {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 No. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 957378J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 , 1998 WL 1248003 (Mass. Super. July 30, 1998). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid15823048 Although presented in a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid10294843 somewhat different context, the reasoning in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 Philip Morris}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid15823048 } {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid10294843 relative to voluntary compliance with a legislative subpoena is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 analogous to GMHA\rquote s compliance, which we find negates GMHA\rquote s injury requirement for standing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid15823048 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 Philip Morris}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 , defendants opposed the Commonwealth\rquote s motion to \'93de-privilege\'94 documents that were produced to the Chairman of the House Committee on Commerce, on the grounds that production was compelled and therefore the privilege attaching to the documents was not waived. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 Id }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 at *1. The Chairman had requested these documents in a letter that urged production by a certain deadline and indicated that the Chairman would consider issuing a subpoena on the day following t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6623468 he deadline in the event of non}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 compliance. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 After unsuccessful discussions with the Chairman and his staff, the defendants did not produce the requested documents, which were subsequently subpoenaed. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 In a letter accompanying fulfillment of the subpoena, Philip Morris explained that it was informed of the Committee\rquote s inclinati on to overrule any assertion of privilege based on discussions with the Chairman\rquote s office, and that \'93[u]nder these circumstances, we have no choice but to comply with the subpoena.\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 at *2. \par The court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 Philip Morris}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 held that defendants did not me et their burden to show that their compliance with the subpoena was in fact compelled and not voluntary. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 at *12. Specifically, the court stated that \'93[i]n order to preserve any privilege, the subpoenaed witness must take all steps reasonably availabl e to contest that subpoena, and only if those steps are unsuccessful will testimony or document production in compliance with the subpoena be treated as a compulsory disclosure.\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 at *6. The court also noted that the witness is not required to defy a court order and stand in contempt of court in order to preserve a claim of privilege, but that \'93all steps short of contempt must be exhausted\'94 before disclosure is deemed compulsory. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid6623468 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid15823048 The court cited to the Supreme Court\rquote s decision in }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid15823048 Eastland v. United States Servicemen\rquote s Fund }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid15823048 to support its analysis.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 See Eastland,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 421 U.S. 491 (1974). In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 Eastland}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 , the Court held that a witness served with a legislative subpoena cannot obtain a court ruling on privilege claims before standing in contempt, and, therefore, \'93 the only legal steps necessary to protect a privilege while complying with a congressional subpoena are (1) to assert the privilege and (2) to obtain a ruling from the committee chair.\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 Philip Morris}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 , above at *2 (citation omitted). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 See also Eas }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid6623468 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 land, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 421 U.S. at 509-11 (holding Speech and Debate Clause written to prevent harm caused by judicial interference with valid legislative acts and to forbid invocation of judicial power to challenge the wisdom of Congress\rquote use of its investigative authority). The court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 Philip Morris}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 held that the defendants had not obtained a ruling from the committee chair, noting that the \'93non-specific assertion of a conversation with an unidentified person\'94 in the Chairman\rquote s office did not suffice. Failure to obtain such a ruling, the court reasoned, \'93meant they had not pressed their privilege claims to the actual brink of contempt.\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 \chatn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6623468 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6623468\charrsid7406180 Similarly, GMHA could have sought a ruling from the Chair of the Committee, or otherwise made and carefully documented efforts t o avoid having to produce the documents to the Committee.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6623468 However, they chose to voluntarily comply with the subpoena.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199\charrsid2373199 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 [19]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \tab Again, GMHA was not confronted with contempt proceedings, either legislative or judicial, when it chose to comply with the Committee\rquote s legislative subpoena.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Were the facts of this case different, such that GMHA did not comply with the subpoena and instead chose noncompliance, the outcome could arguably differ.}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 See, e.g., United States v. Ryan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 , 402 U.S. 530, 533-34 (1971) (holding full judicial review of claim available to litigant upon noncompliance with subpoena).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 In this sense, by choosing to comply with the subpoena, however, GMHA caused its own injury in fact and left the trial court with no choice but to dismiss the action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Accordingly, GMHA has not established causation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199\charrsid2373199 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373199 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Redressability}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373199 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199\charrsid2373199 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 [20]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \tab The third and final element of common-law standing is redressability.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 To prove this element, GMHA must show that a favorable decision would serve to right the wrong it suffered.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Here, GMHA implores us to find a court that has jurisdiction over its claim yet fails to exercise it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 If we were to compel the trial court to hear this case, the trial court would adjudicate the standing issue in parallel fashion and dismiss the case in light of GMHA\rquote s failure to affirmatively meet its burden, as previously discussed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 Thus, again, as we continue to search in vain for a means to provide the relief sought, we do not see how issuance of the requested writ would redress GMHA\rquote s alleged injury.}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199\charrsid2373199 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 B.\tab Statutory Standing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199\charrsid2373199 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 [21]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \tab A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 s discussed above, a statute may confer standing upon a litigant where common-law standing would otherwise be lacking.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 When the legislature confers standing in this manner, litigants are excused from proving a \'93 special injury,\'94 or injury in fact, ordinarily required for common-law standing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 See Benavente}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 , 2006 Guam 15 \'b6 19.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 However, GMHA advances no tenable basis for claiming statutory standing, and we find that none exists under these circumstances for GMHA to bring this writ.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199\charrsid2373199 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 V.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 CONCLUSION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199\charrsid2373199 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 [22]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \tab As the petitioner in this case, GMHA had the burden to show that it has standing to petition for a writ of mandamus.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 We hold that absent a cognizable injury in fact that is beyond mere conjecture, and without a tenable basis for statutory circumvention of the injury in fact requirement, GMHA lacks common-law standing and st}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 atutory standing, respectively.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199\charrsid2373199 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 [23]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \tab Because GMHA failed to meet its burden to establish standing, we dismiss this case with prejudice without deciding on other grounds whether a writ of mandamus shall issue.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199\charrsid2373199 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 [24]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \tab GMHA\rquote s petition for writ of mandamus is hereby }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 DENIED}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373199 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623468\charrsid2373199 \par }{\*\themedata 504b030414000600080000002100828abc13fa0000001c020000130000005b436f6e74656e745f54797065735d2e786d6cac91cb6ac3301045f785fe83d0b6d8 72ba28a5d8cea249777d2cd20f18e4b12d6a8f843409c9df77ecb850ba082d74231062ce997b55ae8fe3a00e1893f354e9555e6885647de3a8abf4fbee29bbd7 2a3150038327acf409935ed7d757e5ee14302999a654e99e393c18936c8f23a4dc072479697d1c81e51a3b13c07e4087e6b628ee8cf5c4489cf1c4d075f92a0b 44d7a07a83c82f308ac7b0a0f0fbf90c2480980b58abc733615aa2d210c2e02cb04430076a7ee833dfb6ce62e3ed7e14693e8317d8cd0433bf5c60f53fea2fe7 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