{\rtf1\adeflang1025\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\adeff0\deff0\stshfdbch0\stshfloch0\stshfhich0\stshfbi0\deflang1033\deflangfe1033\themelang1033\themelangfe0\themelangcs0{\fonttbl{\f0\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f34\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria Math;}
{\f37\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}{\f38\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604030504040204}Tahoma;}{\f39\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Verdana;}
{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f40\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\f41\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\f43\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\f44\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\f45\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
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{\f381\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Math Cyr;}{\f383\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Math Greek;}{\f384\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Math Tur;}{\f387\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Math Baltic;}
{\f410\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}{\f411\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\f413\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\f414\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}
{\f417\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\f420\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Tahoma CE;}{\f421\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Tahoma Cyr;}{\f423\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Tahoma Greek;}
{\f424\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Tahoma Tur;}{\f425\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Tahoma (Hebrew);}{\f426\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Tahoma (Arabic);}{\f427\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Tahoma Baltic;}
{\f428\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Tahoma (Vietnamese);}{\f429\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 Tahoma (Thai);}{\f430\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Verdana CE;}{\f431\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Verdana Cyr;}
{\f433\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Verdana Greek;}{\f434\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Verdana Tur;}{\f437\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Verdana Baltic;}{\f438\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Verdana (Vietnamese);}
{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}
{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}
{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}
{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}}
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\red128\green0\blue128;\red128\green0\blue0;\red128\green128\blue0;\red128\green128\blue128;\red192\green192\blue192;}{\*\defchp }{\*\defpap \ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0 }
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\ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid2362467 searchterm;}{\*\cs23 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid2362467 starpage;}{
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Normal (Web);}{\s25\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon0 \snext25 \sqformat \spriority72 \styrsid2362467 List Paragraph;}{\s26\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext26 \slink27 \styrsid2362467 header;}{\*\cs27 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24 \sbasedon10 \slink26 \slocked \styrsid2362467 Header Char;}{\s28\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar
\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext28 \slink29 \styrsid2362467 footer;}{\*\cs29 
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{\*\cs32 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \f38\fs16 \sbasedon10 \slink31 \slocked \styrsid2362467 Balloon Text Char;}{\*\cs33 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i \sbasedon10 \sqformat \spriority20 \styrsid2362467 Emphasis;}{\*\cs34 
\additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid2362467 co_searchwithinterm;}{\*\cs35 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid2362467 co_starpage;}{\*\cs36 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b 
\sbasedon10 \sqformat \spriority22 \styrsid2362467 Strong;}{\*\cs37 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16 \sbasedon10 \styrsid2362467 annotation reference;}{\s38\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
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\sbasedon10 \slink38 \slocked \styrsid2362467 Comment Text Char;}{\s40\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon38 \snext38 \slink41 \styrsid2362467 annotation subject;}{\*\cs41 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b \sbasedon39 \slink40 \slocked \styrsid2362467 Comment Subject Char;}{\*
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{\*\listtable{\list\listtemplateid-299205918\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc3\levelnfcn3\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid964714760\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
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GUAM TOP BUILDERS, INC. and
\par EJONG CONSTRUCTION CO., LTD.,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 v.
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 TANOTA PARTNERS, HAFA ADAI PROPERTIES,
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\par Defendants-Appellants/Cross-Appellees.
\par 
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\b\lang2057\langfe0\langnp2057\langfenp0\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 September 12, 2012
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Cite as: 2012 Guam 12}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
\par Supreme Court Case No.: CVA09-013
\par Superior Court Case Nos.: CV0558-99 and CV2469-98
\par 
\par Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam
\par Argued and submitted on June 3, 2010
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam
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\par Thomas M. Tarpley, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Esq}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 .
\par 414 W. Soledad Ave., Ste. 904
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910
\par 
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Cross-Appellees Tanota Partners and
\par Hafa Adai Properties}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 :
\par David Mair, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Esq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  (Argued and Briefed)
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Mair, Mair, Spade & Thompson, L.L.C.
\par 238 Archbishop F.C. Flores St.
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910\cell 
}\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\ltrrow
\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid4216327\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5148\clshdrawnil \cellx5040\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4428\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row \ltrrow
}\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \cell \cell }\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \trowd \irow1\irowband1\ltrrow
\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid4216327\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5148\clshdrawnil \cellx5040\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4428\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row \ltrrow
}\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \cell Calvo Fisher & Jacob LLP}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 259 Martyr St., Ste. 100
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
\trowd \irow2\irowband2\lastrow \ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid4216327\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5148\clshdrawnil \cellx5040\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4428\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 BEFORE: ROBERT J. TORRES, Chief Justice; F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Associate Justice; and KATHERINE A. MARAMAN, Associate Justice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2362467 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid2362467 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467 
  On January 18, 2011, Justice F. Philip Carbullido was sworn in as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Guam.  The signatures in this Opinion reflect the titles of the justices at the time this matter was considered and determined.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 TORRES, C.J.:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [1]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab This Amended Opinion supersedes in its entirety the prior opinion of this court, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Guam Top Builders, Inc. v. Tanota Partners}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 2011 Guam 30.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Defendants-Appellants/Cross-Appellees Tanota Partners and Hafa Adai Properties appeal the Judgment and Decree of Foreclosure of Mechanic\rquote s Liens.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Plaintiffs-Appellees/Cross-Appellants Guam Top Builders, Inc. and Ejong Construction Co., Ltd. also filed a cross-appeal of the same judgment and decree.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 For the reasons discussed below we affirm in part and reverse in part the Judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 I.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [2]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab 
Many of the facts relevant to this appeal are contained in our earlier opinion, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Guam Top Builders, Inc. v. Tanota Partners}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 2006 Guam 3, as a result we will set forth only those facts necessary to explain our decision.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs39\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 This case involves mechanic\rquote s lien claims arising out of the construction of the Outrigger Hotel (\'93Hotel\'94
) in Tumon, Guam, owned by Defendants-Appellants/Cross-Appellees Tanota Partners and Hafa Adai Properties (collectively, \'93Tanota\'94).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs39\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs39\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Plaintiff-Appellee/Cross-Appellant, supplier Ejong Construction Co., Ltd. (\'93Ejong\'94), did not execute a written contract with Tanota or any of its agents but nevertheless indisput
ably supplied steel and other materials for the Hotel\rquote s construction, filed with the Department of Land Management a mechanic\rquote s lien for record on the Hotel for the steel and materials supplied.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs18\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs18\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \'b6 1.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs18\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Subsequently, Ejong filed a complaint in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 the Superio
r Court to enforce payment of its claim and to foreclose on the amended lien in the amount of $1,728,284.67.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [3]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab 
Tanota moved for summary judgment on the basis that Ejong was paid in full for the materials supplied to the Hotel project, that the lien amount was not a claim for materials provided but included a claim for money paid to John K. Sherman (\'93Sherman\'94
), President of AES Construction, Inc. (\'93AES\'94), and that the claims of lien were ineffective for lack of verification.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The trial court granted summary judgment, and Ejong appealed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs39\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [4]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs39\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab 
On appeal, we held that because a genuine issue of material fact remained over the existence and terms of an agreement regarding the price of materials Ejong supplied, summary judgment invalidating the amount of Ejong\rquote 
s lien to the extent it exceeded $5,000.00 was improper.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs39\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \'b6 23.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 On remand, the case proceeded to a jury trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 At the pre-trial conference the parties disputed the issues that would proceed to trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Transcripts (\'93Tr.\'94) at 3-5 (Pre-Trial Conf., Jan. 12, 2007).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tanota asserted that Plaintiffs-Appellees/Cross-Appellants Guam Top Builders, Inc. (\'93GTB\'94
) and Ejong made no demand for a jury trial, and as a result were not entitled to have their claims tried by the jury.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 . at 5.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The trial judge requested the parties brief the issues and continued the hearing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 At the continued hearing, the trial court decided it would determine all issues relating to the validity of the mechanic\rquote 
s liens, and that all other triable issues would be sent to the jury.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tr. at 10
\endash 13, 25-26 (Status Conf., Jan. 17, 2007).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
At trial, the parties filed proposed jury instructions for the court\rquote s consideration.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tanota requested the trial court instruct the jury on its affirmative defenses.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Specifically, Tanota proposed the following: (1) an instruction on the validity of a mechanic\rquote 
s lien when made with intent to defraud; (2) an instruction defining fraud; (3) an unclean hands instruction; (4) an instruction for payment of materials and labor provided; (5) an agency instruction; and (6) instructions on the mechanic\rquote 
s lien statutory requirements.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Appellants\rquote  Excerpts of Record (\'93ER\'94
), vol. 1, tab 34 at 2-4, 5-6, 8-9 (Am. Proposed Instr., Feb. 13, 2007).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
The trial court denied Tanota\rquote s requested instructions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [5]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab Following a 16-day jury trial, the jury returned a special verdict in favor of Ejong for the sum of $1,491,658.17.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Record on Appeal (\'93RA\'94), tab 248 at 2 (Special Verdict, Feb. 16, 2007).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 In the special verdict form, the jury found there was an agreement with Ejong r
egarding the price of the materials supplied.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
The jury also determined that GTB did not fulfill its obligations under the Memorandum of Understanding (\'93MOU\'94) between AES and GTB, and after deducting the costs incurred by AES to complete the project, the jury awarded GTB $180,000.00.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  at 3.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
The trial court requested that the parties file post-trial memoranda on how the case should next proceed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tr. at 44 (Jury Trial, Feb. 16, 2007).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The trial court subsequently issued a Decision and Order concluding that it would proceed with determining the issues concerning the statutory requirements of the mechanic\rquote s liens.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 RA, tab 253 at 13 (Dec. & Order, June 12, 2007).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The court also found that \'93the jury\rquote s finding that an agreement existed for the purchase price 
of steel was inconsistent with its determination as to the amount owing under such agreement because the jury\rquote 
s award of $1,491,658.17 to Plaintiff Ejong more closely reflect[ed] the market value of materials . . . , and not $928,620.00, the amount Ejong claimed as the balance under the agreement.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 . at 9-10.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
As a result of the inconsistent verdict, the court held that Ejong was owed $928,620.00.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  at 11.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [6]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab 
The trial court proceeded to determine the issues related to the validity of the mechanic\rquote s liens.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 GTB and Ejong filed post-trial motions for summary judgment which the court granted in part.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 RA, tab 258 (Pls.\rquote  Post-Trial Mots. Summ. J., Aug. 3, 2007); RA, tab 272 (Dec. & Order, Sept. 8, 2008).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Thereafter, Tanota filed a motion for reconsideration
 and also renewed its motion for a judgment as a matter of law or in the alternative for a new trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 RA, tab 293 (Defs.\rquote  Mem., Nov. 10, 2008).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The motions were denied.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 In its Decision and Order denying the motions, the court reconsidered its earlier decision of the inconsistent verdict and agreed with GTB and Ejong\rquote s explanation of the jury\rquote 
s verdict, that is, that the jury decided to add to the actual cost of materials a 10% markup to account for overhead and profit.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 RA, tab 304 at 12 (Dec. & Order, Mar. 19, 2009).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 On May 1, 2009, judgment was entered for Ejong in the amount of $1,491,658.17 and for GTB in the amount of $180,000.00, which included an award of pre-judgment and post-judgment interest.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 RA, tab 309 at 2 (Judgment & Decree of Foreclosure, May 1, 2009).}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tanota timely appealed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 RA, tab 314 (Not. of Appeal, May 19, 2009).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Ejong and GTB filed a cross-appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 RA tab 330 (Not. of Cross Appeals, June 11, 2009).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 II.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 JURISDICTION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [7]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab This court has jurisdiction 
over this appeal and cross-appeal from a final judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7
 1424-1(a)(2) (Westlaw through Pub. L. 112-44 (2011)); 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 3107(b), 3108(a) (2005).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 III.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 STANDARD OF REVIEW}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [8]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab We review a jury\rquote s verdict to determine
 whether it is supported by substantial evidence or is against the clear weight of the evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Park v. Mobil Oil Guam, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 2004 Guam 20 \'b6 11 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 O\rquote Mara v. Hechanova}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 2001 Guam 13 \'b6 6).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \'93Substantial evidence is such relevant evidence which reasonabl
e minds might accept as adequate to support a conclusion even if it is possible to draw two inconsistent conclusions from the evidence.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 O\rquote Mara}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 2001 Guam 13 \'b6 6).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 A ruling on a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict is reviewed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Leon Guerrero v. DLB Constr. Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 1999 Guam 9 \'b6 11).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 A denial of a motion for a new trial is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Fenwick v. Watabe Guam, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 2009 Guam 1 \'b6 6 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 B.M. Co. v. Avery}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 2002 Guam 19 \'b6 10).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \'93When reviewing the denial of a motion for a new trial, the inquiry is whether the verdict is either supported by substantial evidence or \lquote whether the jury\rquote 
s decision is against the clear weight of the evidence.\rquote \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Avery}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 2002 Guam 19 \'b6 10).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [9]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab A trial court\rquote 
s refusal to give a requested instruction is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Avery}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 2002 Guam 19 \'b6 10).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 While we generally review the trial court\rquote 
s formulation of jury instructions for abuse of discretion, we review jury instructions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs34\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 de}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs34\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  when they are challenged as a misstatement of the law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 See People v. Songeni}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 2010 Guam 20 \'b6 9 & n.1 (citations omitted); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Voohries-Larson v. Cessna Aircraft Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 241 F.3d 707, 713 (9th Cir. 2001) (citations omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Since the trial judge is in the best position to determine if a jury\rquote s answers are }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs34\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 inconsistent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
, we review the decision for abuse of discretion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
See Kerman v. City of New York}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  {\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK1}
{\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK2}261 F.3d 229{\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK1}{\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK2}, 244 (2d Cir. 2001).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [10]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab Although a trial court\rquote s award of inte
rest generally is reviewed for an abuse of discretion, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Guam United Warehouse Corp. v. DeWitt Transp. Servs. of Guam, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 2003 Guam 20 \'b6 22, whether prejudgment interest for an implied contract to pay the reasonable value of services or materials provided is permitted under 20 GCA \'a7
 2110 is a question of law warranting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  review.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tanaguchi-Ruth + Assocs. v. MDI Guam Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 2005 Guam 7 \'b6 81.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Finally, we review the denial of a motion for summary judgment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Quichocho v. Macy\rquote s Dep\rquote t Stores, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 2008 Guam 9 \'b6 13 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Villanueva ex rel. United States v. Commercial Sanitation Sys., Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 2005 Guam 8 \'b6 9).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 IV.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 ANALYSIS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [11]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab 
In this opinion, we first examine the issues raised in Tanota\rquote s appeal and then address GTB and Ejong\rquote s cross-appeal issues.
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tanota\rquote s Appeal
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
\par 1.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Trial Court\rquote s Refusal to Provide Proposed Instructions}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 a.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Standard of Review}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [12]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab The parties dispute the applicable standard of review for the trial court\rquote s failure to instruct the jury with Tanota\rquote s proposed instructions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tanota asserts the standard of review \'93depends on the nature of the claimed error.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Appellants\rquote  Br. at 11 (Feb. 9, 2010) (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Navellier v. Sletten}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 262 F.3d 923, 944 (9th Cir. 2001)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Specifically, Tanota contends that the abuse of discretion standard ap
plies generally to claims of instructional error; however, where the claim of error is based on a misstatement of the law or failure to instruct on a party\rquote s theory of a case, the standard of review is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Relying on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
B.M. Co. v. Avery}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 2002 Guam 19, GTB and Ejong claim that a denial of a proposed instruction is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Appellees\rquote  Br. at 10 (Mar. 12, 2010).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [13]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Avery}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
 we stated that the denial of a proposed jury instruction is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 2002 Guam 19 \'b6 10.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 We said that a refusal to give an instruction on a cognizable issue for which there was supporting evidence may be an abuse of discretion, and \'93a trial court\rquote 
s decision to reject a requested instruction will be upheld even where the court c
ould have given an instruction that was of more assistance to the jury, if the instruction actually given accurately and sufficiently instructed the jury of the law to be applied.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  \'b6\'b6
 34, 36 (citations omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \'93[If] the instructions advise the jury a
s to the law it should apply, the court has the discretion to decline to give other instructions even though they may properly state the law to be applied.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  \'b6 34 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Thus, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Avery }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 provides that the trial court\rquote 
s denial of a jury instruction will be upheld so long as the instructions actually given adequately apprise the jury as to the law it is to apply.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [14]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab Most federal courts apply the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 de novo }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 standard where the alleged error is based on a misstatement of the law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs33\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Voohries-Larson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  241 F.3d at 713 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Mockler v. Multnomah Cnty.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 140 F.3d 808, 812 (9th Cir. 1998)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Alleged errors based on the formulation of the instruction and particular language used are also reviewed for an abuse of discretion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  (quoting }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Gilbrook v. City of Westminster}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
, 177 F.3d 839, 860 (9th Cir. 1999)); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Mendez v. Cnty. of San Bernardino}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 540 F.3d 1109, 1118 (9th Cir. 2008).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [15]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab Tanota argues the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury with its proffered instructions related to its affirmative defenses.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Specifically, Tanota proposed the following instructions: (1) the mechanic\rquote 
s lien amount was overstated and made with intent to defraud; (2) definition of fraud; (3) an unclean hands instruction; (4) materials and labor instruction; (5) an instruction on agency; and (6) instructions on the mechanic\rquote 
s lien statutory requirements..}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
ER, vol. 1, tab 34 at 2-4, 5-6, 8-9 (Am. Proposed Jury Inst.).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
We examine each alleged jury instruction error below.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 b.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Fraud Instructions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1080\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [16]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab Tanota proposed the following instruction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2362467 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\super\insrsid2362467 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467  Tanota also proposed an instruction on the definition of fraud which read:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2362467 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467 \tab The elements of fraud include:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s19\ql \fi-360\li1080\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls23\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid2362467 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467 a misrepresentation;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}knowledge of falsity (or scienter);
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3.\tab}intent to defraud to induce reliance;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 4.\tab}justifiable reliance;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 5.\tab}resulting damages.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2362467 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467 RA, tab 245 at 29 (Am. Proposed Jury Inst.).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Mechanic\rquote s Liens \endash  Invalidation of Lien Because of Fraud}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Under Guam law, an overstatement in the amount of a mechanic
\rquote s lien made with the intent to defraud shall invalidate the lien.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 If you find that Ejong overstated the amount of its mechanic\rquote s lien with the intent to defraud, you must find that Ejong\rquote s lien is invalidated.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 If you find that Guam Top Builders overstated the amount of its mechanic\rquote s lien with the intent to defraud, you must find that Guam Top Builder\rquote 
s lien is invalidated.
\par Source: 7 G.C.A. \'a7 33401; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Henley v. Pacific Fruit Cooling & Vaporizing Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 127 P. 800 (Cal. Ct. App. 1912).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 RA, tab 245 at 21 (Am. Proposed Jury Inst.).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [17]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab In its Answer, Tanota pleaded as affirmative defenses:
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 6.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Both Plaintiffs GTB and Ejong have willfully and intentionally filed claims of lien in excess of the amounts permitted by their respective contracts and by law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2362467 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid2362467 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467  GTB and Ejong contend that Defense
 # 6 alleges fraud that is a statutory defense under 7 GCA \'a7 33401 to a mechanic\rquote s lien foreclosure action, but that as the case developed, factually there was little support for this defense.  Appellees\rquote  {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname 
PostalCode}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname country-region}}Br.{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} at 11.  In particular, 
Tanota failed to rebut their Trial Exhibit 86, demonstrating their actual costs, and consequently, there was no showing that the lien amounts claimed by Tanota were made with any \'93intent to defraud.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid2362467 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 . . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 8.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The lien claims of both Plaintiff[s] GTB and Ejong are false and fraudulent. 
\par . . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 RA, tab 71 at 5 (Answer, Feb. 9, 2001).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [18]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab Although a trial court has broad discretion in formulating jury instructions, \'93a party is entitled to have the jury instructed on its theories if the proposed in
structions are correct statements of the law and supported by the evidence.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Arkwright}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Mut. Ins. Co. v. Gwinner Oil, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 125 F.3d 1176, 1180 (8th Cir. 1997) (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Hoselton v. Metz Baking Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 48 F.3d 1056, 1063 (8th Cir. 1995)); }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 see also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 People v. Jones}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 2006 Guam 13 \'b6 35.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Conversely, a party is not entitled to an instruction if the issue is not properly before the court.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 See Goldsmith v. Bagby Elevator Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 513 F.3d 1261, 1287 (11th Cir. 2008).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 A party is entitled to an instruction when the instruction accurately states the law and is supported by the evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [19]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Avery}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , this court determined that the trial court erred in rejecting a proposed instruction, where the proposed instruction \'93adequately encapsulate[d] the law\'94 relating to 
the crux of a parties\rquote  claim, \'93recited a legally cognizable theory of recovery,\'94 and the principle set forth in the proposed instruction was not \'93substantially covered by any other given instruction,\'94
 and consequently, the failure to instruct was prejudicial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 2002 Guam 19 \'b6\'b6
 35-36 (relying on cases from disparate jurisdictions). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [20]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab 
Tanota suggests we evaluate instructional error by applying three factors articulated in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Goldsmith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , wherein the Eleventh Circuit held that \'93[a] refusal to give a requested instruction is erroneous only if \lquote 
(1) the requested instruction correctly stated the law, (2) the instruction dealt with an issue properly before the jury, and (3) the failure to give the instruction resulted in prejudicial harm to the requesting party.\rquote \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 513 F.3rd at 1287 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Roberts & Schaefer Co. v. Hardaway Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 152 F.3d 1283, 1295 (11th Cir. 1998)); }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Appellants\rquote  Br. at 11 (citations omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [21]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab We adopt the test in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Goldsmith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  and examine first, the second factor that the fraud instruction
s dealt with an issue properly before the jury.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
The parties dispute whether the trial court bifurcated the trial, separating the factual issues from the primarily legal issues related to the liens\rquote  validity.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [22]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab GTB and Ejong contend that the trial cour
t indicated at the continued pre-trial status hearing that the court was considering bifurcating the trial, whereby the jury would determine the factual issues of whether there was a contract, with whom, and whether there was money owed and how much, but 
the trial judge would determine the issues regarding the mechanic\rquote s lien enforcement.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Appellees\rquote  Br. at 2 (citing Tr. at 9-10 (Status Hrg., Jan. 17, 2007)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 GTB and Ejong submit the bifurcation was confirmed the following day.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 (citing Tr. at 12-14 (Status Conf., Jan. 18, 2007)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Tanota, on the other hand, contends that the trial was not bifurcated and that the trial court determined that all issues would proceed to the jury.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Appellants\rquote  Reply & Resp. Br. at 9-10 (Apr. 12, 2010).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [23]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab 
Discussion on the scope of the jury trial initially ensued at the pre-trial conference.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tr. at 3-5 (Pre-trial Conf., Jan. 12, 2007).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The trial court informed the parties to file memoranda on their positions, and the matter was continued.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  at 5.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 At the c
ontinued hearing, after oral argument from the parties, the trial court stated that the jury would decide the factual issues related to the lien claims if the case was to proceed to trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tr. at 25 (Status Hrg.).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The court informed the parties it would issue a decision the following day.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  at 25-26.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
The next day, the trial court declined to find that GTB and Ejong had a right to a jury trial on the equitable claim, here the validity of the mechanic\rquote s liens, when the claim was infused with legal issues.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tr. at 12-14 (Status Conf.); RA, tab 253 at 5-6 (Dec. & Order).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
The court decided to proceed to a jury trial on all triable issues in the matter, on the grounds that Tanota made a jury demand and did not specify issues it wished to be tried before a jury, 
and in failing to specify the issues, the demand made was only a demand for all triable issues pursuant to Rule 38(c)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2362467 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid2362467 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467  Rule 38(c) states that \'93[i]n the demand a party may specify the issues which the party wishes so tried; otherwise the party shall be dee
med to have demanded trial by jury for all the issues so triable.\'94  Guam R. Civ. P. (\'93GRCP\'94) 38(c).  
\par }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  of the Guam Rules of Civil Procedure .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tr. at 12-14 (Status Conf.).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [24]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab The trial was clearly bifurcated and legal issues relating to the validity and perfection of the mechanic\rquote s liens were reserved by the trial court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The issue of the invalidation of the mechanic\rquote s liens including the lien perfection,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2362467 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid2362467 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467 
 Tanota also claimed it was error for the trial court to refuse to instruct the jury on its proposed instructions on whether GTB and Ejong perfected the liens under Guam\lquote s mechanic\rquote 
s lien laws.  Because we find that the trial was bifurcated, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in rejecting Tanota\rquote s proposed instructions on this issue.  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  were not properly before the jury, and therefore it was not proper for the trial court to instruct the jury on Tanota\rquote 
s proposed instructions on the invalidation of the lien due to fraud, or whether the liens were perfected, as well as the other requested fraud instructions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tanota\rquote s proposed fraud instructions were not based on the fraud argued at trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Rather, at trial Tanota argued that GTB, Ejong and AES intended to defraud the bank by increasing the dummy invoices, which is not the same type of fraud as tha
t in the proposed instruction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The \'93intent to defraud\'94
 in the proposed instruction and the cited statute relates to an overstatement in the amount of a mechanic\rquote s lien, not to the overstatement of amounts invoiced to a bank.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Here, there were two lien claims in the amounts of $928,000.00 and $1.7 million.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 GTB and Ejong did not file liens in excess of the amounts permitted by their respective contracts or by law.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Moreover, Tanota was not a party to the dummy invoices created between GTB & Ejong and AES, and the fact that Tanota was harmed because of the dummy invoices was not an affirmative defense pled by Tanota.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Therefore, we find no abuse of discretion by the trial court in refusing to instruct the jury on Tanota\rquote 
s proffered fraud instructions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Because the 
issues were not properly before the jury, we need not reach the other }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Goldsmith }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 factors for evaluating instructional error outlined above.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 c.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Unclean Hands Instruction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1080\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [25]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab Tanota next argues that the trial court erred in rejecting its proposed instruction based on the \'93unclean hands\'94 doctrine.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Tanota submits that it properly raised the affirmative defense in its answer and was therefore entitled to an instruction on this issue.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 GTB and Ejong claim that Tanota\rquote 
s defense of unclean hands involved bank fraud and therefore was not properly pleaded with particularity as required under Rule 9(b) of the Guam Rules of Civil Procedure.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 In considering the alleged error, the trial court stated that Tanota failed to explain how the \'93proposed instruction would have altered the outcome\'94
 of the case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 RA, tab 304 at 14 (Dec. & Order, Mar. 19, 2009).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Further, after reviewing the evidence, the court found that even if the proposed instruction was given, the jury\rquote s verdict would not have changed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tanota\rquote s proposed instruction read:
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Unclean Hands
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
If you find that Guam Top Builders intended to defraud Tanota Partners and/or HSBC, the law requires that the doctrine of unclean hands be applied and that you leave the parties as you found them.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
If you find that [Ejong Construction, Inc.] intended to defraud Tanota Partners and/or HSBC, the law requires that the doctrine of unclean hands be applied and that you leave the parties as you found them.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 RA, tab 245 at 28 (Am. Proposed 
Jury Inst.).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [26]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab 
The doctrine of unclean hands is an affirmative defense invoked by defendants to prevent a plaintiff from obtaining relief.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Giraldo v. Cal. Dep\rquote t of Corr. & Rehab.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 85 Cal. Rptr. 3d 371, 393 (Ct. App. 2008) (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Kendall-Jackson Winery, Ltd. v. Super. Ct.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 90 Cal. Rptr. 2d 743, 746 (Ct. App. 1999)).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \'93Traditionally, the doctrine of unclean }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b4542}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b4542}hands}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
 is invoked when one seeking relief in equity has violated conscience, good faith or other equitable principles in his prior conduct.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Fibreboard Paper Prods. Corp. v. E. Bay Union of Machinists, Local 1304}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
, 39 Cal. Rptr. 64, 96}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  (Dist. Ct. App. 1964) (citations omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \'93Any unconscientious conduct in the transaction may give rise to the defense.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Burton v. Sosinsky}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 250 Cal. Rptr. 33, 41}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  (Ct. App. 1988) (citations omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Whether the defense of unclean }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b4610}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b4610}hands}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  should bar a remedy otherwise available depends upon an analysis of \'93
the analogous case law, the nature of the misconduct, and the relationship of the misconduct to the claimed injuries.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Blain v. Doctor\rquote s Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  272 Cal. Rptr. 250, 256 (Ct. App. 1990).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [27]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab Tanota argued at trial that GTB and Ejong engaged in a scheme to defraud Hong Kong Shanghai Bank Corporation (\'93HSBC\'94) and Tanota.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \'93
A party has the right to have [its] theory of the case presented to the jury by instructions, if there is evidence to support it.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Alley v. Praschak Mach. Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 366 So. 2d 661 (Miss. 1979) (citations omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
As discussed above, the affirmative defense of fraud pleaded by Tanota was based on the alleged overstatement of GTB and Ejong\rquote s lien claims with the intent to defraud, and not on the alleged bank fraud.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
There was no evidence presented at trial which showed that the dummy invoices to HSBC were somehow related to the inflation of the lien claims.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Again, the fraud claims pleaded by Tanota as affirmative defenses were that the lien claims were contractually and unlawfully excessive as well as false and fraudulent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 RA, tab 71 at 5 (Answer).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tanota has failed to show how the dummy invoices relate to the increase in the lien claims.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The unclean hands instruction did not deal with a
n issue properly before the jury and therefore we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to instruct the jury with this instruction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 d.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Instruction on Mechanic\rquote s Liens -- Materials and Labor Only}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2362467 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid2362467 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467  Tanota objected at trial to the trial court\rquote 
s refusal to instruct the jury as proposed, but this claimed error was not raised in its renewed motion for a judgment as a matter of law or alternatively for a new trial.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [28]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab Tanota also argues error in the trial court\rquote s 
refusal to instruct the jury that loans are not recoverable under a mechanic\rquote s lien.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The proposed instruction read:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Mechanic\rquote s Liens \endash  Materials and Labor Only
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 A mechanic\rquote s lien may be filed for the value of labor and materials only.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 If you find that Ejo
ng was paid in full for the materials it provided to the Outrigger project, and thereafter made a loan or transferred money to John Sherman or AES Construction, Inc., you must find that Ejong is not entitled to a mechanic\rquote 
s lien for the amount loaned or transferred.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 RA, tab 245 at 20 (Am. Proposed Jury Inst.).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [29]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab 
GTB and Ejong assert it was not error to refuse this instruction because the issue of whether GTB and Ejong were entitled to a mechanic\rquote s lien was not before the jury.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 GTB and Ejong also submit that Tanota abandoned the loan defense and failed to submit a proposed instruction with acceptable wording.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Appellees\rquote  Br. at 14.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Finally, GTB and Ejong submit no evidence was presented at trial of a loan to Sherman.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 At trial, Jae Park, President of GTB,
 testified that it was understood the $923,000.00 was John Sherman\rquote s money and that the theory of the loan to Sherman was a theory suggested by prior counsel.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tr. at 31-32 (Jury Trial, Jan. 25, 2007).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 John Sherman denied the existence of a loan.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tr. at 38-39 (Jury Trial, Feb, 9, 2007).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Jong Kwan Lee, President of Ejong Construction, testified and also denied it was a loan.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 On cross-examination, Lee stated:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Q.\tab You testified yesterday that you recalled in 1998 and 1999 that you originally said Ejong had loan
ed Nine Hundred and Twenty-three Thousand Dollars ($923,000) to John Sherman; correct?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 IA.\tab Yes.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Q.\tab Okay.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 And you said you did it because your lawyer told you to call it a loan?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 IA.\tab Yes.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 . . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Q.\tab Okay.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 So, are you telling me, then, that when you said in 1999 that you loaned money to John Sherman, that that was a lie?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 IA.\tab I . . . I would not con-- I would not call it \endash  I will not see it as a lie.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 In . . . in truth, because I don\rquote t know American law . . . . . . as I stated yesterday, with Ejong\rquote 
s provisions of the steel and not getting paid, after consultation with an American attorney, it was stated that in order to resolve the issue, it would be less complicated to deal with it as . . . or treat it as 
a loan; and, as such, the claim was stated as a loan.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Q.\tab Okay.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tr. at 11, 16 (Jury Trial, Feb. 2, 2007).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [30]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab 
Neither party presented any evidence of a loan agreement.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
The testimony of the witnesses at trial did not establish that Ejong made a loan to Sherman; instead, as the trial court concluded, the testimony about a loan was a legal theory devised by Ejong\rquote s former counsel.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2362467 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid2362467 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467  Although not an issue on appeal, after tr
ial, the trial court granted a directed verdict in Sherman\rquote s favor on the claim of unjust enrichment filed by Ejong and found that only \'93contradictory evidence was presented on [Ejong\rquote s] claim of debt\'94 and the witnesses\rquote 
 testimony revealed that Ejong did not loan Sherman any money.  RA, tab 253 at 12-13 (Dec. & Order).
\par }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Tanota urged that the instruction was proper because there was evidence of a loan and the instruction was necessary in order to allow the jury to determine whether Ejong was paid for the materials supplied.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 As we have previously held, a trial court\rquote 
s denial of a jury instruction will be upheld so long as the instructions actually given adequately apprise the jury as to the law it is to apply.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 See Avery}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 2002 Guam 19 \'b6\'b6 34, 36.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Here, the prop
osed instruction would have allowed the jury to determine whether to invalidate the lien if it found there was evidence of a loan.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 GTB and Ejong abandoned the loan theory, and Tanota also abandoned the loan theory when it moved for a directed verdict.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tano
ta maintained at trial that GTB and Ejong were fully paid for the labor and materials it supplied for the project, and the jury was instructed on this defense.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tr. at 14 (Jury Trial, Feb. 16, 2007).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The trial court instructed the jury on a loan definition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2362467 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid2362467 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467  The instruction read: \'93
A loan of money is a contract by which one delivers a sum of money to another and the latter agrees to return at a future time a sum equivalent to that which he borrowed.\'94  Tr. at 31 (Jury Trial, Feb. 16, 2007).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  and also provided the following instructions:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
In this case you are presented evidence that Letters of Credit were issued and drawn down.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 If after reviewing the Letters of Credit you find that the Letters of Credit were intended by the parties to the Letter of Credit to service [sic] payment for the steel, you may find that }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Ejong received the money and that the money was to be applied toward the payment of steel.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 You have received evidence that Plaintiff, Guam Top Builders and Ejong, each recorded liens against the Outrigger Hotel.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Under Guam [l]aw any person or corporation who furnishes labors [sic] or materials used in the construction of any building on Guam is entitled to record a lien against the property to secure payment for such labor and materials.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 These liens are called mechanic\rquote s liens.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Such liens shall not exceed in the amount the reasonable value of the labor done or materials furnished or both}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
 or for which the lien is claimed, nor the price agreed upon between the claimant and the person by whom he was employed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tr. at 29-31 (Jury Trial, Feb. 16, 2007) (emphases added).
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [31]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab 
The jury had to determine whether any sums were owed to GTB and Ejong, not whether they were entitled to a lien.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 By providing these instructions, the jury was properly apprised of what a loan was and that under Guam\rquote s lien laws, GTB and Ejong\rquote 
s lien claims were limited to payment for materials and labor supplied.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
The jury was also instructed that if it determined the Letters of Credit served as payment, the jury should find that Ejong received the money and that the money was to be applied to the payment of the steel.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 It was therefore proper for the trial court not to instruct the jury on Tanota\rquote s proposed instruction
 for materials and labor provided because the instruction did not deal with an issue properly before the jury.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 e.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Instruction on Whether Tanota or its Agent was a Party to an Agreement to Allocate Funds to Sherman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-288\li1368\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin1368\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [32]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab Tanota also argues it was entitled to a jury instruction on whether Tanota was a party to an agreement authorizing Ejong\rquote s allocation of funds to Sherman.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Tanota contends that it was error for the trial court to refuse its requested jury instructions on the principles of agency and consent under Guam\rquote s mechanic\rquote s lien laws.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Appellants\rquote  Br. at 14-15.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tanota submits that without the requested instructions, \'93the jury had no way of knowing that there are such limitations on the scope of an owner\rquote 
s responsibilities under the mechanics\rquote  lien law.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Appellants\rquote 
 Br. at 14.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
In response, GTB and Ejong point out that while Tanota argues instructional error, Tanota did not identify the requested instructions or indicate when the instructions were requested.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Appellees\rquote  Br. at 17-18.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
In reply, Tanota confirmed its argument was not based on any specific requested jury instruction but instead that it was entitled to judgment as a matter of law because GTB and Ejong failed to prove \'93agency\'94 as an element of its lien claims.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Appellants\rquote  Reply & Resp. Br. at 2-3.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
The record is devoid of any proposed instructions by Tanota on the agency principle or any indication that Tanota objected with respect to any of the instructions on agency approved by the court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [33]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab Tanota\rquote s argument
 of instructional error on the agency theory is intertwined with the argument that GTB and Ejong failed to produce evidence that the lien claims were within the scope of Tanota\rquote s agency consent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Specifically, Tanota argues, Ejong had the burden of establis
hing that the funds were allocated pursuant to an agreement by the parties.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Appellants\rquote  Reply & Resp. Br. at 2.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Tanota contends that Ejong did not present competent evidence to make the required showing, and the trial court failed to instruct the jury that such failure would bar GTB and Ejong\rquote s recovery.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Tanota submits it is irrelevant that it did not request a jury instruction on whether Tanota was a party to an agreement relating to the diversion of funds because Ejong failed to meet its burden of pre
senting evidence that the allocated funds received were a result of an agreement among the parties.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The jury was instructed as follows:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
A claim of lien should not be offset by money that is allocated to another party if it can be shown that such allocation was done by the owner\rquote s or an agent of the owner\rquote s request.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Under Guam lien law, every contractor, sub-contractor, designer, builder, or other person having chartered the construction in whole or in part of any building, is the agent of the owner.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tr. at 51 (Jury Trial, Feb. 16, 2007).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
The prior Rule 51 of the Guam Rules of Civil Procedure, which was in effect at the time of the trial, states:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Rule 51.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Instructions to Jury: Objections.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 At the close of the evidence or at such earlier time durin
g the trial as the court reasonably directs, any party may file written requests that the court instruct the jury on the law as set forth in the requests.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The court shall inform counsel of its proposed action upon the requests prior to their arguments to the jury.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The court, at its election, may instruct the jury before or after argument, or both.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
No party may assign as error the giving or the failure to give an instruction unless he objects thereto before the jury retires to consider the verdict, stating distinctly the matter objected to and the ground of the objection.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Opportunity shall be given to make the objection out of the hearing of the jury.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Guam R. Civ. P. (\'93GRCP\'94) 51 (1997).}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [34]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab \'93Normally, to \lquote 
preserve for appeal a challenge to a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b1561}{\*\bkmkstart SearchTerm}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b1561}jury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b1562}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b1562}instruction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , the challenging party must have clearly stated to the trial court the matter to which the party }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b1580}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b1580}{\*\bkmkend SearchTerm}objects}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
 and the grounds for that objection.\rquote \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Fenwick}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 2009 Guam 1 \'b6 10 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Avery}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 2002 Guam 19 \'b6 27); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 see also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Jardien v. Winston Network, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  888 F.2d 1151, 1156-57 (7th Cir. 1989) (holding that in order to assign error for a lower court\rquote s failure to give an instruction, a party \'93
must have objected thereto before the jury retired to consider its verdict, stating distinctly the matter objected to and the grounds of the objection.\'94 (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 51 (1987)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Tanota asserts that the trial court failed to provide an instruction on whether Tanota or its agent was a party to an agreement authorizing Ejong to allocate funds to Sherman, but the record is devoid of any objection by Tanota.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tanota therefore failed to preserve its objection on appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [35]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab Prior to the amendment of Rule 51 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in 2003, most federal circuit courts of appeal refused to review for plain error the trial court\rquote 
s giving or failure to give a jury instruction when no objection thereto was made at trial unless it was an exceptional case involving error so fundamental as to result in a miscarriage of justice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 See, e.g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  Patton v. Archer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 590 F.2d 1319, 1322-23 (5th Cir. 1979) (\'93
It is true that even absent [a Rule 51] objection an appellate court will notice error so fundamental as to result in a miscarriage of justice, but that power will only be exercised in exceptional cases . . . .\'94
 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Mazer v. Lipschutz}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 327 F.2d 42, 52 (3d Cir. 1963) (\'93\lquote An appellate court may, in its discretion, disregard Rule 51 when the error claimed is plain and may result in a miscarriage of justice * * *.
\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 This power should be exercised sparingly . . . .\'94 (quoting }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 McNamara v. Dionne}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 298 F.2d 352, 355 (2d Cir. 1962))).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 But see Deppe v. Tripp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 863 F.2d 1356, 1361-62 (7th Cir. 1988) (\'93
[W]e now hold that in civil cases a plain error doctrine is not available to protect parties from erroneous jury instructions to which no objection was made at trial.\'94).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 This is because the federal rules in existence prior to 2003,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2362467 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid2362467 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467  Prior to December 1, 2003, the relevant portion of Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (
\'93FRCP\'94) Rule 51 stated: \'93No party may assign as error the giving or the failure to give an instruction unless that party objects thereto b
efore the jury retires to consider its verdict, stating distinctly the matter objected to and the grounds of the objection.\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2362467 Higbee v. Sentry Ins. Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467 
, 440 F.3d 408, 409 & n.1 (7th Cir. 2006) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 51 (1987)).  But for a few minor diffe
rences, this language is verbatim the language in the 1997 version of GRCP 51.  Since the changes to the FRCP in 2003 and the GRCP on June 1, 2007, Rule 51 now explicitly allows for plain error review of jury instructions in a civil case.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2362467\charrsid341518 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467\charrsid341518 F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467 ed. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2362467\charrsid341518 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467\charrsid341518 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467 iv. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2362467\charrsid341518 P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467 . 51(d)(2) (2003) (\'93A court may consider a plain error in the instructions affecting substantial rights that has not been preserved . . . .\'94
); GRCP 51(d)(2) (2007) (same).  FRCP 51 was further amended in 2007 for style and clarity, but the substance remains the same.  Fed. R. Civ. P.  51 advisory committee\rquote s note (2007).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  like the 1997 version of the Guam Rules of Civil Procedure in effect at the time of trial, did not have an express provision generally allowing for plain error review, and the language i
n Rule 51 indicated that such review was prohibited, as it precluded an assignment of error where there was no objection and grounds given for the objection before the jury retired to consider the verdict.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 See Higbee v. Sentry Ins. Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 440 F.3d 408, 409 (7th Cir. 2006).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Thus, \'93the plain error doctrine, at best, has an extremely limited application\'94 to the alleged jury instruction error at issue here.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Deppe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
, 863 F.2d at 1361. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [36]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab 
Here, Tanota claims GTB and Ejong had the burden of showing the funds were allocated pursuant to an agreement reached by the parties and that the diversion of funds was at the request of Tanota as the owner or of an agent of Tanota.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tanota argues that not only was there insufficient evidence to prove this claim, the failure to in
struct the jury on this issue was plain error.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Appellants\rquote 
 Reply & Resp. Br. at 5.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Even applying a plain error analysis, there was no error because the jury was instructed that the lien claims could not be offset by money allocated to another party if there was evidence that the allocation was done at Tanota\rquote 
s request or at the request of its agent, in this case AES.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
It is undisputed that Ejong disbursed funds to Sherman and GTB.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
There was also testimony that Ejong disbursed the funds to Sherman at Park\rquote s request.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Park testified that several payments were disbursed to other third parties as directed by Sherman.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Notwithstanding that the trial court may have erred in not instructing the jury to decide whether Tanota or its agent was a party to an agreement 
on the disbursement of funds, the jury was instructed on whether to offset the lien claims when funds are allocated to another party.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 As such, the trial court did not err in not instructing the jury on whether Tanota or its agent was a party to an agreement to allocate funds to Sherman.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11605944 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 {\*\bkmkstart B00882002675968}
{\*\bkmkend B00882002675968}2.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Whether the Trial Court Erred in Taking Issues Away from the Jury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [37]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab Tanota also argues that the trial court erred by taking issues away from the jury after the trial had concluded.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Spec
ifically, Tanota asserts that the trial court elected to resolve certain factual issues post-trial by applying the \'93sufficient evidence\'94 standard.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Appellants\rquote  Br. at 19.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 In doing so, Tanota submits, the trial court erred because once the court determined the jury would decide all the claims, it was precluded from later treating the jury\rquote 
s verdict as advisory.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Tanota further argues that the jury, as the trier of fact, should have applied the preponderance of the evidence standard.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Finally, Tanota contends, the trial court erred in concluding that the failure to instruct the jury on its equitable defenses would not have altered the outcome of the case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Appellants\rquote  Br. at 19.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [38]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab 
In response, GTB and Ejong assert that the trial court did not take away equitable defenses from the jury and that Tanota failed to object to this alleged error at trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 GTB and Ejong argue that while Tanota asserts it was error, Tanota did not allege the specific facts or issues taken away from the jury.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Appellees\rquote  Br. at 19.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [39]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab Tanota claims \'93the jury was rendered powerless to make findings\'94 on Tanota\rquote s principal defenses of fraud, a loan, unclean hands, and compliance under Guam
\rquote s mechanic\rquote s lien statutes because the trial court failed to instruct the jury on these defenses.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Appellants\rquote  Reply & Resp. Br. at 20.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 We addressed earlier in this opinion Tanota\rquote 
s alleged instructional error on its affirmative defenses and because we find that the trial was bifurcated and the issues were not properly before the jury, we cannot conclude
 that the trial court erred by taking issues away from the jury when it failed to instruct the jury on Tanota\rquote s defenses.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Moreover, there is nothing in the record to suggest that the jury did not apply the preponderance of the evidence standard.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The court instructed the jury as follows: \'93
Preponderance of the evidence means that evidence has more convincing force, than that opposed to it . . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 You should consider all of the evidence bearing upon every issue regardless of who produced it.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tr. at 14 (Jury Trial, Feb. 16, 2007).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The jury was also instructed that \'93Plaintiffs have the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence, all the facts necessary to establish the essential elements of their claims.
\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tr. at 13 (Jury Trial, Feb. 16, 2007).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tanota u
rges that the trial court applied the wrong standard; however, the sufficient evidence standard was used to explain the trial court\rquote s decision on the motion for judgment as a matter of law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 In its Decision the court stated, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15098867 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 To prevail on a renewed motion
 for judgment as a matter of law, Defendants must show record evidence that the motion was preserved and that the verdict cannot be supported by substantial evidence, not whether overwhelming evidence supports a contrary assertion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Substantial evidence is defined as, \'93
evidence of such quality and weight that reasonable and fair-minded men in the exercise of impartial judgment might reach different conclusions.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
RA, tab 304 at 4-5 (Dec. & Order, Mar. 19, 2009) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [40]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab 
For the court to conclude that there is not sufficient evidence, the court must examine if the evidence would have led a rational man to the conclusion reached by the jury on the basis of the evidence presented at trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Cohen v. Hallmark Cards, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 382 N.E.2d 1145, 1147-48 (N.Y. 1978).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The criteria used in making this determination are essentially the same criteria used by a trial judge when asked to direct a verdict.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 at 499.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
In this case, the trial court concluded there was sufficient evidence for the jury to find that Ejong\rquote s activities were not equitably unclean and that Ejong did not act improperly.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 RA, tab 304 at 5 (Dec. & Order).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The trial court\rquote 
s finding was based on its examination of the evidence presented at trial and the witnesses testimony; therefore, we conclude the trial court did not apply the wrong standard.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11605944 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11605944 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 3.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Whether the Jury\rquote s Special Verdict was In
consistent and if so, Whether the Trial Court Erred in Reconciling the Verdict and Entering Judgment in the Amount of $1,491,658.17
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [41]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab We next examine the alleged inconsistency in the jury\rquote s special verdict.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tanota characterizes the jury verdict as inco
nsistent because the jury found there was an agreement by the parties on the price of the steel supplied by Ejong, and yet the jury awarded damages in the amount of $1,491,658.17.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 This amount, Tanota claims, was inconsistent with the evidence presented at 
trial of the agreed upon unit price of the steel.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Because of this inconsistency, Tanota argues, a new trial was warranted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Appellants\rquote  Br. at 22.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Tanota contends that in denying its motion for a new trial and entering judgment, the trial court erred because this court previously stated, \'93
[I]f it can be shown that Ejong had an agreement with Guam Top, AES or Tanota regarding the price of the materials it supplied, that agreed upon price would establish a limit on the amount of Ejong\rquote s lien.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Appellants\rquote  Br. at 20 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Guam Top Builders}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 2006 Guam 3 \'b6 13 n.8.).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Tanota submits the evidence established that there was an agreement as to the unit price, which would bring Ejong\rquote s claim to $928,000.00 and not $1,491,658.17 as the jury found.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [42]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab Ejong\rquote s defens
e is that the judgment was entered properly and in accordance with the jury\rquote s verdict.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Ejong submits that the jury awarded Ejong \'93its actual costs of labor and material for fabricating the steel plus 10% for overhead and profit.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Appellees\rquote  Br. at 20.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Ejong states that the apparent inconsistency was that the jury awarded Ejong a \'93
cost-plus amount after finding that Tanota Partners, AES Construction, Inc., or Guam Top Builders had an \lquote agreement\rquote  with Ejong \lquote regarding the price of the materials\rquote  Ejong supplied to the Outrigger project.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  (quoting ER, vol. 1, tab 7 at 2 (Special Verdict)) (emphases omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Ejong maintains that the jury was not instructed to find an express agreement for unit prices but rather was instructed that the agreement may be expressed or implied.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Ejong concludes, therefore, that the jury followed the court\rquote s instructions and found an imp
lied agreement to pay a reasonable value of the steel supplied, which would make the verdict consistent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2362467 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\fs20\super\insrsid2362467\charrsid10710811 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid10710811  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\insrsid2362467\charrsid10710811 The jury returned a speci}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\insrsid2362467 al verdict in accordance with GRCP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\insrsid2362467\charrsid10710811  49(a), which states:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid2362467 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs20\cf1\insrsid2362467\charrsid10710811 Rule 49. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs20\cf1\insrsid2362467  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs20\cf1\insrsid2362467\charrsid10710811 Special Verdicts and Interrogatories.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid2362467 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs20\cf1\insrsid2362467\charrsid11742382 (a) Special Verdicts.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\cf1\insrsid2362467\charrsid10710811  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\insrsid2362467  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\insrsid2362467\charrsid10710811 
The court may require a jury to return only a special verdict in the form of a special written finding upon }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\insrsid2362467 such}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\insrsid2362467\charrsid10710811 
 issue of fact. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\insrsid2362467  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\insrsid2362467\charrsid10710811 
In that event the court may submit to the jury written questions susceptible of categorical or other brief answers or may su
bmit written forms of the several special findings which might properly be made under the pleadings and evidence; or it may use such other method of submitting the issues and requiring the written findings thereon as it deems most appropriate. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\insrsid2362467  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\insrsid2362467\charrsid10710811 The court shall give to the jury such explanation and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\insrsid2362467 
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\insrsid2362467\charrsid10710811 instruction concerning the matter thus submitted as may be necessary to enable the jury to make its findings upon each issue. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\cf1\insrsid2362467  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\insrsid2362467\charrsid10710811 If in so doing the court omits any issue of fact raised by the pleadings or
 by the evidence, each party waives the right to a trial by jury of the issue so omitted unless before the jury retires the party demands its submission to the jury. As to an issue omitted without such demand, the court may make a finding; or, if it fails
 to do so, it shall }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\insrsid2362467 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\insrsid2362467\charrsid10710811 be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\insrsid2362467 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\insrsid2362467\charrsid10710811  deemed to have made a finding in accord with the judgment on the special verdict.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2362467 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid10710811 G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467 
RCP }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid10710811 49(a) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467 1997)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid10710811 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467   Minor stylistic changes to the rule were made in 2007; the substance, however, remains the same.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid2362467 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467 
 GRCP 49(a) (2007).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [43]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab After the jury returned its verdict, neither party objected to the verdict before the jury was discharged.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Before addressing the merits of the claimed inconsistent verdict, we must decide whether the failure to object to the verdict as being inconsistent con
stitutes a waiver.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
GRCP 49 was adopted from Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 49.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 In }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Johnson v. ABLT Trucking Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
, the Tenth Circuit, in construing the Rule 49 waiver issue, stated that \'93[w]hen the jury returns a special verdict,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2362467 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\super\insrsid2362467 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid5966756 Neither party disputes that the verdict entered here was a special verdict.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\insrsid2362467 In a special verdict, the jury is presented with specific questions of fact.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\cf1\insrsid2362467 Johnson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\cf1\insrsid2362467\charrsid13173098 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\insrsid2362467 412 F.3d at 1142.  \'93After the jury returns its verdict, the court applies the law to the facts found by the jury and enters judgment accordingly.
\'94  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\cf1\insrsid2362467 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname State}}Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\insrsid2362467 {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}  (citing }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\cf1\insrsid2362467 Zhang v. Am. Gem Seafoods, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\insrsid2362467 , 339 F.3d 1020, 1031 (9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\cf1\insrsid2362467\charrsid3110113 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\insrsid2362467  Cir. 2003)).  The verdict form in this case req
uired the jury to answer specific questions of fact regarding damages.  The judgment required the trial court to apply the law to the facts found by the jury, and therefore the verdict here was a special verdict pursuant to GRCP Rule 49(a).}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid2362467 
\par }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  . . . a party is not required to object to inconsistencies in the verdict before the jury is discharged in order to preserve the issue.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 412 F.3d 1138, 1141 (10th Cir. 2005); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 see also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Heno v. Sprint/United Mgmt. Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  208 F.3d 847, 851 (10th Cir. 2000)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 (\'93Although a part
y waives a claim of inconsistent verdicts based on a general jury verdict under Fed.R.Civ.P. 49(b), if not timely raised, this rule does not apply to special verdicts under Fed.R.Civ.P. 49(a)\'94).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Johnson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  justified the no-waiver rule by referencing the text of Rule 49(a), \'93which, unlike Rule 49(b),}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2362467 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\fs20\super\insrsid2362467\charrsid10976122 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid10976122  F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467 ederal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid10976122 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467 ules of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid10976122 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467 ivil }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid10976122 P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467 rocedure Rule}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid10976122  49(b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid10976122  which is identical to GRCP 49(b)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid10976122  states}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467  in pertinent part}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid10976122 : }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid2362467 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\insrsid2362467 
When the [special interrogatory] answers are consistent with each other but one or more is inconsistent with the general verdict, judgment may be entered pursuant to Rule 58 in accordance with the answers, notwithstanding the general verdict, or the court
 
may return the jury for further consideration of its answers and verdict or may order a new trial. When the answers are inconsistent with each other and one or more is likewise inconsistent with the general verdict, judgment shall not be entered, but the 
court shall return the jury for further consideration of its answers and verdict or shall order a new trial.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid2362467 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\insrsid2362467 Fed. R. Civ. P. 49(b) (1987); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\cf1\insrsid2362467 
see also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf1\insrsid2362467  GRCP 49(b) (1997).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid2362467 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2362467 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid2362467 
\par }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  does not direct the court to resubmit an inconsistent verdict to the jury for further deliberation.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Johnson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
, 412 F.3d at 1141}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Absent any express language in Rule 49(a) for resubmission to the jury of an inconsistent special verdict, we find }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Johnson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
 persuasive and similarly conclude that a party is not required to object to an inconsistent verdict before the jury is discharged.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [44]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab Turning to the merits of Tanota\rquote s argument on the inconsistent verdict, we next address whether the jury\rquote 
s verdict was inconsistent, and if so, whether the trial court erred in reconciling what it believed was an inconsistent verdict.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Generally, a trial court has a duty to harmonize, if reasonably possible, a jury\rquote s responses in a special verdict.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Gallick v. Balt. & Ohio R.R. Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 372 U.S. 108, 119 (1963).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \'93\lquote Where there is a view of the case that makes the jury\rquote s answers . . . consistent, they must be resolved that way.\rquote \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 (quoting }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Atl. & Gulf Stevedores, Inc. v. Ellerman Lines, Ltd.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
, 369 U.S. 335, 364 (1962)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 A verdict will be set aside only where it is 
so logically and legally inconsistent that it cannot be reconciled.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Granger v. Fruehauf Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 412 N.W.2d 199, 203 (Mich. 1987).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [45]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
A court may not strike down jury answers on the ground of conflict if there is any reasonable basis upon which they may be reconciled.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Luna v. S. Pac. Transp. Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  724 S.W.2d 383, 384 (Tex. 1987) (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Bender v. S. Pac. Transp. Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 600 S.W.2d 257, 260 (Tex. 1980)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 When reviewing the jury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s answers, the reviewing court does not ascertain whether the findings may be viewed as conflicting, but rather, the court must determine if there 
{\*\bkmkstart citeas((Cite_as:_757_S.W.2d_836,_*839)}{\*\bkmkstart sp_713_839}{\*\bkmkstart SDU_839}{\*\bkmkend citeas((Cite_as:_757_S.W.2d_836,_*839)}{\*\bkmkend sp_713_839}{\*\bkmkend SDU_839}
is any reasonably possible basis upon which the answers may be reconciled.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id. 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Bender}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 600 S.W.2d at 260).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Moreover, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
[a] jury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
s verdict may not be overturned merely because the reviewing court finds the jury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s resolution of different questions in the case difficult, though not impossible, to square.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Johnson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 412 F.3d at 1144.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Where there is an interpretation of the evidence that provides a logical explanation for the
{\*\bkmkstart citeas((Cite_as:_457_Mich._278,_*286,_57}{\*\bkmkend citeas((Cite_as:_457_Mich._278,_*286,_57} jury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s findings, the verdict is not inconsistent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Lagalo v. Allied Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 577 N.W.2d 462, 463, 465-66\~(Mich. 1998) (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Granger}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 412 N.W.2d at 202).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [46]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab In the present case, the jury answered the following questions on the special verdict form:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11605944 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11605944\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 1.\tab Did Tanota Partners, AES Construction, Inc., or Guam Top Builders have an agreeme
nt with Ejong regarding the price of the materials Ejong supplied to the Outrigger project?
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par \ltrrow}\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow\ts42\trgaph108\trleft612\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid14968468\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind720
\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2808\clshdrawnil \cellx3420\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2430\clshdrawnil \cellx5850\pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid11605944\yts42\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14968468\charrsid15098867 Yes ___}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14968468\charrsid15098867 X}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14968468\charrsid15098867 ____}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14968468 \cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14968468\charrsid15098867 No_________}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14968468 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14968468 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow
\ts42\trgaph108\trleft612\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid14968468\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind720\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2808\clshdrawnil \cellx3420\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2430\clshdrawnil \cellx5850\row 
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11605944\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 *IF YOU ANSWERED NO, PROCEED TO QUESTION 4.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 2.\tab If you answered yes to Question 1, was the agreed upon price paid in full?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14968468\charrsid15098867 
\par \ltrrow}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid11039951\yts42\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14968468\charrsid15098867 Yes ___}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14968468\charrsid15098867 X}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14968468\charrsid15098867 ____}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14968468 \cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14968468\charrsid15098867 No_________}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14968468 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14968468 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow
\ts42\trgaph108\trleft612\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid11039951\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind720\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2808\clshdrawnil \cellx3420\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2430\clshdrawnil \cellx5850\row }\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11605944 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 *IF YOU ANSWERED YES, PROCEED TO QUESTION 7.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 3.\tab If you answered no to Question 2, please state the balance owing under the agreement:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 $1,491,658.17}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 *PROCEED TO QUESTION 7.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11605944 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 RA, tab 248 at 2 (Special Verdict).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Questions 4, 5, and 6, which the jury did not answer, involved a determination by the jury of the reasonable value of the materials supplied if no agreement was found.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [47]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab 
During the post-verdict proceedings, the trial court concluded that the special verdict was internally inconsistent on the agreed price of steel supplied by Ejong.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Specifically, the court stated that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 jury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
s finding that an agreement existed for the purchase price of steel was inconsistent with its determination as to the amount owing under such agreement because the jury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s award of $1,491,658.17 to Plaintiff Ejong more closely reflects the market value of materials as testified by Plaintiffs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  expert, and not $928,620.00, the amount Ejong claimed as the balance under the agreement.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 RA, tab 253 at 10 (Dec. & Order).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The court further stated, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
As a result, the two particular findings are internally inconsistent because a finding of fair market value contradicts a finding that there was an agreement for a fixed purchase price.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Alth
ough the court found the special verdict was internally inconsistent, the court recognized its duty to attempt to harmonize the inconsistent responses in the special verdict, where possible.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [48]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab 
As a result, the court found that the amount owing under the agreement should reflect $928,620.00 and not the amount determined by the jury of $1,491,658.17.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 at 11.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The trial court later determined that GTB and Ejong substantially complied with the mechanic}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s lien requirements and entered judgment in the amount of $928,620.00.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Thereafter, Tanota renewed its motion for a judgment as a matter of law or in the alternative for a new trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Ejong subsequently presented another theory for the jury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s award.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Ejong stated that in the court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s earlier decision, the court
 essentially found, based on the jury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
s answers on the special verdict form that Ejong had an agreement for a fixed purchase price and therefore the jury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s award was inconsistent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 In attempting to understand the jury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s award, Ejong explained that the only 
reasonable conclusion for the award was that the jury determined that Ejong was owed the amount under an agreement to pay a reasonable value for the steel, which the jury determined was the actual cost plus a 10% markup for overhead and profit.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Supplemental Excerpts of Record (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 SER}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 ) at 39-42 (Pls.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  Post-Trial Mot. Summ. J., Aug. 9, 2007).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Ejong further explained that the evidence at trial established that both Park and Lee testified on Ejong}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s actual costs, and the total direct cost provided to the jury was $7,887,549.84.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The 10% markup to the actual costs resulted in an amount of $8,676,304.82, and after deducting the amount already paid to Ejong, the balance owing was $1,491,658.17, the 
exact amount awarded by the jury.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2362467 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\super\insrsid2362467 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467 
 At trial, Park and Lee testified that they arrived at both the unit price figure of $928,620.15 and the reasonable value figure of $1,728,284.67 by adding a 13% markup for overhead and profit.  Tr. at 12 (Jury Trial, Jan
. 24, 2007) (testimony of Jae Park); Tr. at 120, 124 (Jury Trial, Feb. 1, 2007) (testimony of Jong Kwan Lee); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2362467 see also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467 
 Tr. at 50, 56 (Jury Trial, Feb. 15, 2007) (closing argument).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Ejong further clarified that the jury was not instructed to determine whether there was an express agreement to pay the unit price of the steel; however, the trial court and counsel assumed that the jury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
s finding of an agreement for the price of the steel meant there was an express agreement to pay Ejong a unit price.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 In arguing that the verdict was not inconsistent, Ejong contended that it was reasonable to conclude that the jury followed the court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s instructions and found there was an implied agreement to pay a reasonable amount for the steel supplied.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The trial court agreed with Ejong}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s explanation of the jury award and entered judgment in the amount of $1,491,658.17.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 RA, tab 304 at 11-12 (Dec. & Order).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [49]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab Tanota, however, asserts this explanation is inconsistent with the jury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s verdict because the evidence established there was an agreement between the parties on the unit price of the steel supplied.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
First, Tanota claims that while Sherman disputed the unit price claimed, he agreed that there was a specific price for the steel as outlined in the proposal submitted by Jae Park.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Although Sherman testified that he later signed the proposal, the proposal mentions the contract amount for the supply and installation of steel, but does not indicate a specific unit price.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 ER, vol. 1, tab 13 at 1 (Proposal, Jan. 29, 1997).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Additionally, the reference to the trial testimony of Sherman cited in Tanota}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s briefs does not support the proposition that Sherman agreed to the unit prices.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2362467 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid2362467\charrsid12335159 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467\charrsid12335159  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467 Sherman testified about receiving the proposal and later signing the proposal, but not about whether he agreed to the unit price of the steel.  Tr. at 85-87 (Jury Trial, Feb. 8, 2007).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 On cross-examination when asked about the contract amount in the propo
sal, Park testified that he had some discussion with Sherman about GTB installing the steel at $330 per ton.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2362467 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\super\insrsid2362467\charrsid13595220 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467\charrsid13595220  Park\rquote s testimony at trial was:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi-540\li1440\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2362467 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid13595220 Q.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467 \tab (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid13595220 By Mr. Clark}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467 )}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid13595220  Okay. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid13595220 
So I divide six three five zero zero zero, -- I divide that by 5,000. So you estimated the material supply would be 1,270 at that time; correct?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid5772097 A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid13595220 
As I said that this amount was told to me by John Sherman. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid13595220 I just agreed and I put the numbers there. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid13595220 But this document shows that the material supply, if you}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467 
 calculate the unit price, that\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid13595220 s correct, it'll come out to be $1,270 per ton.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467 
\par \tab . . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid5772097 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid13595220 Q.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid13595220 Okay. Well, let\rquote 
s say sometime in February or March then, 1997, did you reach an agreement with Mr. Park }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467 \endash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid13595220  I}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid13595220 m sorry, Mr. Park \endash  you reached an agreement with Mr. Sherman of AES Construction that Guam 
Top Builders would do the installation at $330 per ton; correct?
\par A.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467 \tab  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid13595220 
If you call it an agreement, I will say, yeah, I believe so. As I said that he said he will make the design simple enough so installation costs could come down from my first proposal of something like $480 to $330. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\insrsid2362467  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid13595220 So if you make the design simple enough, then I'll agree with you. So if you say that as a . . . as a reaching an agreement, then I will say yes.
\par Q.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid13595220 Okay.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2362467 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467 Tr. at 67-68 (Jury Trial, Jan. 24, 2007).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Park}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s testimony also confirm
ed that there was an agreed upon unit price which was based on the publication of prices in Korea.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tr. at 100 (Jury Trial, Jan. 23, 2007); Tr. at 95-96 (Jury Trial, Jan. 24, 2007).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Lee testified that because there was no contract between GTB and Sherman, i
t was his understanding Ejong would be paid based on the unit price for steel which was agreed upon with Park.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tr. at 112-114 (Jury Trial, Feb. 6, 2007); Tr. at 14-15 (Jury Trial, Feb. 7, 2007).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Both Park and Lee testified that the unit price for the steel did not remain the same throughout the project.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tr. at 94-97 (Jury Trial, Jan 24, 2007); Tr. at 113-114 (Jury Trial, Feb. 6, 2007).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Park and Lee also testified that the unit prices listed on the
 commercial invoices presented to HSBC did not accurately reflect the actual unit prices, but that this was done in order to arrive at the amount of the requested Letters of Credit as directed by Sherman.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tr. at 144 (Jury Trial, Jan. 24, 2007); Tr. at 133-135 (Jury Trial, Feb. 1, 2007). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [50]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab 
In the first appeal of this case, we addressed whether there was a genuine issue of material fact regarding the existence and terms of an agreement for the price of steel and other materials supplied by Ejong.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Guam Top Builders}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 2006 Guam 3 \'b6 20.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Based on the record at the time, we observed that there was a discrepancy between the amount Ejong invoiced when it negotiated the letters of credit and the Grand Total reflected in the Material Cost Breakdown prepared by Ejong.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 We further stated that while Lee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s deposition showed that he had discussions with Park on the unit price for the steel, Park had never testified to the existence or terms of such an agreement.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \'b6 19.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 As a result, we concluded that a genuine issue
 of material fact remained over the existence and terms of an agreement as to the price of materials Ejong supplied.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \'b6 23.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 We explained that under Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s mechanic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
s lien laws, Ejong was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
entitled to claim a lien for the price it agreed upon or, in the absence of an agreement, the reasonable value of the material it supplied.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
We further stated that even assuming Ejong had an agreement for the unit price, there was a dispute as to whether the total contract price agreed upon was the invoiced amount or the amount reflected in the Material Cost breakdown.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [51]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab 
At trial, both Park and Lee testified that there was an agreed upon unit price for the steel which was determined by the publications list in Korea.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Their testimony also revealed that the amounts of the unit price were not consistent throughout the time Ejong supplied the steel.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2362467 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid2362467\charrsid15152258 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467\charrsid15152258  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467 Park testified at trial that the same unit price was applied from February to June 1997 and then increased by about nine percent thereafter.  Tr. at 96-97 (Jury Trial, Jan. 24, 2007).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Additionally, both Park and Lee testified that the unit prices on the c
ommercial invoices were adjusted to match the total price of the negotiation, which amount was given by Sherman each time a letter of credit was issued.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tr. at 154 (Jury Trial, Jan 24, 2007).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 As we have previously stated, under Guam law, a contract may be either express or implied.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Guam Top Builders, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 2006 Guam 3 \'b6 14 (quoting 18 GCA \'a7 86101 (2005)).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The jury was instructed on this issue.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tr. at 26-27 (Jury Trial, Feb. 16, 2007).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Accordingly, it was reasonable for the trial court to conclude that the jury followed the court}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
s instructions and found there was an implied agreement between the parties to pay the reasonable value of steel supplied.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 See Weeks v. Angelone}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 528 U.S. 225, 234 (2000) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 A jury is presumed to follow its instructions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The trial court had a duty to attempt to harmonize the verdict, which it did.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Because}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
 there is an interpretation of the evidence that provides a logical explanation for the jury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s findings, the verdict is not inconsistent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 See Lagalo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 577 N.W.2d at 463, 465-66.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The evidence at trial established a logical explanation for the jury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
s verdict, that is, that there was an implied agreement for AES to pay the reasonable value of the steel provided by Ejong, plus a 10% markup.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The trial court did not abuse its discretion in harmonizing the verdict and in finding that the verdict was not inconsistent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11605944 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 4.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Whether the Trial Court Erred When it Instructed the Jury to Award GTB the Contract Price Less Reasonable Costs Incurred by AES to Complete.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [52]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tanota argues that the trial cour
t erred in instructing the jury that if GTB failed to complete the project as agreed, then GTB should be awarded the contract price less the reasonable costs incurred by AES to complete the project.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 We generally review the trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
s formulation of jury instructions for abuse of discretion; however, jury instructions challenged as a misstatement of the law are reviewed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 de novo}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 See Songeni}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 2010 Guam 20 \'b6 9 & n.1 (citations omitted); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs33\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Voohries-Larson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 241 F.3d at 713 (citations omitted).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [53]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab 
The underlying facts relevant to this issue are as follows:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [54]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
GTB and AES entered into an MOU, dated January 20, 1998, in which AES agreed to pay GTB certain sums of money according to a payment schedule set in the MOU in exchange for GTB}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 
'}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s completion of the steel frame erection for the Outrigger.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 ER, tab 40 at 1-2 (Mem. of Understanding, Jan. 20, 1998).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 According to the MOU, the agreement was a result of months-long discussions between GTB and AES regarding GTB}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s ability to complete the steel frame erection.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  at 1.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Concluding that GTB had overspent for the purchase of the steel frame system and that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 the remaining contract sum is insufficient to complete the erection,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  AES }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 agreed to share the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 loss}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
 and . . . assist [GTB] in meeting their shortfall.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 A payment schedule was established }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
to help [GTB] in meeting their payroll and miscellaneous expenses for the remaining duration of the work period.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [55]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab 
The MOU also provided that these additional payments would fully compensate for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
all ambiguous contract scope}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 all loose items of contract}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  work claimed to have been performed or that will be performed by GTB toward completing the project.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The MOU further stated that while }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 there were discussions pertaining to GTB}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s interpretation of the scope of responsibilities and agreement which is different than AES}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
 the payments under the MOU would resolve the issue.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The MOU concluded:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11605944 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 As a part of goodwill and to maintain current level of relationship, AES agrees to pay Guam Top Builder in the following manner:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11605944 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
\par 1.\tab First Increment of $250,000 in three payments to assist GTB in meeting their operational needs such as payroll, and expendable materials.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 First $100,000.00 to be paid on or about January 20, 1998; Second pay
ment of $75,000.00 on or about the first week of February 1998; Third payment of $75,000.00 on or about the first week of March 1998.
\par 
\par 2.\tab Second Increment of $250,000.00 payable with in [sic] 30 days after completion of GTB}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s work including all necessary corrective work.
\par 
\par 3.\tab Third Increment of $250,000.00 to be payable within 90 days after completion of AES}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s completion of the whole project.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 This payment of this may be substituted with mutually agreeable of additional contract or by follow-on work.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  at 2.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The MOU was signed by Jae Park on behalf of GTB, and by John Sherman on behalf of AES Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [56]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab 
Park and Sherman later signed an Addendum to the MOU, dated January 22, 1998, in which they agreed to delete paragraph 3 of the MOU}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s payment schedule (regarding the third increment of $250,000.00) and replace it with a new paragraph 3, which read:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 3.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Third Increment of $250,000.00 will be considered for payment at the end of AES}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s Structural contract with Tanota Partners.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 In as much as these payments are a result of negotiations to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 share the burden}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
 of loss by Guam Top Builder by participating in construction of the Outrigger Resort Hotel as a subcontractor to AES and that AES has already agreed to pay additional $500,000.00, AES is not responsible for this additional $250,000.00.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 However, should AES turn profit, amount of this payment will be reevaluated.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
\par ER, vol. 2, tab 41 at 1 (Addendum to Mem. of Understanding, Jan. 22, 1998).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [57]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab 
During pre-trial depositions and at trial, Sherman and Park gave conflicting accounts as to the motivation behind the MOU and Addendum.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 According to Sherman, the MOU was created in order to prevent GTB from walking from the project before completion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tr. at 56-57 (Jury Trial, Feb. 6, 2007) (reading of Sherman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s pre-trial deposition testimony into record).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Sherman alleged that Park had run over budget and had threatened to abandon the project if he did not receive more money.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 at 57.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 At the time, the steel frame erection had reached around the sixteenth or eighteenth floor of the hotel.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Sherman testified that he was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 behind the eight ball}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  because he would have to stop construction for several months in order to mobilize a new crew to complete GTB}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s work.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  at 58 (reading of Sherman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s pre-trial deposition testimony into record).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
He met with his project managers, Tanota Partners, and they suggested to him that it would be cheaper to pay Park a certain amount of money to complete the steel frame, and then fight the issue later.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  at 5
7-58 (reading of Sherman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s pre-trial deposition testimony into record).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The MOU, according to Sherman, was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
above and beyond all contract terms, just so that [Park] can finish the contract, and to clean up, and to put an end to, quote, unquote, all this ambiguous loose items that he said, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Oh, it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s a change order.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 ' '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 No, it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s not.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 ' '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 You should have done this.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 ' '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 No, I -- Nothing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 ' }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 So we agreed, and I says [sic], }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 No more.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 We}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 re going to -- We}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 re not going to argue anymore.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 This is it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Okay?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 ' }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
And then we agreed that this is the closure that we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
re going to bring about, and have amicable completion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  at 58-59 (reading of Sherman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s pre-trial deposition testimony into record).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [58]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab 
Park, on the other hand, testified that the reason GTB was having difficulty paying its employees was that AES owed GTB over $1 million for work it had already performed under the original contract.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Park alleged it was Sherman who had run out of money and 
had slowed down in making payments to Park for his work.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Tr. at 111 (Jury Trial, Jan. 23, 2007).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Park testified that he requested a meeting with Sherman in January 1998, where:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11605944 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 I told John Sherman, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Okay, I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
m entitled to over a million dollars at this time according to our budget.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Why don}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 t you pay me a million dollars?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 He said he was running out of money, budget is no more there, and I suggested to him, I said, }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Why don}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 t you pay at least $750,000?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  and he was suggesting about $500,000 instead.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 So meeting was at least about three, four hours and \'85 and we couldn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 t conclude on the amount.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 So this is more much like the settlement amount that I was trying to get, and I was suggesting 750, he was suggesting 500 a
nd that meeting was . . . The meeting was concluded without coming to an agreement.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Tr. at 113-14 (Jury Trial, Jan. 23, 2007); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 see also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
 SER at 32 (Letter from Jae Park to John Sherman, Jan. 19, 1998) (memorializing details of January 13, 1998 meeting).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11605944 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [59]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
The jury instruction at issue and which was provided to the jury at trial read:
\par If you find that Guam Top Builders failed without excuse to finish its work on the project as agreed, and a contract existed, Guam Top Builders is entitled to the contract amount less the reasonable costs incurred by AES to complete Guam Top Builders}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  work.
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tr. at 31 (Jury Trial, Feb. 16, 2007).

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11605944 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [60]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tanota argues that providing this instruction was error because GTB as the breaching party is not entitled to expectation damages.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Particularly, Tanota relies on section 374 of the Restatement (Second) of Contracts for this proposition.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s Br. at 23.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tanota asserts that under the Restatement, although a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "'}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 party in breach is entitled to restitution for any benefit that he has conferred by way of part performance or reliance in excess of the loss that he has caused by his own breach,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  he nevertheless remains liable }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 for the loss caused by his breach.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Contracts \'a7 374 (1981)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Furthermore, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "'}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
[i]f the benefit received exceeds that loss, the rule stated in this Section generally gives the party in breach the right to recover the excess in restitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '" }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  (quoting Restatement (Second) of Contracts \'a7 374 cmt. a).}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Relying on this section,
 Tanota contends that a party who fails to complete the work may only recover the value of his work, provided that it is less than the cost to complete such work.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2362467 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\fs20\super\insrsid2362467\charrsid3896985 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid3896985  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid4155800 
In its Decision and Order on the post-trial motions, the trial court concluded that Tanota failed to preserve its objection to the jury instruction because although an objection was made at trial, it was made on the basis that the MOU be interpreted as a 
u
nilateral contract and not on whether GTB was entitled to its expectation damages.  ER, tab 36 at 12-13 (Dec. & Order, Mar. 19, 2009).  Although Tanota initially argued the objection was made on the basis that the MOU was a unilateral contract, further re
v
iew of the record reveals that Tanota did in fact preserve the objection.  In its Decision, the trial court referred only to the initial hearing of February 13, 2007, where the objection was first raised, and did not discuss the subsequent hearings on Feb
ruary 14 and 15, 2007, where Tanota continued to raise the objection and the issue of whether GTB was entitled to its expectation damages was clearly discussed.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid4155800 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid4155800  Tr. at 22-29 (Jury Trial, Feb. 13, 2007); Tr. at 12-13, 15-16 (Jury Trial, Feb. 14, 2007); Tr. at 9-10 (Jury Trial, Feb. 15, 2007).  Notably, at the hearing on February 15, 2007, Tanota\rquote 
s counsel argued:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2362467 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs12 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs12\insrsid2362467\charrsid4155800 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid2362467 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid4155800 
MR. CLARK: Your Honor?  If I might?  You know, one of the -- I think one of the problems we have here is with the definition of damages we\rquote ve 
been using.  And this is probably ... not an all entirely unique situation, but it is a unique situation where the issue here is damages to the breaching party.  And I think we\rquote 
re more accustomed to structuring instructions based upon damages by the non-breaching party, which then becomes your expectation damages.  This is a unique situation where, you know, it\rquote s the breaching party, by the definition we\rquote 
re using in the instruction, if you find with no excuse they\rquote re in fault, it\rquote s a breach, you know, then 
what are they entitled to.  And, you know, under restatement of contracts, 3.74 [sic], the most they can get is the restitution value, only to the extent that it doesn\rquote t exceed what they\rquote ve already received, what they\rquote 
ve already been paid.  And that\rquote s the damage to ...
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2362467 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs12 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs12\insrsid2362467\charrsid4155800 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2362467 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid4155800 THE COURT: Well, the uniqueness of this ...
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2362467 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs12 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs12\insrsid2362467\charrsid4155800 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2362467 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid4155800 MR. CLARK: ... to the ...
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2362467 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs12 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs12\insrsid2362467\charrsid4155800 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid2362467 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid4155800 THE COURT: ... is not that.  The uniqueness of this is that it\rquote 
s a contract that is for more than what is to be done from that day forward. . . .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2362467 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs12 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs12\insrsid2362467\charrsid4155800 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2362467 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid4155800 MR. CLARK: Well, but then I think we can ask the jury.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2362467 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs12 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs12\insrsid2362467\charrsid4155800 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri720\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid2362467 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid4155800 THE COURT: But, you know, but it\rquote s not ...you know, it\rquote 
s not as you state, because you ...you keep going back to that and I keep telling you that without a doubt every single piece of word in that memorandum of understanding indicates it\rquote 
s not a contract for the work to be done from the date of the memorandum to finish.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2362467 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs12 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs12\insrsid2362467\charrsid4155800 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2362467 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid4155800 Tr. at 9-10 (Jury Trial, Feb. 15, 2007).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs12 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs12\insrsid2362467\charrsid4155800 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2362467 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2362467\charrsid4155800 
From the record, it is clear that Tanota argued that the jury should be instructed that GTB\rquote 
s damages, if any, are limited to the remedy provided under Restatement (Second) of Contracts section 374.  Thus, Tanota did not fail to preserve the objection to the instruction on this basis.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [61]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab Section 374 of the Restatement (Second) of Contra
cts provides:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11605944 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11605944\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Subject to the rule stated in Subsection (2), if a party justifiably refuses to perform on the ground that his remaining duties of performance have been discharged by the other party}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
s breach, the party in breach is entitled to restitution for any benefit that he has conferred by way of part performance or reliance in excess of the loss that he has caused by his own breach.
\par 
\par (2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
To the extent that, under the manifested assent of the parties, a party}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
s performance is to be retained in the case of breach, that party is not entitled to restitution if the value of the performance as liquidated damages is reasonable in the light of the anticipated or actual loss caused by the breach and the difficulties o
f proof of loss.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11605944 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Restatement (Second) of Contracts \'a7
 374.
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [62]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab  Notwithstanding GTB}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s failure to fully complete the project, it is clear from the plain language of the MOU and its 
Addendum that the payments to be made to GTB were meant to not only compensate GTB for its prospective work to complete the project, but also to quell the dispute between GTB and AES regarding compensation for GTB}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s past work.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 GTB had claimed it was owed $1 million dollars and after months of discussion, the parties, by signing the MOU and the Addendum, agreed to share the loss and resolve the dispute.}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 We therefore reject Tanota}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s argument that the instruction on the measure of damages for GTB}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s failure to 
complete the project was a misstatement of the law and that the trial court instead should have instructed the jury pursuant to section 374 of the Restatement.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 An instruction on the rule set out in section 374 would have been inappropriate as that rule doe
s not contemplate contracts such as the MOU where the parties agree to lump sum figures as compensation for both future work and already completed work, rather than specifically apportioning the payments representing each type of work.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 An instruction pursu
ant to section 374 would have deprived GTB of its right to be compensated for work it had completed before the parties entered into the MOU.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Moreover, the MOU specifically allowed AES to deduct from its payments any costs incurred as a result of any incomplete work:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11605944 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls25\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11605944\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Guam Top Builder shall correct all defective work found or will be found by J.M. Aquino}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s inspection or by AES personnel.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
The corrective work shall follow closely behind the new work to avoid having new work too far ahead without correcting for the sake of progress.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Any deferred or incompleted [sic] work within 15 days after achiving [sic] substantial completion will be, at the sole option of AES, contracted to others.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
All such cost associated with this type of forced account work shall be paid or will be deducted from the payment.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
\par ER, tab 40 at 1 (MOU, Jan. 20, 1998).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Given all of these circumstances, we find that the trial court did not err in instructing the jury on the issue of GTB}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s damages.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11605944 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 5.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Whether the Trial Court Erred when it Awarded Prejudgment Interest to GTB and Ejong.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [63]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab Tanota also challenges the trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s award of prejudgment interest to GTB and Ejong.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Although a trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s award of interest is reviewed for an abuse of discretion, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 DeWitt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 2003 Guam 20 \'b6 22 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Sumitomo Constr. Co., Inc. v. Gov}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 t of Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 2001 Guam 23 \'b6 7; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Pabst v. Okla. Gas & Elec. Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 228 F.3d 1128, 1136 (10th Cir. 2000)), whether prejudgment interest for an implied contract to pay the reasonable value of services or materials provided is permitted under 20 GCA \'a7
 2110 is a question of law warranting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  review.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tanaguchi-Ruth}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 2005 Guam 7 \'b6 81 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [R]egarding the prejudgment interest awarded . . . and whether . . . damages were liquidated, our scope of review is de novo.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Folgers Architects Ltd. v. Kerns}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 633 N.W.2d 114, 128 (Neb. 2001))); s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 ee also Bangert Bros. Constr. Co., Inc. v. Kiewit Western Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
, 310 F.3d 1278, 1297 (10th Cir. 2002) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Although an award of prejudgment interest generally is subject to review for abuse of discretion, any statutory interpretation or legal analysis is reviewed de novo.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Atlantic Richfield Co. v. Farm Credit Bank of Wichita}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 226 F.3d 1138, 1156 (10th Cir. 2000))); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
McCarthy v. Estate of Krohn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 16 So. 3d 193, 195 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2009) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 A trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s decision concerning a litigant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s entitlement to prejudgment interest is reviewed de novo.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Berloni S.P.A. v. Della Casa, LLC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 972 So. 2d 1007, 1011 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2008)));}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  see generally Quan Xing He v. Gov}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 t of Guam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 2009 Guam 20 \'b6\'b6 22-23 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Mendiola v. Bell}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 2009 Guam 15 \'b6\'b6 11, 17) (reviewing questions of law }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [64]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab Title 20 GCA \'a7
 2110 authorizes the award of prejudgment interest under specific circumstances:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Every person who is entitled to recover damages certain, 
or capable of being made certain by calculation, and the right to recover which is vested in him, upon a particular day, is entitled also to recover interest thereon from that day, except during such time as the debtor is prevented by law, or by the act o
f the creditor, from paying the debt.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 20 GCA \'a7 2110 (2005).}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
[T]he policy underlying authorization of an award of prejudgment interest is to compensate the injured party\emdash to make that party whole for the accrual of wealth which could have been produced during the period of loss.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Wisper Corp. N.V. v. Cal. Commerce Bank}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 57 Cal. Rptr. 2d 141, 147 (Ct. App. 1996) (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Cassinos v. Union Oil Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 18 Cal. Rptr. 2d 574, (Ct. App. 1993)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [65]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab Title 20 GCA \'a7
 2110 was modeled after the 1950 version of California Civil Code \'a7 3287.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  20 GCA \'a7 2110, SOURCE.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Section 3287 was amended in 1967 to add a subsection (b).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Section 3287 now provides:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 (a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Every person who is entitled to recover damages certain, or capable of being made certain by calculation, and the right to recover which is vested in him upon a particular day, is entitled also to recover interest thereon from that day, except during such
 time as the debtor is prevented by law, or by the act of the creditor from paying the debt.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 This section is applicable to recovery of damages and interest from any such debtor, including the state or any county, city, city and county, municipal corporation
, public district, public agency, or any political subdivision of the state.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 (b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Every person who is entitled under any judgment to receive damages based upon a cause of action in contract where the claim was unliquidated, may also recover interest thereo
n from a date prior to the entry of judgment as the court may, in its discretion, fix, but in no event earlier than the date the action was filed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Cal. Civ. Code \'a7 3287 (Westlaw 1997).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The Guam Legislature has not adopted an equivalent of subsection (b).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [66]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab In determining whether damages are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 certain, or capable of being made certain}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  under section 3287(a), the California appellate courts generally agree that:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Damages are deemed certain or capable of being made certain within the provisions of subdivis
ion (a) of section 3287 where there is essentially no dispute between the parties concerning the basis of computation of damages if any are recoverable but where their dispute centers on the issue of liability giving rise to damage.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Thus, the test for reco
very of prejudgment interest under Civil Code section 3287, subdivision (a) is whether }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  actually knows the amount owed or from reasonably available information could the defendant have computed that amount.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The statute . . . does not authorize pre
judgment interest where the amount of damage, as opposed to the determination of liability, depends upon a judicial determination based upon conflicting evidence and it is not ascertainable from truthful data supplied by the claimant to his debtor.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Thus, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 where the amount of damages cannot be resolved except by verdict or judgment, prejudgment interest is not appropriate.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Duale v. Mercedes-Benz USA, LLC}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 56 Cal. Rptr. 3d 19, 26-27 (Ct. App. 2007) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 see also Wisper Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 57 Cal. Rptr. 2d at 147}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs37\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Leaf v. Phil Rauch, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
, 120 Cal. Rptr. 749, 752 (Ct. App. 1975) (holding that prejudgment interest is not allowable where the amount of damages depends upon a judicial determination based upon conflicting evidence).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [67]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab In}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  Great W. Drywall, Inc. v. Roel Constr. Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , the court held that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
[u]nder [section 3287(a)], prejudgment interest is allowable where the amount due plaintiff is fixed by the terms of the contract, or is readily ascertainable by reference to well-established market values.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
On the other hand, interest is not allowable where the amount of the damages depends upon a judicial determination based on conflicting evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  83 Cal. Rptr. 3d 235, 238 (Ct. App. 2008) (citations omitted)); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
see also Marine Terminals Corp. v. Paceco, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 193 Cal. Rptr. 687, 689-90 (Ct. App. 1983) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Damages will be deemed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 capable of being made certain by calculation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  if the amount due can be determined by reference to a fixed standard: e.g., a payment schedule . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 ;}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  a readily ascertainable market value . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  or data supplied by plaintiff to defendant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  (citations omitted)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [68]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab In interpreting 20 GCA \'a7
 2110, we follow the reasoning in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Duale}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
 and hold that the test for recovery of prejudgment interest is whether the defendant actually knows the amount owed or from reasonably available information could the defendant have computed that amount.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Thus, prejudgment interest is allowable where the amount due under the plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s claim for damages is fixed by the terms of 
the contract or is readily ascertainable by reference to well-established market values.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 However, where there is a dispute between the parties concerning the basis of computation of damages so that the amount of damages depends upon a judicial determinatio
n based on conflicting evidence, prejudgment interest is not allowable.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [69]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab 
Turning to the facts of this case, we find that as to Ejong, the trial court erred in awarding prejudgment interest because Ejong}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s damages were neither certain nor capable of being made certain, but rather it required a judicial determination of the actual amount due.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [70]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab In Ejong}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
s original complaint, it sought to recover $928,620.15, plus interest, as the amount remaining unpaid for the structural steel and other materials it furnished for the construction of the Hotel.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 ER, vol. 1, tab 2 at 5 (Compl., Mar. 19, 1999).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Ejong}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s Claim of Lien recorded on March 10, 1999, sought recovery of this same amount.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Ejong subsequently filed an amended complaint wherein it continued to allege that it was owed $928,620.15.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
 ER, vol. 1, tab 3 at 5 (First Am. Compl., Apr. 7, 1999).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
However, in its next amended complaint, Ejong alleged that it was owed $1,728,284.67, plus interest, and explained that it had mistakenly calculated the amount claimed in its March 10, 1999 Claim of Lien as $928,620.15, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
which had been a cost estimate made prior to shipment of the steel and before changes to the quantities required for the project had been ordered.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 ER, tab 4 at 7 (Second Am. Compl., Sept. 22, 1999); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 see also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  ER, vol. 1, tab 5 at 5 (Third Am. Compl., Mar. 28, 2000) (continuing to allege that Ejong was owed $1,728,284.67).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Ejong recorded a Claim of Lien for the new amount.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 ER, vol. 1, tab 4 at 8 (Second Am. Compl.); ER, vol. 1, tab 5 at 5 (Third Am. Compl.).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [71]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab 
At trial, there was an ongoing dispute as to whether there was an agreed upon unit price for the steel.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Ejong requested that the jury award it either the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 unit price}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
 total of $928,620.15, or the reasonable value of the steel plus a 13% markup, which it alleged totaled $1,728,284.67.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tr. at 55-56, 69-70 (Jury Trial, Feb. 15, 2007).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 This fact along with the wide disparity between Ejong}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s original claim and its subsequent claim leads us to conclude that Ejong}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s damages were neither certain nor capable of being made certain, as it was likely unclear to Tanota what was actually owed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Thus, a judicial determination of Ejong}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s damages was necessary to resolve the issue.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [72]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab Furthermore, while Ejong}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s expert witne
ss, Alan Turner of Taniguchi-Ruth, opined that the amount alleged by Ejong to be its total cost for the materials provided for the project was a fair and reasonable market value for those materials, Tr., at 67-68 (Jury Trial, Feb. 7, 2007), on re-cross-ex
amination, Turner admitted that he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
look[ed] at what would reasonably be thought of as a fair market value on Guam,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  at 74.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Although Turner gave his opinion as to the difference between acquiring steel from Korea as opposed to the United States, he only gave his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 gut estimate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
 that steel from Korea is cheaper by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 somewhere between 20 and 35 percent.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Somewhere in there.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  at 71.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Without more, we are hard-pressed to find that the amount due Ejong was readily ascertainable by reference to well-established market values.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [73]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab Ejong argues that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Ejong}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s damages were made certain by calculation down to the penny,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  Appellees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
 Br. at 23, alluding to the jury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
s verdict awarding Ejong the reasonable value of the steel plus a markup of ten percent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 However, in determining whether prejudgment interest is mandated under 20 GCA \'a7 2110, we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 look[] to the certainty of the damages suffered by the plaintiff, rather than to a defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s ultimate liability . . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Wisper Corp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 57 Cal. Rptr. at 147.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Thus, the fact that 
the jury ultimately decided that Tanota owed Ejong the reasonable value of the steel is not itself dispositive of whether Ejong}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s damages were certain or capable of being made certain.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [74]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab 
Because of the underlying dispute as to the basis of the computation of Ejong}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
s damages, these damages were neither certain nor capable of being made certain without judicial determination.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Accordingly, the trial court erred in awarding prejudgment interest to Ejong.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [75]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab As to GTB, however, prejudgment interest was allowed.}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 GTB}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s damages were certain by computation on the face of the Addendum to the MOU.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The Addendum provided that AES would p
ay GTB fixed increments of $250,000.00 for completion of the remaining steel structure of the Hotel.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 ER, vol. 2, tab 41 at 1 (Addendum to Mem. of Understanding, Jan. 22, 1998).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 While AES paid GTB the first scheduled increment, it failed to pay GTB the second increment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The central dispute at trial was whether AES was liable to GTB for any amount of damages given GTB}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s failure to fully complete the structure.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Although there was some dispute as to the validity of the Addendum, and although GTB also argued for the reasonable value of its services, it was clear that the basis for computing GTB}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s damages lied in either the Addendum or the MOU.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
The jury ultimately found that the Addendum modified the MOU, and awarded GTB $180,000.00 after offsetting the amount expended by AES to complete the remainder of the steel structure.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 RA, tab 248 at 3, 5 (Special Verdict).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [76]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab 
Because either AES or Tanota could have calculated the amount owed to GTB according to the terms of the Addendum, GTB}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s damages were certain or capable or being made certain by computation, and prejudgment interest was allowable.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11605944 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 6.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Whether the Numerous Procedural Errors Alleged by Tanota Warrant a New Trial.
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [77]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab We next address the numerous procedural errors raised in Tanota}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s Opening Brief.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Tanot
a asserts a new trial is warranted because: (1) the trial court initially determined the jury would decide the main issues in the case but later stated the jury verdict was merely advisory and it would determine the questions of fact regarding the amount 
of the lien; (2) the verdict was inconsistent; (3) the trial court applied the 1962 mechanic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s lien law before trial and post-trial applied the 1998 mechanic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s lien law; (4) there was a fatal variance in the pleadings; and (5) the trial court failed to instruct the jury on instructions regarding the perfection of the mechanic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s liens.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Appellants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  Br. at 28-29.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [78]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab 
Under Rule 13 of the Guam Rules of Appellate Procedure (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 GRAP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 ), the failure to adequately brief an issue may be treated as a {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b1852}
{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b1852}waiver of the issue on appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Guam Greyhound, Inc. v. Brizill}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 2008 Guam 13 \'b6 8 n.3; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
see also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Rinehart v. Rinehart}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 2000 Guam 14 \'b6 23 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [I]f a party mentions a matter but then fails to make a complete legal argument on the issue, then we will refuse to analyze the matter.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 We decline to address Tanota}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s argument on the applicable mechanic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s lien law because Tanota failed to adequately brief the matter in its Opening Brief and in its Reply and Response Brief.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2362467 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid2362467 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467\charrsid601897 In its }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467 O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467\charrsid601897 pening }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467 B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2362467\charrsid601897 rief, Tanota states that because of the page limitations in GRAP 13.2(e)(1), Tanota was precluded from making \'93a plenary discussion of the numerous procedural errors committed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2362467  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467\charrsid601897 . . .\'94 and could only briefly discuss the alleged errors.  Appellants\rquote  Br. at 28
.  Although GRAP 13.2(e)(1) sets the page limitations, under GRAP 16(a)(7)(C) a party may move the court to exceed the page limitations.  Here, Tanota filed a motion to exceed the page limitations in its Reply and Response Brief, which this court granted}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467\charrsid601897  however, Tanota did not move to exceed the page limitations in its Opening Brief.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid2362467\charrsid601897 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467\charrsid601897 Order, Mar. 19, 2010.  In addition, Tanota did not brief the issue on the applicable mechanic\rquote s lien law in its Reply and Response Brief.}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tanota fails to explain how th
e alleged error by the trial court warrants a new trial and thus, this issue is deemed waived on appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [79]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab Tanota}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s alleged errors regarding the scope of the jury trial, the failure to instruct the jury on the mechanic}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s lien statutory requirements, an
d perfection of the lien claims are addressed in our discussion of the bifurcation of the trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 We also addressed Tanota}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s arguments on the inconsistent verdict and need not examine the alleged error of fatal variance from the pleadings because, as we exp
lained, the evidence at trial established a logical explanation for the jury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
s verdict, that there was an implied agreement for AES to pay the reasonable value of the steel provided by Ejong.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 B.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 GTB and Ejong}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s Cross-Appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [80]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab Because we find that Ejo
ng was not entitled to prejudgment interest, we need not address the cross-appeal issues that are premised on that award, namely, whether Ejong is entitled to prejudgment interest from the date of final delivery of the steel as opposed to the date its mec
hanic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
s lien was recorded, and whether Ejong is entitled to post-judgment interest on its prejudgment interest award.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Additionally, because we otherwise uphold the Judgment in favor of GTB and Ejong, we will not address the issue of whether the trial court 
erred in denying their Motion For Leave Of Court To File Plaintiffs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
 Fourth Amended Complaint, Adding a Claim Against Tanota Partners Based Upon An Undisclosed Agency, as this issue would have no bearing on Ejong}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s entitlement to prejudgment interest or GTB}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s entitlement to an additional $250,000.00 under the terms of the MOU.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 We turn now to the remaining issues on cross-appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11605944 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 1.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Whether GTB is Entitled to Post-Judgment Interest on its Prejudgment Interest Award.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [81]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab On cross-appeal, GTB argues that it is entitled to post-judgment interest on its prejudgment interest award.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [82]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab 
Tanota argues that this court already spoke on this issue in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Guam United Warehouse Corp. v. DeWitt Transp. Servs. of Guam, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 2003 Guam 20.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
In that case, this court stated that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
[a]s a general rule compound interest is not favored by the law and is generally allowed only in the presence of a statute or an agreement between the parties allowing for compound interest.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  \'b6
 36 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Campbell v. Lake Terrace, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
, 905 P.2d 163, 165 (Nev. 1995), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 overruled on other grounds by Aviation Ventures, Inc. v. Joan Morris, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 110 P.3d 59 (Nev. 2005)) (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Nation v. W.D.E. Elec. Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 563 N.W.2d 233, 235 (Mich. 1997); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Norman v. Norman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 506 N.W.2d 254, 255 (Mich. Ct. App. 1993)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The court stated further that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [t]he common law has long favored simple interest and disfavored compound interest, which it has characterized as interest on accrued interest.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  (quoting 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 W.D.E. Elec. Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 563 N.W.2d at 235).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The court found that because 18 GCA \'a7 47106,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2362467 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid2362467 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467  Title 18 GCA \'a7 47106 provides that \'93
[t]he rate of interest upon . . . judgment rendered in any court of the territory, shall be six percent (6%) per annum . . . .\'94  18 GCA \'a7 47106 (2005).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
 the statute which governs the rate of interest on judgments, is silent as to the issue of compound interest, interest shall be calculated based on simple interest rather than compound interest.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  \'b6
 38 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Norman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 506 N.W.2d at 256).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [83]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab In reply, GTB argues that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 DeWitt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
 is inapplicable to the instant case because there, the issue had to do with whether prejudgment interest should be simple or compounded, not with whether prejudgment interest merges into a final judgment on which statutory interest thereafter accrues.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Cross-Appellants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  Reply Br. at 3 (Apr. 27, 2010).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 GTB asks that this court clarify its ruling in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 DeWitt}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  so that it could not be interpreted as disallowing merger of the prejudgment interest into the judgment for purposes of calculating post-judgment interest.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [84]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab GTB urges this court to adopt the holding in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Big Bear Properties, Inc. v. Gherman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
, 157 Cal. Rptr. 443 (Ct. App. 1979).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 There, the court held:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11605944 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Although compound interest generally is not allowable on a judgment, i
t is established that a judgment bears interest on the whole amount from its date even though the amount is in part made up of interest . . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 As a consequence, compound interest may in effect be recovered on a judgment whereby the aggregate amount of principal and interest is turned into a new principal . . . .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Big Bear Props., Inc. v. Gherman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
, 157 Cal. Rptr. 443, 446 (Ct. App. 1979) (quoting 45 Am. Jur. 2d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Interest and Usury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  \'a7 78) (omissions in original).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Big Bear }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 distinguished the cases relied upon by the plaintiffs to support their contention that the judgment improperly allowed compound interest.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
The court found that the cases relied upon by plaintiffs were inapposite because those cases dealt with prejudgment interest being compounded an
nually, rather than a situation in which simple prejudgment interest was awarded, and post-judgment interest was then awarded on the new principal (which consists of the old principal plus the prejudgment interest).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 . at 448.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 This same distinction can be made as to this court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s decision in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
DeWitt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 DeWitt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , the issue was not whether the trial court should have merged the prejudgment interest into the judgment and award post-judgment interest on the new amount.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Instead, the question in that case was wheth
er the trial court should have awarded prejudgment interest at a compound interest rate rather than a simple interest rate.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 DeWitt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 2003 Guam 20 \'b6 36.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Thus, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 DeWitt}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  is not dispositive of the issue in this case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [85]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab We agree with the reasoning in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Big Bear }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 and similar cases.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 See Nakoff v. Fairview Gen. Hosp.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 694 N.E.2d 107 (Ohio Ct. App. 1997) (holding that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 post-judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  interest calculated on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 prejudgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  interest on damage award is not compounded interest; if interest is in fact part of debt owed, awarding interest upon interest that is part of the debt is not compounded interest); }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Meskimen v. Larry Angell Salvage Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
, 592 P.2d 1014, 1021 (Or. 1979) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Where pre-judgment interest is awarded, it should be made a part of the judgment so that post-judgment interest will apply to it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
We hold that prejudgment interest becomes part of the single total sum adjudged to be due, with post-judgment interest accruing on the merged total.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 It is unclear from the judgment in this case whether the trial court intended to award post-judgment interest on GTB}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s prejudgment interest award.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 However, in accordance with our holding today, GTB is entitled to post-judgment interest on the sum of its damage award and the interest on this amount that accr
ued prior to judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11605944 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 2.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Whether GTB is Entitled to an Additional $250,000.00 as a Matter of Law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [86]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab GTB argues that the trial court erred in denying GTB}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s post-trial motion for summary judgment asking the court to increase GTB}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s award by $250,000.00 as a matter of law, notwithstanding the jury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s verdict.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Appellees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  Br. at 33; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 see also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  RA, tab 258 at 14-16 (Pls.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  Post-Trial Mots. Summ. J.); RA, tab 272 at 4, 11 (Dec. & Order, Sept. 8, 2008).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 GTB contends that AES did not provide any consideration to GTB in exchange for GTB}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s signature on the Addendum to the MOU, which reduced AES}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s obligation to GTB by $250,000.00.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 We review the denial of a motion for summary judgment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Quichocho v. Macy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s Dep}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
t Stores, Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 2008 Guam 9 \'b6 13 (citing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Villanueva ex rel. United States v. Commercial Sanitation Sys., Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 2005 Guam 8 \'b6 9).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Summary judgment is proper if }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and . . . the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Guam R. Civ. P. 56(c).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 A genuine issue of fact exists if there is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "'}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 sufficient evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  which establishes a factual dispute requiring resolution by a fact-finder.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Quichocho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 2008 Guam 9 \'b6 15 (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Villalon v. Hawaiian Rock Prods., Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 2001 Guam 5 \'b6 7).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 A fact is
 material if it is relevant to a claim or defense and its existence might affect the outcome of the suit.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  (quoting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Wilkinson v. Jones}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 2004 Guam 14 \'b6 7).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [87]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab 
According to the MOU, the agreement was a result of months-long discussions between GTB and AES regarding GTB}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s ability to complete the steel frame erection.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 ER, tab 40 at 1 (Mem. of Understanding, Jan. 20, 1998).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Concluding that GTB had overspent for the purchase of the steel frame system and that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 the remaining contract sum is insufficient to complete the erection,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  AES }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
agreed to share the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 loss}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  and . . . assist [GTB] in meeting their shortfall.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 A payment schedule of three $250,000.00 increments was established }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 to help [GTB] in meeting their payroll and miscellaneous expenses for the remaining duration of the work period.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 
" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  at 1-2.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [88]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab The Addendum to the MOU deleted paragraph 3 of the MOU
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
s payment schedule (regarding the third increment of $250,000.00) and replaced it with a new paragraph 3, which read:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 3.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Third Increment of $250,000.00 will be considered for payment at the end of AES}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s Structural contract with Tanota Partners.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 In as much as these payments are a result of negotiations to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 share the burden}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
 of loss by Guam Top Builder by participating in construction of the Outrigger Resort Hotel as a subcontractor to AES and that AES has already agreed to pay additional $500,000.00, AES is not responsible for this additional $250,000.00.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 However, should AES turn profit, amount of this payment will be reevaluated.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
\par ER, vol. 2, tab 41 at 1 (Addendum to Mem. of Understanding, Jan. 22, 1998).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [89]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab 
During pre-trial depositions and at trial, Sherman and Park gave conflicting accounts as to the motivation behind the MOU and Addendum.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 According to Sherman, the MOU was created in order to prevent GTB from walking from the project before completion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tr. at 56-57 (Jury Trial, Feb. 6, 2007) (reading of Sherman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s pre-trial deposition testimony into record).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 When asked by opposing counsel, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 
"}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 What do you call [the MOU], if not a commitment to $750,000?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , Sherman answered:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11605944 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Well, see, we were still negotiating during the time, and then I said, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 I will give you, if you would finish the project.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Just finish the project.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 ' }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 I just wanted him to finish the project.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 . . . .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 And I agreed to pay 750, and then later on we decided 750 may be too much, because I cannot turn a profit.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 If I go under, he goes under.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 So in due consideration, I said, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Look, if I give additional projects, would you reduce?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 And this is what the result is.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  at 37 (reading of Sherman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s pre-trial deposition testimony into record).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [90]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab 
During direct examination, Sherman was asked the purpose of the Addendum, to which he replied: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
At the first signing of the MOU, I feel -- I felt very, very cheated and I just didn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 t think it was the right thing to do.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 So, I was thinking about it, going back, and I -- I thought there was still room for negotiating and I -- I didn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 
'}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 t think I needed to pay additional 250,000 for it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 However, we had initially agreed to -- to 750,000.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 There was another form of a payment that could have been considered so we talked about him using some of my equipment for future projects at free of charge, some follow-on projects.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
We talked about various ways -- other ways of compensating because certainly there was no budgeted $750,000.00 in my budget to pay him extra and we certainly weren}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 t making money and so that clause was substituted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tr. at 144-45 (Jury Trial, Feb. 8, 2007).}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [91]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab 
Park, on the other hand, testified that the reason GTB was having difficulty paying its employees was that AES owed GTB over $1 million for work it had already performed under the original contract.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Park alle
ged it was Sherman who had run out of money and had slowed down in making payments to Park for his work.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tr. at 111 (Jury Trial, Jan. 23, 2007).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Park testified that although he did not agree with the language in the MOU stating that AES was sharing the los
s with GTB, Park signed the MOU in order to get the payments under the agreement. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [92]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab 
Park also testified that he only signed the Addendum in order to get an increment check that was being }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 held hostage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
 by Sherman.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tr. at 131-32 (Jury Trial, Jan. 23, 2007).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 According to Park: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Well, the first $100,000 payment was made, but when it was time to pay for the second payment of $75,000, he called me and said that I need to sign another document, and that was addendum to the -- this MOU.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 He was holding the check of $75,000.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
I was in a very -- Financially, I was in a very difficult situation and he was saying, if you -- unless you sign this addendum, I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 m not gonna release the $75,000 check, and that addendum was basically saying that you have to give up the last 20- -- $250,000.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 And I felt I was held hostage in the situation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The $75,000 check is there to stop the suppliers -- close my account, and payroll was \'85
 was in a very difficult situation, and he was holding $75,000 check, and I had to sign the addendum.
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Sherman denied that he held a check hostage in order to induce Park to sign the Addendum.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tr. at 130-31 (Jury Trial, Feb. 8, 2007).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [93]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab 
The facts surrounding the actual signing of the two documents were in dispute as well.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Although the signatures on
 the MOU and the Addendum were dated January 20, 1998, and January 22, 1998, respectively, evidence at trial suggested that the parties may have signed both documents on the same day.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 During cross-examination, Park was asked to identify a copy of the MOU o
n which he had handwritten a note stating, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Signed on . . . February 10, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 98 after signing the . . . addendum on the same day for the release of 75,000.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 " }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tr. at 56 (Jury Trial, Jan. 25, 2007).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 When confronted with this note at trial, however, Park denied i
ts accuracy and claimed that the note must have been a mistake.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Id.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  at 61-62.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2362467 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\super\insrsid2362467 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2362467  After the return of the jury\rquote 
s special verdict, the trial court, in keeping with its earlier decision to bifurcate the trial, allowed the parties to file post-trial motions and
 memoranda on the issues to be decided by the court.  On August 3, 2007, GTB and Ejong filed their Post-Trial Motions for Summary Judgment, wherein GTB requested that the trial court increase the jury\rquote 
s award to GTB by $250,000.00 on the grounds that the Addendum to the MOU lacked consideration and therefore GTB was entitled to the third increment of $250,000.00 provided in the MOU.  RA, tab 258 at 14-16 (Pls.\rquote 
 Post-Trial Mots. Summ. J.).  The trial court denied GTB\rquote s request, awarding it instead the amount reached by the jury, $180.000.00.  RA, tab 272 at 4, 11 (Dec. & Order).
\par }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [94]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab 
It is clear from the testimony at trial that there was a dispute as to whether there was any consideration for the Addendum.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 This was a genuine issue of fact that required resolution by the finder of fact, and GTB was not entitled to summary judgment on the issue.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Although the verdict form did not specifically question the jurors as to whether there was proper consideration for the Addendum, it did ask the jurors whether the Addendum modified the MOU, to which the jurors answered that it did.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 RA, tab 248 at 3 (Special Verdict).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 We presume that the jurors followed the court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s instructions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 See Weeks}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 , 528 U.S. at 234.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The jurors were instructed on the requirements of a contract, which included the element of consideration.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Tr. at 25-26 (Jury Trial Verdict, Feb. 16, 2007).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Thus, we can presume that in finding that the Addendum modified the MOU, the jurors first determined that the Addendum satisfied the requirements of a valid contract, including the requirement of consideration.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [95]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab Accordingly, we affirm the trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s denial of GTB}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 
'}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s post-trial motion to increase GTB}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s award by $250,000.00 as a matter of law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605944\charrsid15098867 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13567278 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 V.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 CONCLUSION
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15098867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
\par [96]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab 
In sum, we find that as to the alleged instructional errors, the trial was bifurcated and the legal issues relating to the validity and perfection of the mechanic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s liens were reserved by the trial court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in rejecting Tanota}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
s proposed fraud instructions on the validity of the lien, lien perfection instructions, and the instruction on unclean hands because the affirmative defenses pleaded were based on the intent to defraud on the claimed lien amou
nt, which was not an issue before the jury.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
As to the claimed error on the loan instruction, we find no error because the parties abandoned the loan theory at trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The agency instruction was not properly preserved, and in applying the plain error standard of review we find no error.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 We also find proper the instruction which measured GTB}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
s potential damages as being the contract price less the reasonable costs incurred by AES to complete the project.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 Reviewing the instructions as a whole, we find no abuse of discretion by the trial court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13567278\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [97]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab 
We further find as discussed above that the trial court did not take any matters from the jury.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 The trial court also did not abuse its discretion in reconciling the verdict and in finding that the verdict was not inconsistent. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13567278\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [98]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab 
Because of the underlying dispute as to the basis of the computation of Ejong}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
s damages, we find that as to Ejong, the trial court erred in awarding prejudgment interest because Ejong}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s damages were neither certain nor capable of being made certain, rather requiring a judicial determination of the actual amount due.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 As to GTB, however, prejudgment interest was allowed because GTB}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s damages were certain or capable of being made certain by computation on the face of the Addendum to the MOU.}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13567278\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [99]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab 
As to whether GTB is entitled to post-judgment interest on its entire judgment including its award for prejudgment interest, we hold that prejudgment interest becomes part of the single total sum 
adjudged to be due, with post-judgment interest accruing on the merged total.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
Accordingly, GTB is entitled to post-judgment interest on the sum of its damage award and the interest on this amount that accrued prior to judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13567278\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [100]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab Finally, we affirm the trial court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 s denial of GTB}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15098867 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
s post-trial motion for summary judgment on the issue of whether GTB is entitled to $250,000.00 as a matter of law under the terms of the MOU because there was a genuine issue of material fact as to whether there was any consideration for the Addendum.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13567278\charrsid15098867 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 [101]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 \tab For the foregoing reasons, the Judgment is }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 AFFIRMED}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867  in part and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 REVERSED}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2362467\charrsid15098867 
 in part and the matter is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1972231\charrsid15098867 
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