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{\insrsid15819190 \tab \tab \par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 GUAM POLICE DEPARTMENT, \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Petitioner,}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 v. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 SUPERIOR COURT of GUAM, \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Respondent, \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 v.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 ANTHONY LUJAN dba BIG BEN & CO., \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Real Party in Interest.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Supreme Court Case No.: WRP10-001 \par Superior Court Case No.: CV0027-09}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 OPINION \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Filed:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 May 10, 2011 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Cite as: 2011 Guam 8 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam \par Argued and submitted on July 15, 2010 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }\trowd \irow0\irowband0\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\tpvpara\tphmrg\tposy118\tdfrmtxtLeft180\tdfrmtxtRight180\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid1996871 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl \brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4608\clshdrawnil \cellx4500\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4968\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\pvpara\phmrg\posy118\dxfrtext180\dfrmtxtx180\dfrmtxty0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid1657983 {\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Appearing for Petitioner:}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par Robert M. Weinberg,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Esq.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 (argued) \par James T. Mitchell, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Esq.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 (briefed) \par Guam Police Department \par Bldg. 233 Central Ave. \par Tiyan, GU 96913\cell }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Appearing for Respondent}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 : \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 B. Ann Galey-Keith, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Esq.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Ste. 1-407E Guam Judicial Ctr. \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 120 W O\rquote Brien Dr. \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910 \par \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \trowd \irow0\irowband0 \ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\tpvpara\tphmrg\tposy118\tdfrmtxtLeft180\tdfrmtxtRight180\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid1996871 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4608\clshdrawnil \cellx4500\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4968\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\pvpara\phmrg\posy118\dxfrtext180\dfrmtxtx180\dfrmtxty0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid1657983 {\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \cell \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \trowd \irow1\irowband1 \ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\tpvpara\tphmrg\tposy118\tdfrmtxtLeft180\tdfrmtxtRight180\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid1996871 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4608\clshdrawnil \cellx4500\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4968\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\pvpara\phmrg\posy118\dxfrtext180\dfrmtxtx180\dfrmtxty0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid1657983 {\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par \par \par \par \par \par \cell }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Appearing for Real Party in Interest}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 : \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Thomas Fisher, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Esq.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Shimizu Canto & Fisher \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Attorneys at Law \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Ste. 101 De La Corte Bldg. \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 167 E. Marine Corps Dr. \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910}{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \trowd \irow2\irowband2\lastrow \ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\tpvpara\tphmrg\tposy118\tdfrmtxtLeft180\tdfrmtxtRight180\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid1996871 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4608\clshdrawnil \cellx4500\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4968\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }{\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 BE}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 FORE:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 ROBERT J. TORRES, Chief Justice; F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s19\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs20\super\insrsid1657983 \chftn }{\insrsid1657983 }{\fs20\insrsid1657983 On January 18, 2011, Associate Justice F. Philip Carbullido was sworn in as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Guam. The }{\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid13261440 signatures in this opinion reflect the titles of the justices at the time this matter}{ \fs20\insrsid1657983 was considered and determined.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , Associate Justice; KATHERINE A. MARAMAN, Associate Justice. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\dxfrtext90\dfrmtxtx90\dfrmtxty90\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 CARBULLIDO, J.:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 [1]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Petitioner, Guam Police Department (\'93GPD\'94), seeks a writ of prohibition restraining Respondent, the Superior Court of Guam, (\'93Superior Court\'94) from proceeding in a civil suit filed by Real Party in Interest, Anthony Lujan dba Big Ben & Co. ( \'93Big Ben\'94) against GPD.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 We find that since Big Ben did not timely file its claim with the Attorney General\rquote s office under 5 GCA \'a7 6106(a) of Guam\rquote s Government Claims Act, Big Ben\rquote s claim was barred by sovereign immunity and the Superior Court did not have jurisdiction to entertain the civil suit.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Accordingly, the Petition for Writ of Prohibition is granted.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 I.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 [2]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 In its complaint, Big Ben alleges that in April 2004, it entered into a non-written agreement with GPD to provide GPD with tow truck and storage services for an undetermined duration.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 According to Big Ben\rquote s Complaint, it began rendering services to GPD in April 2004.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Big Ben filed its first government claim with the Attorney General\rquote s Office on September 28, 2005.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Big Ben terminated its towing and storage services on March 7, 2006.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 According to its verified claim, Big Ben made repeated unsuccessful attempts to seek payment for its services including in September and October of 2007 when Big Ben demanded payment for past services rendered.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 The Chief of GPD sent a letter dated November 8, 2007, which denied the extent of services that Big Ben billed to GPD, informed Big Ben that GPD would not pay, and recommended that Big Ben contact an attorney to assist with its legal remedies.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 [3]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 In April 2008, Big Ben once again demanded payment from GPD and was again informed that GPD would not pay.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 On May 1, 2008, legal counsel for GPD sent a letter to Big Ben\rquote s counsel.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 In the letter, GPD\rquote s counsel stated that where there was no valid contract or purchase order, GPD could not make payment without subjecting itself to civil and/or criminal liability.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 GPD\rquote s counsel further concluded that if Big Ben \'93believe[d] it ha[d] a legitimate claim against GPD, then it should file a claim pursuant to the Government Claims Act\'94.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Pet\rquote r\rquote s Br. at 7 n.4 (June 18, 2010).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 {\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK3}{\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK4}[4]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Relevant to this writ, Big Ben filed a second government claim with the Attorney General\rquote s Office on June 24, 2008 \emdash more than eighteen (18) months after Big Ben terminated its services in March 2006.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 The Attorney General\rquote s Office did not reject the second claim within six months of Big Ben\rquote s filing, and on January 7, 2009, Big Ben filed a complaint for damages in the Superior Court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 GPD motioned the Superior Court to dismiss both the September 2005 and the June 2008 government claims, arguing that Big Ben failed to timely file its claims pursuant to the Government Claims Act.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 The Superior C ourt found that the first claim filed on September 28, 2005 was untimely filed under the Government Claims Act because \'93[t]he {\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK5}{\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK6}Attorney General\rquote s Office did not officially reject said claim and[,] pursuant to statute the claim period expired six months thereafter, or March 28, 2006{\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK5}{\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK6}.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Lujan v. Guam Police Dep\rquote t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , Civil Case No. 0027-09, Decision on Motion to Dismiss}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 (April 1, 2009).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 The court therefore, lacked jurisdiction to hear the first claim.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Regarding the second claim filed on June 24, 2008, the Superior Court denied GPD\rquote s motion to dismiss \'93 to the extent that the amounts claimed in the June 2008 government claim do not represent amounts previously claimed in the September 2005 claim, which are now deemed time barred.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 . at 2.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 The court therefore had subject matter jurisdiction over damages subsequent to September 26, 2005. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 {\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK3}{\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK4}[5]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 GPD seeks a writ of prohi bition from this court, to prevent the Superior Court from proceeding in the case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 GPD asserts that the Superior Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction because Big Ben failed to comply with the statute of limitations prerequisite under 5 GCA \'a7 6106(b).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 GPD further asserts that, as a result of Big Ben\rquote s failure to timely file their government claim, sovereign immunity under 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 1421a was not waived and the Superior Court lacked jurisdiction to proceed. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 II.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 JURISDICTION}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par [6]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 This court has original jurisdiction to issue writs of prohibition pursuant to 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 1424-1(a)(4) (Westlaw current through Pub. L. 112-9 (2011) and 7 GCA \'a7 3107(b) (2010); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 People }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 v. }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Super. Ct. (Laxamana)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , 2001 Guam 26 \'b6 5.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 III.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 DISCUSSION}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par A.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Governmental Sovereign Immunity}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par [7]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 As an agency of the Government of Guam, GPD has the right to invoke sovereign immunity as a defense to suit.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \'93}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 The Government enjoys broad sovereign immunity.\'94}{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\cs15\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Newby v. Gov\rquote t of Guam}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , 2010 Guam 4 \'b6 31.}{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 The }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 sovereign immunity of the government exists pursuant to both the common law and the Organic Act.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Marx v. Government of Guam}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , 866 F.2d 294, 297-298 (9th Cir. 1989); 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 1421a (2011).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Furthermore, \'93Sovereign immunity can only be waived by duly enacted legislation [and] absent such legislation, the Government cannot be sued.\'94}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \cs15\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Newby }{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 at \'b6 31.}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 [8]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Sovereign immunity is explicitly waived by statute for certain governmental actions that are contractual in nature or that sound in tort.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 The Guam Legislature has specifically provided a limited waiver of the Government of Guam\rquote s sovereign immunity through the Government Claims Act (\lquote Claims Act\rquote ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 5 GCA \'a7\'a7 6101, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 et seq.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Under this statute, the defense of sovereign immunity is waived where a plaintiff timely files a valid complaint in compliance with the statute of limitations requirements of the Claims Act.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Where the plaintiff fails to timely file a complaint before the expiration of the statute of limitations, however, sovereign immunity i s not statutorily waived. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 [9]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 The central issue raised in this case is when the statute of limitations begins to run under }{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 5 GCA \'a7 6106}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 (a) for contract and equity claims arising from unwritten agreements for services rendered over a period of time.}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s19\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid1657983 \tab }{\cs20\fs20\super\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 \chftn }{ \fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 }{\fs20\insrsid1657983 Citing }{\i\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 Pacific Rock Corp. }{\i\fs20\insrsid1657983 II}{\fs20\insrsid1657983 ,}{\i\fs20\insrsid1657983 }{\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 Big Ben asserts that the time limit for the statute of limitations is tolled by the prerequisite of exhausting administrative remedies under our procurement statues. Real Party in Interest}{\fs20\insrsid1657983 \rquote }{ \fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 s Answer at 6-7 (June 25, 2010). }{\fs20\insrsid1657983 }{\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 However, }{\fs20\insrsid1657983 in }{\i\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 Pacific Rock Corp. }{\i\fs20\insrsid1657983 II }{\fs20\insrsid1657983 }{\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 we clearly stated that }{\fs20\insrsid1657983 \'93}{\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 [o]ur opinion is restricted to breach of contract cases for }{\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid12328599 contracts }{\i\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid12328599 procured under}{\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid12328599 the Procurement Law, which involve money owed to or by the Government of Guam.\'94 }{\i\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid12328599 Pac. Rock Corp. v. Dep \rquote t of Educ.}{\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid12328599 , 2001 Guam 21 \'b6 53 (emphasis added). As this case involves at most an oral contract that was not \'93procured under\'94 Guam\rquote s procurement }{\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid6116144 statute }{\fs20\insrsid1657983 s, }{\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid12328599 Big Ben cannot avail itself to the tolling of the statute of limitations under the procurement statutes. }{\i\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid12328599 See id.}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 In the absence of any legislative history specifying when the statute of limitations begins to run under }{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 5 GCA \'a7 6106}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 (a), we find it pragmatic to read }{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 5 GCA \'a7 6106}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 (a) in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 pari materia}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 to our other statute of limitations provided in 7 GCA \'a7 11305(8) for claims arising from unwritten agreements.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 See Dir. of Dep\rquote t of Pub. Health and Soc. Servs. v. Cruz}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , Civil Action No. 85-0084A, 1987 WL 109396, at *1-2 (D. Guam App. Div. 1987) (explaining the }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 pari materia }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 rule of construction). }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 [10]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Title 7 GCA \'a7 11305(8) addresses the statute of limitations for oral contracts, contracts implied in fact, and }{\cs31\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 quantum meruit}{\cs31\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 claims}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Section 11305(8) is substantively similar to California Civil Code 339(1).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Compare }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 7 GCA \'a7 11305(8) }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 with}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 California Civil Code \'a7 339(1).}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid12328599 \tab }{ \cs20\fs20\super\insrsid1657983\charrsid12328599 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid12328599 Section 11305(8) states in relevant part:}{\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 \par }\pard \qj \fi720\li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 An action upon a contract, obligation or liability not founded upon an in strument of writing other than that mentioned in Subsection 2 of \'a7 11303 of this Title . . . .}{\fs20\insrsid1657983 \par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\fs20\insrsid1657983 7 GCA }{\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid9390347 \'a7 11305(8) (2005).}{\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 \par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 California Civil Code 339(1) states in relevant part: \par }\pard \qj \fi720\li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid992133 An action upon a contract, obligation or liability not founded upon an instrument of writing, except as provided in Section 2725 of the Commercial Code or subdivision 2 of Section 337 of this code . . . .}{\fs20\insrsid1657983 \par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\fs20\insrsid1657983 Cal. Civ. Proc. Code \'a7 339(1) (1996). }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Therefore we look to California case law as persuasive authority.}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \cs15\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Sumitomo Constr., Co., Ltd. v. Zhong Ye, Inc.}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , 1997 Guam 8 \'b6 7 (\'93 Generally, when a legislature adopts a statute which is identical or similar to one in effect in another jurisdiction, it is presumed that the adopting jurisdiction applies the construction placed on the statute by the originating jurisdiction\'94).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 [11]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 California, however, recognizes more than one method for determining an applicable statute of limitations for an alleged breac h of an oral contract. California case law has alternatively recognized that a statute of limitations on a contractual dispute may: (1) commence on the last date of services rendered, (2) from the date when payment was due per the terms of the contract, ( 3) at termination of the relationship, or (4) from the date of \'93discovery\'94 of the injury. }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Johnstone v. E & J Mfg. Co}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 . , 114 P.2d 658, 659 (Cal. Ct. App. 1941) (statute of limitations begins to run from the date of last services rendered); }{\cs31\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Konjoyan v. Der Zakarian}{ \cs31\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , 12 Cal. Rptr. 389, 391 (Cal. Dist. Ct. App. 1961) (statute of limitations commences on the date money was due, absent evidence that the parties intended otherwise); }{ \cs31\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Maglica v. Maglica}{\cs31\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , 78 Cal. Rptr 2d 101, 107 (Cal. Ct. App. 1998) (statute of limi tations commenced at the termination of the relationship); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Cleveland v. Internet Specialties W., Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , 88 Cal. Rptr. 3d 892, 897 (Cal. Ct. App. 2009) (\'93limitations period dependent upon the discovery of the cause of action begins to run no later than the plaintiff learns [] the facts essential to his claim\'94).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Because no single, uniform test exists, California courts have consistently upheld that the determination of an applicable statute of limitations is a question of fact.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 In an action for an alleged breach of an insurance contract, the California appellate court further clarified that \'93 Statutes of limitation issues are normally questions of fact, unless the uncontradicted facts established through discovery are susceptible of only one legitimate inference.\'94 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Lee v. Fid . Nat\lquote l Title Ins. Co}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 ., 115 Cal. Rptr. 3d 748,761 (Cal. Ct. App. 2010).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }{\cs31\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 [12]}{\cs31\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\cs31\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 The facts of the case on appeal do present only one legitimate inference \endash that the statute of limitations for Big Ben\rquote s claim against GPD began to run from the date of the last services rendered.}{\cs31\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \cs31\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 The court reaches this conclusion based primarily upon the facts alleged in Big Ben\rquote s complaint.}{\cs31\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \cs31\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Additionally, there is no evidence before the court establishing an agreement between the parties regarding when payment was due, nor are there any allegations that the relationship between the parties continued beyond the last date of services, nor that there was any fraud or misrepresentation that prevented \'93discovery\'94 of the alleged breach of contract. Conversely, the uncontested facts of the case establish that Big Ben ceased providing towing and storage services to GPD on March 7, 2006.}{\cs31\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\cs31\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 The court accepts as true the uncontested facts provided by Big Ben in their original complaint and bases the commencement of the statute of limitations for the government claim on these uncontested facts. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 GPD\rquote s right to invoke sovereign immunity based upon the applicable statute of limitations has not been waived. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 [13]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Sovereign immunity may not apply where the government is found to be acting in a proprietary function, as opposed to a governmental function.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 {\*\bkmkstart SearchTerm}P} {\cs25\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 roprietary}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 }{\cs25\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 {\*\bkmkstart SR_3604} {\*\bkmkend SR_3604}functions}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 are those \'93conducted in [the government\rquote s] private capacity, for the benefit only of those within its corporate limits, and not as an arm of the }{\cs25\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 {\*\bkmkstart SR_3629}{\*\bkmkend SR_3629}government}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 .\'94}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \cs15\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Galveston Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Clear Lake Rehab. Hosp.}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , }{ \cs15\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 L.L.C}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 ., 324 S.W.3d 802, 807 (Tex. App. 2010).}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 (internal citations omitted). Such actions are distinct from }{\cs25\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 governmental}{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 }{\cs25\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 functions}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 undertaken \'93 in the performance of purely }{\cs25\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 governmental}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 matters solely for the public benefit.\'94}{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\cs15\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Id}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 .}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 {\*\bkmkend SearchTerm} }{\cs25\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Governmental}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 }{\cs25\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 {\*\bkmkstart SR_7397}{\*\bkmkend SR_7397}functions}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 are generally those \'93performed for the general public with respect to the common welfare for which no compensation}{ \cs26\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 {\*\bkmkstart sp_4645_536}{\*\bkmkstart SDU_536}{\*\bkmkstart citeas__Cite_as__37_Kan_App_2d_46___61__}{\*\bkmkend sp_4645_536}{\*\bkmkend SDU_536} {\*\bkmkend citeas__Cite_as__37_Kan_App_2d_46___61__} }{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 or particular benefit is received.\'94}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \cs15\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Newman Mem\rquote l Hosp. v. Walton Const. Co., Inc}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 ., 149 P.3d 525, 535-36 (Kan. Ct. App. 2007).}{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 This is in contrast to }{\cs25\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 {\*\bkmkstart SR_7421} {\*\bkmkend SR_7421}proprietary}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 }{\cs25\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 {\*\bkmkstart SR_7422}{\*\bkmkend SR_7422}functions}{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \'93exercised when an enterprise is commercial in character or is usually carried on by private individuals or is for the profit, benefit, or advantage of the }{ \cs25\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 {\*\bkmkstart SR_7454}{\*\bkmkend SR_7454}governmental}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 unit conducting the activity.\'94}{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\cs15\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Id}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 .}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 (citations omitted).{\*\bkmkstart sp_460_62}{\*\bkmkstart SDU_62}{\*\bkmkend sp_460_62}{\*\bkmkend SDU_62} }{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }{\cs15\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 [14]}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 GPD has acted in a governmental capacity.}{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 GPD\rquote s actions , specifically, contracting with independent businesses in order to procure towing and storage services for impounded vehicles, is indicative of a governmental action undertaken for the general welfare.}{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 GPD did not secure towing and storage services from Big Ben for \'93profit, benefit, or advantage,\'94 but did so in order to remove impounded vehicles for the public good.}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Because GPD was acting in a governmental capacity, sovereign immunity is properly invoked and is not waived. }{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 [15]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Finally, sovereign immunity may be abrogated in rare cases where justice demands relief in equity.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 This holds true in cases that involve a factual question of whether or not sovereign immunity has been statutorily waived based upon the commencement of a cause of action and the running of a statute of limitations.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Equity requires that }{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 a party be estopped from \'93 asserting the statute of limitations as a defense to an admittedly untimely action because his conduct has induced another into forbearing suit within the applicable limitations period.\'94}{ \cs15\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Atwater Elementary Sch. Dist. v. California Dep\rquote t of Gen. Serv.}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , 158 P.3d 794, 797 (Cal. 2007).}{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 The application of the theory of equitable estoppel \'93 is wholly independent of the limitations period itself and takes its life ... from the equitable principle that no man [may] profit from his own wrongdoing in a court of justice.\'94}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \cs15\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Id}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 .}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 (internal citations omitted). }{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }{\cs15\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 [16]}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Successfully demonstrating that th e theory of equitable estoppel prevents the Government from invoking sovereign immunity requires proof of inducement.}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\cs15\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Id}{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 .}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Big Ben has not, however, provided the court with evidence that GPD induced Big Ben into forbearing suit.}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Furthermore, Big Ben has not specifically alleged that GPD is equitably estopped from relying upon the statute of limitations.}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs20\fs20\super\insrsid1657983\charrsid14821763 \chftn }{\insrsid1657983\charrsid14821763 }{ \fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid338853 Big Ben\rquote s complaint contains three causes of action, the third of which is the claim in equity for }{\i\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid338853 quantum meruit}{\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid338853 . In support of their claim for }{\i\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid338853 quantum meruit}{\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid338853 , Big Ben states only that \'93 Defendant promised to pay to Plaintiff, on request, for the work, labor, and services performed by Plaintiff on behalf of Defendant\'94 and that \'93Plaintiff has demanded that Defendant pay the sum mentioned above, but Defendant refused, and continues to refuse, to pay plaintiff any part of it.\'94 Respondent\rquote s Comp. at 5 (Jan. 6, 2009). The complaint contains no allegations that GPD made false promises to pay Big Ben in order to have the statute of limitations elapse and foreclose suit. }}}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Instead, Big Ben\rquote s complaint contains a plea for recovery under the equitable theory of }{\cs15\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 quantum meruit}{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 that is well recognized by Guam courts.}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\cs15\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 See}{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 }{\cs33\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Tanaguchi-Ruth + Assocs. v. MDI Guam Corp}{\cs33\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 ., 2005 Guam 7.}{\cs33\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\cs33\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 It is the theory of equitable estoppel, however, that could potentially toll the statute of limitations and bar the invocation of governmental sovereign immunity \endash not the equitable theory of }{\cs33\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 quantum meruit}{ \cs33\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 .}{\cs33\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Accordingly, while future cases may require this cour t to examine the possibility of equitable tolling, remedies in equity need not be considered in the case at hand and have no bearing upon GPD\rquote s right to invoke sovereign immunity as a bar to suit. }{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 [17]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 GPD has properly invoked their right to sovereign immunity.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 No evidence has been presented to support the assertion that GPD\rquote s sovereign immunity has been waived or that an exception to the right to invoke sovereign immunity applies.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 None of the above mentioned waivers or exceptions are applicable to the facts of the case as presented by both the original complaint and the Superior Court proceedings.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 The only question remaining before the court is whether or not a writ of prohibition is the proper remedy to protect the government\rquote s sovereign immunity.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 B.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 When a Writ of Prohibition Will Issue}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }{\cs15\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 [18]}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 The issuance of a writ of prohibition \'93 is a drastic remedy\'94 that may only occur where certain statutory requirements are met.}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\cs15\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 See}{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Laxamana}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , 2001 Guam 26 \'b6 5; }{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 31203, 31302 (2005).}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 A writ of prohibition is the appropriate remedy for relief where it is necessary to arrest \'93the proceedings of any tribunal, corporation, board, or person exer cising judicial functions, when such proceedings are without or in excess of the jurisdiction of such tribunal, corporation, board, or person.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 7 GCA \'a7 31301 (2005).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Guam law therefore impo ses three threshold criteria that must be satisfied before a writ of prohibition may properly issue{\*\bkmkstart sp_999_3}{\*\bkmkstart SDU_3}{\*\bkmkend sp_999_3}{\*\bkmkend SDU_3}: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 (1) petitioner is without a plain, speedy, and adequate remedy at law; (2) petitioner is a beneficially interested party; and (3) proceedings without or in excess of a tribunal\rquote s jurisdiction.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Laxamana}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , 2001 Guam 26 \'b6 5; 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 31301, 31302.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 The three criteria will each be examined in turn. }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 1.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Whether Appeal is an Adequate Remedy at Law to Protect the Interests of Sovereign Immunity}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par [19]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 In determining whether to grant a writ of prohibition, we must first decide whether GPD has another adequate remedy at law.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 See }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Duque v. Super. Ct. (Rios)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , 2007 Guam 15 \'b6 12}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 ; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Gray v. Super. Ct. (Gray)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 1999 Guam 26 \'b6\'b6 13-14.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Generally, a lower court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 s decision regarding its jurisdiction is an issue which may be addressed on appeal after final judgment and would normally provide another remedy at law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 See Gray}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , 1999 Guam 26 \'b6 14 (explaining that appellate review of trial court}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 s denial of a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction was an available remedy to the petitioner); }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Laxamana}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , 2001 Guam 26 \'b6 7 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Extraordinary writs are used by courts to provide a petitioner relief not available in the ordinary course of appeal}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 However, the key inquiry is not simply whether the legal remedy of appeal is available, but whether an appeal after final judgment is adequate to protect the interests involved.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 }{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 7 GCA \'a7 31302; }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 see, e.g.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Long-Term Credit Bank of Japan v. Super. Ct. (Nomoto)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , 2003 Guam 10 \'b6 15.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 [20]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 A remedy is not inadequate merely because pursuing such remedy through the ordinary course of law would be more costly and time consuming than use of an extraordinary writ.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Rios }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 2007 Guam 15 \'b6 19}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Rather, the adequacy of an appeal as a legal remedy turns on whether the invasion of a party}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 s particular right, which is deemed worthy of initial protection, would cause irreparable harm if the party was forced to wait to vindicate its right through an appeal.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 See Nomoto}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , 2003 Guam l0 \'b6 15 (explaining t hat requiring a party to wait until after judgment effectively denies remedy.); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Omaha Indem. Co. v. Super. Ct.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , 258 Cal. Rptr. 66, 70 (Cal. Ct. App. 1989) (citing both mandamus and prohibition cases for the proposition that extraordinary writ is proper where }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 "}{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 the petitioner will suffer harm or prejudice in a manner that cannot be corrected on appeal}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 ); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Yager v. Super. Ct. in and for L.A. County}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , 33 P.2d 451, 453 (Cal. Ct. App. 1934) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 "}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 As a general rule, [prohibition] will issue only in cases of special emergency, to prevent great impending present injury or extraordinary hardship}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 [21]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Requiring appeal after final judgment would be an inadequate remedy in this case and would render the sovereign immunity right moot.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 An appeal after final judgment would not undo the infringement on the Government}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 s sovereign immunity from suit since the Government would have to relinquish its sovereign immunity right to entertain a suit. }{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \chatn }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 See Mitchell v. Forsyth, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 472 U.S. 511, 526 (1985) (explaining that an order denying absolute immunity is immediately appealable because the decision is unreviewable once allowed to proceed to final judgment); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 County of Santa Barbara v. Super. Ct.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , 93 Cal. Rptr. 406, 409-10 (Cal. Ct. App. 1971) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Santa Barbara}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 ) (finding that a defense of sovereign immunity is appealable prior to final judgment because it raises a question of jurisdiction); }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Big Band Valley of Pomo Indians v. Super. Ct.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , 35 Cal. Rptr. 3d 357, 360 (Cal. Ct. App. 2005) (stating that an immunity defense is effectively lost if the party is forced to stand trial).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Nomoto}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , {\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK1}{\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK2}2003 Guam 10 {\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK1}{\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK2}\'b6 15; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Omaha Indem. Co.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , 258 Cal. Rptr. 66 (Cal. Ct. App. 1989); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Cf.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 City of Huntington Beach v. Super. Ct.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , 144 Cal. Rptr. 236 , 239 (Cal. Ct. App. 1978) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 "}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Although the city could have awaited trial of the damage issue and appealed from the judgment . . . we hold that remedy to be inadequate.}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Relief by mandamus is appropriate where it will prevent a needless, expensive trial and an ultimate reversal, particu larly where the issue presented is purely one of law and it is in the public interest to have a prompt settlement of the question presented}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 (internal citations omitted)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 [22]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Whether an appeal after final judgment to vindicate the G overnment of Guam}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 s sovereign immunity provides adequate relief under }{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 7 GCA \'a7 31302 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 is an issue of first impression for this court.}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s19\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid1657983 \tab }{\cs20\fs20\super\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 \chftn }{ \fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 It is not disputed by the parties that the doctrine of sovereign immunity applies to Guam }{\fs20\insrsid1657983 or that GPD is a line agency of the G}{\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 overnment of Guam. Moreover, Guam case law has clearly addressed this point. }{\i\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 Guam Econ. Dev. Auth. v. Island Equip. Co.}{\fs20\insrsid1657983 , 1998 Guam 7}{\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 \'b6 6 (}{ \fs20\insrsid1657983 \'93}{\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 There is no doubt that the doctrine of sovereign immunity applies to Guam.}{\fs20\insrsid1657983 \'94}{\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 ) (citing }{\i\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 Marx v. }{\i\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid10487135 Gov\rquote t}{\i\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 of Guam}{\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 , 866 F.2d 294, 298 (9th Cir. 1989)); }{\i\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 Wood v. Guam Power }{ \i\fs20\insrsid1657983 Auth.}{\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 , 2000 Guam 18 at *3; }{\i\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 see also Newby v. }{\i\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid10487135 Gov\rquote t}{\i\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 of Guam}{ \fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 , 2010 Guam 4 \'b6\'b6 5, 28 (sovereign immunity applying to a line agency).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 This court looks to California precedent to aid in interpreting }{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 section 31302.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 See Laxamana}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , 2001 Guam 26 \'b6 8. (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Because [}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 7 GCA \'a7 31301 and \'a7 31302 are}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 ] derived from the California Code of Civil Procedure, we look to the substantial precedent developed within that state to assist in interpreting parallel Guam provisions.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 People v. Super. Ct. of City and County of S.F.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , the California Supreme Court addressed the very argument posed by the Superior Court in this case that the proper procedure should be an appeal after final judgment, rather than a writ of prohibition, because the petitioners sought to correct an alleged error in the Superior Court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 s denial of the motion to dismiss.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 See}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 People v. Super. Ct. of City and County of S.F.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , 178 P.2d 1 , 2 (Cal. 1947) (addressing the argument that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 "}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 p rohibition is . . . sought for the purpose of correcting judicial error and that the petitioner should be relegated to the remedy by appeal}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 "}{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 The California Supreme Court ultimately concluded that:}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Assuming that would be a remedy by appeal in the pending action, }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 the importance of the principal question [of whether sovereign immunity bars suit] is sufficient to support the [writ proceeding so] that the issue speedily be determined.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 The fact that the peremptory writ may be denied in no way forecloses the court from exercising its constitutional and statutory power to entertain the proceeding. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 at 2 (emphasis added) (some internal citations omitted).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 We agree that although the Government could wait until final judgment and pursue a remedy by appeal, the importance of the sovereign immunity question, as presented by the specific facts of this case, is such that it should be speedily determined through the writ proceeding.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 [23]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 The question may be speedily determined because sovereign immunity was properly invoked and was not waived by GPD.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 The uncontradicted fact that services to GPD ceased on March 7, 2006, determined the applicable statute of limitations and is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 susceptible of only one legitimate inference}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Lee}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 ,}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 115 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 761: that sovereign immunity has not been waived.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Accordingly, the court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 s decision to review the question of sovereign immunity pursuant to a writ of prohibition is exceptional and should be narrowly applied in future cases.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 County of Sacramento}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , the California Supreme Court discussed the importance of protecting sovereign immunity through writ proceedings, observing that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 [p]}{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 rohibition is an appropriate remedy where . . . it is desirable that an important jurisdictional question presented by the defense of sovereign immunity from suit should be speedily determined.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Cnty. of Sacramento v. Super. Ct.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , 503 P.2d 1382, 1383 (Cal. 1972).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 A writ of prohibition may be an appropriate interlocutory remedy where there exists no question that sovereign immunity is properly invoked, as presented by the specific facts of the case. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 [24]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 California appellate courts have addressed the issue of wheth er writ proceedings are appropriate }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 after}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 the government lost its sovereign immunity argument at the motion to dismiss and summary judgment stages.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Santa Barbara}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 at}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 409-10; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 State v. Super. Ct. for San Mateo Cnty.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , 69 Cal. Rptr. 683, 685 (Cal. Ct. App. 1968) (emphasis added).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Similar to the facts in this case, the California appellate court in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Santa Barbara}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 found that a petition for writ was appropriate after the trial court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 s denial of a demurrer}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s19\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs20\fs20\super\insrsid1657983\charrsid13047956 \chftn }{ \fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid13047956 A demurrer is comparable to a motion to dismiss. }{\fs20\insrsid1657983 }{\i\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid14183203 See Swahn Group, Inc. v. Segal}{\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid13047956 , }{\fs20\insrsid1657983 108 Cal. Rptr. 3d 651, 662 (Cal. Ct. App. 2010) (explaining that a motion to dismiss in the federal courts is the equivalent of a demurrer in California). }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 where the government asserted that sovereign immunity barred the claim.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 See Santa Barbara }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 at 409-10.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 [25]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Although the Superior Court urges that the proper procedure is for GPD to seek redress of its sovereign immunity claim in the Superior Court through interlocutory review pursuant to 7 GCA \'a7 3108(b), or through certification pursuant to Rule 54(b) of the Guam Rules of Civil Procedure, we decline in this case to require such procedure over the writ procedure.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 7 GCA \'a7 3107(b); }{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 7 GCA \'a7 31302 (2005)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Contrary to the Superior Court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 s assertion, the trial court}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 s determination of its own jurisdiction does not necessarily imply that the court }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 always had proper jurisdiction.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Answer at 3 (May 14, 2010).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 The Superior Court determines the extent of its own jurisdiction and }{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 "}{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 the Court of Appeal [the Supreme Court] has jurisdiction to review the superior court}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 '}{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 s determination.}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 "}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 People v. Williams}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , 110 P.3d 1239, 1243 (Cal. 2005)}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 .}{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 It is necessary for the trial court to determine in the first instance that it has jurisdiction be fore a petitioner can seek a writ of prohibition.}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 See }{\cs15\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Shaffer v. Justice Court of Chico Judicial Dist., Butte Cnty.}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , 8 Cal. Rptr. 269, 270 (Cal. Dist. Ct. App. 1960).}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 This is true because the requirement that there is no other }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 plain, speedy, and adequate remedy at law implies that the jurisdictional issues challenged in the writ have first been raised without success in the inferior tribunal, since seeking the trial court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 s decision on the matter in the first instance would be an available plain, speedy and adequate remedy.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 See }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 7 GCA \'a7 31302}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 .}{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 [26]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 We agree with California precedent and find that appeal after final judgment is not a plain, speedy, and adequate remedy for GPD to protect its important sovereign immunity right from suit.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 See }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 1421a (Guam}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 s sovereign immunity); 7 GCA \'a7 31302 (requiring that petitioner is without any other plain, speedy and adequate remedy at law); }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Nomoto}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , 2003 Guam l0 \'b6 15 (issuing a writ before final judgment in order to ensure the petitioning par ty a plain, speedy and adequate remedy to prevent irreparable harm); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 see e.g.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 ,}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Cnty. of Sacramento. v. Super. Ct.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , 503 P.2d 1382, 1383 (Cal. 1972) (entertaining writ proceeding to determine important issue of sovereign immunity); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Santa Barbara}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 at 409-10 (finding writ proceedings to be an appropriate form of redress to protect sovereign immunity after denial of government}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 s motion to dismiss). }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 2.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Whether Petitioner is a Beneficially Interested Party }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par [27]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 To be successful in obtaining a writ of prohibition, GPD must be a beneficially interested party.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Laxamana}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 ,}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 2001 Guam 26 \'b6 8 (quoting 7 GCA \'a7 31302).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 To demonstrate that it is a beneficially interested party, GPD must show }{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 that }{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 "}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 it has suffered an invasion of a legally protected interest that is (a) concrete and particularized, and (b) actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical.}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Laxamana}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , 2001 Guam 26 \'b6 24 (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Associated Builders & Contractors, Inc. v. S.F. Airports Comm}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 '}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 n}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , 981 P. 2d 499, 504 (Cal. 1999)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 [28]}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 GPD satisfies this requirement by demonstrating that it has a concrete interest in protecting its sovereign immunity from suit under 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 1421a (2011).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 See }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 7 GCA \'a7 31302.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 The invasion of GPD}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 s legally protected interest is }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 actual or imminent}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 since it would otherwise be required to go to trial which, in itself, is an invasion of GPD}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 s immunity from suit.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Pac. Rock Corp. v. Perez}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , 2005 Guam 15 \'b6 30 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 '}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 where there exists a }{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 "}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 collision between the desirable principle that rights may be adequately vindicated through a single trial of an issue and the sovere ign right of immunity from suit . . . the doctrine of immunity should prevail.}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 "'}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 (quoting }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 U.S. v. U.S. Fid. & Guar. Co.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , 309 U.S. 506, 514-15. (1940))).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 3.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Whether the Proceedings Below are Without or in Excess of the Superior Court}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 '}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 s Jurisdiction}{ \cs20\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \fs20\insrsid1657983 \tab }{\cs20\fs20\super\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 GPD raised for the first time in this writ of prohibition proceeding that under 5 GCA \'a7 6105(a) }{\fs20\insrsid1657983 \'93}{ \fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 [t]he Guam Legislature has not extended the waiver of }{\fs20\insrsid1657983 [sovereign]}{\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 immunity to oral or un-written contracts, or to any theories of recovery based in equity, contracts implied in law, quasi-contract, or }{\i\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 quantum meruit}{\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 .}{\fs20\insrsid1657983 \'94}{\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 }{\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid1118344 Pet\rquote r\rquote s}{\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 Reply Brief at 24 (May 19, 2010). Although we may exercise our discretion to entertain issues of law raised for the first time in writ proceedings, we decline to do so in this case since GPD}{\fs20\insrsid1657983 \rquote }{\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 s other previously presented argument }{\fs20\insrsid1657983 of timeliness is conclusive even if applied to oral contracts or recovery based in equity. }{\i\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 See}{\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 7 GCA \'a7 31401 (2005) (writ relief discretionary); }{ \i\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 see also Laxamana}{\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 , 2001 Guam 26 }{\fs20\insrsid1657983 \'b6 5 (writ relief discretionary)}{\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 .}{\fs20\insrsid1657983 Therefore, we leave for another day our answer to whether the Guam Legislature has extended the waiver of sovereign immunity to oral or unwritten contracts, or to any theories of recovery based in equity}{\fs20\insrsid1657983\charrsid6374917 .}}}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 [29]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 In order for this court to issue a writ of prohibition, we must find that the inferior tribunal is without jurisdiction.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 7 GCA \'a7 31301 (2005).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Sovereign immunity implicates a court}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 s subject matter jurisdiction.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Sumitomo Constr. Co., Ltd. v. Gov}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 '}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 t of Guam}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , 2001 Guam 23 \'b6 22 (citation omitted).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Absent}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 }{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 duly enacted legislation,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Guam}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 s}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 sovereign immunity is not waived and the Government cannot be sued.}{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 1421a (2011);}{\cs15\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Newby}{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , 2010 Guam 4 \'b6 31.}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 If a claim against the government does not meet the prerequisites for sovereign immunity to be waived, then a tribunal lacks jurisdiction to entertain the claim.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 See Wood v. Guam Power Auth.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , 2000 Guam 18 at 3 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 [Plaintiff}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 s] claim}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 s [sic] falls [sic] outside of the purview of the Government Claims Act and so is barred due to lack of jurisdiction.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 ); }{\cs15\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Pac. Rock Corp. v. Dep}{\cs15\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 '}{ \cs15\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 t of Educ.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , }{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 2001 Guam 21 \'b6 18}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 [30]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Guam waives sovereign immunity for }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 all expenses incurred in reliance upon a contract to which the Government of Guam is a party . . . .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 5 GCA \'a7 6105(a) (2005).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Nonetheless, it still stands that the failure to timely submit a claim prevents the trial court from obtaining jurisdiction over the claim.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Perez v. Guam Hous. & Urban Renewal Auth.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , 2000 Guam 33 \'b6 14 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 "}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Perez}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Title 5 GCA \'a7 6106(a) provides:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 All claims under this Act must be filed within 18 months from the date the claim arose, b ut any claims timely filed under the predecessor of this Act shall be considered to have been timely filed under this Chapter. \par 5 GCA \'a7 6106(a) (2010).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 {\*\bkmkstart SR_4710}{\*\bkmkstart SR_4719}{\*\bkmkstart SR_4724}{\*\bkmkstart SR_4734}{\*\bkmkstart SR_4735}{\*\bkmkend SR_4710}{\*\bkmkend SR_4719}{\*\bkmkend SR_4724} {\*\bkmkend SR_4734}{\*\bkmkend SR_4735} \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 [31]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Having determined that the statute of limitations begins to run on Big Ben}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 s claims upon the cessation of its services to GPD, we find that Big Ben untimely filed its claim under }{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 5 GCA \'a7 6106}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 (a) and the Superior Court did not have jurisdiction to entertain the second claim.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 }{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 5 GCA \'a7 6106}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 (a); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Pac. Rock Corp. v. Dep}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 '}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 t of Educ.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , 2000 Guam 19 \'b6 31; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Perez }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 at \'b6 14.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 [32]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 In summary, where properly invoked, sovereign immunity protects the Government of Guam and its line agencies by barring suit.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 1421a (2011).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Sovereign immunity is, therefore, not merely an affirmative defense to liability; but is the sovereign}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 s right not to be a defendant in court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Furthermore, the Government of Guam}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 s right to invoke sovereign immunity can only be waived or abrogated by the Legislature of Guam.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 ; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Wood }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 at \'b6\'b6 5-6 (citing }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Guam Econ. Dev. Auth. v. Island Equip. Co.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 , 1998 Guam 7 \'b6 6).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Only for expressly limited causes of action and upon fulfillment of prerequisites expressly defined in Guam}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 s Government Claims Act, has the legislature waived the Government}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 s sovereign immunity from suit.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 5 GCA \'a7\'a7 6101 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 et seq.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 Because the real party in interest here has failed to file a timely claim and thus failed to comply with the Government Claims Act, the Superior Court does not have jurisdiction to proceed and cannot entertain this suit.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }{\cs31\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 IV.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 CONCLUSION}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1657983 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 [33]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 We hereby }{ \b\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 issue}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 this writ of prohibition and }{\b\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 order}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1657983\charrsid1657983 the Superior Court not to proceed with the trial in this case. \par }}