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\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703 \'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li4320 \jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel \levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0 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\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703 \'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3600 \jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel \levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1160541351}{\list\listtemplateid-388091236\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid626971082\'02\'00);}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-360\li3240\jclisttab\tx3240\lin3240 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1 \levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3960\jclisttab\tx3960\lin3960 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li4680\jclisttab\tx4680\lin4680 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703 \'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5400\jclisttab\tx5400\lin5400 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li6120 \jclisttab\tx6120\lin6120 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li6840\jclisttab\tx6840\lin6840 }{\listlevel \levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li7560\jclisttab\tx7560\lin7560 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li8280\jclisttab\tx8280\lin8280 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li9000\jclisttab\tx9000\lin9000 }{\listname ;}\listid1288585606}{\list\listtemplateid13428762\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0 \levelstartat2\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-1656593780\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-720\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li1800\jclisttab\tx1800\lin1800 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li2520\jclisttab\tx2520\lin2520 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703 \'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3240\jclisttab\tx3240\lin3240 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3960 \jclisttab\tx3960\lin3960 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li4680\jclisttab\tx4680\lin4680 }{\listlevel \levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5400\jclisttab\tx5400\lin5400 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li6120\jclisttab\tx6120\lin6120 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li6840\jclisttab\tx6840\lin6840 }{\listname ;}\listid1452743234}{\list\listtemplateid2011580888\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0 \levelfollow0\levelstartat17\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid1733449302\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-360\li1080\jclisttab\tx1080\lin1080 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1 \levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li1800\jclisttab\tx1800\lin1800 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li2520\jclisttab\tx2520\lin2520 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703 \'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3240\jclisttab\tx3240\lin3240 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3960 \jclisttab\tx3960\lin3960 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li4680\jclisttab\tx4680\lin4680 }{\listlevel \levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5400\jclisttab\tx5400\lin5400 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li6120\jclisttab\tx6120\lin6120 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li6840\jclisttab\tx6840\lin6840 }{\listname ;}\listid1468820752}{\list\listtemplateid1144799348\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc1\levelnfcn1\leveljc0\leveljcn0 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-1170702340\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-780\li1500\jclisttab\tx1500\lin1500 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1 \levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li1800\jclisttab\tx1800\lin1800 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li2520\jclisttab\tx2520\lin2520 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703 \'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3240\jclisttab\tx3240\lin3240 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3960 \jclisttab\tx3960\lin3960 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li4680\jclisttab\tx4680\lin4680 }{\listlevel \levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5400\jclisttab\tx5400\lin5400 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li6120\jclisttab\tx6120\lin6120 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li6840\jclisttab\tx6840\lin6840 }{\listname ;}\listid1561475357}{\list\listtemplateid482913258\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid1779304354\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-720\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1 \levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li1800\jclisttab\tx1800\lin1800 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li2520\jclisttab\tx2520\lin2520 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703 \'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3240\jclisttab\tx3240\lin3240 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3960 \jclisttab\tx3960\lin3960 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li4680\jclisttab\tx4680\lin4680 }{\listlevel \levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5400\jclisttab\tx5400\lin5400 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li6120\jclisttab\tx6120\lin6120 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li6840\jclisttab\tx6840\lin6840 }{\listname ;}\listid1867328449}{\list\listtemplateid-863195226\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0 \levelfollow0\levelstartat3\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid902041992\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-360\li1080\jclisttab\tx1080\lin1080 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1 \levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li1800\jclisttab\tx1800\lin1800 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li2520\jclisttab\tx2520\lin2520 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703 \'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3240\jclisttab\tx3240\lin3240 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3960 \jclisttab\tx3960\lin3960 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li4680\jclisttab\tx4680\lin4680 }{\listlevel \levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5400\jclisttab\tx5400\lin5400 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0 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Gutierrez}{\fs20\insrsid13139072 , Opinion\tab }{\fs20\insrsid13139072\charrsid2457087 Page }{\field{\*\fldinst { \cs18\fs20\insrsid13139072\charrsid2457087 PAGE }}{\fldrslt {\cs18\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8468172 11}}}{\cs18\fs20\insrsid13139072\charrsid2457087 of }{\field{\*\fldinst {\cs18\fs20\insrsid13139072\charrsid2457087 NUMPAGES }}{\fldrslt {\cs18\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8479428 29}}}{\cs18\fs20\insrsid13139072\charrsid2457087 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\brdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp20 \tqr\tx9360\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid994019 {\cs18\fs20\insrsid13139072\charrsid2457087 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqr\tx9360\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid994019 {\fs20\insrsid13139072\charrsid2457087 \tab }{\insrsid13139072 \par }}{\footer \pard\plain \s16\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9443746 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid13139072 \par }}{\headerf \pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx9360\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6907446 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid13139072 \par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14102341 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ATTORNEY GENERAL OF GUAM, \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Plaintiff-Appellee, \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 v. \par \par CARL T.C. GUTIERREZ}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10963748\charrsid14102341 ,}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15165050\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 DAVINA M. LUJAN,}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15165050\charrsid14102341 and DOES A-M}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15423693\charrsid14102341 ,}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3948018 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Defendants-Appellants.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \par Supreme Court Case No. CVA09-024 \par Superior Court Case No. CV166-03}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3948018\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 OPINION \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5388459\charrsid14102341 June 28, 2011 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Cite as: 2011 Guam }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14753243\charrsid14102341 10}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \par \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam \par Argued and Submitted November 30, 2010 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14102341 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \par }\trowd \irow0\irowband0\ts43\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl \brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid14102341\yts43 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9443746\charrsid14102341 Appearing for Defendant-Appellant Gutierrez}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9443746\charrsid14102341 : \par F. Randall Cunliffe, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9443746\charrsid14102341 Esq.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9443746\charrsid14102341 \par Cunliffe & Cook, PC \par 210 Archbishop Flores St. \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16736162\charrsid14102341 \cell }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9443746\charrsid14102341 Appearing for Plaintiff-Appellee}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9443746\charrsid14102341 : \par Marianne Woloschuk, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9443746\charrsid14102341 Esq.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9443746\charrsid14102341 \par Office of the Attorney General \par 287 W O}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9443746\charrsid14102341 Brien Dr. \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96932 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16736162\charrsid14102341 \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9443746\charrsid14102341 \trowd \irow0\irowband0 \ts43\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid14102341\yts43 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9443746\charrsid14102341 \cell \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9443746\charrsid14102341 \trowd \irow1\irowband1 \ts43\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid14102341\yts43 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9443746\charrsid14102341 Appearing for Defendant-Appellant Lujan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9443746\charrsid14102341 : \par Peter C. Perez, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9443746\charrsid14102341 Esq.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9443746\charrsid14102341 \par Lujan, Aguig}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3418620\charrsid14102341 u}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9443746\charrsid14102341 i & Perez LLP \par DNA Bldg., Ste. 300 \par 238 Archbishop Flores St. \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910\cell \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9443746\charrsid14102341 \trowd \irow2\irowband2\lastrow \ts43\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14102341 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 BEFORE: ROBERT J. TORRES, Chief Justice}{\cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s20\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2457087 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs21\super\insrsid13139072 \chftn }{\insrsid13139072 On January 18, 2011, Chief Justice Robert J. Torres assumed the title of Associate Justice. The signatures in this opinion reflect the titles of the justices at the time this matter was considered and determined.}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ; MIGUEL }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10963748\charrsid14102341 S. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 DEMAPAN, Justice }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Pro}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15165050\charrsid14102341 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Tempore}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2914061\charrsid14102341 ; ALEXANDER }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10963748\charrsid14102341 C. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2914061\charrsid14102341 CASTRO, Justice }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2914061\charrsid14102341 Pro}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15165050\charrsid14102341 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2914061\charrsid14102341 Tempore}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 . \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \par TORRES, C.J.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15165050\charrsid14102341 :}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2457087\charrsid14102341 [1]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2457087\charrsid14102341 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Defendants}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10963748\charrsid14102341 -Appellants}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Dr. Davina M. Lujan and former Governor Carl T.C. Gutierrez appeal personal judgments against them in the amounts of $100,000}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15807833\charrsid14102341 .00}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 and $300,000}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15807833\charrsid14102341 .00}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10963748\charrsid14102341 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 respectively}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10963748\charrsid14102341 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 obtained as a result of an action filed by the Attorney General of Guam pursuant to the Enforcement of Proper Government Spending Act, 5 GCA }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15165050\charrsid14102341 \'a7 7101 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15165050\charrsid14102341 et seq.}{\cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s20\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2457087 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs21\super\insrsid13139072 \chftn }{\insrsid13139072 The total money judgment award to the Government of Guam was only $300,000.00, with Lujan and Gutierrez jointly and severally liable for $100,000.00 of the total judgment of $300,000.00. }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The money judgments were based on the trial court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s finding tha t both Lujan and Gutierrez violated their fiduciary duties as officers or employees of the Executive Branch of the government of Guam under 5 GCA \'a7 7102 and spent money without proper authority under 5 GCA \'a7 7103.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2457087\charrsid14102341 [2]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2457087\charrsid14102341 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The trial court found that Lujan and Gutierrez violated 5 GCA \'a7 7102 because payments to Dr. Vivien Batoyan without her first filing a claim under the Government Claims Act were }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 not solely in the interest of the people of Guam and . . . not authorized with the care, skill, prudence and diligence, of a similarly situated prudent person.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15165050\charrsid14102341 Appellant Lujan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15165050\charrsid14102341 s Excerpts of Record (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15165050\charrsid14102341 Lujan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1250325\charrsid14102341 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15165050\charrsid14102341 ER}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15165050\charrsid14102341 ), vol. II, tab 6.1 at 11 (Find}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4928759\charrsid14102341 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15165050\charrsid14102341 . Fact & Conc}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4928759\charrsid14102341 l}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15165050\charrsid14102341 . L., June 4, 2009)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Lujan and Gutierrez were held personally liable for the amounts under 5 GCA \'a7 7103 since }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 payment of Government funds to settle with Batoyan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 without }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 the filing of a government claim and . . . authority to settle}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 was contrary to law and not authorized.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15165050\charrsid14102341 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15165050\charrsid14102341 at 17}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2457087\charrsid14102341 [3]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2457087\charrsid14102341 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Although the Attorney General is not a taxpayer with standing to sue within the meaning of 5 GCA \'a7 7103, the Attorney General has standing under its common law or statutory powers to sue to recover government funds spent contrary to law.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Nevertheless, we reverse the trial court because a governmen t claim was not necessarily required to be filed before the payments to Batoyan were made}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4928759\charrsid14102341 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 and the court}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s holding that payment of the funds without a government claim being filed was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 not skillful}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15165050\charrsid14102341 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 prudent, or diligent as analyzed from a similarly situated reasonable person standard}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 was in error.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4928759\charrsid14102341 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4928759\charrsid14102341 at 13.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Moreover, even though Acting}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15165050\charrsid14102341 Attorney}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 General Robert Kono testified that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 he did not approve the Batoyan settlement for content and only reviewed it as to form,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15165050\charrsid14102341 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15165050\charrsid14102341 id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15165050\charrsid14102341 at 7,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 10 GCA \'a7 80104(e)(2)}{\cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s20\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2457087 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs21\super\insrsid13139072 \chftn }{\insrsid13139072 In Au gust 2010, Chapter 80 of Title 10 of the Guam Code Annotated was repealed and reenacted. Section }{\insrsid13139072\charrsid9057866 80104(e)(2)}{\insrsid13139072 is no longer in force. However, it was in effect through August 2006. }{ \i\insrsid13139072 See}{\insrsid13139072 Pub. L. 30-190. It is therefore applicable in this case.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 requires that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 [n]o contract requiring an expenditure of more than Ten Thousand Dollars ($10,000) shall be entered unless the Attorney General shall have approved its form and found that its purpose is within the powers of the hospital.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15165050\charrsid14102341 10 GCA \'a7 80104(e)(2) (2005)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Therefore, it was reasonable for Lujan and Gutierrez to believe the settlement agreement was within the hospital}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s powers given Kono}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s approval of the contract and to rely on the advice provided by other attorneys.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Accordingly, we reverse the trial court}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s holding that without the filing of a government claim and authority to settle, the expenditures were illegal, contrary to law or without proper authority to allow personal recovery against Lujan and Gutierrez.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3948018 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4928759\charrsid14102341 I.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14102341 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 [4]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Guam Memorial Hospital Authority (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11483588\charrsid14102341 GMHA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ) is an autonomous agency of the Government of Guam.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 From June 16, 2000 until January 13, 2001, former Governor Carl T.C. Gutierrez, through seven Declarations of Emergency}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15165050\charrsid14102341 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 exercised his Organic Act authority to maintain and operate public health services on Guam, including hospitals.}{\cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s20\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2457087 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs21\super\insrsid13139072 \chftn }{\insrsid13139072 The majority of facts contained herein were obtained from the parties\rquote Stipulation of Undisputed Facts which was incorporated by the trial court in its Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law. }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 [5]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Dr. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11557795\charrsid14102341 Vivien }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Batoyan was a duly licensed physician who had been accorded hospital privileges by the Board of Trustees of }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11483588\charrsid14102341 GMHA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 One of Batoyan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s patients filed a complaint against her with the Board of Trustees of }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11483588\charrsid14102341 GMHA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Lujan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s ER, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid540932\charrsid14102341 vol. I, }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 tab 3 at 2 \'b6 6}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid540932\charrsid14102341 (Stipulation of Undisputed Facts, Apr. 20, 2009)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 .}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11483588\charrsid14102341 GMHA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s Peer Review Board of Trustees took disciplinary action against Batoyan based upon the complaint.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Soon thereafter, Batoyan, through her attorney Anita Sukola, submitted to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11483588\charrsid14102341 the GMHA}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Fair Hearing Committee a Hearing Memorandum, wherein, among other things, she stated various claims Batoyan had against the hospital}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14122339\charrsid14102341 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 such as loss of income, pain and suffering, and damage to her reputation.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 She requested relief from the hospital including approximately $1,875,000.00.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Thereafter, the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11483588\charrsid14102341 GMHA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Fair Hearing Committee issued a report that conditionally restored Batoyan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s obstetrical privileges. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 [6]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Gutierrez}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s office subsequently solicited the assistance of Jerry Hogan, Legal Counsel for the Guam Ci vil Service Commission, to conduct an independent review of Batoyan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s claims}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15807833\charrsid14102341 .}{\cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s20\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2457087 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs21\super\insrsid13139072 \chftn }{\insrsid13139072 It is acknowledged that the trial court found Gutierrez not credible. Regardless of who made the request to Hogan, the memorandum from Hogan is addressed to Gutierrez and starts off with \'93 You ask that I review the file in the above matter to give you an independent evaluation . . . .\'94 }{\i\insrsid13139072 See }{\insrsid13139072 Lujan\rquote s ER, vol. II, tab 5.11 at 1 (Letter from Atty. Jerry E. Hogan to Go v. Gutierrez, July 18, 2000). Gutierrez received the memorandum and subsequently acted upon this advice. }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Hogan advised Gutierrez that Batoyan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s rights had been violated by the disciplinary actions taken against her and }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11483588\charrsid14102341 by }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 the manner }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11483588\charrsid14102341 in which }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 those actions}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11483588\charrsid14102341 were taken}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 As a result, Gutierrez approved a settlement }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11483588\charrsid14102341 in the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 amount of $300,000}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15807833\charrsid14102341 .00}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 [7]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 A few months later, }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11483588\charrsid14102341 GMHA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 released a check in the amount of $100,000}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15807833\charrsid14102341 .00}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 , made payable}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11483588\charrsid14102341 to}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 and received by Batoyan.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11483588\charrsid14102341 GMHA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 released a second check in the amount $100,000}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15807833\charrsid14102341 .00}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 to Batoyan nearly a month later.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 At the time Batoyan received the first two $100,000}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15807833\charrsid14102341 .00}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 payments}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11483588\charrsid14102341 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 there was no written release of claims.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 [8]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Sometime after the second check was issued, Dr. Davina M. Lujan was appointed Hospital Administrator by Gutierrez, while maintaining her position as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11483588\charrsid14102341 GMHA}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Medical Director.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 [9]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \tab Soon thereafter, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11483588\charrsid14102341 GMHA}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 retained the law firm of Brooks Lynch Tydingco & Quan, LLP as private counsel.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Prior to this, the Attorney General served as legal counsel to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11483588\charrsid14102341 GMHA}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Phillip J. Tydingco, an attorney from Brooks Lynch Tydingco & Quan, LLP, prepared a Release and Settlement Agreement (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Settlement Agreement }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ) to memorialize the settlement reached with Batoyan.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Tydingco advised Lujan to sign the Settlement Agreement in her capacity as Hospital Administrator, in order to protect the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11483588\charrsid14102341 h }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ospital.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Following his advice, Lujan signed the Settlement Agreement.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 [10]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The Settlement Agreement was also signed by Batoyan, Attorney Sukola, Attorney Tydingco, Acting Attorney General Robert H. Kono, and Gutierrez.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Tydingco and Kono both approved the Settlement Agreement }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 as to form.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Lujan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s ER, }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1250325\charrsid14102341 vol. II, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 tab 5.4 at 7 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11483588\charrsid14102341 Release and }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Settlement Agreement, June 6, 2001).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Gutierrez signed the Settlement Agreement in his capacity as Governor of Guam after it was executed by all other parties.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The third check for $100,000}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15807833\charrsid14102341 .00}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 was released to Batoyan after the Settlement Agreement was fully executed.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 [11]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Several months later, the newly elected Attorney General of Guam filed a complaint against Gutierrez, Lujan, Kono, Tydingco, the law firm of Brooks Lynch Tydingco & Quan, LLP and Batoyan.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The complaint was brought pursuant to the Enforcement of Proper Government Spending Act}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7806987\charrsid14102341 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 5 GCA \'a7\'a7 7101 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 et seq.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11483588\charrsid14102341 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 for the return of public money spent without proper appropriation, without proper authority, illegally or contrary to law, and to obtain a personal judgment as permitted by 5 G}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7806987\charrsid14102341 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 C}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7806987\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 A}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7806987\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \'a7\'a7 7101 and 7103 against Defendants in favor of the Guam Memorial Hospital Authority (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11483588\charrsid14102341 GMHA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ) and the Government of Guam.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Lujan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s ER,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7614965\charrsid14102341 vol.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7806987\charrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7614965\charrsid14102341 I, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 tab 1 at 2 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7614965\charrsid14102341 (Compl., Feb. 21, 2003).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 [12]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The complaint alleged that Gutierrez, Lujan, Kono and Tydingco signed the Settlement Agreement with Batoyan }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 in derogation of their duties as officers, employees or contractors of the Executive Branch of the government of Guam with respect to public money, inasmuch as the ratification of payment of public money without legal authority was contrary to the fiducia ry duties of those persons as set forth in 5 G}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7614965\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 C}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7614965\charrsid14102341 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 A}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7614965\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \'a7 7102.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7614965\charrsid14102341 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7614965\charrsid14102341 at 6.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The Attorney General asserted that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11483588\charrsid14102341 GMHA}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 standard operating procedures and Guam law mandates }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7806987\charrsid14102341 [}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 sic}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7806987\charrsid14102341 ]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 that a claim be submitted }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 prior}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 to any payment of government funds to a claimant, and that the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11483588\charrsid14102341 GMHA}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Claims Officer review said claims}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7806987\charrsid14102341 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 but that Batoyan never filed a claim and the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11483588\charrsid14102341 GMHA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Claims Officer did not review or approve the Settlement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7806987\charrsid14102341 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7806987\charrsid14102341 at 6-7.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The complaint further alleged that Ty dingco and the law firm committed legal malpractice in allowing an illegal and excessive payment and requested Batoyan repay the amounts she received under the theory of unjust enrichment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 [13]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 After the filing of motions to dismiss, the trial court dismissed the claims against Batoyan, Kono, Tydingco and Tydingco}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s law firm.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The Enforcement of Proper Government Spending Act claims against Kono and Tydingco were dismissed with prejudice.}{ \cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s20\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2457087 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs21\super\insrsid13139072 \chftn }{\insrsid13139072 The court stated that there may be \'93some other theory of liabilit y against Defendant Kono that may be properly pled, and this holding should in no way be construed to bar such claims if properly pled.\'94 Supplemental Excerpts of Record (\'93SER\'94) at 31 (Dec. & Order, May 14, 2003). }}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The legal malpractice claims against Tydingco}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s firm were dismissed without prejudice.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The unjust enrichment claim against Batoyan was dismissed without prejudice. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 [14]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Lujan and Gutierrez}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s motions to dismiss, however, were denied.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Subsequently, partial summary judgment was granted in favor of Lujan, absolving her from responsibility for the first $200,000}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15807833\charrsid14102341 .00}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 paid to Batoyan.}{\cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s20\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2457087 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs21\super\insrsid13139072 \chftn }{\insrsid13139072 In support of partial summary judgment, Lujan asserted that she could not be accountable for the first two payments totaling $200,00 0.00 since the funds were disbursed before she was appointed GMHA Administrator. The Attorney General did not file an Opposition or Non-Opposition to Lujan\rquote s motion and failed to present any good cause justifying their failure to file, which the trial court said was \'93tantamount to a non-opposition.\'94 Record on Appeal (\'93RA\'94 ), vol. I, part III at 119 p. 4 (Dec. & Order, Nov. 26, 2004). During the hearing on the motion, the Attorney General ultimately \'93conceded that Lujan is not responsible for the first two payments made under the settlement at issue because she was not the Hospital Administrator at the time those payments were made.\'94 }{\i\insrsid13139072 Id.}{\insrsid13139072 }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 [15]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 After a bench trial, the court issued its Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law determining that both Lujan and Gutierrez violated their fiduciary duties under 5 GCA \'a7 7102 and were personally liable because they spent money without proper authority under 5 GCA \'a7 7103.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The trial }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7806987\charrsid14102341 court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 found that without some showing that Lujan and Gutierrez }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 considered how Dr. Batoyan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s potential causes of action were not barred by Guam}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s sovereign immunity}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 and in the absence of a government claim filed by Batoyan under the Government Claims Act, the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 expenditure was not solely in the interest of the people of Guam and was not authorized with the care, skill, prudence and diligence, of a similarly situated prudent person.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7806987\charrsid14102341 Lujan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6176485\charrsid14102341 s}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7806987\charrsid14102341 ER}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5074609\charrsid14102341 , vol. II, tab 6.1 at 11-12 (Finds. Fact & Concl. L.).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Similarly, the payment of government funds were found to be expended without proper authority within the meaning of 5 GCA \'a7 7103 because a government claim had not been filed and Kono, as the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5074609\charrsid14102341 A}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 cting Attorney General, had not approved the Settlement }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5074609\charrsid14102341 Agreement }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 except as to form.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The trial court, however, dismissed the A}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5074609\charrsid14102341 ttorney }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 G}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5074609\charrsid14102341 eneral}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s claim that Lujan and Gutierrez violated }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11483588\charrsid14102341 GMHA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s standard operating procedure because there was no evidence that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11483588\charrsid14102341 GMHA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s standard operating procedure required }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5074609\charrsid14102341 the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11483588\charrsid14102341 GMHA}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5074609\charrsid14102341 C}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 laims }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5074609\charrsid14102341 O}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 fficer to review all claims prior to settlement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The court also dismissed the cause of action claiming violation of the Government Claims Act, 5 GCA \'a7 6206(b), because the language of this }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5074609\charrsid14102341 a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ct did not require the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11483588\charrsid14102341 GMHA}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Administrator or the Governor of Guam to obtain the approval of the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11483588\charrsid14102341 GMHA}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Claims Officer.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 [16]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Lujan and Gutierrez joi ntly filed a motion for reconsideration of the trial court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law or in the alternative for a new trial} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5074609\charrsid14102341 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 which was denied.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Lujan and Gutierrez then jointly appealed from the decision and order denying reconsideration, the Final Judgment and the Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3948018 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 II.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14102341 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 [17]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \tab This court has jurisdiction over appeals from final judgment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6176485\charrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 142}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5074609\charrsid14102341 4}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 -1(a)(2) (Westlaw through Pub. L. 11}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5074609\charrsid14102341 2}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 -}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5074609\charrsid14102341 9}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 (2011)); 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 3107, 3108(a)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6176485\charrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 (2005).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 [18]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The standard of review following a bench trial is that the trial court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s findings of fact, whether based on oral or documentation evidence, shall not be set aside unless clearly erroneous,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 and due regard shall be given to the opportunity of the trial court to judge the credibility of witnesses.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Guam United Warehouse Corp. v. De Witt Transp}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6176485\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 , 2003 Guam 20 \'b6 13}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11952598\charrsid14102341 (internal quotation}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6176485\charrsid14102341 marks}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11952598\charrsid14102341 omitted)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 However, conclusions of law are reviewed }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 de novo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Id.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Mixed questions of }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6176485\charrsid14102341 law }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6176485\charrsid14102341 fact }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 are reviewed }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 de novo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Town House Dep}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 t Stores, Inc. v. Ahn}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 , 2000 Guam 29 \'b6 6.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 This court reviews issues of statutory interpretation under a }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 de novo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 {\*\bkmkstart SR_1721}{\*\bkmkstart SearchTerm} {\*\bkmkend SR_1721}standard of {\*\bkmkstart SR_1723}{\*\bkmkend SR_1723}review.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Quichocho v. Macy}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s Dep}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 t Stores, Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 , 2008 Guam 9 \'b6 13.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 {\*\bkmkend SearchTerm} }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10319452\charrsid14102341 The}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13306569\charrsid14102341 denial of a motion for reconsideration is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. }{\cs37\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13306569\charrsid14102341 Quitugua v. Flores,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13306569\charrsid14102341 2004 Guam 19 \'b6 12.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13306569 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3948018 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 III.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ANALYSIS}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14102341 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 [19]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 On appeal}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5074609\charrsid14102341 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Lujan and Gutierrez argue that the trial court erred in holding that both Lujan and Gutierrez violated their fiduciary duties under 5 GCA \'a7 7102 and were personally liable because they spent money without proper authority under 5 GCA \'a7 7103.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Lujan and Gutierrez submit that the trial court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s conclusion that the filing of a claim under the Government Claims Act was necessary in order to settle the matter with Batoyan was reversible error.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 They also assert that the Office of the Attorney General did not have standing to file a lawsuit pursuant to}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5074609\charrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 5 GCA \'a7 7103}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5074609\charrsid14102341 of the Enforcement of Proper Government Spending Act}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 and had a conflict of interest that should have disqualified the Office from prosecuting the case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Lujan also maintains the court erred in denying her Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings on the grounds of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5074609\charrsid14102341 e}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 stoppel.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Gutierrez separately claims 5 GCA \'a7 7103 only permits action against the Government of Guam and its officers, not against former officers and, at the time the lawsuit was filed, Gutierrez was not an officer of the Government of Guam and could not be enjoined fr om expending money without proper authorization.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Lastly, Gutierrez contends the complaint should fail because it was brought against him in his capacity as Governor}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5074609\charrsid14102341 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 and since the Government of Guam includes the Governor, sovereign immunity applies and the Attorney General }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5074609\charrsid14102341 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5074609\charrsid14102341 AG}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5074609\charrsid14102341 ) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 cannot bring an action against the Governor except in accordance with the Government Claims Act.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 [20]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 We will first address the threshold issue of the AG}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s standing to sue to control illegal spending under 5 GCA \'a7 7103 of the Enf orcement of Proper Government Spending Act.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3948018 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3948018 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 A.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Standing }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5074609\charrsid14102341 \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14102341 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14102341 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 [21]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Standing is a critical component of the case or controversy requirement of Article III}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5074609\charrsid14102341 of the U.S. Constitution}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 See}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11952598\charrsid14102341 People v. Tennessen}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11952598\charrsid14102341 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11952598\charrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11952598\charrsid14102341 2011 Guam 2 \'b6 14;}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 , 504 U.S. 555, 560}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5074609\charrsid14102341 -61}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 (1992) (holding that in order to achieve standing, parties must demonstrate }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "'}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 concrete and particularized,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 actual or imminent}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9271065\charrsid14102341 . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 invasion of a legally protected interest.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '"}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11952598\charrsid14102341 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Moreover, if a plaintiff does not suffer an injury o r will not stand to profit in some personal interest, the plaintiff has no standing and courts are without jurisdiction to consider the action.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 See Allen v. Wright}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 , 468 U.S. 737, 751 (1984).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The AG has the burden of proving that standing exists.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12283515\charrsid14102341 See }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Tennessen}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 , 2011 Guam 2 \'b6 14 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12283515\charrsid14102341 (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12283515\charrsid14102341 It is the responsibility of the complainant clearly to allege facts demonstrating that he is a proper party to invoke judicial resolution of the dispute and the exercise of the court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12283515\charrsid14102341 s remedial powers.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12283515\charrsid14102341 (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Renne v. Geary}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ,\~501 U.S. 312, 316\~(1991))}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12024294\charrsid14102341 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 We must examine whether the AG is conferred standing under 5 GCA \'a7 7103 or if standing is granted by some other statute or common law power.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 1.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 5 GCA \'a7 7103 Standing }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 [22]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Guam}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s Enforcement of Proper Government Spending Act expressly provides Guam taxpayers standing to enjoin government officials from irresponsibly expending government funds.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Specifically, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 [a]ny taxpayer who is a resident of Guam shall have standing to sue . . . [to}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12283515\charrsid14102341 ]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 enjoin}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12283515\charrsid14102341 []}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 any officer}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12024294\charrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12283515\charrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 or employee of the Executive Branch of the government of Guam from expending money without proper appropriation, without proper authority, illegally, or contrary to law, and to obtain a personal judgment in the courts of Guam}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12024294\charrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12283515\charrsid14102341 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 5 GCA \'a7 7103}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12024294\charrsid14102341 (2005)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 On its face and in its purpose, the statute is meant to empower taxpayers to enforce laws pertaining to proper government spending.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Id.}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231 {\*\bkmkstart SR_1399}{\*\bkmkstart SR_1402}{\*\bkmkstart SR_1403}{\*\bkmkend SR_1399}{\*\bkmkend SR_1402}{\*\bkmkend SR_1403} \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 [23]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The AG argues that under the Organic Act, it serves as the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Chief Legal Officer of the Government of Guam.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12283515\charrsid14102341 Appellee}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12283515\charrsid14102341 s Br. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 at 19}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12283515\charrsid14102341 (Oct. 12, 2010)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The AG adds that in Guam, and elsewhere, this title allows the AG great authority to act in the interest of the public.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The AG also cites to the legislative intent behind the Enforcement of Proper Government Spending Act}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid671187\charrsid14102341 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 which reads:}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14102341 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12283515\charrsid14102341 It is the intent of the Legislature that the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid671187\charrsid14102341 g}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12283515\charrsid14102341 overnment of Guam practice fiscal responsibility, and that the persons who spend the taxpayer}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12283515\charrsid14102341 s money follow the mandates of law in expending government funds.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Historically, there have been many instances of government officials in the government of Guam spending and obligating money without appropriation or contrary to law.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Since the Attorney General is the only officer empowered to bring court actions to control such illegal spending and the only officer who can represent the government in recovering such money, and since the Attorney General is an appointed member of the Governor}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s cabinet, laws relating to improper spending of funds by the Executive Branch have generally not been enforced, and in some instances been openly ignored.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14102341 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 5 GCA \'a7 7101}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12283515\charrsid14102341 (2005)} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The AG argues that this legislative intent recognizes that its office is empowered to bring actions under the Enforcement of Proper Government Spending Act.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 A}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12283515\charrsid14102341 ppellee}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12283515\charrsid14102341 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Br. at 21.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 [24]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \tab On the other hand, Lujan argues that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 nothing in [5 GCA \'a7 7103] authorizes the Attorney General to bring this taxpayer}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s lawsuit.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12283515\charrsid14102341 Appellant }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Lujan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s Br.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12283515\charrsid14102341 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12283515\charrsid14102341 Lujan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12283515\charrsid14102341 s Br.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12283515\charrsid14102341 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 at 36}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12283515\charrsid14102341 (Aug. 23, 2010).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Lujan cites to 5 GCA \'a7 30103 to examine the scope of authority of the AG.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12283515\charrsid14102341 Title }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 5 GCA \'a7 30103 states,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14102341 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The Attorney General shall have, in addition to the powers expressly conferred upon him by this Chapter, those common law powers which include, but are not limited to, the right to bring suit to challenge laws which he believes to be unconstitutional and }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 to bring action on behalf of the Territory representing the citizens as a whole for redress of grievances which the citizens individually cannot achieve}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 , unless expressly limited by a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 ny law of Guam to the contrary.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14102341 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798281\charrsid14102341 5 GCA \'a7 30103 (2005)}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 (emphasis added).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Lujan argues that because 5 GCA \'a7 7103 allows individual taxpayers the ability to sue, 5 GCA \'a7 30103 prohibits the AG from bringing this case.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Lujan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s Br. at 37.}{ \cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s20\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2457087 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs21\super\insrsid13139072 \chftn }{\insrsid13139072 Lujan\rquote s argument that the enactment of 5 GCA \'a7 7103 somehow limits the Attorney General\rquote s power to bring suits to control illegal spending is disingenuous and will be addressed later in our discussion on the AG\rquote s common law and statutory powers.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 In contrast, Gutierrez focuses on the argument that 5 GCA \'a7 7103 does not allow the AG to bring the case because 5 GCA \'a7 7103 provides that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 [a]ny taxpayer who is a resident of Guam shall have standing to sue the Government of Guam.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 5 GCA \'a7 7103.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Gutierrez argues that the AG is not a taxpayer, but rather, a position with}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid671187\charrsid14102341 in}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 the Government of Guam.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 [25]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \tab This court agrees with Gutierrez}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s interpretation that 5 GCA \'a7 7103 does not grant standing to the AG since the AG in his official capacity is not a taxpayer.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 While the AG states that it has authority to bring this case to trial as the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Chief Legal Officer}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 of the territory, 5 GCA \'a7 7103 is explicit in granting standing only to}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 any taxpayer who is a resident of Guam }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 to enjoin any officer from expending money without proper authorization}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798281\charrsid14102341 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 and the title of the section itself is }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Taxpayer Standing to Sue.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid671187\charrsid14102341 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231 \par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 [26]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 [I]t is a cardinal rule of statutory construction that courts must look first to the language of the statute itself.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Sumitomo Const., Co., Ltd. v. Gov}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 t of Guam}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 , 2001 Guam 23 \'b6 17.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The {\*\bkmkstart SR_2179}{\*\bkmkend SR_2179} plain {\*\bkmkstart SR_2180}{\*\bkmkend SR_2180}meaning rule for statutory interpretation provides that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 if the language of a statute is clear and there is no ambiguity, then there is no need to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 interpret}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 the language by resorting to the legislative history or other extrinsic aids.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '" }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 People v. Angoco}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 , 1998 Guam 10 \'b6 5.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Recently, this court has stated that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "'}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 [i]f there is no ambiguity in the language, we presume the Legislature meant what it said, and the plain meaning of the statue governs.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '" }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 People v. Tennessen}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 , 2010 Guam 12 \'b6 18}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14303730\charrsid14102341 (quoting }{ \cs37\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14303730\charrsid14102341 Curle v. Super. Ct.}{\cs37\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7633974\charrsid14102341 (Gleason)}{\cs37\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14303730\charrsid14102341 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14303730\charrsid14102341 16 P.3d 166, 170 (Cal. 2001))}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 [27]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Here, the statute on its face is explicit in granting taxpayer standing and makes no mention of conferring standing to sue on the AG.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Without this provision, taxpayers would not have standing to bring court actions to control illegal spending.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Taxpayer standing statutes traditionally enable }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 taxpayers}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 to challenge governmental acts that may otherwise go unchallenged because of standing requirements.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798281\charrsid14102341 See }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 County of Santa Clara v. Sup}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7633974\charrsid14102341 er}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798281\charrsid14102341 .}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Ct}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798281\charrsid14102341 . (Naymark)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ,\~}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798281\charrsid14102341 89 Cal. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14303730\charrsid14102341 Rptr}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798281\charrsid14102341 . 3d 520, 528}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 (C}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798281\charrsid14102341 t}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798281\charrsid14102341 App.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 2009) (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The purpose of [California}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s Taxpayer Statute] is to enable a large body of the citizenry to challenge governmental action which would otherwise go unchallenged in the courts because of the standing requirement.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798281\charrsid14102341 (citation and internal }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 quotation marks omitted)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798281\charrsid14102341 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798281\charrsid14102341 In re }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Biester}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798281\charrsid14102341 409 A.2d 848, 852 (Pa. 1979)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798281\charrsid14102341 [T]he }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 fundamental reason for granting }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798281\charrsid14102341 [}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 taxpayer}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798281\charrsid14102341 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 standing is simply that otherwise a large body of governmental activity would go unchallenged in the courts.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10757463\charrsid14102341 (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10757463\charrsid14102341 Faden v. Phila. Hous. Auth.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10757463\charrsid14102341 , 227 A.2d 619, 621-22 (1967))}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7146129\charrsid14102341 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Since 5 GCA \'a7 7103 explicitly mentions }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Taxpayer Standing}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 in its title, and attempts to clarify who is a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 taxpayer}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 in the body of the statute, it is obvious this section of the code was meant to provide taxpayers standing.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 [28]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The clear language of the s tatute renders a review of the legislative intent unnecessary.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 However, a review of the legislative intent of the code leads to the same conclusion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Section 7101, entitled }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Legislative Intent,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 states that the AG }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 is the only officer empowered to bring court actions to control such illegal spending and the only officer who can represent the government in recovering such money.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 5 GCA \'a7 7101.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 This language reaffirms that even before the enactment of this statute, the AG could have brought suit to recover government funds spent contrary to law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 This statute was not enacted to empower the AG to sue to recover government funds spent contrary to law but rather to remedy the situation of the AG not using its powers to bring such cases.} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The act does this by providing standing to taxpayers, who without the statute would not otherwise meet standing requirements.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 See Allen}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4216508\charrsid14102341 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 468 U.S. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4216508\charrsid14102341 at}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 751.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Consequently, we hold that 5 GCA \'a7\'a7 7101 and 7103 do not grant standing to the AG.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 } {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Our inquiry, however, does not end there.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 [29]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Although the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7146129\charrsid14102341 AG}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 does not have standing under 5 GCA \'a7\'a7}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7146129\charrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 7101 and 7103, we still must determine whether some other statutory authority or common law power enables the AG to bring suit for the enforcement of proper government spending.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Once identified, this court can then apply the standards established in 5 GCA \'a7 7102.}{\cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s20\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2457087 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs21\super\insrsid13139072\charrsid11352881 \chftn }{\insrsid13139072\charrsid11352881 }{ \insrsid13139072 }{\insrsid13139072\charrsid11352881 Title 5 GCA \'a7 7102 will be reviewed since it was pled in the AG\rquote s initial complaint and because the trial court conducted a lengthy analysis of it. The standards set forth in 5 GCA \'a7 7102 are not only applicable to taxpayer actions but also, as in this case, other actions concerning }{\insrsid13139072 illegal expenditures or }{\insrsid13139072\charrsid11352881 the enforcement of proper government spending.}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8468172 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 2.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Standing }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4216508\charrsid14102341 P}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ursuant to Statutory or Common Law Powers}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14102341 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 [30]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 In addition to the Enforcement of Proper Government Spending Act, the AG asserts that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022953\charrsid14102341 it}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 is entitled to commence these actions on behalf of the Government of Guam pursuant to 5 GCA \'a7\'a7 30102, 30103 and 30109.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4216508\charrsid14102341 Appellee}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4216508\charrsid14102341 s }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Br. at 19-21.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4216508\charrsid14102341 Chapter 30 of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Title 5 of the Guam Code confers upon the AG statutory and common law powers.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 See }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 5 GCA \'a7\'a7}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7562538\charrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 30102, 30103}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6738\charrsid14102341 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 30109}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7800841\charrsid14102341 (2005)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ; }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 A.B. Won Pat Guam Int}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 l Airport Auth. v. Moylan}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 2005 Guam 5 \'b6 2 (holding that under the Organic Act the AG has common law powers and duties subject to increase, alteration or abridgement by the Guam Legislature.)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7800841\charrsid14102341 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 This section will review the AG}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s statutory and common law powers to bring suit against government officials who spend and obligate government funds without appropriation}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 , illegally or contrary to law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8263666\charrsid14102341 a}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 .}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Statutory }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7800841\charrsid14102341 a}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 uthority}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 [31]}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 According to Guam}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s Organic Act, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The Attorney General of Guam shall be the Chief Legal Officer of the Government of Guam.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7800841\charrsid14102341 Appellee}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7800841\charrsid14102341 s Br. at 19 (citing }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 48 U.S.C.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7800841\charrsid14102341 A.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \'a7 1421g(d)(1)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7800841\charrsid14102341 (Westlaw current through Pub. L. 112-9 (2011)))}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The AG adds that the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 [l]egislature has given the Attorney General broad authority to act in the public interest.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6738\charrsid14102341 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 at 20.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 One such authority to act can be found in 5 GCA \'a7 30102(a).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 The statute states,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14102341 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Attorney General shall have cognizance of all legal matters, excluding the Legislative and Judicial Branches of the government of Guam, involving the Executive Branch of the government of Guam, its agencies, instrumentalities, public corporations, autonomous agencies and the Mayors Council}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6738\charrsid14102341 . . .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14102341 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7800841\charrsid14102341 5 GCA \'a7 30102; Appellee}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7800841\charrsid14102341 s Br. at 20.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The AG argues that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11483588\charrsid14102341 GMHA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 an instrumentality of the government of Guam,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 and as such, }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 the Attorney General has cognizance of all legal matters involving }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11483588\charrsid14102341 GMHA}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7800841\charrsid14102341 Appellee}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7800841\charrsid14102341 s Br. at 20.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Although correct, there are other statutory provisions that provide the AG with more specific authority to bring this action beyond having cognizance of all legal matters as set forth in 5 GCA \'a7 30102(a).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 [32]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \tab The AG, in addition to the powers expressly conferred by Chapter 30}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7800841\charrsid14102341 of Title 5}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 , has certain common law powers}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3565160\charrsid14102341 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11352881 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14102341 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 which include, but are not limited to, the right to bring suit to challenge laws which he believes to be unconstitutional and to bring action on behalf of the Territory representing the citizens as a whole for redress of grievances which the citizens indi vidually cannot achieve, unless expressly limited by any law of Guam to the contrary.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11352881 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14102341 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 5}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7800841\charrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 GCA \'a7 30103.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Lujan and Gutierrez argue that since citizens individually, as taxpayers, can achieve redress of grievances under the Enforcement of Proper Government Spending Act, the AG is not authorized under 5 GCA \'a7 30103 to bring such a suit.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7800841\charrsid14102341 Appellant }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Gutierrez}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s Br.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7800841\charrsid14102341 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7800841\charrsid14102341 Gutierrez}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7800841\charrsid14102341 s Br.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7800841\charrsid14102341 )}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 at 13}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3565160\charrsid14102341 (Aug. 23, 2010)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ; Lujan}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s Br. at 37.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 This argument, however, overlooks the preceding statement in the statute: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3565160\charrsid14102341 T}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 he Attorney General shall have, in addition to the powers expressly conferred by this }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7668992\charrsid14102341 C}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 hapter, those common law powers which include, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 but are not limited to}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3565160\charrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7668992\charrsid14102341 . . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 5 GCA \'a7 30103 (emphasis added).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Thus, the ability of citizens individually to achieve relief under 5 GCA \'a7 7103 cannot be interpreted as limiting the AG from bringing suit to control illegal spending of government funds; section 30103 does not prohibit the AG from bringing suit simply because individual citizens have the ability to seek redress.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 [33]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Furthermore, 5 GCA \'a7 7101 acknowledges }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7668992\charrsid14102341 that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7668992\charrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Attorney General is the only officer empowered to bring court actions to control such illegal spending and the only officer who can represent the government in recovering such money}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3565160\charrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7668992\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 5 GCA \'a7 7101.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 T his statement makes obvious the fact that the AG has the power to bring actions to control illegal spending.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Title 5 GCA \'a7 7103 is best read as a statute that enables taxpayers to pursue }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3565160\charrsid14102341 actions concerning }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 illegal government spending of funds but not to abolish or to restrict the AG}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s ability to bring such actions.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 In fact, in many jurisdictions with }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7668992\charrsid14102341 t}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 axpayer }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7668992\charrsid14102341 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 tanding statutes, both the taxpayer and the Attorney General can pursue}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3565160\charrsid14102341 actions involving}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 illegal spending of government funds.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 See }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7668992\charrsid14102341 Ariz. Rev. Stat. \'a7 35-213(A) (Westlaw 2011) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7668992\charrsid14102341 If for sixty days after request made by a taxpayer of the state in writing, the attorney general fails to institute an action as provided in \'a735-212, any taxpayer of the state may institute }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3820430\charrsid14102341 the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7668992\charrsid14102341 action in his own name . . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7668992\charrsid14102341 ); Ohio Rev. Code Ann. \'a7 309.13 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4020497\charrsid14102341 (Westlaw}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3820430\charrsid14102341 2011) }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7668992\charrsid14102341 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7668992\charrsid14102341 If the prosecuting attorney fails, upon the written request of a taxpayer . . . [to] institute the civil action . . . such taxpayer may bring any suit or institute any such proceedings against any county officer . . . for misconduct . . . .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7668992\charrsid14102341 ); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Daily Journal Corp. v. County of Los Angeles}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7668992\charrsid14102341 92 Cal. Rptr. 3d}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4800117\charrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7668992\charrsid14102341 219, 225 (Ct. App. 2009) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Taxpayer suits are authorized only if the government body has a duty to act and has refused to do so}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4800117\charrsid14102341 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7668992\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8263666\charrsid14102341 i}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7668992\charrsid14102341 .}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Attorney General as }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7668992\charrsid14102341 p}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ublic }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7668992\charrsid14102341 p}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 rosecutor}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 [34]}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Pursuant to 5 GCA \'a7 30104, }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 [t]he Attorney General shall have cognizance of all matters pertaining to public prosecution, including the prosecution of any public officials.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 5 GCA \'a7 30104}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332480\charrsid14102341 (2005)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Viewing the AG as public prosecutor is not unique to Guam.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11352881\charrsid14102341 See }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11352881\charrsid14102341 La. Code }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7110629\charrsid14102341 Civ. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11352881\charrsid14102341 Proc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7110629\charrsid14102341 Ann.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11352881\charrsid14102341 art. 971(E) }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7110629\charrsid14102341 (2005) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11352881\charrsid14102341 (stating that the Attorney General may act as a public prosecutor);}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11352881\charrsid14102341 Consumer Advocacy Grp.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11352881\charrsid14102341 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11352881\charrsid14102341 Inc. v. ExxonMobil Corp.} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11352881\charrsid14102341 ,\~ 86 Cal. Rptr. 3d 39, 49\~(Ct. App. 2008) (stating that the Attorney General is an example of a public prosecutor.); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 In re House of Representatives (Special Prosecutor)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 , 575 A.2d 176, 179\~(R.I.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332480\charrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 1990)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332480\charrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 This court has held that the essential {\*\bkmkstart SR_2809}{\*\bkmkend SR_2809}duty of the {\*\bkmkstart SR_2812}{\*\bkmkend SR_2812}Attorney {\*\bkmkstart SR_2813}{\*\bkmkend SR_2813} General is that of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 {\*\bkmkstart SR_2817}{\*\bkmkend SR_2817}'}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 public {\*\bkmkstart SR_2818}{\*\bkmkend SR_2818}prosecutor.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '"}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332480\charrsid14102341 (citing }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332480\charrsid14102341 Suitor v. Nugent}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332480\charrsid14102341 , 199 A.2d 722, 723 (R.I. 1964))}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11352881\charrsid14102341 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 [35]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Public prosecutors have special duties and rights.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332480\charrsid14102341 For instance, the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Rhode Island Supreme Court has held that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 [i]t is well settled in this s tate that the Attorney General is the only state official vested with prosecutorial discretion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 State v. Rollins}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ,\~359 A.2d 315, 318 (R.I. 1976).}{\cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s20\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2457087 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs21\super\insrsid13139072 \chftn }{\insrsid13139072 Prosecutorial discretion concerns the ability to decide what claims to file and when to file them. }{\i\insrsid13139072\charrsid1771896 State v. Tsosie}{\insrsid13139072\charrsid7110629 , }{\insrsid13139072 832 P.2d 700, 702 (Ariz. Ct. App. }{ \insrsid13139072\charrsid1771896 1992}{\insrsid13139072 ).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 According to the California Supreme Court, public prosecutors have }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 broad discretion over the entire course of the . . . proceedings, from the investigation and gathering of evidence, through the decisions of whom to charge and what charges to bring, to the numerous choices at trial to accept, oppose, or challenge judicial rulings.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Hambarian v. Supe}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332480\charrsid14102341 r.}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Ct}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332480\charrsid14102341 . (People)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ,}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332480\charrsid14102341 44 P.3d 102, 111 (Cal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 2002).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Moreover, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332480\charrsid14102341 f}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ederal }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332480\charrsid14102341 c}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 ourts have held,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14102341 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 [T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332480\charrsid14102341 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 he }{\cs27\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 {\*\bkmkstart SR_18100}{\*\bkmkend SR_18100}public}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 }{\cs27\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 {\*\bkmkstart SR_18101}{\*\bkmkend SR_18101}prosecutor}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 . . . is the representative of the public in whom is lodged a discretion which is not to be controlled by the courts, or by an interested ind ividual, or by a group of interested individuals who seek redress for wrongs committed against them by use of the criminal process.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14102341 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 U}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332480\charrsid14102341 nited }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 S}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332480\charrsid14102341 tates}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 v. Cox}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ,\~342 F.2d 167, 192\~(}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332480\charrsid14102341 5th Cir.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 1965)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332480\charrsid14102341 (citation omitted)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 These duties and rights conferred to public prosecutors allow for great discretion in pursuing violations of the law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8468172\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 [36]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \tab Although 5 GCA \'a7 7103 only provides taxpayers standing to enforce proper government spending, the AG has discretion to investigate and prosecute all illegal acts as public prosecutor.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Lujan and Gutierrez allegedly spent money without authorization and contrary to law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Given the AG}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s broad power to investigate claims, it is therefore within its discretion to investigate Lujan and Gutierrez}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s actions and seek to recover any funds spent without authority or contrary to law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 See }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 4 GCA \'a7 14101 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 et seq.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1514829\charrsid14102341 (2005)}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 (providing restitution to the government of Guam for the amount of any illegal, improper or incorrect payment); 9 GCA \'a7 49.90}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1514829\charrsid14102341 (2005)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 (defining }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 official misconduct}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 {\*\bkmkstart SR_276}{\*\bkmkend SR_276} }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Thus, although 5 GCA \'a7 7103 does not provide the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1514829\charrsid14102341 AG}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 standing, 5 GCA \'a7 30104 does.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 There are, however, even other statutory provisions which support the AG}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s standing to bring the actio}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 ns against Lujan and Gutierrez.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid994019 \par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8263666\charrsid14102341 ii.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The Attorney General}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1514829\charrsid14102341 d}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 uties.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 [37]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \tab As the public prosecutor, the AG has broad authority to investigate and prosecute claims and perform other duties required by law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Under 5 GCA \'a7 30109(f), the AG must }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 [b]e diligent in protecting the rights and properties of the government of Guam.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 5 GCA \'a7 30109(f).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 This duty has long been considered a responsibility of the Attorney General}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1514829\charrsid14102341 s}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Office, and its predecessor}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9666030\charrsid14102341 , the Island Attorney}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9666030\charrsid14102341 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9666030\charrsid14102341 Guam Govt. Code \'a7 7101 (1953).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7556949\charrsid14102341 Section}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 30109}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1514829\charrsid14102341 further}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 provides that the AG shall also }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 [p]erform }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7345805\charrsid14102341 such }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 other duties as are required by law.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 5 GCA \'a7 30109(h).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Clearly, the AG has broad statutory authority to investigate and prosecute violations of the law, including spending or obligating taxpayer money without appropriation or contrary to law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373231\charrsid14102341 [38]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \tab In this case, Lujan and Gutierrez were accused of violating the Enforcement of Proper Government Spending }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1514829\charrsid14102341 Act }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 by: (1) not complying with the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1514829\charrsid14102341 G}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 overnment }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1514829\charrsid14102341 Claims Act}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13108800\charrsid14102341 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 and (2) making two payments without a written contract.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 These actions allegedly constitute an unlawful handling of the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 the rights and properties of the government of Guam.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 5 GCA \'a7 3109(f).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Therefore, it is wholly within the statutory powers of the AG to pursue Lujan and Gutierrez even without standing under 5 GCA \'a7 7103.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8263666\charrsid14102341 b.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Other }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8263666\charrsid14102341 c}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ommon }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8263666\charrsid14102341 l}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 aw }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8263666\charrsid14102341 p}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 owers}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14627484\charrsid14102341 [39]}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 In }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Moylan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 , 2005 Guam 5, this court stated that in the absence of legislative intent, the AG may act in the public interest.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1514829\charrsid14102341 In that case, we cited with approval a case from the Supreme Court of Maine, wherein the court }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 stated,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14102341 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The Attorney General}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1514829\charrsid14102341 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1514829\charrsid14102341 in this State,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 is a constitutional officer endowed with common law powers.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 As the chief law officer of the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11753353\charrsid14102341 State}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 , he may, in the absence of some}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11753353\charrsid14102341 . . . }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 legislative restriction to the contrary, exercise all such power and authority as public interests may, f rom time to time require, and may institute, conduct, and maintain all such actions and proceedings . . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14102341 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Moylan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 , 2005 Guam 5 \'b6 59 (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Superintendent of Ins. v. Attorney Gen.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 , 558 A.2d 1197, 1200 (M}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11753353\charrsid14102341 e}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15026326\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 1989)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11753353\charrsid14102341 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Moreover, many states provide the Attorney General with common law powers limited by statute.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 See Botelho v. Griffin}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 , 25 P.3d 689, 692 (Alaska 2001) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "'}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Generally, an attorney general has those powers which existed at common law except where they are limited by statute or conferred upon some other state official.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '"}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2564853\charrsid14102341 (citation omitted))}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ;}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3961736\charrsid14102341 State v. Douglas}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3961736\charrsid14102341 , 349 N.W.2d 870, 891\~(Neb. 1984) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3961736\charrsid14102341 [T]he Attorney General is clothed and charged with all such common-law powers and duties except insofar as they have been limited by statute\'85}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3961736\charrsid14102341 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2062732\charrsid14102341 State v. Chastain}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2062732\charrsid14102341 , 871 S.W.2d 661, 664 (Tenn. 1994), (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3961736\charrsid14102341 [T]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2062732\charrsid14102341 he Attorney General has . . . broad common-law powers of the office except where these powers have been limited by statute.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2062732\charrsid14102341 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2564853\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Therefore, Guam}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s granting of common law powers to the AG is not uncommon.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14627484\charrsid14102341 [40]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \tab Here, it is in the best interests of the people of Guam that the AG}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11753353\charrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 investigate any violations of the Government Claims Act or the disbursement of funds without authority or contrary to law.} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Fiscal responsibility and proper expenditure of government funds are important public interests which need to be protected.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Since the AG pursuant to its common law powers may institute, conduct, and maintain prosecution to protect public interests, it has standing to bring this suit to enforce proper spending by officers or employees of the Executive }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11753353\charrsid14102341 B}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ranch of the Government of Guam.}{\cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s20\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2457087 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs21\super\insrsid13139072 \chftn }{\insrsid13139072 Our analysis is similar here to the approach taken by the trial court, which stated, \'93[T]he provision of \'a77103 conferring taxpayer standing was meant only to add individual taxpayers to the class of potential plaintiffs. However, the Attorney Ge neral retains his traditional standing recognized in \'a77101, to sue for recovery of improperly spent government funds.\'94 SER at 23 (Dec. & Order). }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 {\*\bkmkstart SR_1483}{\*\bkmkstart SR_1484}{\*\bkmkstart SR_1368}{\*\bkmkstart SR_1369}{\*\bkmkend SR_1483}{\*\bkmkend SR_1484}{\*\bkmkend SR_1368}{\*\bkmkend SR_1369}B.}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Violation of 5 GCA \'a7 7102 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14102341 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14102341 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14627484\charrsid14102341 [41]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \tab Having dete rmined that the AG has standing to bring this suit, we must review whether Lujan and Gutierrez breached the standards established for handling money required by 5 GCA \'a7 7102 and whether a personal judgment may be obtained for expending money without proper authority, illegally, or contrary to law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The trial court found that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 the Government Claims Act requires that prior to a waiver of immunity, a claim as delineated by the act, be filed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 and payment of public funds to Batoyan }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 was not skillful, prudent, or diligent as analyzed from a similarly situated reasonable person standard}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 because }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 it is outside the realm of reason to expend public money on a cause of action not yet actionable.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11753353\charrsid14102341 Lujan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11753353\charrsid14102341 s ER, vol. II, tab 6.1 at 12-13}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 (Finds. Fact & Concl. L.).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Moreover, the court held that the Claims Act}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s limited waiver of immunity required not only the filing of a government claim}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11753353\charrsid14102341 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 but limited the authority to settle the claim to the AG or the claims officer for }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11483588\charrsid14102341 GMHA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The court determined there was no evidence that a claims officer was appointed for }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11483588\charrsid14102341 GMHA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 , therefore, the only person authorized to approve the settlement payments was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11753353\charrsid14102341 Acting }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Attorney General Kono, and Kono had not approved the settlement payments.}{\cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s20\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2457087 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs21\super\insrsid13139072 \chftn }{\insrsid13139072 In the findings of fact the trial court found that Kono did not approve the Batoyan settlement for content and only reviewed it as to form, and in the conclusions of law, the court held that only the Attorney General or claims officer could settle a sui t against the government of Guam and the settlement payments were not approved by Kono. Lujan\rquote s ER, vol. II, tab 6.1 at 7, 17}{\insrsid13139072\charrsid16536247 (Find}{\insrsid13139072 s}{\insrsid13139072\charrsid16536247 . Fact & Concl. L.). }{ \insrsid13139072 Apparently, the trial court believed that Kono\rquote s approval of the settlement agreement as to form was not sufficient approval. }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14627484\charrsid14102341 [42]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14627484\charrsid14102341 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The trial court}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s holding that the filing of a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9988349\charrsid14102341 g}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 overnment }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9988349\charrsid14102341 c}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 laim was required before any payments could be made to Batoyan is misplaced since the failure to file a formal claim under the Government Claims Act is not a bar to the settlement with Batoyan.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 1.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Failure to File a Government Claim}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14627484\charrsid14102341 [43]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \tab Lujan and Gutierrez argue that the}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9988349\charrsid14102341 trial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s conclusion that a claim had to have been filed under the Government Claims Act in order to execute the Settlement Agreement is reversible error.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 In evaluating whether the disbursement of funds violated the Government Claims Act}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9988349\charrsid14102341 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 the trial court relied on our decision in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 People v. Lau }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9988349\charrsid14102341 , 2007 Guam 4,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 to establish that a court looks at the language and the structure of an act to determine if a statute is ambiguous.}{\cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s20\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2457087 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs21\super\insrsid13139072\charrsid16260391 \chftn }{\insrsid13139072 The trial court cites the following language in}{\i\insrsid13139072 Lau}{\insrsid13139072 : \par }\pard \s20\qj \li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid2457087 {\insrsid13139072\charrsid10883675 In order to determine whether a statute is ambiguous, the court examines the language of the statute and the structure of the law as a whole including its object and policy. The inquiry into whether a statute is ambiguous begins with looking at the plain meaning of the language in question, a nd, when looking at the language, the court}{\insrsid13139072 \rquote }{\insrsid13139072\charrsid10883675 s task is to determine if the language is plain and unambiguous. \lquote The plainness or ambiguity of statutory language is determined by reference to the language itself, the specific context in which that language is used, and the broader context of the statute as a whole.\rquote }{\insrsid13139072 }{ \insrsid13139072\charrsid10883675 A statute}{\insrsid13139072 \rquote }{\insrsid13139072\charrsid10883675 s context includes looking at other provisions of the same statute and other related statutes. \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid2457087 {\insrsid13139072 Lujan\rquote s ER, vol. II, tab 6.1 at 12 (Finds. Fact & Concl. L.) (quoting }{\i\insrsid13139072 Lau}{ \insrsid13139072\charrsid9466803 , }{\insrsid13139072\charrsid10883675 2007 Guam 4 \'b6 14}{\insrsid13139072 ). }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The court then quotes 5 GCA \'a7\'a7 6108 and 6106(b) of the Government Claims Act, and concludes that the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 scope and intent of these statutes [are] not ambiguous.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5644877\charrsid14102341 Lujan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5644877\charrsid14102341 s ER, vol. II, tab 6.1 at 13 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 (Finds. Fact & Concl. L.).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The court then found that prior to any waiver of immunity, a claim, as delineated by the act, must be filed and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 it is outside of the realm of reason to expend public money on a cause of action not yet actionable.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5644877\charrsid14102341 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14627484\charrsid14102341 [44]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14627484\charrsid14102341 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 A close r examination of the Government Claims Act, however, exposes the trial court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s fundamental misunderstanding that a formal government claim was required to be filed before any payments could be made to Batoyan.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Its conclusion in this regard is not supported by the language or plain meaning of the Government Claims Act.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The usage of the term }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 suit}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 throughout the Government Claims Act implies that a claim is required to be filed administratively before a claimant is able to file an action against the government.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 See}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3418620\charrsid14102341 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14909002\charrsid14102341 Guam Police Dep}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14909002\charrsid14102341 t v. Super. Ct. (Lujan),}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \cs34\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid604\charrsid14102341 2011 Guam 8 \'b6 }{\cs34\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11557795\charrsid14102341 32 }{\cs34\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid604\charrsid14102341 Where the plaintiff fails to timely file a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11557795\charrsid14102341 Claim }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid604\charrsid14102341 before the expiration of the statute of limitations sovereign immunity is not statutorily waived.}{\cs34\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Mace-Main v. City of Omaha}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8847863\charrsid14102341 773 N.W.2d 152}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 , }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8847863\charrsid14102341 157}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 (Neb.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852399\charrsid14102341 Ct. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 App.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8847863\charrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 2009){\*\bkmkstart SR_745}{\*\bkmkstart SR_764} {\*\bkmkstart SR_767}{\*\bkmkstart SR_768}{\*\bkmkstart SR_769}{\*\bkmkstart SR_770}{\*\bkmkstart SR_771}{\*\bkmkend SR_745}{\*\bkmkend SR_764}{\*\bkmkend SR_767}{\*\bkmkend SR_768}{\*\bkmkend SR_769}{\*\bkmkend SR_770}{\*\bkmkend SR_771} (affirming a motion to dismiss because plaintiff failed to file a claim within statutory limits in Nebraska}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s Political Subdivision Tort Claims Act [}{\cs34\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Neb.}{\cs34\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852399\charrsid14102341 }{\cs34\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Rev.}{ \cs34\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852399\charrsid14102341 }{\cs34\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 St. \'a7 13-920(1)]}{\cs34\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16122540\charrsid14102341 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 which also uses the word }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 suit}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\cs34\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 )}{\cs34\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5644877\charrsid14102341 .}{\cs34\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 It does not follow, however, that a claim is required to be filed administratively before the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5644877\charrsid14102341 g}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 overnment can make any payments on account of such claim.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\cs34\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 {\*\bkmkstart SR_1105}{\*\bkmkstart SR_1106}{\*\bkmkstart SR_1107}{\*\bkmkstart SR_1108}{\*\bkmkstart SR_1113}{\*\bkmkstart SR_1115}{\*\bkmkstart SR_1116}{\*\bkmkend SR_1105}{\*\bkmkend SR_1106}{\*\bkmkend SR_1107}{\*\bkmkend SR_1108}{\*\bkmkend SR_1113} {\*\bkmkend SR_1115}{\*\bkmkend SR_1116}See}{\cs34\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Miss}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16122540\charrsid14102341 .}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Dep}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 t of Pub}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10647108\charrsid14102341 .}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Safety v. Stringer}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ,\~}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16122540\charrsid14102341 97-IA-00187-SCT}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \~}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13720883\charrsid14102341 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16213029\charrsid14102341 \'b6\'b6 5-8}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13720883\charrsid14102341 ) }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 (Miss.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10647108\charrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 1999)}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 (stating that the government attempted several times to settle claim before plaintiff filed a notice of claim); }{ \cs34\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Woodard v. Lincoln}{\cs34\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852399\charrsid14102341 588 N.W.2d 831}{ \cs34\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 , }{\cs34\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852399\charrsid14102341 8}{\cs34\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 3}{ \cs34\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852399\charrsid14102341 4}{\cs34\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 (Neb. 1999) (demonstrating that city can negotiate with parties to settle without the need to file a claim)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Indeed, the procedure for filing claims found in 5 GCA \'a7 6201 expressly contemplates that a claimant may have received payments even before a government claim is filed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 This section requires that each claim filed contain }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 [a] statement of whether or n ot the claimant has received any payment on account of such claim, and if so, the amount received.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 5 GCA \'a7 6201(e)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6044681\charrsid14102341 (2005)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 [T]he overarching policy of sovereign immunity [] is to protect the government from unnecessary suits.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Pac. Rock Corp. v. Dep}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 t of Educ.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15026326\charrsid14102341 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 2001 Guam 21 \'b6}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15026326\charrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 37.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The ability to make payments before the filing of a government claim is consistent with this policy and the legislative intent to discourage lawsuits where settlement is possible.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11352881\charrsid14102341 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11086710\charrsid14102341 Cf.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11086710\charrsid14102341 2 G}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16213029\charrsid14102341 uam }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11086710\charrsid14102341 A}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16213029\charrsid14102341 dmin. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11086710\charrsid14102341 R}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16213029\charrsid14102341 . & Regs.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11086710\charrsid14102341 \'a7 9103(a)(1) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16213029\charrsid14102341 (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid792149\charrsid14102341 2002}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16213029\charrsid14102341 ) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13054634\charrsid14102341 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11086710\charrsid14102341 It is the territory}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11086710\charrsid14102341 s policy to resolve all [contract] controversies by mutual agreement without litigation}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13054634\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13054634\charrsid14102341 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11086710\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14627484\charrsid14102341 [45]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14627484\charrsid14102341 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Further support that a government claim is not always required in order to settle with a claimant is found in other sections of the Government Claims Act.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 For instance, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6044681\charrsid14102341 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ection 6105 of the Act states,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14102341 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Pursuant to Section 3 of the Organic Act of Guam, the Government of Guam }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 hereby waives immunity from suit}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 , but only as hereinafter provided:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 (a) for all expenses incurred in reliance upon a contract to which the Government of Guam is a party, but if the contract has been substantially completed, expectation damages may be awarded;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 (b) for claims in tort, arising from the negligent acts of its employees acting for and at the direction of the government of Guam, even though occurring in an activity to which private persons do not engage.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 For the purposes of th is chapter, any officer or enlisted person of the Guam National Guard on territorial duty or any nursing student acting for and at the direction of the University of Guam or of the Guam Community College shall be deemed an employee of the government.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 (c) The Government of Guam shall not be liable for claims arising from an exercise of discretion in making policy.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14102341 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 5 GCA \'a7 6105}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6044681\charrsid14102341 (2005)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6044681\charrsid14102341 We }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 read}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6044681\charrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 this section of the Government Claims Act to mean that the Government of Guam waive}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11557795\charrsid14102341 s}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 immunity to be sued when it commits a contract or tort violation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The phrase }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 waives immunity from suit}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 illustrates the statute}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s intention to apply to lawsuits and not to payments pursuant to a settlement made before the filing of a claim.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 According to a recent Ninth Circuit opinion,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14102341 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 To sue is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 [t]o institute a lawsuit against (another party).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 " }{\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Black}{ \caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s Law Dictionary}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 1473 (Bryan A. Garner ed., 8th ed., 2004).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 For }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 lawsuit,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Black}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s directs us to } {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 suit,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 at 905, which is defined as: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 [}{\cs27\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 a]ny}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 }{ \cs27\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 proceeding}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 by }{\cs27\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 a}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 }{\cs27\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 party}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 or parties against another }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 in a court of law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 at 1475 (emphasis added); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 see also Weston v. City Council of Charleston}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 , 27 U.S. (Pet) 449, 464, 7 L.Ed. 481 (1829) (defining }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 suit}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 any proceeding }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 in a court of justice,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 by which an individual pursues that remedy in a court of justice, which the law affords him}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ) (emphasis added). }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14102341 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Greenwood v. CompuCredit Corp.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ,\~615 F.3d 1204, 1208\~(9th Cir. 2010)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6044681\charrsid14102341 (alterations in original)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Therefore, the Government of Guam is explicitly waiving its immunity }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 by unequivocally expressing its consent to the court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s jurisdiction}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 when a government claim is filed.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Marx v. Gov}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 t of Guam}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 866 F.2d 294, 301 (9th Cir. 1989).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14627484\charrsid14102341 [46]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14627484\charrsid14102341 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The word }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 suit}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 is also used in }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11086710\charrsid14102341 the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 other sections relied on by the trial court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 In 5 GCA \'a7 6108, the term }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 suit}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 is used in conjunction with other words that reiterate the fact that the Government Claims Act requires a government claim be filed prior to a lawsuit}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6044681\charrsid14102341 :}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14102341 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 This Chapter shall apply to all }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 pending litigation}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 in the courts of Guam, or which are on appeal, which were commenced without }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 first filing an administrative claim as would be required by this Chapter had it applied at the time the suit was filed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14102341 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 5 GCA \'a7 6108}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid530061\charrsid14102341 (2005)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 (emphas}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid530061\charrsid14102341 e}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s added).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 This language signals to this court that an administrative claim must be filed before a claimant is able to }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 sue }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 the government.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 See Roberts v. County of Los Angeles}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ,\~}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1249542\charrsid14102341 96 Cal.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid530061\charrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1249542\charrsid14102341 Rptr.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid530061\charrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1249542\charrsid14102341 3d 60}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1249542\charrsid14102341 64}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \~(C}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1249542\charrsid14102341 t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1249542\charrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 App.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6044681\charrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 2009) (stating that California}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s Government Claims Act, which also uses the term }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 suit,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 requires the filing of a claim as a prerequisite to filing suit or commencing litigation{\*\bkmkstart SR_2477}{\*\bkmkstart SR_2485}{\*\bkmkstart SR_2486}{\*\bkmkstart SR_2493} {\*\bkmkend SR_2477}{\*\bkmkend SR_2485}{\*\bkmkend SR_2486}{\*\bkmkend SR_2493})}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5243290\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 If, as in this case, the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid530061\charrsid14102341 g}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 overnment and }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid530061\charrsid14102341 the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 claimant negotiate and settle, then no filing of a claim is necessary}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2183617\charrsid14102341 .}{\cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s20\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2457087 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs21\super\insrsid13139072\charrsid9322992 \chftn }{\insrsid13139072\charrsid9322992 It should be noted, however, that if the Government Claims Act applies to a tort claim, and parties decide to settle before a claim is filed, the nature of the claim is still subject }{\insrsid13139072 to }{\insrsid13139072\charrsid9322992 5 GCA \'a7}{ \insrsid13139072 }{\insrsid13139072\charrsid9322992 6301(b)}{\insrsid13139072 ,}{\insrsid13139072\charrsid9322992 which }{\insrsid13139072 states, \'93}{\insrsid13139072\charrsid9322992 The government of Guam, in t he case of line agencies, shall be liable in tort for not more than $100,000 in an action for wrongful death, nor for more than $300,000 in any other tort action.}{\insrsid13139072 \'94}{\insrsid13139072\charrsid9322992 5 GCA \'a7}{\insrsid13139072 }{ \insrsid13139072\charrsid9322992 6301(b)}{\insrsid13139072 (2005); }{\i\insrsid13139072\charrsid530061 see also}{\insrsid13139072 }{\insrsid13139072\charrsid11086710 2 GAR }{\insrsid13139072 \'a7 9103}{\insrsid13139072\charrsid11086710 (c)}{ \insrsid13139072 (\'93The settlement or resolution of controversies involving claims is subject to the Government Claims Act.\'94).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 There appears to be no legitimate reason to require a claimant to expend additional time, effort and resources to file an administrative claim if there is desire and agreement between the government and claimant to immediately settle a claim.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 However, if negotiations fail, sovereign immunity bars suit against the government without the filing of a government claim.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 See Newby v. Gov}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 t of Guam}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 , 2010 Guam 4 \'b6 31.}{\cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s20\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2457087 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs21\super\insrsid13139072 \chftn }{\insrsid13139072 In }{\i\insrsid13139072 Newby}{ \insrsid13139072\charrsid530061 , }{\insrsid13139072 this court clearly laid out the Government of Guam\rquote s sovereign immunity. }{\i\insrsid13139072\charrsid9140192 Newby}{\insrsid13139072 ,\~}{\insrsid13139072\charrsid9140192 2010 }{ \insrsid13139072 Guam 4 \'b6 31 (\'93}{\insrsid13139072\charrsid9140192 The Government enjoys broad sovereign immunity.}{\insrsid13139072 }{\insrsid13139072\charrsid9140192 Sovereign immunity can only be waived by duly enacted legislation; absent such legislation, the Government cannot be sued.}{\insrsid13139072 \'94 (citations omitted)).}{\insrsid13139072\charrsid9140192 }}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 It may be in the best interest of the claimant to file a government claim to preserve their right to sue the government.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 This is especially }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6044681\charrsid14102341 so because }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 5 GCA \'a7 6106 requires claims to be filed within 18 months from the date the claim arose.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 5 GCA \'a7 6106(a)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732653\charrsid14102341 (2005)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 If a claimant fails to file a government claim within 18 months, any suit based on the unfiled claim will be barred.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 5 GCA \'a7 6106(b).}{\cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s31\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2457087 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs21\super\insrsid13139072\charrsid2515102 \chftn }{\insrsid13139072\charrsid2515102 }{ \i\insrsid13139072\charrsid2515102 See Linton v. United States}{\insrsid13139072\charrsid15212947 , }{\cf1\insrsid13139072\charrsid6761944 No. 99-1668}{\cf1\insrsid13139072 4,}{\f37\fs19\cf1\insrsid13139072 }{\insrsid13139072\charrsid2515102 2001 WL 8332 }{\insrsid13139072 , at}{\insrsid13139072\charrsid2515102 *2 (9th Cir. 2001) (holding that when plaintiff failed to file a government claim because she relied on a telephonic settlement offer, once the statute of limitation from date of alleged injury ran, lawsuit was barred}{\insrsid13139072 )}{ \insrsid13139072\charrsid2515102 ; }{\i\insrsid13139072\charrsid2515102 McGee v. State}{\insrsid13139072\charrsid2515102 , 487 S.E.2d 671, 672\~(Ga. Ct. App. 1997) (upholding a trial court\rquote s dismissal of suit when plaintiff refused to accept settlement agreement and subsequently failed to file within the state\rquote s Tort Claims Act statute of limitations); }{\i\insrsid13139072\charrsid2515102 Garcia v. Essex County Sheriff's Dep}{ \i\insrsid13139072 \rquote }{\i\insrsid13139072\charrsid2515102 t}{\insrsid13139072\charrsid2515102 \~ 837 N.E.2d 284, 290 (Mass. App. Ct. 2005) (barring suit due to plaintiff\rquote s failure to meet presentment [similar to Guam\rquote s filing requirements] in spite of plaintiff\rquote s argument that the government lulled plaintiff into believing presentment was not at issue since the government sent letters discussing ongoing investigations and made a settlement offer); }{ \i\insrsid13139072\charrsid2515102 Black v. Lexington Sch}{\i\insrsid13139072 .}{\i\insrsid13139072\charrsid2515102 Dist. No. 2}{\insrsid13139072\charrsid2515102 , 488 S.E.2d 327, 330\~ (S.C. 1997) (holding that settlement negotiations did not toll statute of limitations in state\rquote s Tort Claims Act).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11694102 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14627484\charrsid14102341 [47]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14627484\charrsid14102341 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16267479\charrsid14102341 T}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12220651\charrsid14102341 he Guam }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732653\charrsid14102341 L}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12220651\charrsid14102341 egislature }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14748251\charrsid14102341 intended to}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12220651\charrsid14102341 provide a limited waiver of the Government of Guam}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12220651\charrsid14102341 s sovereign immunity through the Government Claims Act.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12220651\charrsid14102341 5 GCA \'a7 6101 } {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12220651\charrsid14102341 et seq.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3367001\charrsid14102341 Under the}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12220651\charrsid14102341 statute, the defense of sovereign immunity is waived where a plaintiff}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12470803\charrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12220651\charrsid14102341 timely files a valid complaint in compliance with the Government Claims Act.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12220651\charrsid14102341 Guam Police Dep}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12220651\charrsid14102341 t}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12220651\charrsid14102341 , 2011 Guam 8 \'b6 8.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12470803\charrsid14102341 A waiver of sovereign immunity }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3367001\charrsid14102341 is necessary to sue the government, not settle with it}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11557795\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11557795\charrsid14102341 T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12470803\charrsid14102341 he Government Claims Act applies }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2447266\charrsid14102341 when one intends to file suit against the government}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12470803\charrsid14102341 and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16267479\charrsid14102341 does }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12470803\charrsid14102341 not bar settlement }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16267479\charrsid14102341 in the absence of a filed government claim.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12220651 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14627484\charrsid14102341 [48]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14627484\charrsid14102341 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The trial court}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s holding that payment of the funds without a government claim being filed was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 not skillful}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732653\charrsid14102341 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 prudent, or diligent as analyzed from a similarly situated reasonable person standard}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 and violated the standards established by 5 GCA \'a7}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732653\charrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 7102 was erroneous.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14748251\charrsid14102341 Lujan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732653\charrsid14102341 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14748251\charrsid14102341 ER, vol. II, tab 6.1 at 13 (Finds. Fact & Concl. L.).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 We are further persuaded that the trial court committed error when it allowed personal recovery against Lujan and Gutierrez because of the specific obligations and responsibilities imposed on the AG under the Guam Health Act of 1977 to ensure that before approval of a contract requiring an expenditure of more than $10,000}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15807833\charrsid14102341 .00}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14748251\charrsid14102341 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 that the purpose of the expenditure be within the hospital}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s powers.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 In allowing a personal judgment to be entered, the court held that without the filing of a government claim and wit hout authority to settle from the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732653\charrsid14102341 AG}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 , the expenditures were illegal, contrary to law or without proper authority.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14748251\charrsid14102341 trial }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 court, however, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14748251\charrsid14102341 fails to acknowledge }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 that Kono}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s approval}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5514894\charrsid14102341 , even}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 as to form}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5514894\charrsid14102341 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 warrants the expenditure is within the powers of the hospital. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 {\*\bkmkstart SR_2953}{\*\bkmkstart SR_2954}{\*\bkmkstart SR_2956}{\*\bkmkstart SR_2957}{\*\bkmkend SR_2953}{\*\bkmkend SR_2954}{\*\bkmkend SR_2956}{\*\bkmkend SR_2957}2.}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Kono}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s Approval of Settlement Agreement }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid994019\charrsid14102341 [49]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \tab In its Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, the trial court found that Lujan and Gutierrez }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 asserted that they relied upon the advice of legal counsel prior to directing that payment be made}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8000240\charrsid14102341 [}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ; h]owever they failed to assert or introduce }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8000240\charrsid14102341 any }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 evidence of what was discussed and why their reliance upon that advice was either reasonable or prudent.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14748251\charrsid14102341 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14748251\charrsid14102341 at 12.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The trial court held that the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Government Claims Act requires that prior to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8000240\charrsid14102341 any }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 waiver of immunity}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8000240\charrsid14102341 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 a claim, as delineated by the act, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14748251\charrsid14102341 [must] }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 be filed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14748251\charrsid14102341 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14748251\charrsid14102341 [}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14748251\charrsid14102341 ]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 bsent some showing that Defendants were aware of and considered how Dr. Batoyan}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s potential causes of actions were not barred by Guam}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s sovereign immunity the court is unable to find they complied with 5 GCA \'a7 7102.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid994019\charrsid14102341 [50]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid994019\charrsid14102341 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8000240\charrsid14102341 p}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 arties also argue over whether the Attorney General}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s interaction}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5514894\charrsid14102341 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 with Lujan and Gutierrez w}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5514894\charrsid14102341 ere}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 sufficient t o justify making the disbursements to Batoyan since Acting Attorney General Robert Kono merely approved the settlement agreement }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 as to form.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The AG argues that because Kono signed the agreement }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 as to form,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 he did not review it as to content.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13532629\charrsid14102341 Appellee}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13532629\charrsid14102341 s }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Br. at 46.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Lujan and Gutierrez, however, argue that the AG}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s office had to have known about the content.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Gutierrez}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s Br. at 16-17; Lujan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s Br. 32-34.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 They add that Lujan and Gutierrez only signed the agreement after the AG}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s office approved of it.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Id.}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The trial}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 court found to be credible and true Kono}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s assertion that he did not approve the Batoyan settlement for content and only reviewed it as to form.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid994019\charrsid14102341 [51]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \tab Notwithstanding this finding by the trial court, we do not believe the Attorney General shoul d be permitted to so easily disavow their legal obligations in reviewing contracts.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 According to 10 GCA \'a7 80104(e)(2), }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 [n]o contract requiring an expenditure of more than Ten Thousand Dollars ($10,000) shall be entered unless the Attorney General shall ha ve approved its form and found that its purpose is within the powers of the hospital.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 10 GCA \'a7 80104(e)(2).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid994019\charrsid14102341 [52]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \tab Lujan and Gutierrez acted within their authority by seeking the approval of Acting Attorney General Kono}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13532629\charrsid14102341 , who}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 signed the agreement }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 as to form.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Kono}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s approval of the contract under law necessarily implies that the expenditure of the funds was within the powers of the hospital}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13532629\charrsid14102341 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 and it appears prudent and reasonable for Lujan and Gutierrez to rely on Kono}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s approval.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 If Kono did not undertake the requisite task of reviewing the purpose and legality of the payments to Batoyan, he should not have approved the settlement agreement}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13532629\charrsid14102341 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid994019\charrsid14102341 [53]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid994019\charrsid14102341 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 There also appears to be no dispute that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11483588\charrsid14102341 GMHA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 has the power to adopt rules and regulations pursuant to the Administrative Adjudication Act as may be necessary for the exercise of the hospital}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s power, performance of its duties and administration of its operations.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The Administrative Adjudication Act, codified in Chapter 9 of Title 5 of the Guam Code, provides for the procedures to adjudicate over the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 legal rights, duties or privileges of specific parties.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 5 GCA \'a7 9200}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8000240\charrsid14102341 (2005)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The provisions in Chapter 80 of Title 10 demonstrate that it was within the powers of the hospital to negotiate Batoyan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s settlement agreement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Therefore, it seems reasonable for Lujan and Gutierrez to conclude that the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12978242\charrsid14102341 S}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ettlement }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12978242\charrsid14102341 A}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 greement between Batoyan and the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11483588\charrsid14102341 GMHA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 , approved by Kono, was with authority and within the purpose and powers of the hospital.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Moreover, there is other evidence in the record which buttresses }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11557795\charrsid14102341 Lujan and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Gutierrez}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s arguments that their reliance on legal advice was reasonable and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 prudent.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid994019\charrsid14102341 [54]}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The parties stipulated to the fact that Attorney Hogan, Legal }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14122339\charrsid14102341 C}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ounsel for the Civil Service Commission, sent a memorandum to Gutierrez on July 18, 2000}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12978242\charrsid14102341 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 indicating his opinion that Batoyan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s rights had been violated.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 At trial, Gutierrez testified that his office had initiated the memorandum.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Transcripts (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Tr.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ), Day 3 at 65 (Bench Trial, April 24, 2009).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 In his memorandum, Hogan states, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 My opinion is that various procedural failures amounted, when taken as a whole, to a violation of Dr. Batoyan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s due process rights to a fair hearing.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Lujan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s ER, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12978242\charrsid14102341 vol. II, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 tab 5.11 at 1}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12978242\charrsid14102341 (Letter from Atty. Jerry E. Hogan to Gov. Gutierrez)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid994019\charrsid14102341 [55]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \tab The }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8000240\charrsid14102341 p}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 arties also stipulated that Attorney Tydingco was hired to prepare a Release and Settlement }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12978242\charrsid14102341 A}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 greement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Tydingco advised Lujan to sign the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15423693\charrsid14102341 S}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ettlement }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15423693\charrsid14102341 A}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 greement in order to protect the hospital.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Id.}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Thereafter, Lujan signed the Settlement Agreement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 After Batoyan, Attorney Sukola, Attorney Tydingco, Acting Attorney General Kono, and Lujan signed the document, Gutierrez signed it.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid994019\charrsid14102341 [56]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \tab Lujan and Gutierrez relied on the legal advice of Attorney Hogan, signed the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12978242\charrsid14102341 S}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ettlement }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12978242\charrsid14102341 A}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 greement only after }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11483588\charrsid14102341 GMHA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s legal counsel advised them to do so and with the approval and authority of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15423693\charrsid14102341 A}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 cting Attorney General Kono.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 The trial }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12978242\charrsid14102341 court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15423693\charrsid14102341 s}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12978242\charrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 holding that}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12978242\charrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 the expenditure was without proper authority to allow personal recovery against Lujan and Gutierrez was in error.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12718050\charrsid14102341 [57]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 \tab Our analysis of 5 GCA \'a7\'a7 7102 and 7103 render the remaining issues moot}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16199405\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16199405\charrsid14102341 T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 herefore we }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12978242\charrsid14102341 do}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 not reach the merits of whether}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16199405\charrsid14102341 :}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12978242\charrsid14102341 1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ) the AG had a conflict of interest that should have disqualified the Office from prosecuting the case; (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12978242\charrsid14102341 2}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ) the trial court erred in denying Lujan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings on the grounds of }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15423693\charrsid14102341 e}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 stoppel; (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12978242\charrsid14102341 3}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ) 5 GCA \'a7 7103 permits action only against the Government of Guam and its officers, not against former officers}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5904569\charrsid14102341 ;}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12978242\charrsid14102341 4}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ) sovereign immunity applies to Gutierrez in his capacity as Governor}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5904569\charrsid14102341 ; and (5) the trial court erred in denying Lujan and Gutierrez}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5904569\charrsid14102341 joint motion for reconsideration}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 IV.\tab CONCLUSION}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid994019\charrsid14102341 [5}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12718050\charrsid14102341 8}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid994019\charrsid14102341 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid994019\charrsid14102341 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1261651\charrsid14102341 We reverse the trial court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1261651\charrsid14102341 s holding that without the filing of a government claim and authority to settle, the expenditures were illegal, contrary to law or without proper authority to allow personal recove}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 ry against Lujan and Gutierrez.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11422116 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid994019\charrsid14102341 [5}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12718050\charrsid14102341 9}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid994019\charrsid14102341 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid994019\charrsid14102341 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11422116\charrsid14102341 We hold that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Guam}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s Enforcement of Proper Government Spending Act expressly provides Guam taxpayers standing to enjoin government officials from improperly expending government funds.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 As a result, the AG does not have standing under 5 GCA \'a7 7103 to bring this case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11422116\charrsid14102341 We further hold that}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 even if the AG brings this suit under its other statutory authority and common law powers, the facts presented do not constitute a violation of the standard found in 5 GCA \'a7}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12978242\charrsid14102341 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 7102 and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022953\charrsid14102341 do not }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 permit personal recovery against Lu jan and Gutierrez.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022953\charrsid14102341 C}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 ontrary to the trial court}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s holding, a government claim was not required to be filed before the payments to Batoyan were made.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 Moreover, under 10 GCA \'a7 80104(e)(2), Acting Attorney General Kono}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s approval of the contract as to form necessarily implies that the expenditure of the funds was within the powers of the hospital}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15423693\charrsid14102341 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 and it appears prudent and reasonable for Lujan and Gutierrez to rely on Kono}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 s approval and to rely on the advice provided by other attorneys.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14102341\charrsid14102341 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid994019\charrsid14102341 [}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12718050\charrsid14102341 60}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid994019\charrsid14102341 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid994019\charrsid14102341 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11422116\charrsid14102341 Accordingly, t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 he judgment below is }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 REVERSED}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4915894\charrsid14102341 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15423693\charrsid14102341 \par }}