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{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698691\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698693 \'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698689\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers ;}\f3\fbias0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698691\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0 \fi-360\li4320 \jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698693\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0 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}{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0 \leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1 \levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713 \'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li4320 \jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel \levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1554265970}{\list\listtemplateid-810152890\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc0 \levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713 \'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li4320 \jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel \levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1557739273}{\list\listtemplateid1280072682\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc4 \levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat3\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-845238600\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-360\li1080\jclisttab\tx1080\lin1080 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li1800\jclisttab\tx1800\lin1800 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li2520\jclisttab\tx2520\lin2520 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3240\jclisttab\tx3240\lin3240 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713 \'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3960\jclisttab\tx3960\lin3960 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li4680 \jclisttab\tx4680\lin4680 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5400\jclisttab\tx5400\lin5400 }{\listlevel \levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li6120\jclisttab\tx6120\lin6120 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li6840\jclisttab\tx6840\lin6840 }{\listname ;}\listid1649238313}{\list\listtemplateid1581181886\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc4 \levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0 {\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703 \'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;} \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 } {\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0 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GMP Haw., Inc., CRQ10-001}{\subject Certified Question from the District Court of GUam}{\author Supreme Court of Guam}{\operator raikatalau_l}{\creatim\yr2011\mo11\dy26\hr11\min56}{\revtim\yr2011\mo11\dy26\hr11\min59} {\printim\yr2011\mo11\dy17\hr13\min27}{\version4}{\edmins5}{\nofpages18}{\nofwords7901}{\nofchars45038}{\*\manager Judiciary of Guam}{\*\company Government of Guam}{\nofcharsws52834}{\vern24689}}\margl1440\margr1440\margb1008 \widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\noxlattoyen\expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\hyphcaps0\formshade\horzdoc\dgmargin\dghspace120\dgvspace180\dghorigin1440\dgvorigin1440\dghshow2\dgvshow1 \jexpand\viewkind4\viewscale100\pgbrdrhead\pgbrdrfoot\splytwnine\ftnlytwnine\htmautsp\nolnhtadjtbl\useltbaln\alntblind\lytcalctblwd\lyttblrtgr\lnbrkrule\nobrkwrptbl\snaptogridincell\allowfieldendsel\wrppunct\asianbrkrule\rsidroot752544 \fet0{\*\ftnsep \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid13465073 \chftnsep \par }}{\*\ftnsepc \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid13465073 \chftnsepc \par }}{\*\aftnsep \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid13465073 \chftnsep \par }}{\*\aftnsepc \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid13465073 \chftnsepc \par }}\sectd \psz1\linex0\headery1440\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid4940676\sftnbj {\header \pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx9360\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10317065 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\i\fs20\insrsid13465073 Maeda Pacific Corp. v. GMP Hawaii, Inc.,}{\fs20\insrsid13465073 2011 Guam 20, Opinion\tab Page }{\field{\*\fldinst {\cs27\fs20\insrsid13465073\charrsid684651 PAGE } }{\fldrslt {\cs27\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12794638 18}}}{\cs27\fs20\insrsid13465073\charrsid684651 of }{\field{\*\fldinst {\cs27\fs20\insrsid13465073\charrsid684651 NUMPAGES }}{\fldrslt { \cs27\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13465073 29}}}{\cs27\fs20\insrsid13465073 \par _____________________________________________________________________________________________ \par }{\fs20\insrsid13465073\charrsid684651 \par }}{\footer \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri360\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\pvpara\phmrg\posxr\posy0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin360\lin0\itap0\pararsid2440824 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs27\insrsid13465073 \par }\pard \s16\qc \li0\ri360\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin360\lin0\itap0\pararsid2440824 {\insrsid13465073 \par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10112065 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2440824\charrsid10112065 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 MAEDA PACIFIC CORPORATION}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15430679\charrsid10112065 ,}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2440824\charrsid10112065 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3828177\charrsid10112065 Plaintiff}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15225589\charrsid10112065 -Appell}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15430679\charrsid10112065 ant}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2440824\charrsid10112065 , \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2440824\charrsid10112065 v. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2440824\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 GMP HAWAII}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15430679\charrsid10112065 ,}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 INC., et al.}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15430679\charrsid10112065 ,}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5851484\charrsid10112065 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3828177\charrsid10112065 Defendant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13573587\charrsid10112065 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2440824\charrsid10112065 -Appell}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15430679\charrsid10112065 ee}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2440824\charrsid10112065 .}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2440824\charrsid10112065 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15430679\charrsid10112065 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 and}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15430679\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15430679\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 DERIVATIVE AND OTHERWISE RELATED LITIGANTS}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15430679\charrsid10112065 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2440824\charrsid10112065 \par Supreme Court Case No.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12418439\charrsid10112065 :}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15430679\charrsid10112065 C}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 RQ}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661373\charrsid10112065 10}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1073303\charrsid10112065 -0}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 0}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15430679\charrsid10112065 1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2440824\charrsid10112065 \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2440824\charrsid10112065 OPINION}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2440824\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16069118\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16069118\charrsid10112065 Filed:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16069118\charrsid10112065 November 17, 2011 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2440824\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2440824\charrsid10112065 Cite as: 20}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15225589\charrsid10112065 1}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13911675\charrsid10112065 1}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2440824\charrsid10112065 Guam }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4940676\charrsid10112065 20}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2440824\charrsid10112065 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10112065 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2440824\charrsid10112065 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 Certified Question}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2440824\charrsid10112065 from the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 United States District Court for the District of Guam}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2440824\charrsid10112065 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11173166\charrsid10112065 Argued and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8061626\charrsid10112065 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2440824\charrsid10112065 ubmitted }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 July}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15430679\charrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 6}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11173166\charrsid10112065 , 201}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15430679\charrsid10112065 1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2440824\charrsid10112065 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8061626\charrsid10112065 \par }\trowd \irow0\irowband0\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid10112065 {\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5782907\charrsid10112065 Appearing f}{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 or Plaintiff-Appellant}{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10314810\charrsid10112065 \par }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 Maeda Pacific Corp.:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 \tab \par Lawrence J. Teker}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5782907\charrsid10112065 , }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5782907\charrsid10112065 Esq.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 Samuel S. Teker}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5782907\charrsid10112065 , }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5782907\charrsid10112065 Esq.}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 Teker Torres & Teker, P.C. \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5782907\charrsid10112065 Ste 2-A, 130 Aspinall }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid930642\charrsid10112065 Ave.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5782907\charrsid10112065 Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910 \par \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 John Spencer Stewart}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5782907\charrsid10112065 , }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5782907\charrsid10112065 Esq.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 \par Thomas A. Larkin}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5782907\charrsid10112065 , }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5782907\charrsid10112065 Esq.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 \par Stewart Sokol & Gray, L.L.C.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7478465\charrsid10112065 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5782907\charrsid10112065 2300 SW First Ave, Ste 200 \par Portland, OR 97201\cell }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12418439\charrsid10112065 Appearing for}{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 Defendant-Appellee}{ \ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10314810\charrsid10112065 \par }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 GMP Hawaii, Inc., Ohio Pacific Tech., Inc., and Lexington Insurance Co.:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 \par Arthur B. Clark}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5782907\charrsid10112065 , }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5782907\charrsid10112065 Esq.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 \par Arne David Wagner}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5782907\charrsid10112065 , }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5782907\charrsid10112065 Esq.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 \par Dawn Renee Payne}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5782907\charrsid10112065 , }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5782907\charrsid10112065 Esq.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 Jay D. Trickett}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5782907\charrsid10112065 , }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5782907\charrsid10112065 Esq.}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 Janalynn Cruz Damian}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5782907\charrsid10112065 , }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5782907\charrsid10112065 Esq.}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 Calvo & Clark, L.L.P. \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5782907\charrsid10112065 259 Martyr }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid930642\charrsid10112065 St.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5782907\charrsid10112065 , Ste 100 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910 \par \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid10112065 {\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12418439\charrsid10112065 Appearing f}{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 or Defendant-Appellee }{ \ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10314810\charrsid10112065 \par }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 Jorgensen & Close Associates, Inc. and }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10314810\charrsid10112065 \par }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 U.S. Specialty Insurance Co.:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 \par Randall Todd W. Thompson}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5782907\charrsid10112065 , }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5782907\charrsid10112065 Esq.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 \par Mair, Mair, Spade }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 & }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 Thompson, L.L.C. \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid930642\charrsid10112065 Ste 801, DNA Bldg. \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5782907\charrsid10112065 238 A}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid930642\charrsid10112065 rchbishop }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5782907\charrsid10112065 F.C. Flores St}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12418439\charrsid10112065 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5782907\charrsid10112065 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid10112065 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5782907\charrsid10112065 Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid10112065 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5782907\charrsid10112065 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 \par }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12418439\charrsid10112065 Appearing f}{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 or Defendant-Appellee Smithbridge Guam, Inc.:}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 Thomas M. Tarpley, Jr.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5782907\charrsid10112065 , }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5782907\charrsid10112065 Esq.}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid10112065 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 Thomas McKee Tarpley, P.C.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7478465\charrsid10112065 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid930642\charrsid10112065 Ste 904, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5782907\charrsid10112065 GCIC Bldg}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12418439\charrsid10112065 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5782907\charrsid10112065 \par 414 W Soledad }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid930642\charrsid10112065 Ave.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5782907\charrsid10112065 , \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5782907\charrsid10112065 Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910 \par \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7478465\charrsid10112065 \trowd \irow0\irowband0 \ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid10112065 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8061626\charrsid10112065 \cell \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8061626\charrsid10112065 \trowd \irow1\irowband1\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid10112065 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8061626\charrsid10112065 \cell \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8061626\charrsid10112065 \trowd \irow2\irowband2 \ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid10112065 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8061626\charrsid10112065 \cell \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8061626\charrsid10112065 \trowd \irow3\irowband3\lastrow \ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10112065 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid803910\charrsid10112065 BEFORE: F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2440824\charrsid10112065 , Chief Justice; }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid803910\charrsid10112065 ROBERT J. TORRES}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11173166\charrsid10112065 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid803910\charrsid10112065 Associate }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11173166\charrsid10112065 Justice}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10307220\charrsid10112065 ;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11173166\charrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 KATHERINE A. MARAMAN, Associate}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2442754\charrsid10112065 Justice}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10307220\charrsid10112065 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2440824\charrsid10112065 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11173166\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 CARBULLIDO}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11173166\charrsid10112065 ,}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10508298\charrsid10112065 C.}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11173166\charrsid10112065 J.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10307220\charrsid10112065 :}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2440824\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11173166\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6756033\charrsid10112065 [1]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6756033\charrsid10112065 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15494398\charrsid10112065 Maeda Pacific Corporation (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15494398\charrsid10112065 Maeda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15494398\charrsid10112065 )}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6234038\charrsid10112065 is commercial construction company,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15494398\charrsid10112065 and GMP Hawaii (comprising GMP Hawaii, Inc., dba GMP Associates, Ohio Pacific Tech, Inc. dba GMP Associates, Inc., and GMP Associates, Inc., collectively }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15494398\charrsid10112065 GMP}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15494398\charrsid10112065 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6234038\charrsid10112065 is an engineering firm.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15494398\charrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6234038\charrsid10112065 The two}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15494398\charrsid10112065 bec}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6234038\charrsid10112065 a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15494398\charrsid10112065 me involved in litigation }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7998604\charrsid10112065 in the District Court of Guam (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7998604\charrsid10112065 District Court}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7998604\charrsid10112065 ) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15494398\charrsid10112065 concerning a project in Guam}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7998604\charrsid10112065 .}{\cs18\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15494398\charrsid10112065 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6756033 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs18\super\insrsid13465073 \chftn }{\insrsid13465073 The designation for the underlying case in the District Court is Civil }{\insrsid13465073\charrsid14107829 Case No.: }{\insrsid13465073 CV-}{\insrsid13465073\charrsid14107829 08-00012}{\insrsid13465073 .}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15494398\charrsid10112065 The District Court has certified to this court two questions of law}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15925289\charrsid10112065 .}{ \cs18\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6756033 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs18\fs20\super\insrsid13465073\charrsid11695475 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid13465073\charrsid11695475 For the purposes of}{\fs20\insrsid13465073 the litigation conducted }{\fs20\insrsid13465073\charrsid11695475 in this court}{\fs20\insrsid13465073 ,}{ \fs20\insrsid13465073\charrsid11695475 Maeda has been designated the appellant and GMP and the several other litigants have been designated }{\fs20\insrsid13465073 as the}{\fs20\insrsid13465073\charrsid11695475 appellees. This is pursuant }{ \fs20\insrsid13465073 to}{\fs20\insrsid13465073\charrsid11695475 Rule 20(a) of the Guam Rules of Appellate Procedure (\'93GRAP\'94) which reads in relevant part: \'93 Where there are several questions which have been certified or reserved and a party maintains the affirmative to some and the negative to other certified or reserved questions, the plaintiff shall be regarded as the Appellant}{\fs20\insrsid13465073 . . . .\'94 Guam R. App. P. 20(a).}{\cs18\super\insrsid13465073\charrsid11695475 }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15494398\charrsid10112065 We respond as follows.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3824912 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2440824\charrsid10112065 I.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11173166\charrsid10112065 F}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid209141\charrsid10112065 ACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2440824\charrsid10112065 \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10112065 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2440824\charrsid10112065 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10112065 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6756033\charrsid10112065 [2]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6756033\charrsid10112065 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 In 2003, the U.S. Naval Facilities Engineering Command (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 Navy}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 ) solicited proposals to design and build a replacement for the off-base water supply system at Andersen Air Force Base (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 Project}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 ).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11892294\charrsid10112065 Appellant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11892294\charrsid10112065 s }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 Br. at 2}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10881112\charrsid10112065 (June 17, 2010)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 ; }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11223756\charrsid10112065 GMP}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11223756\charrsid10112065 s Br.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 at 1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10881112\charrsid10112065 (July 19, 2010)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 In submitting a proposal, Maeda engaged GMP to prepare a cost estimate.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11223756\charrsid10112065 GMP}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11223756\charrsid10112065 s Br.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 at 1.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 After Maeda was awarded the contract, it engaged GMP once more, purportedly as lead designer and quality control provider for the Project.}{\cs18\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4865475 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs18\super\insrsid13465073\charrsid11695475 \chftn }{\insrsid13465073\charrsid11695475 }{ \insrsid13465073 As described by the District Court\rquote s \'93Opinion And Order Re: Motion For Approval Of Good-Faith Settlement\'94: \par }\pard \s17\qj \li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid4865475 {\insrsid13465073 Maeda and GMP disagree over the exact scope of this contract.\~ Maeda contends that GMP agreed to design the large water reservoir tank contemplated by the primary contract, and to use \'93 its best professional skill and knowledge to prepare the Plans and Specifications and other information, and the ultimate design for said tank.\'94 Docket No. 54 at \'b614.\~ GMP denies these allegations.\~ }{\i\insrsid13465073 See generally}{ \insrsid13465073 Docket No. 95.\~ Specifically, GMP states that it agreed \'93to provide construction quality control management, and design engineering for the Project,\'94 but that these responsibilities \'93 did not include design of the water storage tank, and [that] the compensation paid to GMP under that contract did not include design of the water storage tank.\'94 Docket No. 98 at \'b6\'b62, 4. The actual contract simply appears to call for \'93DESIGN, \'94 \'93QUALITY CONTROL,\'94 and \'93VALUE ENGINEERING.\'94 Docket No. 54, Exh. A at 1; Docket No. 98, Exh. A at 1 (same document). At any rate, the price of that contract, after a few change orders, was $1,555,966.70.\~ Docket No. 54 at \'b69. \par }\pard \s17\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4865475 {\insrsid13465073 Maeda Pac. Corp. v. GMP Haw., Inc., CV-08-00012 (Op. & Order Re: Mot. for Approval of Good-Faith Settlement at 2 (Feb. 23, 2010)). }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11552096\charrsid10112065 Maeda Pac. Corp. v. GMP Haw., Inc., }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8221719\charrsid10112065 CV-08-}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11552096\charrsid10112065 00012 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8221719\charrsid10112065 Op. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15861152\charrsid10112065 & }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1791672\charrsid10112065 Order }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10375722\charrsid10112065 Re: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1791672\charrsid10112065 Mot}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15861152\charrsid10112065 . for}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1791672\charrsid10112065 Approval }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15861152\charrsid10112065 o}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1791672\charrsid10112065 f Good-Faith Settlement}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7541152\charrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15861152\charrsid10112065 at}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1791672\charrsid10112065 2}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14841862\charrsid10112065 (Feb. 23, 2010)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1791672\charrsid10112065 )}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14841862\charrsid10112065 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14841862\charrsid10112065 Op}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702334\charrsid10112065 .} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14841862\charrsid10112065 & Order}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14841862\charrsid10112065 )}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6756033\charrsid10112065 [3]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6756033\charrsid10112065 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 One part of the Project for which Maeda solicited separate }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 design-build}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 bids was a water reservoir tank (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 Tank}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1791672\charrsid10112065 Id.}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 Maeda subcontracted construction of the Tank to Smithbridge, Inc., who in turn hired Jorgensen & Close (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 Jorgensen}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 ) for }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 structural engineering design services}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16134911\charrsid10112065 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8221719\charrsid10112065 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14841862\charrsid10112065 at 2 (Feb. 23, 2010)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15861152\charrsid10112065 ;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1791672\charrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11223756\charrsid10112065 GMP}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11223756\charrsid10112065 s Br.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12089182\charrsid10112065 at 3.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 In }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13252906\charrsid10112065 July }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 2007, when con struction of the Tank had been substantially completed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1931849\charrsid10112065 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 but Smithbridge had not yet delivered it to Maeda, the tank roof collapsed during a test of the water pumping system.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1791672\charrsid10112065 Id. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13252906\charrsid10112065 at 4.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6756033\charrsid10112065 [4]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6756033\charrsid10112065 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 A forensic engineering firm investigated, concluding that the collapse of the roof was caused by gross overload due to the absence of air vents that had not been designed for the tank.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702334\charrsid10112065 Opinion & Order at 3.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 Maeda alleges the Tank roof}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 s collapse was proximately caused by the lack of a roof vent, causing }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 extensive damage to the roof, other structural elements and appurtenances of the reservoir, and other elements of Maeda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 s work.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11892294\charrsid10112065 Appellant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11892294\charrsid10112065 s Br.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 at 6.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 Maeda claims that the contracts for the Tank}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 s construction required it to be built according to Navy general specifications, which included a reservoir vent.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11892294\charrsid10112065 Appellant}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11892294\charrsid10112065 s Br.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 at 30.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6756033\charrsid10112065 [5]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6756033\charrsid10112065 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 Of the briefs provided to the}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11301919\charrsid10112065 court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 , GMP provides the most detail about the design and build of the Tank.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11223756\charrsid10112065 GMP}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11223756\charrsid10112065 s Br.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 at 2-4.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 According to GMP, Smithbridge initially submitted a proposed design for the Tank that incorporated roof vents, but several months }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3558316\charrsid10112065 later Smithbridge submitted a replacement proposal, based on a new design created by Jorgensen.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3558316\charrsid10112065 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 at 2.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 This proposal failed to incorporate a vent in preliminary drawings.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 The reservoir was designed and ultimately constructed without the vent.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 GMP also reports that after the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15431432\charrsid10112065 T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 ank}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 s roof collapsed, Maeda agreed to pay Smithbridge extra to repair the tank, instead of demanding such performance pursuant to its existing contract, and agreed to settle its claims against Smithbridge in exchange for Smithbridge}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 s help in pursuing Maeda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 s claims against GMP and Jorgensen.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11223756\charrsid10112065 GMP}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11223756\charrsid10112065 s Br.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 at 4. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10112065 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6756033\charrsid10112065 [6]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6756033\charrsid10112065 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 Maeda filed an initial Complaint in the District Court on August 14, 2008 against GMP and Jorgensen, alleging breach of contract and negligence claims against both parties.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14315121\charrsid10112065 Maeda Pac. Corp. v. GMP Haw., Inc., }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8221719\charrsid10112065 CV-08-}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14315121\charrsid10112065 00012 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14572846\charrsid10112065 Compl}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3558316\charrsid10112065 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid995871\charrsid10112065 at 4-5 (Aug. 14, 2008))}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14572846\charrsid10112065 ; }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11892294\charrsid10112065 Appellant}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11892294\charrsid10112065 s Br.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 at 2.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 Maeda contends that it }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 seeks only damages associated with repairing and replacing}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 physical property damage to Maeda}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 s work.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11892294\charrsid10112065 Appellant}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11892294\charrsid10112065 s Br.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 at 32.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 There is some factual dispute, however, about the extent of these damages.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3824912 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10112065 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6756033\charrsid10112065 [7]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6756033\charrsid10112065 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4674195\charrsid10112065 I}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 n October 2008, GMP answered the complaint, brought a counterclaim for breach of contract against Maeda, a nd brought a cross-claim for contribution against Jorgensen.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid995871\charrsid10112065 Maeda Pac. Corp. v. GMP Haw., Inc., }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8221719\charrsid10112065 CV-08-}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid995871\charrsid10112065 00012 (Answer, Counterclaim, Cross-claim, & Jury Trial Demand (Oct. 14, 2008)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6753865\charrsid10112065 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 GMP also brought a third-party complaint for contribution under Guam}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 s Contribution Among Joint Tortfeasors Act against Smithbridge.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 Smithbridge Br. at 1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10881112\charrsid10112065 (July 19, 2010)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 ; }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid995871\charrsid10112065 Maeda Pac. Corp. v. GMP Haw., Inc., }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8221719\charrsid10112065 CV-08-}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid995871\charrsid10112065 00012 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10759485\charrsid10112065 [Smithbridge Guam, Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10759485\charrsid10112065 s [}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 Proposed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10759485\charrsid10112065 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 Cert}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10759485\charrsid10112065 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 Order}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid995871\charrsid10112065 at}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 4}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid995871\charrsid10112065 (Jan. 12, 2010))}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6756033\charrsid10112065 [8]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6756033\charrsid10112065 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12455910\charrsid10112065 In April 2010, the District Cou rt certified two questions to this court. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 Th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12455910\charrsid10112065 e}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12455910\charrsid10112065 q}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 uestion}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12455910\charrsid10112065 s}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 arise from motions for summary judgment filed in August 2009 by Jorgensen and third-party defendant Smithbridge, asserting that damages sought by Maeda for the cost of repairing the damage caused by the collapse are }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 economic losses}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1931849\charrsid10112065 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 which are not recoverable in tort.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11892294\charrsid10112065 Appellant}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11892294\charrsid10112065 s Br.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 at 3; Smithbridge Br. at 1.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 Opposing the motion, Maeda argued that the economic loss rule does not apply to parties who lack a contractual relationship, or where there is a contractual relationship}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1931849\charrsid10112065 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 but the law imposes a duty independent of the contract.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11892294\charrsid10112065 Appellant}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11892294\charrsid10112065 s Br.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 at 3.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 Further, Maeda contended that the economic loss rule does not apply to claims against design professionals, and that the damages alleged by Maeda are not }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 pure economic loss}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 prohibited by the economic loss rule.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8608223\charrsid10112065 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695475\charrsid10112065 at 3-4.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12455910\charrsid10112065 The questions certified are these:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4674195 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13465073 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4674195\charrsid10112065 1.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12679151\charrsid10112065 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4674195\charrsid10112065 Does the economic loss doctrine apply in Guam? \par 2.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12679151\charrsid10112065 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4674195\charrsid10112065 If the economic loss doctrine does apply in Guam, does it preclude negligence-based claims against design professionals, such as engineers and architects, who provide services in the context of commercial property development or improvement, when the plaintiffs seek to recover purely economic losses?}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12418439 \par }\pard \ql \fi-360\li1080\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid10112065 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10112065 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12679151\charrsid10112065 Maeda Pac. Corp. v. GMP Haw., Inc., CV-08-00 012 (Certification Order: Req. for Answers to Cert. Questions of Law at 2 (Apr. 1, 2010)) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12679151\charrsid10112065 Certification Order}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12679151\charrsid10112065 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4674195\charrsid10112065 On April 12, }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15431432\charrsid10112065 2010, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4674195\charrsid10112065 we accepted the Certified Questions, pursuant to GRAP}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13452825\charrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4674195\charrsid10112065 20}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13452825\charrsid10112065 (b)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4674195\charrsid10112065 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15431432\charrsid10112065 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15431432\charrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4674195\charrsid10112065 Order}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5204123\charrsid10112065 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4674195\charrsid10112065 Apr. 12, 2010.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15746497\charrsid10112065 After }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16134911\charrsid10112065 b}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15746497\charrsid10112065 riefing }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2758762\charrsid10112065 was}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15746497\charrsid10112065 filed in the cas e, we agreed to postpone oral argument pursuant to a joint motion by the parties.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15431432\charrsid10112065 See}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8027820\charrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15746497\charrsid10112065 Stip}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12679151\charrsid10112065 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15746497\charrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5270352\charrsid10112065 &}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15746497\charrsid10112065 Mot}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15431432\charrsid10112065 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15746497\charrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15356081\charrsid10112065 to }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15746497\charrsid10112065 Postpone Oral Argument }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8027820\charrsid10112065 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15746497\charrsid10112065 Sept. 2, 2010}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8027820\charrsid10112065 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15746497\charrsid10112065 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15746497\charrsid10112065 The case returned to the active calendar in March 2011.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid590837\charrsid10112065 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid590837\charrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15746497\charrsid10112065 Order}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4791964\charrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid590837\charrsid10112065 (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15746497\charrsid10112065 Mar. 30, 2011}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid590837\charrsid10112065 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15746497\charrsid10112065 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15746497\charrsid10112065 The case was again postponed after this court raised an issue of subject matter jurisdiction with the parties.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid590837\charrsid10112065 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid590837\charrsid10112065 Order (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15746497\charrsid10112065 Apr. 19, 2011}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid590837\charrsid10112065 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15746497\charrsid10112065 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15746497\charrsid10112065 The case was returned to the active calendar in May 2011, and was finally submitted after}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2758762\charrsid10112065 oral}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15746497\charrsid10112065 arguments on July 6, 2011.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid590837\charrsid10112065 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid590837\charrsid10112065 Order}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15746497\charrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid590837\charrsid10112065 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15746497\charrsid10112065 May 10, 2011}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid590837\charrsid10112065 )}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15746497\charrsid10112065 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4865475 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11038845\charrsid10112065 II.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11173166\charrsid10112065 J}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4133427\charrsid10112065 URISDICTION}{\cs18\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5785523\charrsid10112065 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4349743 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs18\super\insrsid13465073 \chftn }{\insrsid13465073 This Section of this opinion supersedes our Order of May 10, 2011.}}}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2440824 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10112065 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6756033\charrsid10112065 [9]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6756033\charrsid10112065 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2052293\charrsid10112065 We have never considered a certified question case from the District Court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15431432\charrsid10112065 of Guam}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2052293\charrsid10112065 , or from any of the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2052293\charrsid10112065 other}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2052293\charrsid10112065 courts described by GRAP 20(b)(1).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9656139\charrsid10112065 Guam R. App. P. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2052293\charrsid10112065 20(b)(1) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2052293\charrsid10112065 The Supreme Court may answer questions of law certified to i t by the United States Supreme Court, a court of appeals of the United States, a United States district court, or the highest appellate or intermediate appellate court of any other state}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9656139\charrsid10112065 . . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2052293\charrsid10112065 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2052293\charrsid10112065 All of our previous certified question cases have involved requests from either the Legislature, the sitting Governor, or the Superior Court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2052293\charrsid10112065 See, e.g.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2052293\charrsid10112065 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2716580\charrsid10112065 In re Request of Governor Carl T.C. Gutierrez, Relative to the Organicity }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10044169\charrsid10112065 & }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2716580\charrsid10112065 Constitutionality of Pub}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10044169\charrsid10112065 .}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2716580\charrsid10112065 Law 26-35}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2716580\charrsid10112065 , 2002 Guam 1 (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16134911\charrsid10112065 involving }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16335547\charrsid10112065 request from }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16134911\charrsid10112065 the g}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2716580\charrsid10112065 overnor)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11491471\charrsid10112065 ;}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2052293\charrsid10112065 In }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9656139\charrsid10112065 r}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2052293\charrsid10112065 e Request of I Mina}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2052293\charrsid10112065 Bente Sing}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2052293\charrsid10112065 ko Na Liheslaturan Gu}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2648726\charrsid10112065 \'e5}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2052293\charrsid10112065 han Relative to the Application of the Earned Income Tax Credit Program to Guam Taxpayers (}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2052293\charrsid10112065 The EIC Question}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2052293\charrsid10112065 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2052293\charrsid10112065 , 2001 Guam 3 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16134911\charrsid10112065 involving }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16335547\charrsid10112065 request from }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16134911\charrsid10112065 the l}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2052293\charrsid10112065 egislature); }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11892294\charrsid10112065 People v. Johnny}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11892294\charrsid10112065 , 2006 Guam 10 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16335547\charrsid10112065 involving request from the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11892294\charrsid10112065 Superior Court of Guam)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2052293\charrsid10112065 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2052293\charrsid10112065 The lack of precedent on this issue compels us to examine ou}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14250248\charrsid10112065 r}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2052293\charrsid10112065 own jurisdiction to entertain this matter in detail.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6972173 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11087998\charrsid10112065 A. Statutory History of the Supreme Court}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11087998\charrsid10112065 s Authority}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11087998 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4349743\charrsid10112065 [10]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4349743\charrsid10112065 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11087998\charrsid10112065 The scope of our}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid526453\charrsid10112065 original}{\cs18\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid526453\charrsid10112065 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4349743 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs18\super\insrsid13465073 \chftn }{\insrsid13465073 Certified questions are considered an issue of original, rather than appellate, subject matter jurisdiction.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11087998\charrsid10112065 subject matter jurisdiction is determined both by provisions of the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2758762\charrsid10112065 Organic}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11087998\charrsid10112065 Act of Guam (found at 48 U.S.C.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8073987\charrsid10112065 A.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11087998\charrsid10112065 \'a7 1421a }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11087998\charrsid10112065 et seq.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11087998\charrsid10112065 ) and by provisions of local Guam law as promulgated by the political branches of Guam}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11087998\charrsid10112065 s territorial government (found within Title }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14250248\charrsid10112065 7}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11087998\charrsid10112065 of the Guam Code Annotated).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7487642\charrsid10112065 We will briefly examine our historical powers under both of these sources of law}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2758762\charrsid10112065 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7487642 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13465073 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7487642\charrsid10112065 1. The Organic Act of Guam}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7487642 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10112065 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4349743\charrsid10112065 [11]}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7487642\charrsid10112065 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7487642\charrsid10112065 Prior to 2004, the provisions of the Organic Act }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13699114\charrsid10112065 dealing with the establishment of a local judiciary read as follows: }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13699114 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13465073 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13465073 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13699114\charrsid10112065 (a) Composition; establishment of appellate court}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16675216\charrsid10112065 . . . }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4981334\charrsid10112065 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13699114\charrsid10112065 The local courts of Guam shall consist of such trial court or courts as may have been or may hereafter be established by the laws of Guam.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 } {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13699114\charrsid10112065 On or after the effective date of this Act, the legislature of Guam may in its discretion establish an appellate court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16675216\charrsid10112065 . . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16675216\charrsid10112065 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13699114\charrsid10112065 b) Jurisdiction}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16675216\charrsid10112065 . . . }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4981334\charrsid10112065 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13699114\charrsid10112065 The legislature may vest in the local courts jurisdiction over all causes in Guam over which any court established by the Constitution and laws of the United States does not have exclusive jurisdiction.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13699114\charrsid10112065 Such jurisdiction shall be subject to the exclusive or concurrent jurisdiction conferred on the District Court of Guam by section }{\cs41\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13699114\charrsid10112065 {\*\bkmkstart SR_432}{\*\bkmkstart SearchTerm} {\*\bkmkend SR_432}{\*\bkmkend SearchTerm}1424}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13699114\charrsid10112065 (b) of this title. \par 48 U.S.C.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid340546\charrsid10112065 A.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13699114\charrsid10112065 \'a7 1424-1 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7424681\charrsid10112065 West }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13699114\charrsid10112065 2002).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9647060 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10112065 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4349743\charrsid10112065 [12]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4349743\charrsid10112065 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13699114\charrsid10112065 In October 2004, this section was }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2758762\charrsid10112065 amended}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13699114\charrsid10112065 by}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2758762\charrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15554892\charrsid10112065 U.S. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13699114\charrsid10112065 P}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2758762\charrsid10112065 ublic }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13699114\charrsid10112065 L}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2758762\charrsid10112065 aw}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13699114\charrsid10112065 108-378, which revised the section of the Organic Act governing the judiciary of Guam to its current form.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13699114\charrsid10112065 See}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13699114\charrsid10112065 P}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13716322\charrsid10112065 ub. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13699114\charrsid10112065 L}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13716322\charrsid10112065 . No.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13699114\charrsid10112065 108-378, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13716322\charrsid10112065 118 Stat. 2206 (2004)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13699114\charrsid10112065 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13699114\charrsid10112065 Section 1424-1 of the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16139758\charrsid10112065 Organic Act now reads in relevant part:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16139758 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13465073 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\cs29\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16139758\charrsid10112065 (a)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16139758\charrsid10112065 The Supreme Court of Guam shall be the highest court of the judicial branch of Guam (excluding the District Court of Guam) and shall}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13716322\charrsid10112065 . . .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16139758\charrsid10112065 {\*\bkmkstart I351F7810402411E0BBEFE1514BA36749}{\*\bkmkstart I351E3F92402411E0BBEFE1514BA36749}{\*\bkmkend I351F7810402411E0BBEFE1514BA36749}{\*\bkmkend I351E3F92402411E0BBEFE1514BA36749} } {\cs29\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16139758\charrsid10112065 (1)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16139758\charrsid10112065 have original jurisdiction over proceedings necessary to protect its appellate jurisdiction and supervisory authority and such other original jurisdiction as the laws of Guam may provide}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13716322\charrsid10112065 . . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16139758 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10112065 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16139758\charrsid10112065 48 U.S.C.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid340546\charrsid10112065 A.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16139758\charrsid10112065 \'a7 1424-1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700011\charrsid10112065 (a)(1)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16139758\charrsid10112065 (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8991796\charrsid10112065 Westlaw through Pub. L. 112-39 (Oct. 12, 2011}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16139758\charrsid10112065 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15607679 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10112065 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4349743\charrsid10112065 [13]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4349743\charrsid10112065 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16139758\charrsid10112065 Under this plain language, any}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid526453\charrsid10112065 original}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16139758\charrsid10112065 subject matter jurisdiction we may posse}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12418439\charrsid10112065 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16139758\charrsid10112065 s to entertain }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15607679\charrsid10112065 in }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid526453\charrsid10112065 any}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16139758\charrsid10112065 case}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15607679\charrsid10112065 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16139758\charrsid10112065 must flow from either this section of the Organic Act}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15607679\charrsid10112065 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16139758\charrsid10112065 or from }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16139758\charrsid10112065 such original and appellate jurisdiction over all causes on Guam as the laws of Guam provide}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16139758\charrsid10112065 as contemplated by subsection (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120\charrsid10112065 a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16139758\charrsid10112065 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120\charrsid10112065 (1)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16139758\charrsid10112065 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15607679\charrsid10112065 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15607679\charrsid10112065 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid526453\charrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8259557\charrsid10112065 \'a7 1424-1(d).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid526453\charrsid10112065 As the court finds no basis for any argument that original jurisdiction to hear certified questions from other courts would be }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid526453\charrsid10112065 original jurisdiction over proceedings necessary to protect [our] appellate jurisdiction and supervisory authority}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15607679\charrsid10112065 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid526453\charrsid10112065 we are left to rely on local law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15607679\charrsid10112065 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15607679\charrsid10112065 . }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700011\charrsid10112065 \'a7 1424-1(a)(1).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8283789 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13465073 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7487642\charrsid10112065 2. Local Law}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11087998 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10112065 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4349743\charrsid10112065 [14]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4349743\charrsid10112065 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852701\charrsid10112065 Prior to 1974, judicial authority }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700011\charrsid10112065 in}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852701\charrsid10112065 Guam was originally divided between the District Court, the Island Court, the Police Court, and the Commissioner}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852701\charrsid10112065 s Courts.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852701\charrsid10112065 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852701\charrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3938790\charrsid10112065 Guam Code Civ. Proc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852701\charrsid10112065 \'a7 51 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852701\charrsid10112065 et seq.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852701\charrsid10112065 In 1974, under Public Law 12-85 (styled the Judicial Reorganization Act), the Supreme Court and the Superior Court of Gua}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2758762\charrsid10112065 m w} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9647060\charrsid10112065 ere}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2758762\charrsid10112065 created;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852701\charrsid10112065 Code of Civil Procedure }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16518771\charrsid10112065 section }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852701\charrsid10112065 62 described the Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of Guam, cross-referencing numerous o ther sections of the Civil Code.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852701\charrsid10112065 See}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2758762\charrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3938790\charrsid10112065 Guam Code Civ. Proc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2758762\charrsid10112065 \'a7 62 (1975);}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852701\charrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13849006\charrsid10112065 Guam Pub. L.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852701\charrsid10112065 12-85}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7155470\charrsid10112065 (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10621956\charrsid10112065 Jan. 16, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7155470\charrsid10112065 1974)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852701\charrsid10112065 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid540457\charrsid10112065 Public Law 21-147 (styled the Frank G. Lujan Memorial Court Reorganization Act) was }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852701\charrsid10112065 promulgated in 1985 and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid540457\charrsid10112065 came into forc}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2758762\charrsid10112065 e as law }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12418439\charrsid10112065 in}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2758762\charrsid10112065 1993; this law}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid540457\charrsid10112065 repealed the previous Code of Civil Procedure, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16335547\charrsid10112065 transposing}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid540457\charrsid10112065 the sections of law dealing with the Supreme Court to their current location in Title 7 of the Guam Code Annotated.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid540457\charrsid10112065 See}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid540457\charrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13849006\charrsid10112065 Guam Pub. L. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid540457\charrsid10112065 21-147}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7155470\charrsid10112065 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10621956\charrsid10112065 Jan. 14, 1993}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7155470\charrsid10112065 )}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid540457\charrsid10112065 ; 7 GCA \'a7 3107 (1985).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid540457\charrsid10112065 The new section of the Guam Code Annotated}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11087998\charrsid10112065 specifically dealing with the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid540457\charrsid10112065 , 7 GCA \'a7 3107, removed the substantial cross-referencing found in the p}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11087998\charrsid10112065 revious Code of Civil Procedure}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10621956\charrsid10112065 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid540457\charrsid10112065 Subsection (a) of}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid540457\charrsid10112065 7 GCA \'a7 3107 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid661513\charrsid10112065 regarding jurisdiction }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid540457\charrsid10112065 has remained unchanged since 1985 and reads as follows:}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid661513\charrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid661513\charrsid10112065 The Supreme Court shall have authority to review all justiciable controversies and proceedings, regardless of subject matter or amount involved.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid661513\charrsid10112065 7 GCA \'a7 3107}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10841613\charrsid10112065 (a)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid661513\charrsid10112065 (20}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10621956\charrsid10112065 05}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid661513\charrsid10112065 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10307129 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10307129\charrsid10112065 B.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 The }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10841613\charrsid10112065 A}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 bility of }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10841613\charrsid10112065 C}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 ourts to }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10841613\charrsid10112065 E}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 ntertain }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10841613\charrsid10112065 C}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 ertified }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10841613\charrsid10112065 Q}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 uestions}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid526453\charrsid10112065 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10841613\charrsid10112065 G}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid526453\charrsid10112065 enerally}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4349743\charrsid10112065 [15]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 \tab The question of whether courts }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16335547\charrsid10112065 may }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 entertain certified questions from the courts of other jurisdictions (including the federal courts) is generally considered a question of state or local law.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 See, e.g.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15295745\charrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15295745\charrsid10112065 Shirley v. Russell}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15295745\charrsid10112065 , 69 F.3d 839, 844 (7th Cir. 1995) (noting certification is appropriate when question of state law controls the outcome of the case); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15295745\charrsid10112065 L.A. Alliance for Survival v. City of L.A.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15295745\charrsid10112065 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9973621\charrsid10112065 993 P.2d 334, 338 (Cal. 2000) (recognizing sister states}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9973621\charrsid10112065 decisions to entertain certified question based on state law and adopting certification procedure based on question of state law).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 The propriety of entertaining such certified questions is largely a function }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12418439\charrsid10112065 of }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 the specific language of individual state constitutions and statutes.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 See, e.g.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7568425\charrsid10112065 Sunshine Mining Co. v. Allendale Mut. Ins. Co.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7568425\charrsid10112065 , 666 P.2d 1144, 1146 (Idaho 1983);}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 Scott v. Bank}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15885851\charrsid10112065 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 One Trust Co. Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 , 577 N.E.2d 1077}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3692150\charrsid10112065 , 1079}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 (Ohio 1991); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 Haley v. Univ}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4536352\charrsid10112065 .}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 of Tennessee-Knoxville}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 , 188 S.W.3d 518}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4536352\charrsid10112065 , 521}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 (Tenn. 2006).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4349743\charrsid10112065 [16]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 \tab In the 1981 case of }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 Holden v. N}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9243907\charrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 L Indus}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9590207\charrsid10112065 tries}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 , Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 , {\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK1}{\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK2}629 P.2d 428{\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK1}{\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK2} (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4536352\charrsid10112065 Utah }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 1981), the Supreme Court of Utah considered a request to certify a question of state law from the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15554892\charrsid10112065 U.S.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 District Court for the District of Utah.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 This was done under the text of Utah}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 s then current Certification Rule.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10044169\charrsid10112065 Holden v. N L Indus., Inc.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10044169\charrsid10112065 , 629 P.2d 428,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 429 n.3}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10044169\charrsid10112065 (Utah 1981)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 The Utah Certification Rule discussed in }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 Holden }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 is virtually identical to our GRAP Rule 20(b).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 Compare}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 629 P.2d at 429 n.3}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 with }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 GRAP 20(b)}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 The Utah Supreme Court rejected the certified question and revoked the Certification Rule, finding that as written}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6372801\charrsid10112065 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 it was in excess of the court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 s original jurisdiction as defined by Utah }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 s constitution.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 See Holden}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6372801\charrsid10112065 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid917826\charrsid10112065 629 P.2d }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 at 429-32.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12418439 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4349743\charrsid10112065 [17]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4349743\charrsid10112065 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 Our}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2758762\charrsid10112065 granting certification in this case}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10557216\charrsid10112065 , a s well as the certification order from the District Court, referenced GRAP 20(b) without any further analysis.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12669540\charrsid10112065 See}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12669540\charrsid10112065 Order }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14748212\charrsid10112065 at 1 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12669540\charrsid10112065 Apr. 12, 2010}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14748212\charrsid10112065 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12669540\charrsid10112065 (granting certification).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12669540\charrsid10112065 We remain convinced that we have subject matter jurisdiction to entertain this case and that action similar to that taken by the Utah court in }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12669540\charrsid10112065 Holden}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12669540\charrsid10112065 is not required.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12669540 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13465073 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12669540\charrsid10112065 C. The Supreme Court of Guam }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980214\charrsid10112065 M}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12669540\charrsid10112065 ay }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980214\charrsid10112065 E}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12669540\charrsid10112065 ntertain }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980214\charrsid10112065 C}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12669540\charrsid10112065 ertified }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980214\charrsid10112065 Q}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12669540\charrsid10112065 uestions from }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980214\charrsid10112065 C}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12669540\charrsid10112065 ourts of }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980214\charrsid10112065 O}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12669540\charrsid10112065 ther }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980214\charrsid10112065 J}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12669540\charrsid10112065 urisdictions}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13381371 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10112065 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4349743\charrsid10112065 [18]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13381371\charrsid10112065 \tab In contrast to the several other cases in which we have considered certified questions, there is not a specific Guam statute }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6372801\charrsid10112065 that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13381371\charrsid10112065 underlies GRAP 20(b), }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6372801\charrsid10112065 n}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13381371\charrsid10112065 or }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6372801\charrsid10112065 one that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13381371\charrsid10112065 codifies our ability to entertain certified questions from }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13381371\charrsid10112065 other}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13381371\charrsid10112065 courts.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10128\charrsid10112065 See }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10128\charrsid10112065 7 GCA \'a7 4104 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3481127\charrsid10112065 (added by P.L. 29-103:2 (July 22, 2008))} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6372801\charrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10128\charrsid10112065 (allowing Legislature and Governor to seek requests for declaratory judgments); 7 GCA \'a7 4105 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10621956\charrsid10112065 (2005}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7693453\charrsid10112065 ) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10128\charrsid10112065 (allowing certified questions from }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10229505\charrsid10112065 the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10128\charrsid10112065 Superior Court of Guam).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11537288\charrsid10112065 Also, w}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10128\charrsid10112065 e have previously held that grants of original jurisdiction should be read literally and construed narrowly.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10128\charrsid10112065 See In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11537288\charrsid10112065 r}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10128\charrsid10112065 e Request of Gutierrez}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11537288\charrsid10112065 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10128\charrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10229505\charrsid10112065 2002 Guam 1 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10128\charrsid10112065 \'b6 12 (citing }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10128\charrsid10112065 State ex rel. Wieland v}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13504889\charrsid10112065 .}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10128\charrsid10112065 Moore}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10128\charrsid10112065 , 561 N.W.2d 230, 236 (Neb. 1997)).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15756087 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10112065 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4349743\charrsid10112065 [19]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15756087\charrsid10112065 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14508039\charrsid10112065 W}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15756087\charrsid10112065 e }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14508039\charrsid10112065 hold}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14030448\charrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15756087\charrsid10112065 that the power to entertain certified questions from }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15756087\charrsid10112065 other}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15756087\charrsid10112065 courts, as described in GRAP 20(b), falls within our subject mat ter jurisdiction by virtue of the expansive language of 7 GCA \'a7 3107(a).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15756087\charrsid10112065 From that subsection, we derive the power }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15756087\charrsid10112065 to review }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15756087\charrsid10112065 all}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15756087\charrsid10112065 justiciable controversies and proceedings}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13504889\charrsid10112065 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15756087\charrsid10112065 7 GCA \'a7 3107(a) (emphasis added); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15756087\charrsid10112065 see also }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15756087\charrsid10112065 48 U.S.C.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10229505\charrsid10112065 A.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15756087\charrsid10112065 \'a7 1424-1(a)(1) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15756087\charrsid10112065 The Supreme Court of Guam}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120\charrsid10112065 shall}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13504889\charrsid10112065 . . .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15756087\charrsid10112065 }{\cs29\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15756087\charrsid10112065 (1)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15756087\charrsid10112065 have original jurisdiction over proceedings necessary to protect its appellate jurisdiction and supervisory authority and }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15756087\charrsid10112065 such other original jurisdiction as the laws of Guam may provide}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13504889\charrsid10112065 . . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15756087\charrsid10112065 ) (emphasis added).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120\charrsid10112065 In previous cases}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9590207\charrsid10112065 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120\charrsid10112065 we have discussed the concept of what defines a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120\charrsid10112065 justiciable controversy}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120\charrsid10112065 in American law:}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13465073 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13465073 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120\charrsid10112065 The }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120\charrsid10112065 case or controversy}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120\charrsid10112065 limitation of the United States Constitution prohibits federal courts from rendering advisory opinions.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120\charrsid10112065 See Aetna Life Ins. Co. v. Haworth}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120\charrsid10112065 , 300 U.S. 227, 57 S. Ct. 461 (1937); }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13050140\charrsid10112065 U.S. Const. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120\charrsid10112065 amend. X.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120\charrsid10112065 Aetna }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120\charrsid10112065 announced the meaning of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120\charrsid10112065 controversy}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120\charrsid10112065 in the constitutional sense as follows:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13465073 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120\charrsid10112065 A }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120\charrsid10112065 controversy}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120\charrsid10112065 in this sense must be one that is appropriate for judicial determination.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120\charrsid10112065 A justiciable controversy is thus distinguished from a difference or dispute of a hypothetical or abstract character; from one that is academic or moot.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120\charrsid10112065 The controversy must be definite and concrete, touching the legal relations of parties having}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12418439\charrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120\charrsid10112065 adverse legal interests.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120\charrsid10112065 It must be a real and substantial controversy admitting of specific relief through a decree of a conclusive character, as distinguished from an opinion advising what the law would be upon a hypothetical state of facts . . . .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10112065 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10112065 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786241\charrsid10112065 The EIC Question}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786241\charrsid10112065 , 2001 Guam 3 \'b6 12 (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786241\charrsid10112065 Aetna Life Ins. Co. v. Haworth}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786241\charrsid10112065 , }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120\charrsid10112065 300 U.S. at 240-41}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786241\charrsid10112065 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120\charrsid10112065 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120\charrsid10112065 This illustrates that the question of justiciability is an inquiry into whether resolution of the particular dispute before the court would require rendering an advisory opinion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid805927\charrsid10112065 W}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120\charrsid10112065 e have previously considered jurisdiction and justic}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid805927\charrsid10112065 iability as two separate issues.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120\charrsid10112065 See People v. Gay}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120\charrsid10112065 , 2007 Guam 11 \'b6 \'b6 5}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid805927\charrsid10112065 , 6-10}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120\charrsid10112065 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid661513\charrsid10112065 discussing jurisdiction and justiciability issues in }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120\charrsid10112065 separate sections); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120\charrsid10112065 see also}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120\charrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120\charrsid10112065 The EIC Question}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13966912\charrsid10112065 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120\charrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14298245\charrsid10112065 2001 Guam 3 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120\charrsid10112065 \'b6\'b6 12-13 (discussing justiciability)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10357009\charrsid10112065 ; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10357009\charrsid10112065 id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10357009\charrsid10112065 \'b6}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120\charrsid10112065 1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid805927\charrsid10112065 4-16 (discussing jurisdiction).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid805927\charrsid10112065 However, these previous cases did not involve interpretation or application of the language of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13966912\charrsid10112065 section }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid805927\charrsid10112065 3107(a).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid805927\charrsid10112065 I}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120\charrsid10112065 n this case}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10120547\charrsid10112065 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120\charrsid10112065 there is no indication that the case before us would not be }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156120\charrsid10112065 justiciable}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5785523\charrsid10112065 in }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12418439\charrsid10112065 any }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5785523\charrsid10112065 way.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5785523\charrsid10112065 Contra Gay}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13966912\charrsid10112065 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5785523\charrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10120547\charrsid10112065 2001 Guam 3 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5785523\charrsid10112065 \'b6\'b6 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid805927\charrsid10112065 6}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5785523\charrsid10112065 -1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid805927\charrsid10112065 0}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5785523\charrsid10112065 (finding that the question certified to this court by the Superior Court of Guam had not ripened into a justiciable controversy under the standards set down in}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14508039\charrsid10112065 U.S. Supreme Court precedent).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5785523 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10112065 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4349743\charrsid10112065 [20]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4349743\charrsid10112065 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5785523\charrsid10112065 It is also notable that many of our previous certified question cases were decided before the 2004 revision to the Organic Act}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10120547\charrsid10112065 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5785523\charrsid10112065 which clarified that our original jurisdiction could be expanded by local laws passed by the political branches of Guam}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5785523\charrsid10112065 s government.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5785523\charrsid10112065 See In } {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13966912\charrsid10112065 r}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5785523\charrsid10112065 e Request of Gutierrez}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13966912\charrsid10112065 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5785523\charrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10120547\charrsid10112065 2002 Guam 1 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5785523\charrsid10112065 \'b6 12.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5785523\charrsid10112065 Given the unrestrictive language of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13966912\charrsid10112065 section }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5785523\charrsid10112065 3107(a) and the lack of any }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15954605\charrsid10112065 Guam }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5785523\charrsid10112065 law purporting to limit our power to consider certified questions}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10120547\charrsid10112065 ,}{\cs18\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4661703\charrsid10112065 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11802913 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs18\super\insrsid13465073 \chftn }{\insrsid13465073 This is in contrast to provisions such as those found in article VIII, section IV of the Utah State Constitution discussed in }{\i\insrsid13465073 Holden}{\insrsid13465073 . }{\i\insrsid13465073\charrsid13966912 See}{\insrsid13465073 629 P.2d at 430-32.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5785523\charrsid10112065 we hold that we have jurisdiction to entertain this case even in the absence of any specific Guam statute addressing the issue of certified questions from }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5785523\charrsid10112065 other}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5785523\charrsid10112065 courts (including the District Court) as contemplated in G}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10120547\charrsid10112065 RAP}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5785523\charrsid10112065 20(b).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5785523\charrsid10112065 Courts have universally acknowledged that provision of a process for certification of questions by other courts}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13966912\charrsid10112065 :}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5785523\charrsid10112065 (1) promotes comity between courts}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10120547\charrsid10112065 ;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5785523\charrsid10112065 (2) reinforces the status of a jurisdictions highest court as the ultimate organ of the law of that jurisdiction}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10120547\charrsid10112065 ;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5785523\charrsid10112065 (3) improves clarity and removes uncertainty in the state of the law, leading to a more efficient judicial climate}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10120547\charrsid10112065 ;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5785523\charrsid10112065 and (4) advances the causes of federalism as conceived in the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15554892\charrsid10112065 U.S. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5785523\charrsid10112065 Constitution.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5785523\charrsid10112065 See}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid537550\charrsid10112065 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16211672\charrsid10112065 Bellotti v. Baird}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16211672\charrsid10112065 , 428 U.S. 132, 150-51 (1976); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5785523\charrsid10112065 Scott }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13966912\charrsid10112065 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15885851\charrsid10112065 577 N.E.2d }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5785523\charrsid10112065 at 1079-81; }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5785523\charrsid10112065 Haley}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13966912\charrsid10112065 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5785523\charrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15885851\charrsid10112065 188 S.W.3d }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5785523\charrsid10112065 at 521-23.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5785523\charrsid10112065 We are convinced that it was within our subject matter jurisdiction under }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid537550\charrsid10112065 section}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5785523\charrsid10112065 3107(a) to adopt GRAP 20(b) as a provision for hearing certified questions and that acceptance of this case was similarly proper.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852701 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2440824\charrsid10112065 III.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6365728\charrsid10112065 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11173166\charrsid10112065 S}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4133427\charrsid10112065 TANDARD OF REVIEW}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2440824 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10112065 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid992762\charrsid10112065 {\*\bkmkstart wlCitedDoc}[21]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid992762\charrsid10112065 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid805927\charrsid10112065 Normal standards of review do not apply wh en addressing certifications of law; instead, the court addresses the matters in the context in which they arise and as if they were presented to the court in the first instance.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid805927\charrsid10112065 People v. Johnny}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid805927\charrsid10112065 , 2006 Guam 10 \'b6}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7619975\charrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid805927\charrsid10112065 8}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9901854\charrsid10112065 (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9901854\charrsid10112065 People v. Anson}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9901854\charrsid10112065 , 1998 Guam 11 \'b6 6)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid805927\charrsid10112065 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid805927\charrsid10112065 Maeda contends that the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid805927\charrsid10112065 [c]ourt should define parameters for the economic loss rule which create a sensible policy for Guam as a whole and which comport with general standards of fairness.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11892294\charrsid10112065 Appellant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11892294\charrsid10112065 s Br.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid805927\charrsid10112065 at 11 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11888256\charrsid10112065 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid805927\charrsid10112065 citing }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid805927\charrsid10112065 Peagler v. USAA Ins. Co}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid537550\charrsid10112065 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid805927\charrsid10112065 , 628 S.E.2d 475, 477 (S.C. 2006)} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10832056\charrsid10112065 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid805927\charrsid10112065 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11888256\charrsid10112065 I}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid805927\charrsid10112065 n answering a certified question raising a novel question of law, the Court is free to decide the question based on its assessment of which answer and reasoning would best comport with the law and public policies of this state and the Court}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid805927\charrsid10112065 s sense of law, justice, and right.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid805927\charrsid10112065 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11888256\charrsid10112065 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid992762 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid992762\charrsid10112065 [22]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid992762\charrsid10112065 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid805927\charrsid10112065 Although we intend to answer the questions certified to us by the District Court, we are not inclined to go as far as Maeda and the other litigants in this case would}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11625077\charrsid10112065 perhaps}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid805927\charrsid10112065 wish us to}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11888256\charrsid10112065 go}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid805927\charrsid10112065 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid69629\charrsid10112065 It is well established that it is inappropriate for courts to consider arguments beyond the scope of the questions certified to them.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid69629\charrsid10112065 See, e.g.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid69629\charrsid10112065 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid69629\charrsid10112065 Phillips v. Duro-Last Roofing, Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid69629\charrsid10112065 , {\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK3}{\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK4}806 P.2d 834{\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK3}{\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK4}, 837-38 (Wyo. 1991).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid69629\charrsid10112065 This general rule has several bases;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7679573\charrsid10112065 principally}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid69629\charrsid10112065 , it is essential that the court avoid issuing an advisory opinion on a legal or factual scenario}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid225835\charrsid10112065 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid69629\charrsid10112065 which is not present in the case before the certifying court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid225835\charrsid10112065 Id}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid225835\charrsid10112065 .}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid69629\charrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid69629\charrsid10112065 at 837.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid69629\charrsid10112065 This requirement also implicates the equally important obligation to confine our consideration to issues }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7413294\charrsid10112065 that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid69629\charrsid10112065 are }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid69629\charrsid10112065 determinative}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid69629\charrsid10112065 of the underlying proceeding.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid69629\charrsid10112065 See}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid69629\charrsid10112065 GRAP 20(b); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid69629\charrsid10112065 see also W}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7413294\charrsid10112065 .}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid69629\charrsid10112065 Helicopter Serv}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7413294\charrsid10112065 s.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid69629\charrsid10112065 , Inc. v. Rogerson Aircraft Corp.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid69629\charrsid10112065 , 811 P.2d 627, 630 (Or. 1991).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16138665\charrsid10112065 These same concerns were implicated in }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16138665\charrsid10112065 Terracon Consultants Western, Inc., v. Mandalay Resort Group}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16138665\charrsid10112065 , }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16343387\charrsid10112065 206 P.3d 81 (Nev. 2009)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2960902\charrsid10112065 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16343387\charrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16138665\charrsid10112065 cited by the District Court in its certification to this court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16138665\charrsid10112065 See }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16343387\charrsid10112065 Terracon Consultants W}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2960902\charrsid10112065 .}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16343387\charrsid10112065 , Inc., v. Mandalay Resort Gr}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2960902\charrsid10112065 p.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16343387\charrsid10112065 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16138665\charrsid10112065 206 P.3d }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3756989\charrsid10112065 81,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16343387\charrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16138665\charrsid10112065 85 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3756989\charrsid10112065 (Nev. 2009) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16138665\charrsid10112065 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16138665\charrsid10112065 [I]n exercising our discretion to answer certified questions, we nevertheless must constrain ourselves to resolving legal issues presented in the parties}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16138665\charrsid10112065 pleadings.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16138665\charrsid10112065 ).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1591377 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10112065 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11038845\charrsid10112065 {\*\bkmkend wlCitedDoc}IV.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14361262\charrsid10112065 ANALYSIS}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4133427 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10112065 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid992762\charrsid10112065 {\*\bkmkstart sp_999_50}{\*\bkmkstart SDU_50}[23]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid992762\charrsid10112065 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Before applying these general standards to the arguments presented by the parties in this case, it is also i mportant to discuss the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10832056\charrsid10112065 general }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 historical legal construction at the heart of this case, the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 economic loss doctrine.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 } {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 A. The }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5900322\charrsid10112065 E}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 conomic }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5900322\charrsid10112065 L}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 oss }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4265850\charrsid10112065 D}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 octrine }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4265850\charrsid10112065 G}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 enerally}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid992762\charrsid10112065 [24]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid992762\charrsid10112065 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 The economic loss doctrine is a common law rule that emerged in the field of products liability.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 See}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Moransais v. Heathman}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 , 744 So. 2d 973, 983 (Fla. 1999).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 The doctrine is a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 judicially-created remedies principle that operates generally to preclude contracting parties from pursuing tort recovery for purely economic or commercial losses associated with the contract relationship.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Plourde Sand & Gravel v. JGI E., Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 , 917 A.2d 1250, 1252 (N.H. 2007) (quoting }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Tietsworth v. Harley-Davidson, Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 , 677 N.W.2d 233, 241 (Wis. 2004)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 In some form, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 [t]he economic loss rule has been adopted in a major ity of jurisdictions.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Casa Clara Condo. Ass}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 n v. Charley Toppino & Sons, Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 , 620 So. 2d 1244, 1246 n.2 (Fla. 1993).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid992762\charrsid10112065 [25]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid992762\charrsid10112065 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 The economic loss doctrine draws a legal line between contract and tort liability, forbidding tort compensation for }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 certain types of foreseeable, negligently caused, financial injury.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Terracon}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 , 206 P.3d at 87 (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Barber Lines A/S v. M/V Donau Maru}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 , 764 F.2d 50, 52 (1st Cir. 1985)).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 As a New Jersey court explained:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10112065 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 The economic loss rule, which bars tort remedies in strict liab ility or negligence when the only claim is for damage to the product itself, evolved as part of the common law, largely as an effort to establish the boundary line between contract and tort remedies.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 As this Court long ago noted, the economic loss rule was developed in conjunction with strict liability theories that were }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 a judicial response to inadequacies in sales law with respect to consumers who sustained physical injuries from defective goods made or distributed by remote parties in the marketing chain.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145 \par }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10112065 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Dean v. Barrett Homes, Inc.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 , 8 A.3d 766, 770 (N.J. 2010). \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid992762\charrsid10112065 [26]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid992762\charrsid10112065 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 The U.S. Supreme Court first recognized the economic loss doctrine in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 East River Steamship Corp. v. Transamerica Delaval, Inc.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 , 476 U.S. 858, 868-69 (1986).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 In }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 East River}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 , the parties con tracted for the design, manufacture, and installation of turbines for supertankers; however, the turbines malfunctioned, resulting in damage to the turbines, but causing no other property damage or personal injury.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 at 859.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 The plaintiff filed a products liability action, seeking damages for the cost of repairs and income lost due to the broken turbines.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 at 861.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 The Supreme Court held that a products liability claim could not stand if a commercial plaintiff alleged injury to only the product itself resulting in purely economic loss.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 at 876.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Such loss was defined as the resulting loss, when a product damages itself, due to repair costs, decreased value, and lost profits\emdash loss that was }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 essentially the failure of the purchaser to receive the benefit of its bargain\emdash traditionally the core concern of contract law.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 at 870 (citing E. Farnsworth, Contracts \'a7 12.8, at 839-40 (1982))} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid992762\charrsid10112065 [27]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid992762\charrsid10112065 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 While some states generally limit application of the economic loss doctrine to products liability cases, many other states have expanded its application to other contexts.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Compare Moransais}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 , 744 So. 2d at 983 (declining to expand the economic loss doctrine beyond the products liability context), }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 with}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Lempke v. Dagenais}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 , 547 A.2d 290, 296 (N.H. 1988) (expanding the economic loss doctrine).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Although across jurisdictions, the terms and scope of the economic loss rule may be the subject of disagreement, there is no dispute that recovery in tort actions for purely economic losses is often difficult to obtain.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 See generally}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Herbert Bernstein, }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Civil Liability for Pure Economic Loss Under American Tort Law}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 , 46 Am. J. Comp. L. 111, 112 (1998) (stating that American law is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 generally opposed to recovery [for pure economic loss] on a negligence theory}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid992762\charrsid10112065 [28]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid992762\charrsid10112065 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 One state Supreme Cou rt Justice has lamented that at }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 the current pace, the economic loss doctrine may consume much of tort law if left unchecked.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Grams v. Milk Prods., Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 , 699 N.W.2d 167, 180 (Wis. 2005) (Abrahamson, C.J., dissenting) (citing a case study from 2000 to 2004).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 The vigor with which the economic loss doctrine is now applied suggests that the pendulum of American law has swung far in the direction of favoring resolution of disputes via contract law rather than tort law.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 In effect, contract law is preempting tort law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 See }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Vincent R. Johnson, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 The Boundary-Line Function of the Economic Loss Rule}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 , 66 Wash. & Lee L. Rev. 523, 571 (2009).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid992762\charrsid10112065 [29]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid992762\charrsid10112065 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 One commentator has explained that the principal explanation for the rise of the economic loss rule }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 is a preference for priva te ordering over public regulation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 See }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Jay M. Feinman, }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 The Economic Loss Rule and Private Ordering}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 , 48 Ariz. L. Rev. 813, 817 (2006) (describing the history, rationale, application, and debates about the economic loss rule).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Barring negligence claims stemming from a contractual duty preserves the expectancy interest of contracting parties in their allocation of risk.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 See }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11223756\charrsid10112065 GMP}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11223756\charrsid10112065 s Br.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 at 17}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 (citing }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Miller v. U.S. Steel Corp}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 ., 902 F.2d 573, 574 (7th Cir. 1990) (Posner, J.)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 In contractual contexts, the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 [a]pp lication of the economic loss doctrine to tort actions between commercial parties is . . . [intended] to encourage the party best situated to assess the risk [of] [sic] economic loss, the commercial purchaser, to assume, allocate, or insure against that r isk.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Daanen & Janssen, Inc. v. Cedarapids, Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 , 573 N.W.2d 842, 846 (Wis. 1998).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid992762\charrsid10112065 [30]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid992762\charrsid10112065 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Enforcing the boundary between tort and contract law also promotes the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 efficient revelation of asymmetric information,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 one commentator argues.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Johnson, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 The Boundary-Line Function of the Economic Loss Rule}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 , at 570 (footnote and quotation marks omitted).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Employing the economic loss rule to prevent recovery of economic damages in tort }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 forces parties to a contract to reveal relevant information that enables those with whom they deal to assess how much care should be exercised to prevent a loss.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 (citing }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Evra Corp. v. Swiss Bank Corp.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 , 673 F.2d 951, 958 (7th Cir. 1982) (Posner, J.) (discussing the type of costs a party to a contract might have to incur to protect itself from liability for consequential losses if applicable rules did not create incentives to reveal relevant information)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 In contract law, there is no liability for consequential economic damages without }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 notice of special circumstances.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 See id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Tort law is }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 not intended to compensate parties for losses suffered as a result of a breach of duties assumed only by agreement.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Sun Co. (R & M) v. Badger Design & Constructors, Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 , 939 F. Supp. 365, 371 (E.D. Pa. 1996) (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Palco Linings, Inc. v. Pavex, Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 , 755 F. Supp. 1269, 1271 (M.D. Pa. 1990)) (internal quotation marks omitted).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Compensation in such cases requires an analysis of damages which were in the contemplation of the parties at the origination of the agreement, an analysis within the sole purview of contract law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Palco}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 , 755 F. Supp.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 at 1271.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Thus, commentators argue that by refusing to extricate parties from the bargains they have struck, the economic loss rule encourages parties to consider the possibility that the product or service will be d eficient, and either assign risk or negotiate the price accordingly.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Barton, Note, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Drowning in a Sea of Contract}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 , at 1798-99 (citing }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Detroit Edison Co. v. NABCO, Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 , 35 F.3d 236, 239 (6th Cir. 1994)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 B. The }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4265850\charrsid10112065 Questions Certified }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 to }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4265850\charrsid10112065 This Court}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid992762\charrsid10112065 [31]}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 A ll the parties involved in this litigation have conceded that some of the economic loss doctrine should be }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2125108\charrsid10112065 enforced in}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 the court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2125108\charrsid10112065 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 of Guam, primarily for the purpose of encouraging and facilitating the expected expansion of the island}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 s construction industry as a result of the federal government}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 s anticipated military build-up.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Having considered the doctrine fully, we see no reason why the doctrine should not be applied here.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 As a result, we answer the District Court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 s first certified question in the affirmative.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid992762\charrsid10112065 [32]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 \tab The true conflict in this case, unsurprisingly, stems from arguments over exactly how far, and in what specific circumstances, the doctrine should apply.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Maeda makes three separate arguments about why the doctrine should not bar their claims in this case: (1) the exception where an independent duty of care exists, }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 see}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Appellant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 s Br. at 33-35; (2) the exception for claims of negligent misrepresentation, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 see}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 at 35; and (3) a theory contemplating recovery of the cost of repairing or replacing physical property damage}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2648726\charrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 resulting from design defects.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 at 38.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid992762\charrsid10112065 [33]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 \tab Unfortunately for Maeda, two of these three arguments go beyond the District Court}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 s certification to this court, and we are therefore compelled not to consider them.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 The second question certified by the District Court was:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13465073 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 2.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10958182\charrsid10112065 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 If the economic loss doctrine does apply in Guam, does it preclude negligence-based claims against design professionals, such as engineers and architects, who provide services in the context of commercial pr operty development or improvement, when the plaintiffs seek to recover purely economic losses?}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10112065 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Order at 2 (Apr. 12, 2010).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 As we indicated above, a court to which a question is certified should not (and cannot) review questions that are beyond what has be en certified by the court which originally entertained the litigation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11802913\charrsid10112065 [34]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11802913\charrsid10112065 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Here, the legal theory of }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 negligent misrepresentation}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 was not pleaded in the District Court, and the issue will not be addressed by the court, despite the arguments concerning the issue by the parties in the pleadings in this court.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 See }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10958182\charrsid10112065 CR, Doc. 54 at 4 (First Amended Compl.)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 ; Appellant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 s Br. at 35-38; }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 see also United States v. Anderson}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 , 669 A.2d 73, 78-79 (Del. 1995) (finding that where a plaintiff did not plead a legal theory as an independent cause of action, no dispute between the parties had }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 arisen}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 in the federal court, and that consideration of the issue was }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10832056\charrsid10112065 thus }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 inappropriate).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11802913\charrsid10112065 [35]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11802913\charrsid10112065 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 We are also unable to fully consider Maeda}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 s arguments regarding the characterization of the damage that took place in this case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 East River}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 , the U.S. Supreme Court explained why it is necessary to distinguish between damage to only a product itself and damage to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 other property} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 :}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10112065 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 When a product injures only itself, the reasons for imposi ng tort duty are weak and those for leaving the party to its contractual remedies are strong.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 The tort concern with safety is reduced when an injury is only to the product itself.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 When a person is injured, the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 cost of an injury and the loss of time or h ealth may be an overwhelming misfortune,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 and one the person is not prepared to meet.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 In contrast, when a product injures itself, the commercial user stands to lose the value of the product, risks the displeasure of its customers who find that the product does not meet their needs, or, as in this case, experiences increased costs in performing a service.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Losses like these can be insured.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Society need not presume that a customer needs special protection.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 The increased cost to the public that would result from holding a manufacturer liable in tort for injury to the product itself is not justified.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10112065 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 East River}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 , 476 U.S. at 871-72 (internal citations omitted). }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11802913\charrsid10112065 [36]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11802913\charrsid10112065 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 The }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 East River }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10832056\charrsid10112065 C}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 ourt rejected the idea that an exception should be made when the harm to the product itself occurs through an abrupt, accident-like event.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 at 870.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Even in such cases, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 the resulting loss due to repair costs, decreased value, and lost profits is essentially the failure of the purchaser to receive the benefit of its bargain}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6234038\charrsid10112065 \emdash }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 traditionally the core concern of contract law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Id.}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Thus, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 when only the work product itself is damaged as a result of its defective nature, the damage is defined as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 economic}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 rather than as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 property damage}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 and is not recoverable in tort.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Sidney R. Barrett, Jr., }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Recovery of Economic Loss in Tort for Construction Defects: A Critical Analysis}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 , 40 S.C. L. Rev. 891, 896 (1989).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Similarly, in the construction context, recovery barred as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 [pure] economic loss includes the cost to repair or replace defective material s, damage to a structure, diminution in value of a damaged structure not repaired, loss of use or delay in utilizing property for its intended purposes, and related lost profits, lost revenue, and costs.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12939387\charrsid10112065 6 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Philip L. Bruner & Patrick J. O}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Connor, Jr., }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Bruner & O}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Connor on Construction}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12939387\charrsid10112065 Law}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 \'a7 19:10 (2010)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12939387\charrsid10112065 (internal quotation marks omitted)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Consequently, most jurisdictions applying the rule hold that recovery for }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 property damage}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 is limited to damage to}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 property }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 other }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 than that which was the subject of a com mercial transaction.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 See, e.g.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 ,}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 East River}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 , 476 U.S. at 870 (noting that where }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 no person or }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 other }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 property is damaged, the resulting loss is purely economic}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 ) (emphasis added); }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Aardema v. U.S. Dairy Sys. Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 , 215 P.3d 505, 510 (Idaho 2009) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 [W]here there is no accident, and no physical damage, and the only loss is a pecuniary one, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 through loss of the value or use of the thing sold, or the cost of repairing it}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 , the courts have adhered to the rule, . . . that purely economic interests are not entitled to p rotection against mere negligence, and so have denied the recovery.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 ) (emphasis added).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 This is a sensible approach.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11802913\charrsid10112065 [37]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11802913\charrsid10112065 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 However, the ultimate issue of whether the damage which resulted from the collapse of the water tank could be considered solely }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 pure economic loss}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 is a factual question, which has (in our opinion) not been resolved by any court.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Thus, although we can state that generally damages to property that was the subject of a commercial transaction in the construction context can be defined as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 pure economic losses,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 we cannot take the further analytical step of applying this definition to this case by resolving whether what occurred here went beyond such }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 pure economic loss.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 As we are confined, by the language of the certified question, to consider only a scenario where }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 the plaintiffs seek to recover purely economic losses,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 we are not inclined to explore the question of whether, factually, what the parties experienced here was solely pure economic loss.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 The final res}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2125108\charrsid10112065 olution of that issue }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 is best left to the District Court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11802913\charrsid10112065 [38]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11802913\charrsid10112065 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 We are able to fully analyze the third major dispute in the case, the question of whether the economic loss doctrine }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 preclude[s] negligence based claims against design professionals, such as engineers and architects, who provide services in the context of commercial property development or improvement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 Order at 2 (Apr. 12, 2010).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11802913\charrsid10112065 [39]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11802913\charrsid10112065 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 The field of construction }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 presents some unique and troublesome questions}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 in the economic loss doctrine debate.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 Emily M. Usow, }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 Redefining the Professional Service Contract: The Evolution and Deconstruction of Florida}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 s Economic Loss Rule}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 , 8 U. Miami Bus. L. Rev. 1, 21 (1999).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 This is because, if there is a spectrum with manufacture of goods on one end }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2301828\charrsid10112065 (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 addressed by products liability law}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2301828\charrsid10112065 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 and delivery of fiduciary, professional services on the other hand }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2301828\charrsid10112065 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 addressed by an independent professional duty of care }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2301828\charrsid10112065 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 , the services of a design professional fall somewhere in the middle\emdash construction projects typically involve hybrid contracts, neither uniquely goods nor services.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 So this context poses the difficult question of whether the economic loss doctrine should be extended to bar claims for professional malpractice of a design professional, where the service that is the subject of the contrac t involves the production of a tangible good that can, in some instances or at least theoretically, be quantified and warrant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10832056\charrsid10112065 i}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 ed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 See id. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 at 20.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid616145\charrsid10112065 C}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 . The }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4265850\charrsid10112065 Economic Loss Doctrine Bars Claims Against Design Professionals}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11802913\charrsid10112065 [40]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11802913\charrsid10112065 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 In }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 Terracon}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 , the Nevada Supreme C ourt concluded that contract law is better suited to resolve professional negligence claims against engineers and architects than tort law, at least in cases where no personal injury or other property damage is present.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 Terracon}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 , 206 P.3d at 89.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 This appea rs to be the majority trend, with most jurisdictions applying the economic loss doctrine to bar commercial construction industry plaintiffs from recovering under a negligence-based theory against design professionals, especially when the parties are in pr ivity.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 See, e.g.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 ,}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14241593\charrsid10112065 BRW, Inc. v. Dufficy & Sons, Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14241593\charrsid10112065 , 99 P.3d 66, 71-75 (Colo. 2004) (holding that the economic loss doctrine barred subcontractor}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14241593\charrsid10112065 s negligence and negligent misrepresentation claims against engineering firm and inspector); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 City Express, Inc. v. Express Partners}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 , 959 P.2d 836, 840 (Haw. 1998) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2301828\charrsid10112065 (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2301828\charrsid10112065 Berschauer/Phillips Constr. Co. v. Seattle Sch. Dist. No. 1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2301828\charrsid10112065 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2301828\charrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2301828\charrsid10112065 881 P.2d 986, 992 (Wash. 1994)) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 (economic loss rule barred development corporation from recovering for architect}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 s alleged negligence in failing to properly design for weight of forklifts on second floor of warehouse, which caused structural damage and loss of use of building}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7619975\charrsid10112065 )}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11802913\charrsid10112065 [41]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11802913\charrsid10112065 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 These decisions rely on the heavily commercial nature of the construction industry and the importance of contractual legal relationships in allocating risks in this industry.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 For example, in holding as a matter of first impression that purely economic losses cannot be recovered in tort from design professionals by those in privity of contract, the Supreme Court}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10832056\charrsid10112065 of Hawaii}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 explained that, in the context of construction litigation, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 sound policy reasons counsel against providing open-ended tort recovery to parties who have negotiated a contractual relationship.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 City Express, Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 , 959 P.2d}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8089321\charrsid10112065 at }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 839-40}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8089321\charrsid10112065 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 The court continued:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10112065 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 If tort and contract remedies were allowed to overlap, certainty and predictability in allocating risk would decrease and impede future business activity. The construction industry in particular would suffer, for it is in this industry that we see most clearly the importance of the precise allocation of risk as secured by contract. The fees charged by architects, engineers, contractors, developers, vendors, and so on are founded on their expected liability exposure as bargained and provided for in the contract.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 Academic commentary recognizes that there is a growing trend of cases which bar recovery in negligence between parties to a contract, where the damages constitute what is known as economic loss. . . . . Construction projects are characteri zed by detailed and comprehensive contracts that form the foundation of the industry}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 s operations.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 Contracting parties are free to adjust their respective obligations to satisfy their mutual expectations. \par . . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 Our holding preserves the right of design professionals to limit their exposure to liability through contract.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10112065 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 (internal citations }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10832056\charrsid10112065 and quotation marks }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 omitted).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2367123\charrsid10112065 [42]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2367123\charrsid10112065 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2125108\charrsid10112065 T}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 ort remedies }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2125108\charrsid10112065 continue to be }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 recognized }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2125108\charrsid10112065 as}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 important when design activities create the unreasonable risk of bodily or persona l injury to one who is not a direct party to the design services agreement involved,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2125108\charrsid10112065 the contract approach:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10112065 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 would seem more natural than a tort one, however, when design activity causes damage to commercial participants in the construction process.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 To beg in with, virtually every business that becomes involved with the modern construction industry does so under the auspices of some sort of agreement. Furthermore, one could scarcely find a human activity that is more commercial than building design and cons t ruction. The industry represents an enormous segment of all economic activity, and those who participate in it must manage enormous financial and economic risks. Residential construction aside, a large proportion of those involved are sophisticated busine ss entities, and even those who are relatively unsophisticated recognize that design and construction activities involve important legal relationships that require deliberate risk allocation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10112065 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 Carl J. Circo, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 Contract Theory and Contract Practice: Allocating Design Responsibility in the Construction Industry}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 , 58 Fla. L.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11404919\charrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 Rev. 561, 573-74 (2006) (internal }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9524250\charrsid10112065 footnotes}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7620858\charrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 omitted)}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 .}{\cs18\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2367123 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs18\fs22\super\insrsid13465073\charrsid3756527 \chftn }{\fs22\insrsid13465073\charrsid3756527 }{\fs20\insrsid13465073\charrsid3828497 The commentators quoted above rely upon the presumption that parties to a contract can and must pre-negotiate liability in the event of a breach. In some relationships, however, information disparities between the parties make it impossible to negotiate such terms. For example, although information disparities are not presume d among sophisticated parties negotiating for the sale of goods, where an attorney and client are negotiating a contract for legal services, the asymmetry of powers is obvious. In such circumstances, the economic loss rule should not be applied to force t he parties to rely on liability provisions negotiated at the time of the contract. }{\i\fs20\insrsid13465073\charrsid3828497 See }{\fs20\insrsid13465073\charrsid3828497 Usow, }{\i\fs20\insrsid13465073\charrsid3828497 Redefining the Professional Service Contract}{\fs20\insrsid13465073\charrsid3828497 , at 27.}}}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100 {\*\bkmkend sp_999_50}{\*\bkmkend SDU_50} \par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5434\charrsid10112065 1.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5434\charrsid10112065 The Economic Loss Doctrine Is Applicable if Privity Exists}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5434 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2367123\charrsid10112065 [43]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2367123\charrsid10112065 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 We hold that in the context of commercial construction litigation, w here a party in privity of contract with a design professional is seeking to recover economic loss damages, and no personal injury or damage to property other than the subject of the contract is alleged, such a party is limited to contractual remedies, an d a negligence action may not be maintained.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 Accord}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 City Express, Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9524250\charrsid10112065 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 959 P.2d }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8089321\charrsid10112065 at}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 839 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 In the context of construction litigation, where a party is in privity of contract with a design professional, economic loss damages are limited to contractual remedie s, and a negligence action may not be maintained.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 ).}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5385464\charrsid10112065 We also reject Maeda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5385464\charrsid10112065 s argument that a different standard of care should be applied to design professionals beyond what is applied to other parties.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5385464 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2367123\charrsid10112065 [44]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2367123\charrsid10112065 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 A closer question concerns whether the economic loss doctrine should also be applied to bar recovery in negligence by a commercial party not in privity of contract with the defendant, where the party is instead a party to }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 other }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13328100\charrsid10112065 contracts involving the same overall construction project.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13465073 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6234038\charrsid10112065 2}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 . The }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4265850\charrsid10112065 Economic Loss Doctrine Is Applicable Regardless }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 of }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4265850\charrsid10112065 Privity}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10112065 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2367123\charrsid10112065 [45]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2367123\charrsid10112065 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 Courts have previously applied the economic loss doctrine to bar negligence claims when there is no privity between the parties, but a contractual relationship similar to privity exists.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 These courts have recognized that a complex, highly developed, and commercially coherent risk allocation relationship may exist among participants in a construction project even though they are not all parties to the same contracts.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 BRW, Inc. v. Dufficy & Sons, Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 , 99 P.3d at 71-72; }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5335676\charrsid10112065 a}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 ccord Excel Const., Inc. v. HKM Eng}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5335676\charrsid10112065 g}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 , Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 , 228 P.3d 40}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10581097\charrsid10112065 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 45}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 (Wyo. 2010) (applying economic loss doctrine to bar contractor}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 s negligence claim against design professional, the court declined to recognize a tort duty of care even in the ab sence of contractual privity between an architect/engineer and a contractor, instead applying rationale that parties to a construction contract have the opportunity to allocate the economic risks associated with the work, and that they do not need the spe cial protections of tort law to shield them from losses arising from risks, including negligence of a design professional, which are inherent in performance of the contract).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 In such circumstances, actual privity of contract is less relevant than whether a party could have bargained to allocate the risks of negligent design.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11025775\charrsid10112065 ;}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5335676\charrsid10112065 s}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 ee also}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11090247\charrsid10112065 Ass}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11090247\charrsid10112065 n of Apartment Owners of Newtown Meadows ex rel. Its Bd. of Dirs. v. Venture 15, Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11090247\charrsid10112065 , 167 P.3d 225, 281-85 (Haw. 2007) (barring plaintiff}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11090247\charrsid10112065 s economic loss recovery in tort, even though plaintiff and defendant were not in privity, where }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11090247\charrsid10112065 [i]mposing a tort duty upon the defendant . . . would disrupt the contractual relationships between and among the various parties}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11090247\charrsid10112065 );}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11090247\charrsid10112065 Berschauer/Phillips Constr. Co.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11090247\charrsid10112065 ,}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11090247\charrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11090247\charrsid10112065 881 P.2d at 992-93 (n oting that precise allocation of risk is secured by contract, whereas expanding the duty in tort would overexpose defendants to an indeterminate level of liability); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 Rissler & McMurry Co. v. Sheridan Area Water Supply Joint Powers Bd.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 , 929 P.2d 1228, 1235 (Wyo. 1996) (barring contractor}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 s claim against design profession not in privity, where contractor had the opportunity to allocate the risks associated with the work when it contracted with the owner).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2367123\charrsid10112065 [46]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2367123\charrsid10112065 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 In }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 Berschauer}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 , the Supreme Court }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10832056\charrsid10112065 of Washington }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 granted review to decide whether a general contractor may recover in tort}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3874977\charrsid10112065 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 $3.8 million in economic damages for construction delays against an architect, a structural engineer}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3874977\charrsid10112065 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 and a project inspector, none of whom were in privity of contract with the general contractor.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 Berschauer/Phillips Constr. Co.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3874977\charrsid10112065 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 881 P.2d at 988.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 Even though there was no actual privity }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid327762\charrsid10112065 among }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 the parties, the court stated }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 [w]e hold parties to their contracts,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 and applied the economic loss rule to bar the general contractor}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 s recovery in tort of purely economic damages.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 at 992-93.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 Thus, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 Berschauer }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 is consistent with the complex risk allocation relationship approach described in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 BRW, Inc. v. Dufficy & Sons.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033 \par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2367123\charrsid10112065 [47]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2367123\charrsid10112065 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 The Supreme Court}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10832056\charrsid10112065 of Indiana}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 recently held that the economic loss doctrine bars recovery only where }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 the plaintiff reasonably could have, by contracts with the defendant or through an intermediary, protected itself from the loss.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\cs18\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2367123 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs18\super\insrsid13465073\charrsid3828497 \chftn }{\insrsid13465073\charrsid3828497 It is }{\insrsid13465073 worth noting}{\insrsid13465073\charrsid3828497 that the Supreme Court }{\insrsid13465073 of Indiana }{\insrsid13465073\charrsid3828497 acknowledged that }{\i\insrsid13465073\charrsid3828497 Rissler}{ \insrsid13465073\charrsid3828497 ,}{\i\insrsid13465073\charrsid3828497 Berschauer}{\insrsid13465073\charrsid3828497 ,}{\i\insrsid13465073\charrsid3828497 }{\insrsid13465073\charrsid3828497 and }{\i\insrsid13465073\charrsid3828497 BRW }{ \insrsid13465073\charrsid3828497 all involved claims by contractors against engineers, rather than claims presented }{\insrsid13465073 by}{\insrsid13465073\charrsid3828497 a project owner against engineers and design professionals. However, the court refused to distinguish project owners, stating that:}{\insrsid13465073\charrsid2367123 \par }\pard \s17\qj \li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid2367123 {\insrsid13465073\charrsid3828497 The substance of our holding is that when it comes to claims for pure economic loss, the participants in a major construction project define for themselves their respective risks, duties, and remedies in the network or chain of contracts governing the project. As a participant, this applies as much to the project owner as it does to contractors and subcontractors, engineers and design professionals, and others.}{\insrsid13465073\charrsid2367123 \par }\pard \s17\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2367123 {\i\cf1\insrsid13465073\charrsid3828497 Indianapolis-Marion Cnty. Pub. Library}{\cf1\insrsid13465073\charrsid3828497 , 929 N.E.2d at 740.}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14696405\charrsid10112065 Indianapolis-Marion C}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5571834\charrsid10112065 nty.}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14696405\charrsid10112065 Pub}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5571834\charrsid10112065 .}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14696405\charrsid10112065 Library v. Charlier Clark & Linard, P.C.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14696405\charrsid10112065 , 929 N.E.2d 722, 740 (Ind. 2010).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14696405\charrsid10112065 The court explained:}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14696405 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10112065 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14696405\charrsid10112065 A common thread in the . . . cases that allow negligence claims to proceed even though contract claims exist is the respective courts}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14696405\charrsid10112065 view that the gravamen of the complaint is as much malpractice as it is breach}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11301391\charrsid10112065 \emdash }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14696405\charrsid10112065 and tha t tort is regularly deployed to remedy malpractice.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14696405\charrsid10112065 We respectfully disagree with the conclusion in these cases.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14696405\charrsid10112065 For over a generation, Indiana law has recognized the applicability of the economic loss rule to those who supply a defective product or servic e pursuant to contract, and we believe that the policy reasons set forth in this opinion amply justify application of these precedents to engineers and design professionals. As the Arizona Supreme Court recently observed, }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14696405\charrsid10112065 the policy concerns that justify applying the doctrine to construction defect cases do not justify distinguishing between contractors on the one hand and design professionals, including architects, on the other.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14696405 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10112065 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14696405\charrsid10112065 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14696405\charrsid10112065 at 735}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14696405\charrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11301391\charrsid10112065 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14696405\charrsid10112065 citing }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14696405\charrsid10112065 Flagstaff Affordable Hous. Ltd. P}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14696405\charrsid10112065 ship v. Design Alliance, Inc.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14696405\charrsid10112065 , 223 P.3d 664, 673 (Ariz. 2010)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11301391\charrsid10112065 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14696405\charrsid10112065 ; }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14696405\charrsid10112065 accord Maine Rubber Int}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11301391\charrsid10112065 l}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14696405\charrsid10112065 v. Env}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11301391\charrsid10112065 tl.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14696405\charrsid10112065 M}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11301391\charrsid10112065 gmt.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14696405\charrsid10112065 Gr}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11301391\charrsid10112065 p.}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14696405\charrsid10112065 , Inc}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14696405\charrsid10112065 ., 298 F. Supp.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11301391\charrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14696405\charrsid10112065 2d 133}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13573587\charrsid10112065 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14696405\charrsid10112065 137 (D. Me. 2004) (applying Maine law }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16017201\charrsid10112065 in federal district court, determining }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14696405\charrsid10112065 that Maine would not carve out an exception to the economic lo ss doctrine for environmental engineering professional services contract, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16017201\charrsid10112065 because }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14696405\charrsid10112065 such a professional services contract involves no }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14696405\charrsid10112065 fiduciary or extra-contractual relation}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14696405\charrsid10112065 such as the attorney}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16017201\charrsid10112065 -}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14696405\charrsid10112065 client relationship)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11617555\charrsid10112065 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14696405 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2367123\charrsid10112065 [48]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2367123\charrsid10112065 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5385464\charrsid10112065 Under this}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14696405\charrsid10112065 Indiana construction o f the doctrine, there is no liability in tort to the owner of a major construction project for pure economic loss caused unintentionally by contractors, subcontractors, engineers, design professionals, or others engaged in the project with whom the projec t owner, whether or not technically in privity of contract, is connected through a network or chain of contract}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4265850\charrsid10112065 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14696405\charrsid10112065 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14696405\charrsid10112065 T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 his approach treats whether a party had an }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 opportunity}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 to negotiate a contract as relevant.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 See Indianapolis-Marion C}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11022897\charrsid10112065 nty.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 Pub}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11022897\charrsid10112065 .}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 Library}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 ,}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033\charrsid10112065 929 N.E.2d at 736.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7539189 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2367123\charrsid10112065 [49]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2367123\charrsid10112065 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7539189\charrsid10112065 We are inclined to follow}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1207430\charrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7539189\charrsid10112065 the reasoning of the Supreme Court of Indiana in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7539189\charrsid10112065 Indianapolis-Marion County Public Library }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5385464\charrsid10112065 as well as}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1207430\charrsid10112065 the analysis}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7539189\charrsid10112065 laid down by the Supreme Court of Hawaii in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7539189\charrsid10112065 Newtown Meadows}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7539189\charrsid10112065 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7539189\charrsid10112065 There is no principled reason, in t he commercial construction context, to establish a bright-line rule }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4265850\charrsid10112065 dependent}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7539189\charrsid10112065 solely on privity.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7539189\charrsid10112065 Such an approach would ignore the traditional practices of the construction industry.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7539189\charrsid10112065 Rather, application of the doctrine should depend on the opportunity a party had to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1842211\charrsid10112065 reasonably }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7539189\charrsid10112065 protect itself through contract.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7539189 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid327762\charrsid10112065 D}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7539189\charrsid10112065 . }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5385464\charrsid10112065 Default }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4265850\charrsid10112065 Rule}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14696405 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2367123\charrsid10112065 [50]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2367123\charrsid10112065 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5385464\charrsid10112065 We }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16017201\charrsid10112065 reiterate}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5385464\charrsid10112065 that the analysis above is narrowly tailored to the case before us, which involves sophisticated parties engaging in a commercial construction project.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid327762\charrsid10112065 P}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5385464\charrsid10112065 arties in Guam should assume that such standards will apply in factually similar cases}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6359248\charrsid10112065 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6359248\charrsid10112065 However, this analysis would not necessarily apply in other potential factual scenarios, such as}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9768653\charrsid10112065 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6359248\charrsid10112065 in construction projects involving homeowners}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16016801\charrsid10112065 or other third party purchasers outside the scope of a commercial construction project}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2390971\charrsid10112065 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9768653\charrsid10112065 S}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6359248\charrsid10112065 ee, e.g.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6359248\charrsid10112065 , }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6359248\charrsid10112065 Newtown Meadows}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6359248\charrsid10112065 , 167 P.3d at 288 (quoting }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6359248\charrsid10112065 Kennedy v. Columbia Lumber }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11106358\charrsid10112065 & }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6359248\charrsid10112065 M}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11106358\charrsid10112065 fg.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6359248\charrsid10112065 Co.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6359248\charrsid10112065 , 384 S.E.2d 730 (S.C. 1989))}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1128128\charrsid10112065 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10908109\charrsid10112065 affirming }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10908109\charrsid10112065 Kennedy}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10908109\charrsid10112065 precedent }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10908109\charrsid10112065 to the extent that a homeowner may pursue a negligenc e claim against a builder where it is alleged that the builder has violated an applicable building code, despite the fact that the homeowner suffered only economic losses}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1128128\charrsid10112065 );}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1128128\charrsid10112065 Morris v. Osmose Wood Preserving}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1128128\charrsid10112065 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11025775\charrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1128128\charrsid10112065 667 A.2d 624, 345 (Md. 1994) (noting that}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2105832\charrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1128128\charrsid10112065 conditions short of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1128128\charrsid10112065 clear danger of death or personal injury will not suffice to permit a tort recovery for economic loss}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1128128\charrsid10112065 );}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1128128\charrsid10112065 Terracon}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1128128\charrsid10112065 , 206 P.3d at 84 n.3}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11106358\charrsid10112065 (observing Nevada precedent that economic loss doctrine }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11106358\charrsid10112065 does not apply to preclude tort-based claims in wh ich the plaintiffs seek to recover purely economic losses resulting from alleged construction defects in newly constructed residential properties}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11106358\charrsid10112065 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12899\charrsid10112065 ;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10908109\charrsid10112065 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12899\charrsid10112065 Davencourt at Pilgrim}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12899\charrsid10112065 s Landing Homeowners Ass}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12899\charrsid10112065 n v. Davencourt at Pilgrims Landing, LC}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12899\charrsid10112065 , 221 P.3d 234 (Utah 2009) (applying economic loss doctrine in homeowner association case)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11106358\charrsid10112065 .}{\cs18\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid327762\charrsid10112065 In this case, there is no showing that such danger has been created.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid327762\charrsid10112065 Moreover, s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6359248\charrsid10112065 cenarios where there }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11231246\charrsid10112065 i}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6359248\charrsid10112065 s such a great asymmetry of bargaining power between the parties that}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11231246\charrsid10112065 meaningful allocation of risk is not possible through bargaining would also require a different analysis.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10908109 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2367123\charrsid10112065 [51]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2367123\charrsid10112065 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11231246\charrsid10112065 Here, we find that none of these factors are in play.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11231246\charrsid10112065 The parties are all sophisticated and ably represented actors in Guam}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11231246\charrsid10112065 s commercial construction industry, and we presume that they are capable of resolving such issues through negotiation in the future.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2629033 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5202258\charrsid10112065 V.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5202258\charrsid10112065 C}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4133427\charrsid10112065 ONCLUSION}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5202258 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2367123\charrsid10112065 [52]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2367123\charrsid10112065 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16016801\charrsid10112065 We hold that under 48 U.S.C.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569768\charrsid10112065 A.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16016801\charrsid10112065 \'a7 1424-1(a)(1) and 7 GCA \'a7 3107(a)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid811226\charrsid10112065 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16016801\charrsid10112065 we have original subject matter jurisdiction to entertain certified questions from other courts under the mechanisms found in GRAP 20(b).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16016801 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13465073\charrsid10112065 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2367123\charrsid10112065 [53]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2367123\charrsid10112065 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid811226\charrsid10112065 We hold that the economic loss doctrine does indeed apply in Guam.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11231246\charrsid10112065 We }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12418439\charrsid10112065 further }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11231246\charrsid10112065 hold that in the context of commercial construction litigation, where a party in privity of contract with a design professional is seeking to recover for economic loss damages, and no personal injury or damage to property other than the subject of the contract is alleged, such a party is limited to contractual remedies, and a negligence action may not be maintained.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11231246\charrsid10112065 We reject the argument that a different standard of care should be applied to design professionals beyond what is applied to other parties.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11231246\charrsid10112065 Finally, we }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12418439\charrsid10112065 hold}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11231246\charrsid10112065 that where a party reasonably could have, by contracts with the defendant or through an intermediary, protected itself from the loss, a lack of privity will not render the economic loss doctrine inapplicable.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11231246\charrsid10112065 Accordingly, we answer the questions of the District Court in the }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428475\charrsid10112065 AFFIRMATIVE}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11231246\charrsid10112065 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112065 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2250143\charrsid10112065 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13577716\charrsid10112065 \par }}