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\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698691\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698693\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698689 \'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fbias0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698691\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;} \f2\fbias0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698693\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0 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\fi-720\li1080\jclisttab\tx1080\lin1080 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4 \levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0 {\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713 \'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li4320 \jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel \levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid756094428}{\list\listtemplateid69088260{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0 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\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers \'01;}\fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li7200\jclisttab\tx7200\lin7200 }{\listlevel \levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li7920\jclisttab\tx7920\lin7920 }{\listname ;}\listid964234635}{\list\listtemplateid308599026\listhybrid {\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid1066460628\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\b \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0 \leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1 \levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713 \'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li4320 \jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel \levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1554265970}{\list\listtemplateid-810152890\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc0 \levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713 \'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li4320 \jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel \levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1557739273}{\list\listtemplateid1280072682\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc4 \levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat3\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-845238600\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-360\li1080\jclisttab\tx1080\lin1080 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li1800\jclisttab\tx1800\lin1800 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li2520\jclisttab\tx2520\lin2520 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3240\jclisttab\tx3240\lin3240 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713 \'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3960\jclisttab\tx3960\lin3960 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li4680 \jclisttab\tx4680\lin4680 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5400\jclisttab\tx5400\lin5400 }{\listlevel \levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li6120\jclisttab\tx6120\lin6120 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li6840\jclisttab\tx6840\lin6840 }{\listname ;}\listid1649238313}{\list\listtemplateid1581181886\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc4 \levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0 {\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703 \'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;} \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 } {\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0 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\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ASIA PACIFIC HOTEL GUAM, INC., \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Plaintiff-Appellant, \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 v. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \qc 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{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Supreme Court Case No. CVA10-021 \par Superior Court Case No. CV0194-06 & CV0303-06 (consolidated) \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 OPINION \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Filed:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 October 24, 2011 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Cite as: 2011 Guam 18 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam \par Argued and submitted May 23, 2011 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid13713471\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl \brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5418\clshdrawnil \cellx5310\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4158\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid5786824 {\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Appearing for Plaintiff-Appellant Asia Pacific}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 : \par Bill R. Mann, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Esq.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par Berman, O\rquote Connor & Mann \par Ste. 503, Bank of Guam Bldg. \par 111 Chalan Santo Papa \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910\cell }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Appearing for Defendant-Appellee}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 : \par Thomas C. Sterling, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Esq. \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Blair, Sterling, Johnson & Martinez \par Ste. 1008, DNA Bldg. \par 238 Archbishop F. C. Flores St. \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid13713471\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr \brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5418\clshdrawnil \cellx5310\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4158\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 BEFORE: F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Chief Justice; ROBERT J. TORRES, Associate Justice; ALEXANDRO C. CASTRO, Justice }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Pro Tempore}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 . \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 TORRES, J.: \par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 [1]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Asia Pacific Hotel Guam, Inc. (\'93Asia Pacific\'94 ) appeals a trial court judgment rendered in favor of Dongbu Insurance Company, Ltd. (\'93Dongbu\'94), which found that the entire amount awarded to Dongbu in arbitration was justified}{\cs18\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs18\super\insrsid5786824 \chftn }{\insrsid5786824 Asia Pacific notes in their Plaintiff-Appellant\rquote s Opening Brief on Appeal (\'93Appellant\rquote s Br.\'94) that the other named party in this case, Guam Advance Enterprises, Inc. (\'93Guam Advance\'94 ) is a major sub-contractor of Dongbu, which did not participate in the post-arbitration litigation at the center of this case, and has not participated in this appeal. At one point, Guam Advance filed a mechanic\rquote s lien claim against Asia Pacific }{\insrsid5786824\charrsid14353914 (CV0303-06)}{\insrsid5786824 ; that claim was later assigned to Dongbu. Guam Advance did participate in the arbitration proceeding underlying this case, but did not participate in the subsequent arbitration enforcement litigation in the trial court. The mechanic\rquote s lien case was later consolidated with a separate civil claim between Asia Pacific and Dongbu, }{\insrsid5786824\charrsid14353914 CV0194-06}{ \insrsid5786824 . }{\i\insrsid5786824 See}{\insrsid5786824 ER at 182 (Dec. and Order, Oct. 22, 2008).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 For the reasons set forth below, we reverse the judgment of the trial court and remand the case for further proceedings. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 I.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 [2]}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Asia Pacific is the owner of hotel property in Tumon commonly known as the Fiesta Resort.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 In 2004, Asia Pacific entered into a contract with Harmon Corporation (\'93Harmon\'94) for the renovation of the hotel.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Dongbu was engaged to issue a Performance and Payment Bond, naming Harmon as contractor and Asia Pacific as obligee.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Harmon defaulted on its construction contract with Asia Pacific prior to the completion of the project.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Following demand by Asia Pacific, Dongbu commenced work on the completion of the construction left unfinished by Harmon, pursuant to the Performance Bond.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Disputes arose between Dongbu and Asia Pacific concerning multiple alleged deficiencies in Dongbu\rquote s work, culminating in the filing of this action by Asia Pacific in the trial court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Dongbu filed an answer, along with three counterclaims.} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 [3]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The parties voluntarily agreed to arbitrate a portion of their dispute.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The parties also agreed, prior to arbitration, that if Dongbu prevailed on its }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 quantum meruit }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 counterclaim, then the amount of Dongbu\rquote s subrogation rights would be determined by the Superior Court of Guam.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The arbitrators returned a partial award in the late summer of 2007, and a final award later that year.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The Final Award disclaimed that the arbitrators had not resolved several issues which they felt were outside what was submitted for their consideration.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Asia Pacific moved to have the Final Award vacated.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Dongbu responded by filing a motion to confirm the arbitration award and for summary judgment on the issues which were left unresolved by the arbitrators.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The trial court entered its Decision and Order granting the motion to confirm and denying the motion to vacate.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 [4]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 After further arguments, the trial court entered a second Decision and Order granting a Motion for Final Judgment previously filed by Dongbu.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Final Judgment was delivered by the trial court the same day.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 This appeal followed. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 II.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 JURISDICTION \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 [5]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 This court has jurisdiction over appeals from final judgment.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 1424-1(a)(2) (Westlaw through Pub. L. 112-9 (2011)); 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 3107 and 3108(a)(2005).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 III.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 STANDARD OF REVIEW}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 {\*\bkmkstart wlCitedDoc} \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 [6]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Legal rulings of a trial court confirming an arbitration award are reviewed }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 de novo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , while factual findings are reviewed under the clearly erroneous standard.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See Gov\rquote t of Guam v. Pacific are Health Ins. Co. of Micronesia, Inc.,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 2004 Guam 17 \'b6 16.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 However, this standard of review does not permit appellate courts to disregard the general policies applicable to trial court review of arbitration awards, which trend toward favoring arbitration for public policy reasons.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See Melwani v. Arnold,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 2010 Guam 7 \'b6 11 (quoting }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Pacificare}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 2004 Guam 17 \'b6 16).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 A factual finding is clearly erroneous when the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that an error has been made.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 (citing }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Macris v. Swavely}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 2008 Guam 18 \'b6 9).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The issue of whether a prejudgment interest award was liquidated is reviewed }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 de novo.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See Tanaguchi-Ruth & Assocs. v. MDI Guam Corp.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 2005 Guam 7 \'b6 81.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 {\*\bkmkend wlCitedDoc} \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 IV.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ANALYSIS \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 [7]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Asia Pacific asserts numerous points of error on appeal including: (1) statutory grounds for vacation of the arbitration award, (2) non-statutory grounds for vacation of the arbitration award, (3) that the trial court erred in calculating the amount of money owed to Dongbu u nder the terms of the award, and (4) that the trial court erred in awarding pre-judgment interest to Dongbu.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Appellant}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s Br. (Feb. 15, 2011).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The parties also debate over what source of law governed the arbitration and the arbitration confirmation and/or vacation process in this case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 We will address this underlying issue first.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 A.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Governing Law \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 [8]}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Asia Pacific argues that the arbitration (and our review of the trial court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s decisions confirming the award) is governed by the Federal Arbitration Act (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 FAA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ) , while Dongbu argues that the Guam International Arbitration Chapter (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 GIAC}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ) (7 GCA \'a7 42101 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 et seq}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 .) applies except to the extent pre-empted by the FAA.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Appellant}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s Br. at 10; Appellee}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s Br. at 12-13 Apr. 4, 2011).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Prior to entering arbitration, the parties entered into the following understanding:}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 IT IS HEREBY STIPULATED }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 by and between the parties hereto through their respective attorneys of record that the applicable law in connection with this arbitration shall be as follows: }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 1.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The substantive law of Guam will be applied. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 2.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The procedural rules of Dispute Prevention and Resolution Inc. will govern all procedural issues to the extent such rules are not inconsistent with Guam law.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 3.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Any confirmation proceeding in connection with an Award will be held in the Courts of Guam and will be subject to Guam law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ER at 62 (Agreement re: Applicable Law, May 23, 2007).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 This Agreement regarding }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 the applicable law in connecti on with this arbitration}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 and the law to apply in the subsequent arbitration enforcement litigation requires further examination. }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Id.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 1.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Law Governing Arbitration \par a.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 GIAC}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par [9]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The GIAC was promulgated in May 6, 2004 under Guam Public Law 27:81:3, 4, and became effective immediately.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 This was several months}{\cs18\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s17\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs18\super\insrsid5786824\charrsid16384143 \chftn }{\insrsid5786824\charrsid16384143 }{ \i\insrsid5786824\charrsid16384143 Pacificare}{\insrsid5786824 , 2004 Guam 17,}{\insrsid5786824\charrsid16384143 was filed on September 14, 2004.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 prior to our decision in }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Pacificare}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , which is the Supreme Court of Guam case most relevant to our determination of this case; however all of the facts underlying the }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Pacifcare}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 case took place prior to the enactment of the GIAC, rendering it inoperative in that case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See Pacificare}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 2004 Guam 17 \'b6\'b6 2-10. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 [10]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The GIAC, which describes itself as being modeled after the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law Model Law, provides a comprehensive territorial system of laws governing commercial arbitration in Guam.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 7 GCA \'a7 42101.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The provisions of 7 GCA \'a7 42101 which are relevant to this case are as follows:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 . . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 (d) The provisions of this Chapter 42-A apply to international commercial arbitration and domestic arbitration, subject to any agreement in force between Guam and any other State or States.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 (e) The provisions of this Chapter 42-A, except Sections 42202, 42403, and 42702 apply only if the place of the international commercial arbitration is in Guam.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 (f) An arbitration is international if: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 (1) the parties to an arbitration agreement have, at the time of the conclusion of that agreement, their places of business in different States; or }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 (2) one of the following places is situated outside the State in which the parties have their places of business: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 (A) the place of arbitration if determined in, or pursuant to, the arbitration agreement; }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 (B) any place where a substantial part of the obligations of the commercial relationship is to be performed or the place with which the subject matter of the dispute is most closely connected; or }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 (C) the parties have expressly agreed that the subject matter of the arbitration agreement relates to more than one State.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 (g) An arbitration is domestic if: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 (1) The arbitration is not an international commercial arbitration as defined in paragraph (f) above; and }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 (2) the place of the arbitration is Guam.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 (h) For the purposes of paragraph (f) of this Section: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 (1) if a party has more than one place of business, the place of business is that which has the closest relationship to the arbitration agreement; and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 (2) if a party does not have a place of business, reference is to be made to his or her habitual residence.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 7 GCA \'a7 42101 (2005).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Several individual sections warrant more detailed discussion. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 [11]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Subsections (f) and (h) of 7 GCA \'a7 42101, when read against the facts of this case, establish that this was an }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 international}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 arbitration.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Portions of the record indicate that Dongbu is a Korean corporation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ER at 57 (Power of Attorney, June 21, 2004); }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 see also}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ER at 1 (First Amended Compl., Dec. 5, 2006) (stating Dongbu is a foreign corporation); ER at 27 (Answer to First Amended Compl. (Dec. 26, 2006) (admitting relevant portion of complaint).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Dongbu has a different }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 place of business}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 than Asia Pacific, a Guam corporation, which under 7 GCA \'a7 42101(f)(1) renders the arbitration }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 international}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ER at 1 (First Amended Compl.).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Although Dongbu has identified a Guam corporation as its }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 attorney-in-fact}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 while doing business in Guam, there is no indication that Dongbu itself has any place of business in Guam that might implicate the language of subsection (h).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ER at 57 (Power of Attorney) (designating Guam insurance company as attorney-in-fact for business purposes).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 [12]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Subsections (d) and (e) establish that the entire GIAC may apply to } {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 both}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 domestic}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 international}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 arbitrations which take place in Guam.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 This arbitration would not necessarily be exempted from the GIAC simply because Dongbu is a foreign company, as argued by Asia Pacific.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Appellant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s Br. at 9-10.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The United States Supreme Court has found that local laws concerning arbitration are not pre-empted by the FAA where, as here, the parties have agreed to apply local law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See Volt Info. Scis., Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 v. Bd. of Trs. of Leland Stanford Junior Univ.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 489 U.S. 468, 485 (1989).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 As the }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Volt}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 court stated: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par There is no federal policy favoring arbitration under a certain set of procedural rules; the federal policy is simply to ensure the e nforceability, according to their terms, of private agreements to arbitrate. Interpreting a choice-of-law clause to make applicable state rules governing the conduct of arbitration-rules which are manifestly designed to encourage resort to the arbitral pr ocess-simply does not offend . . . any . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\delrsid15471406\charrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 policy embodied in the FAA.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 at 476.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Here, the argument against FAA pre-emption would be even stronger, as Guam law was identified not solely in a choice-of-law provision in an underlying contract, but in a separate A greement entered into and executed by the parties, a distinction which was not recognized by Asia Pacific.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ER at 62 (Agreement re Applicable Law); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 see also}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Reply Br. at 1-2 (May 2, 2011).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The FAA has previously been found to pre-empt local law in instances where local law has shown }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 hostility}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 to the federal policy that private parties should be able to resolve their disagreements through arbitration rather than solely through litigation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See Mastrobuono v. Shearson Lehman Hutton, Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 514 U.S. 52, 56 (1995) (citing }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Allied-Bruce Terminix Cos. v. Dobson}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 513 U.S. 265, 272-73 (1995)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 In contrast, where local laws such as the GIAC do not obstruct arbitration of disputes, but rather provide an alternative regime under which parties can conduc t such arbitrations, pre-emption is disfavored.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Volt}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 489 U.S. at 476-77.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Parties who conduct arbitrations in Guam should presume, as a default, that the GIAC applies to their arbitrations.}{\cs18\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs18\super\insrsid5786824 \chftn }{\insrsid5786824 This ruling is not inconsistent with the proposition established in }{\i\insrsid5786824 Pacificare}{\insrsid5786824 and elsewhere that the FAA }{\i\insrsid5786824 can}{\insrsid5786824 govern arbitrations conducted in Guam. }{ \i\insrsid5786824\charrsid16384143 See}{\insrsid5786824\charrsid16384143 }{\i\insrsid5786824\charrsid16384143 Pacificare}{\insrsid5786824\charrsid16384143 , 2004 Guam 17 \'b6\'b6 11-12; }{\i\insrsid5786824\charrsid16384143 see also Kanazawa, Ltd. v. Sound, Unlimited}{\insrsid5786824\charrsid16384143 , 440 F.2d 1239, 1240 ( 9th Cir. 1971). For example, in situations where the FAA is designated by the parties as the law to govern a specific arbitration, the FAA would clearly be applicable. }{\i\insrsid5786824\charrsid16384143 See, e.g., Citizens Bank v. Alafabco, Inc.}{ \insrsid5786824\charrsid16384143 , 539 U.S. 52, 54 (2003).}{\insrsid5786824 However, in situations where (as here) \'93Guam law\'94 is designated to control the proceedings, the GIAC serves as the default governing authority. }}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 This general holding does not, however, end our analysis of what specific laws are to be applied to the arbitration in this case.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 b. The New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }{\cs29\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 [13]}{\cs29\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 GIAC, in its entirety, may be }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 subject to any agreement in force between Guam and any other State or States.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 7 GCA \'a7 42101(d).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 This provision restricts the scope of Guam law in arbitrations between Guam parties (or more generally American parties) and foreign parties, where Guam law is inconsistent with international treaties and agreements entered into by }{ \cs39\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 the federal government}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 and codified into federal law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 This is because the federal government has been, since its formation, the single voice of all of the United States of America (including the territories) in the realm of foreign affairs.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\cs39\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ,}{ \cs39\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 e.g.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Downes v. Bidwell}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 182 U.S. 244, 263 (1901) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 [I] n dealing with foreign sovereignties, the term }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 United States}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 has a broader meaning than when used in the Constitution, and includes all territories subject to the jurisdiction of the Federal government, wherever located.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 [14]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 NY Convention}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ) was opened for signature in 1958 and acceded to by the United States in 1970. }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See Indus. Risk Insurers v. M.A.N. Gutehoffnungshutte GmbH}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 141 F.3d 1434, 1440 (11th Cir. 1998).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Chapter 2 of Title 9 of the United States Code, which codified the NY Convention in federal law, was passed later the same year.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 By its terms, the Convention applies to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 the . . . enforcement of . . . awards made in the territ ory of a State other than the State where the . . . enforcement of such awards are sought, and arising out of differences between persons . . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 It shall also apply to arbitral awards }{\cs39\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 not considered as domestic}{ \cs39\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 awards}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 in the State where their . . . enforcement are sought.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 NY Convention art. I, \'b6 1 (emphasis added).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Interpreting this provision, the federal courts have stated that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 awards }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 not considered as domestic}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 denotes awards which are subject to the Convention not because made abroad, but because made within the legal framework of another country, e.g., pronounced in accordance with foreign law or }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 involving parties domiciled or having their principal place of business outside the enforcing jurisdiction.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Bergesen v. Joseph Muller Corp.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 710 F.2d 928, 932 (2nd Cir. 1983) (emphasis added).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Thus, the NY Convention would appear to apply to this case both (1) under Guam law defining }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 domestic}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 international}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 arbitrations, and (2) under federal case law interpreting the statutes codifying the NY Convention.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 [15]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 However, even in cases where the NY Convention does apply to arbitration proceedings in Guam, it does not follow that the provisions of the GIAC are automatically }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 pre-empted}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 by those of the NY Convention.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Instead, the provisions of the GIAC are only pre-empted where they are inconsistent with the NY Convention.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 This is because provisions of the NY Convention, like those of the FAA, have only been found to pre-empt local law where that law is inco nsistent with the goals of promoting international arbitration.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See Island Terr. of Curacao v. Solitron Devices, Inc.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 489 F.2d 1313, 1318-19 (2nd Cir. 1973) (finding that NY Convention did not pre-empt local law where local law did not interfere with the federal regulatory scheme) (citing }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc. v. Ware}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 414 U.S. 117 (1973).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 [16]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 N either party asserted that application of the NY Convention during the arbitration itself would in any way alter the proceedings. Therefore, we do not have to address that issue here.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Indeed, there appears to be no dispute at all between the parties about the law governing the actual arbitration itself, but rather a dispute over what law should govern the}{ \cs39\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 arbitration enforcement proceedings}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 in the trial court subsequent to the issuance of the arbitration award.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The issue of which law governs the arbitration enforcement proceedings, including confirmation or vacation of arbitration awards , requires further analysis.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 2. Law Governing Arbitration Enforcement Proceedings}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }{\cs29\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 [17]}{\cs29\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Having determined that GIAC governs the arbitration proceedings in this case, it seems commonsensical that GIAC would then govern the arbitration enforcement proceedings. However, the}{\cs29\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 two sections of the GIAC which deal with the judicial enforcement of arbitration awards by the courts of Guam, 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 42701 and}{ \cs31\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 42702, contain a provision which is not found elsewhere in the GIAC.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 This provision, found in both sections, reads as follows: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 This Section only applies where the place of the arbitration is Guam and neither the Federal Arbitration Act nor the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards apply.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 42701(a) and 42702(a) (2005).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The court must interpret the language of this section to determine what law should govern judicial enforcement of arbitration proceedings conducted in Guam.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 As discussed above, under one reading of the law, the NY Convention }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 applies}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 to this case by virtue of Dongbu}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s status as a foreign corporation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The FAA also }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 applies}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 in this case, as the definition of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 commerce}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 found in the FAA includes }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 commerce . . . between any such Territory and any State or }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 foreign nation}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 . . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 9 U.S.C. \'a7 1 (2006) (emphasis added).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 That the FAA }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 may}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 apply} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 in this case is not a controversial proposition.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Pacificare}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 2004 Guam 17 \'b6\'b6 11-12; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 see also Kanazawa, Ltd. v. Sound, Unlimited}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 440 F.2d 1239, 1240 (9th Cir. 1971).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 [18]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 However, as we indicated previously, simply because the NY Convention or the FAA may apply to arbitration proceedings in Guam, it does not follow that the provisions of the GIAC are automatically }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 pre-empted or inapplicable}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Any reading of 7 GCA \'a7 42701(a) in a manner that creates a situation where the judicial enforcement proceedings for an arbitration award would be governed by a }{ \cs39\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 different}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 regime than the one that governed the underlying arbitration would be an anomaly.}{ \cs18\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s17\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs18\super\insrsid5786824 \chftn }{\insrsid5786824 For instance, in this case while the arbitration performed was conducted under the GIAC, this reading of }{\cf1\insrsid5786824\charrsid16384143 7 GCA \'a7 42701(a)}{\cf1\insrsid5786824 would dictate that the arbitration enforcement proceedings conducted in the trial court would have been governed by either the FAA or the NY Convention. }}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The underlying arbitration here is governed by the GIAC and we do not interpret 7 GCA \'a7 42701(a) as requiring that arbitration enforcement proceedings be governed by either the FAA or the NY Convention simply because either of these laws }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 may}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 apply to the underlying arbitration.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 We are convinced that such a reading would (1) complicate the use of arbitration in Guam; (2) deter parties from seeking to arbitrate in Guam; and (3) run contrary to previous interpretations of similar laws in other jurisdictions.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See, e.g., Mount Diablo Med. Ctr. v. Health Net of California, Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 124 Cal. Rptr. 2d 607, 617 (Cal. Ct. App. 2002) (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 [W] here the state arbitration provision is not inconsistent with the FAA policy of enforcing arbitration procedures chosen by the parties, choice-of-law clauses making no explicit reference to arbitration, commonly have been interpreted to incorporate the state}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s law governing the enforcement of arbitration agreements.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 )}{\cs18\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs18\super\insrsid5786824 \chftn }{\insrsid5786824 In relation to this issue, we re-emphasize that in this case, the agreement between the parties stated in relevant part: \'93}{\insrsid5786824\charrsid1275435 3.}{\insrsid5786824 }{\insrsid5786824\charrsid1275435 Any confirmation proceeding in connection with an}{\insrsid5786824 }{\insrsid5786824\charrsid1275435 Award will be held in the Courts of Guam and will be}{\insrsid5786824 }{\insrsid5786824\charrsid1275435 subject to Guam law.}{\insrsid5786824 \'94 }{ \i\insrsid5786824 See}{\insrsid5786824 ER at 62 (Agreement re Applicable Law).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 see also Yusuf Ahmed Alghanim & Sons v. Toys }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 R}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Us, Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 126 F.3d 15, 22 (2nd Cir. 1997) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 [M]any commentators and foreign courts have concluded that an action to set aside an award can be brought }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 only}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 under the domestic law of the arbitral forum, and can never be made under the Convention.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Therefore, the only logical reading of}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 7 GCA \'a7 42701(a)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 is that the judicial enforcement provisions of GIAC will not apply to a particular arbitration where either the FAA or the NY Convention applies to the }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 underlying arbitration}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , either by virtue of a specific choice-of-law clause or by some other device.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Under this reading, a legal single regime will govern both an underlying arbitration and any subsequent judicial enforcement of an award generated by that underlying arbitration.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 [19]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 We theref ore consider the arbitration enforcement proceedings in this case as governed by the GIAC rather than by the FAA or by the NY Convention.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Although this was the position taken by Dongbu and rejected by Asia Pacific, this distinction is of little practical significance to what we need to consider here, as both parties acknowledge the statutory grounds for vacation of an arbitration award found under the GIAC and the FAA are textually identical.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Compare}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 7 GCA \'a7 42701(b) }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 with}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 9 U.S.C.A. \'a7 10(a) (West 2009). }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 In examining a similar case, we previously found in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Sumitomo Constr. Co.} {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 v. Zhong Ye}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ,}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 1997 Guam 8, that federal case law interpreting the FAA can be considered especially persuasive in situations where, as here, Guam law mirrors federal law.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 S umitomo Constr. Co. v. Zhong Ye}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 1997 Guam 8}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \'b6\'b6 5-8.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Having determined that the GIAC governs the arbitration enforcement proceedings in this case, we turn to the statutory ground for vacation of the award suggested by Asia Pacific.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 B. Statutory grounds for vacation of the arbitration award}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 [20]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The relevant provision of the GIAC reads as follows: }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 In any of the following cases, the court may make an order vacating the award upon the application of any party to the arbitration:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\cs29\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 {\*\bkmkstart I4603A260240311E09714F4475B4D179A} {\*\bkmkstart I4602DF12240311E09714F4475B4D179A}{\*\bkmkstart SP_7b9b000044381}{\*\bkmkend I4603A260240311E09714F4475B4D179A}{\*\bkmkend I4602DF12240311E09714F4475B4D179A}{\*\bkmkend SP_7b9b000044381}(1)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 where the award was procured by corruption, fraud, or undue means; }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\cs29\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 {\*\bkmkstart I4603C970240311E09714F4475B4D179A} {\*\bkmkstart I4602DF13240311E09714F4475B4D179A}{\*\bkmkstart SP_d86d0000be040}{\*\bkmkend I4603C970240311E09714F4475B4D179A}{\*\bkmkend I4602DF13240311E09714F4475B4D179A}{\*\bkmkend SP_d86d0000be040}(2)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 where there was evident partiality or corruption in the arbitrators, or either of them; }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\cs29\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 {\*\bkmkstart I46041790240311E09714F4475B4D179A} {\*\bkmkstart I4602DF14240311E09714F4475B4D179A}{\*\bkmkstart SP_28cc0000ccca6}{\*\bkmkend I46041790240311E09714F4475B4D179A}{\*\bkmkend I4602DF14240311E09714F4475B4D179A}{\*\bkmkend SP_28cc0000ccca6}(3)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 where the arbitrators were guilty of misconduct in refusing to postpone the hearing, upon sufficient cause shown, or in refusing to hear evidence that is pertinent and material to the controversy; or of any other misbehavior by which the rights of any party have been prejudiced; or }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\cs29\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 {\*\bkmkstart I46043EA0240311E09714F4475B4D179A} {\*\bkmkstart I4602DF15240311E09714F4475B4D179A}{\*\bkmkstart SP_d40e000072291}{\*\bkmkend I46043EA0240311E09714F4475B4D179A}{\*\bkmkend I4602DF15240311E09714F4475B4D179A}{\*\bkmkend SP_d40e000072291}(4)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 where the arbitrators exceeded their powers, or so imperfectly executed them that a mutual, final, and definite award upon the subject matter submitted was not made. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 7 GCA \'a7 42701(b)(2005).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Both of Asia Pacific}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s main statutory arguments address the language of subsection 7 GCA \'a7 42701(b)(4); Asia Pacific argues that a portion of the Partial Award was not sufficiently }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 final}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 or }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 definite}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 under GIAC standards to be confirmed, and that the arbitrators also exceeded their powers by rendering an impermissible }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 indefinite}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 or }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 non-final}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 award.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Appellant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s Br. at 15-20.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 1. No }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 final}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 or }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 definite}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 award}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par [21]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Asia Pacific}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s argument that the award in this case was defective because it was not final or definite centers on the following section of the Partial Award issued by the arbitrators (hereinafter the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Conditional Award}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ):}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 A portion of the amounts awarded to Asia Pacific is conditional . . . .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The amounts awarded conditionally with respect to specific claims made by Asia Pacific . . . means that the specific amount awarded is the maximum payable to Asia Pacific 1) after Asia Pacific substantially completes so much of th e work covered by that claim as it chooses, and 2) upon presentation of reasonable documentation confirming that the work has been substantially completed and paid for; and 3) if Asia Pacific does }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 1)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 2)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 above within one year from the date of this Arbitrator}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s Partial Award. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Appellant}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s Br. at 15-16 (citing ER at 70 (Arbitrators}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Partial Award).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Asia Pacific correctly maintains that federal courts have interpreted a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 final and definite}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 award, as required by 7 GCA \'a7 42701(b)(4), to be an award which }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 resolve[s] all issues submitted to arbitration, and determine[s] each issue fully so that no further litigation is necessary to finalize the obligations of the parties.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Rocket Jewelry Box, Inc. v. Noble Gift Packaging, Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 157 F.3d 174, 177 (2nd Cir. 1998) (citing }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ConnTech Dev. Co. v. Univ. of Conn.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 102 F.3d 677, 686 (2nd Cir. 1996)).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 final and definite}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 requirement supports the public policy rationale that one of arbitration}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s main functions should be to reduce future litigation expenses by the parties.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See, e.g., Mercury Oil Ref. Co. v. Oil Workers Int}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 l Union}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 CIO}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 187 F.2d 980, 982 (10th Cir. 1951), }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 disapproved on other grounds by Textile Workers v. Lincoln Mills of Ala.,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 353 U.S. 448, 451\~(1957) (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Arbitration is designed to settle controversies . . . between parties by a method other than through the [courts]. Its purpose is to eliminate future disputes and litigation. To accomplish this, decisions . . . must be final and complete and leave no doubt as to the manner in which they are to be made effective.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Applying these standards, Asia Pacific highlights sections of the award}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s text which invite further litigation, including the terms }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 substantial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 and }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 reasonable,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 along with the identification of a potential arbiter for any further disputes between the parties.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Appellant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s Br. at 16-17. The trial court addressed a similar argument and rejected it as a basis for overturning the award.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ER at 169-71 (Dec. & Order, July 7, 2008).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 [22]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The Conditional Award is indeed impermissibly indefinite.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The language of the Partial Award leaving open the issues of (1) whether or not Asia Pacific substantially completed the work at issue, and (2) if Asia Pacific provided reasonable documentation on the work, invited further disputes.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Although an arbitration panel may permissibly attempt to pass on future issues, it must do so in a manner where only }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ministerial computations}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 which are }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 easily ascertainable}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 from the facts of the case remain.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Lummus Global Amazonas S.A. v. Aguaytia Energy del Peru S.R. Ltda.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ,\~256 F. Supp. 2d 594, 640}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\delrsid2053914\charrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 (S.D.Tex. 2002) (citing }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Flender Corp. v. Techna-Quip Co.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 953 F.2d 273, 280 (7th Cir. 1992)).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 This requirement was not satisfied here.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The trial court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s discussion of the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 final and definite}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 issue is unconvincing as it relies upon several cases which are either unreported or not factually similar to what is considered here.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See ER}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 at 169-70 (Dec. & Order) (citing }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Int}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 l Union of Operating Eng}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 rs, Local No. 49 v. Indep. Sch. Dist. No. 742}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 1997 WL 527250 (Minn. App. 1997) (not reported); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Bruno v. United Steelworkers of Am.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 1993 WL 2300 (6th Cir. 1993) (unpublished opinion); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Hodges v. Atl. Coast Line R.R. Co.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 310 F.2d 438 (5th Cir. 1962) (ruling on propriety of award by administrative board, rather than by an arbitration panel)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The trial court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s lengthy citation to the case of }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Crofoot v. Blair Holdings Corp.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 260 P.2d 156, 190-91 (1953), is similarly unpersuasive; Asia Pacific}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s argument is that the very terms of the Conditional Award (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 substantial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 reasonable}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ) were fatally defective, contrary to the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 elections}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 at issue in the } {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Crofoot}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 case, which were }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 clear and definite}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 .}{ \cs18\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs18\super\insrsid5786824 \chftn }{\insrsid5786824 The }{\i\insrsid5786824 Crofoot}{\insrsid5786824 case does not state the terms of the \'93elections\'94 in its text, but described them as \'93 set forth in detail in the award}{\insrsid5786824\charrsid6970808 \'94. }{\i\insrsid5786824\charrsid6970808 Crofoot}{\insrsid5786824\charrsid6970808 , 260 P.2d}{\i\insrsid5786824\charrsid6970808 }{\insrsid5786824\charrsid6970808 at 165.}{ \insrsid5786824 The Partial Award cannot be said to be as detailed, perhaps intentionally, as by the wishes of the parties it did not contain any \'93reasoned award\'94. ER at 162-63 (Dec. & Order) (trial court\rquote s discussion of limitations of awards not accompanied by detailed reasoning).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ER at 170 (Dec. & Order).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The trial court}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s statement that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 [t]he only arguably uncertain aspect of the conditional award . . . is based on a hypothetical that Asia Pacific does not pose, namely: what to do in the event that Asia Pacific decides to perform the work but that it is not }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 substantially completed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 or performed to Dongbu}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s satisfaction}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 sidesteps the issue of whether defects in the language of the award require it to be vacated, regardless of the subsequent actions of the parties.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 at 170-71.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 It is apparent that the trial court failed to properly consider Asia Pacific}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s claim that the Conditional Award was defective under the standards of 7 GCA \'a7 42701(b)(4).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Accordingly, we next discuss t he significance of the trial court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s error.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 2. The Arbitrators exceeded their powers or improperly executed them}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par [23]}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Relying upon the same language of 7 GCA \'a7 42701(b)(4), Asia Pacific compares the arbitrator}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s error in ordering the conditional awards to several federal cases in which different errors committed by arbitrators have been grounds for vacation of awards.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Appellant}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s Br. at 17-20 (citing }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Cat Charter L.L.C. v. Shurtenberger}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 691 F. Supp. 2d 1339 (S.D. Fla. 2010) (vacating for failure to supply reasoned award) and }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Coast Trading Co., Inc. v. Pac. Molasses Co.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 681 F.2d 1195 (9th Cir. 1982) (vacating for extending time to perform under contract rather than entering damages)).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 In this case, Asia Pacific alleges that a similar mistake was made by the arbitrators when they issued the Conditional Award.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Although these cases are not directly on point, we find them sufficiently convincing to establish the proposition that at least the Conditional Award section of the arbitrators}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 award must be vacated under 7 GCA \'a7 42701(b)(4).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 While it can persuasively be argued that the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 finality}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 or }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 definiteness}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 issue of the Conditional Award could have been resolved by the lapse of time between the delivery of the Partial Award and the entry of judgment in the case,}{\cs18\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs18\super\insrsid5786824 \chftn }{\insrsid5786824 The Conditional Award reads in relevant part: \'93A portion of the amounts awarded to Asia Pacific is conditional . . . . The amounts awarded conditionally with respect to specific claims made by Asia Pacific\'85 means that the specific amount awarded is the maximum payable to Asia Pacific 1) after Asia Pacific substantially completes so much of the work covered by that claim as it chooses, and 2) upon presentation of rea sonable documentation confirming that the work has been substantially completed and paid for; and }{\i\insrsid5786824\charrsid3223736 3) if Asia Pacific does \'931)\'94 and \'932)\'94 above within one year from the date of this Arbitrator\rquote s Partial Award.}{\insrsid5786824 \'94 ER at 70 (Arbitrators\rquote Partial Award) (emphasis added). At oral argument, Dongbu compared the arbitrator\rquote s decision to leave this issue open for one year to a court\rquote s power to issue a continuing injunction, which allows a court to monitor a party\rquote s compliance with a previous order on an ongoing basis. }{\i\insrsid5786824\charrsid6970808 See }{\insrsid5786824\charrsid6970808 7 GCA \'a7 7107}{\insrsid5786824 (2005)}{\insrsid5786824\charrsid6970808 (listing}{\insrsid5786824 incidental powers of the courts of Guam). This argume nt fails because unlike a court, the power of an arbitrator to consider a case is entirely dependant on the language of the contract or clause detailing the scope of their power, rather than upon statutory authority. Here, the language of the Arbitration Agreement dictated that any award \'93shall be final;\'94 the issuance of an award that was not \'93final\'94 at its inception was not within the scope of the Agreement. ER at 59, Ex. 3 (Submission to Arbitration). }}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 the language of the Arbitration Agreement between the parties in this case read in part that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 [t]he award rendered by the Arbitrators shall be }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 final}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 . . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ER at 59, Ex. 3 (Submission to Arbitration) (emphasis added).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Thus, the issuance of a portion of an award,}{\cs18\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs18\super\insrsid5786824 \chftn }{\insrsid5786824 This defect could also have been avo ided had the arbitrators resolved the issue of the Conditional Award before or in concert with the issuance of the Final Award. However, there is no portion of the Final Award that appears to touch upon this issue, leaving the Conditional Award section o f the Partial Award unresolved.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 which at one point was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 non-final,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 exceeded (or otherwise imperfectly executed) the powers conferred upon the arbitrators by the Arbitration Agreement.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 7 GCA \'a7 42701(b)(4).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 3. Severability of Conditional Award }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par [24]}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Dongbu argues that even if the Conditional Award is improper, it can properly be severed and excised from the award granted by the arbitrators, and the remainder can be confirmed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Appellee}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s Br. at 27.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Closer scrutiny of Dongbu}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s arguments reveals that severance of the Conditional Award in this case is not appropriate.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 [25]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Dongbu is correct in contending that in cases where courts have considered arbitration awards which only partially resolved the issue presented for resolution, courts have generally held that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 if an award is valid in part and invalid in part, and the valid portion [is] }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 separable}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 from and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 non-dependent}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 on . . . the invalid portion, the valid portion . . . is confirmable, notwithstanding the absence of an award that finally disposes of all . . . claims . . . submitted to arbitration.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Puerto Rico Mar. Shipping Auth. v. Star Lines Ltd.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 454 F. Supp. 368, 372 (S.D.N.Y., 1978) (citing }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Moyer v. Van-Dye-Way Corp.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 126 F.2d 339 (3rd Cir. 1942)).}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 This doctrine is premised on recognition of the fact that the parameters of an arbitration award are dictated by the nature of the conflict submitted to the arbitrators by the parties; if all facts of the dispute have already taken place, then a full, final and definite award is appropriate, }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 but}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 if the dispute is ongoing, then arbitrators are obligated only to return an award }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 as final as the nature of the thing [submitted].}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 J.H. Leavenworth & Son v. Kimble}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ,\~128 So. 354, 355\~(Miss. 1930) (citation omitted).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 [26]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The power of severance described in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Puerto Rico Maritime Shipping Authority}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 springs from the language of 9 U.S.C. \'a7 10(a)(4)}{\cs18\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs18\super\insrsid5786824 \chftn }{\insrsid5786824 The basis for the severability discussion found in }{\i\insrsid5786824 Puerto Rico Maritime Shipping Authority}{\insrsid5786824 was former 9 U.S.C. \'a7 10 (d), which is textually identical to current section 9 U.S.C. \'a7 10(a)(4). }{ \i\insrsid5786824 See }{\insrsid5786824 454 F. Supp. at 371-72; 374-75.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , which disposes of Asia Pacific}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s argument that any such severance would be improper under the standards of 9 U.S.C. \'a7 11.}{\cs18\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs18\fs20\super\insrsid5786824\charrsid1728773 \chftn }{ \fs20\insrsid5786824\charrsid1728773 }{\fs20\insrsid5786824 Title }{\fs20\insrsid5786824\charrsid1728773 9 U.S.C. \'a7 11 permits courts to }{\fs20\insrsid5786824 \'93}{\fs20\insrsid5786824\charrsid1728773 modify}{\fs20\insrsid5786824 \'94}{ \fs20\insrsid5786824\charrsid1728773 or }{\fs20\insrsid5786824 \'93}{\fs20\insrsid5786824\charrsid1728773 correct}{\fs20\insrsid5786824 \'94}{\fs20\insrsid5786824\charrsid1728773 }{\fs20\insrsid5786824 arbitration awards }{ \fs20\insrsid5786824\charrsid1728773 upon application of a party where: (1) there was an evident material miscalculation of figures or an evident material mistake in the description of any person, thing, or property referred to i n the award, (2) the arbitrators have awarded upon a matter not submitted to them, unless it is a matter not affecting the merits of the decision upon the matter submitted, or (3) the award is imperfect in matter of form not affecting the merits of the co ntroversy}{\fs20\insrsid5786824\charrsid6970808 .{\*\bkmkstart I452D67402D7211E0B43684C0FBDD697B}{\*\bkmkstart I452C2EC32D7211E0B43684C0FBDD697B}{\*\bkmkstart SP_a83b000018c76}{\*\bkmkstart I452DB5602D7211E0B43684C0FBDD697B} {\*\bkmkstart I452C2EC42D7211E0B43684C0FBDD697B}{\*\bkmkstart SP_4b24000003ba5}{\*\bkmkend I452D67402D7211E0B43684C0FBDD697B}{\*\bkmkend I452C2EC32D7211E0B43684C0FBDD697B}{\*\bkmkend SP_a83b000018c76}{\*\bkmkend I452DB5602D7211E0B43684C0FBDD697B} {\*\bkmkend I452C2EC42D7211E0B43684C0FBDD697B}{\*\bkmkend SP_4b24000003ba5} 9 U.S.C. \'a7 11.}{\fs20\insrsid5786824 There is no analogous section in the GIAC. }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Puerto Rico Mar. Shipping Auth., }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 454 F. Supp. at 371-72; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 see also}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Reply Br. at 7-9; 24-25.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 However, the bigger question is whether or not the Conditional Award rendered in this case is sufficiently }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 separable}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 and }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 non-dependent}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 in relation to the rest of the award to render application of this power appropriate.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ER at 70 (Arbitrators}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Partial Award).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 [27]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 As the }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Puerto Rico Maritime Shipping Authority }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 court noted, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 there is little case law which illuminates the precise contours of the separability doctrine . . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Puerto Rico Mar. Shipping Auth., }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 454 F. Supp.}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 at 373.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The majority of cases applying the doctrine do so with little analysis.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See, e.g., Swift Indus., Inc. v. Botany Indus., Inc.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 325 F. Supp. 577, 579 (D.C. Pa. 1971); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 see also Wolff & Munier, Inc. v. Diesel Const. Co.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ,\~340 N.Y.S.2d 455, 457\~(N.Y. App. Div. 1973).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 At the trial court, Asia Pacific argued that severance would be inappropriate on two main grounds because; (1) the amount Dongbu may recover pursuant to its subrogation rights was dependent on how much work Asia Pacific completed on the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 conditional project}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 and ; (2) the attorney}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s fees and costs portions of the Final Award was based in part on the Partial Award which included the Conditional Award , thus making the various awards inter-related.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Appellant}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s Supplemental Excerpts of Record (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ASER}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ) at 23-24, 33 (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Asia Pacific}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s Reply to Mot. to Vacate Arbitration Award and Opp}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 n to Mot. to Confirm Arbitration Award, Dec. 21, 2007)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Asia Pacific}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s argument concerning the allocation of attorney}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s fees and costs is unconvincing; courts have previously held in the same context tha t claims concerning attorney}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s fees are }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 analytically separable}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 from underlying claims concerning liability.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See Refino v. Feuer Transp., Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 480 F. Supp. 562, 567 (D.C.N.Y. 1979).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 In contrast, Asia Pacific}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s claim concerning the subrogation amount appears to have merit.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 [28]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The amount to which Dongbu was entitled under subrogation was dependent upon how much of the conditional work Asia Pacific performed during the pendency of the Partial Award.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ER at 143 (Dongbu}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s Mot. to Confirm Award and for Summ. Judgment, Opp}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 n to Asia Pacific Mot. to Vacate Award (Dec. 4, 2007) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Dongbu}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s total subrogation amount if the conditional work is not performed is $5,060,497.10 or $4,927,397.10 if the conditional work is performed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Asia Pacific was entitled to r educe its obligation under the Partial Award by an amount corresponding to the value of the conditional work it completed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Other courts have found that the ability to similarly reduce or modify the overall award based on the resolution of the offending portion renders severance inappropriate.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 In the case of }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Metallgesellschaft A.G. v. M/V Capitan Constante}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 790 F.2d 280 (2nd Cir. 1986), the Second Circuit upheld a trial court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s confirmation of an admittedly }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 partial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 arbitration award, stating that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 [b]eca use the award in the instant case finally and conclusively disposed of a separate and independent claim and was subject to }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 neither abatement nor set-off}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , the district court did not err in confirming it.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Metallgesellschaft A.G. v. M/V Capitan Constante}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 790 F.2d 280, 283 (2nd Cir. 1986) (emphasis added).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Similarly, courts have held that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 awards [which] address }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 both liability and damages }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 and}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 no further litigation is necessary to finalize the obligations of the partie}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s . . . may be confirmed independent of [other claims].}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Zephyros Mar. Agencies, Inc. v. Mexicana De Cobre, S.A.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 662 F. Supp. 892, 894 (S.D.N.Y. 1987) (emphases added); }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 see also Michaels v. Mariforum Shipping, S. A.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ,\~624 F.2d 411, 413-14\~(2nd Cir. 1980).}{ \cs18\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs18\super\insrsid5786824 \chftn }{\insrsid5786824 This general rule, that in order to be independently confirmable a claim must dispose of both liability and damages is qualified by other case law which states that if the parties agree to bifurcate an arbitration into two separate stages, with one contemplati ng liability and the other contemplating damages, the prior award may properly be confirmed}{\insrsid5786824\charrsid6970808 . }{\i\insrsid5786824\charrsid6970808 See, e.g, Andrea Doreen, Ltd. v. B}{\i\insrsid5786824 ldg.}{ \i\insrsid5786824\charrsid6970808 Material Local Union 282}{\insrsid5786824\charrsid6970808 , 250 F. Supp. 2d 107, 112 (E.D.N.Y. 2003).}{\insrsid5786824 There is no indication that such a two-part arbitration was the intent of the parties here, rendering this exception inapplicable to this case. }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 A lthough Asia Pacific was liable for payment under the Conditional Award, the arbitrators did not determine the extent of that liability or, alternatively, the amount by which the liability could be set-off or abated by further performance on the part of Asia Pacific.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ER at 143 (Dongbu}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s Mot. to Confirm Award and for Summ. Judgment, Opp}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 n to Asia Pacific Mot. to Vacate Award).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The overall award was susceptible to alteration based on resolution of the Conditional Award, and the awards cannot be considered }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 independent,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 rendering severance improper.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 [29]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 As the court finds that the trial court}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s analysis on the issue of the Conditional award was impermissible under 7 GCA \'a7 42701(b)(4) , the order confirming the award and the judgment issued pursuant to that award cannot stand.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 7 GCA \'a7 42701(b)(4).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Although we acknowledge and continue to emp hasize the strong policy favoring confirmation of proper arbitration awards, this particular award was not final and definite and the Conditional Award cannot be severed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See Pacificare}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 2004 Guam 17}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \'b6 16 (policy favoring confirmation of arbitration awards).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Accordingly, the entire award must be vacated.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The court need not address Asia Pacific}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s further non-statutory arguments concerning vacation of the award. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 C. Remand of the Case to the Arbitrators}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 [30]}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Asia Pacific asserts that the proper disposition of this case would be to remand the matter to the trial court for trial on the issue in dispute.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Appellant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s Br. at 49 (citing }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Coast Trading Co., Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 681 F.2d 1195 (9th Cir. 1982)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Coast Trading Co.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 opinion does not appear to directly support the proposition that this case should be remanded to the trial court (rather than to the panel) for determination; the only issue remanded to the trial court in that case was the issue of attorney}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s fees for the cost of pursuing the appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 681 F.2d at 1198-99.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The trial court touched on several related issues in its Decision and Order confirming the arbitration award, and ruled that a remand to the arbitration panel would be appropriate un der applicable provisions of Guam law, before ultimately concluding that such a remand was not necessary in the case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ER at 171 (Dec. & Order, July 7, 2008) (citing 7 GCA \'a7 42701 (e)}{\cs18\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs18\fs20\super\insrsid5786824\charrsid6120339 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid5786824\charrsid6120339 }{\fs20\insrsid5786824 Title} {\fs20\insrsid5786824\charrsid6120339 }{\fs20\insrsid5786824\charrsid6970808 7 GCA \'a7 42701(e)}{\fs20\insrsid5786824\charrsid6120339 reads as follows: }{\fs20\insrsid5786824 \'93}{\fs20\insrsid5786824\charrsid6120339 The court, when asked to set aside an award, may, where appropriate and so requested by a party, suspend the setting aside proceedings for a period of time determined by it in order to give the arbitral tribunal an opportunity to resume the arbitral proceedings or to take such o ther action as, in the arbitral tribunal\rquote s opinion, will eliminate the grounds for setting aside.}{\fs20\insrsid5786824 \'94 7 GCA \'a7 42701(e) (2005).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ); }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 see also}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ER at 175 (Dec. & Order, July 7, 2008).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 We agree with the trial court that the proper course of action is a remand to the arbitration panel; even in the absence of a similar provision, federal courts interpreting the FAA have achieved similar results, remanding cases to arbitrators rather than to trial courts.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See United Paperworkers Int}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 l. Union, AFL-CIO v. Misco, Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 484 U.S. 29, 41 n.10 (1987) (citing }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Amalgamated Food & Allied Workers Union, Local 56 v. Great A & P Tea Co.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 415 F.2d 185 (3rd Cir. 1969)); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 see also}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ER at 172 (Dec. & Order, July 7, 2008) (citing numerous cases establishing power of court to remand to arbitration panel).}{\cs18\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs18\super\insrsid5786824 \chftn }{\insrsid5786824 Asia Pacific apparently conceded the point that the trial court could permissibly remand the case to the arbitrators but argued that the power of the arbitrators to modify the remanded award would be limited under the doctrine of }{\i\insrsid5786824 functus officio}{\insrsid5786824 . }{\i\insrsid5786824 See }{\insrsid5786824 ER at 171, 172-73}{\insrsid5786824\charrsid6582153 }{\insrsid5786824 (Dec. & Order, July 7, 2008). The trial court rejected Asia Pacific\rquote s }{\i\insrsid5786824 functus officio }{\insrsid5786824 argument. }{\i\insrsid5786824 Id.}{\insrsid5786824 This would appear to be correct in this case; as the trial court noted \'93[t]he policy which lies behind [the }{\i\insrsid5786824 functus officio}{\insrsid5786824 doctrine] is an unwillingness to permit one who is not a judicial officer and who acts informally and sporadically, to re-examine a }{\i\insrsid5786824 final}{\insrsid5786824 decision which he has already rendered . . . .\'94 }{ \i\insrsid5786824\charrsid2761419 Id.}{\insrsid5786824\charrsid8142052 at 173 (emphasis added) (citing }{\i\insrsid5786824 Int\rquote l}{\i\insrsid5786824\charrsid8142052 B}{\i\insrsid5786824 hd}{\i\insrsid5786824\charrsid8142052 . }{\i\insrsid5786824 o }{\i\insrsid5786824\charrsid8142052 f Teamsters}{\i\insrsid5786824 }{\i\insrsid5786824\charrsid5855090 v. Silver State Disposal Serv., Inc.}{\insrsid5786824\charrsid8142052 , 109 F.3d 1409, 1411 (9th Cir. 1997)).}{\insrsid5786824 Further, \'93 [i]t has been recognized in common law arbitration that an arbitrator can . . . complete an arbitration if the award is not complete . . . .\'94 }{\i\insrsid5786824 Id.}{\insrsid5786824 As the main thrust of Asia Pacific\rquote s current argument is now that the arbitration award was impermissibly non-final (or incomplete), the doctrine is inapplicable here. The trial court also cited authorities describing how the doctrine has generally fallen into disfavor in rec ent years. }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The trial court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s analysis on these issues is technically }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 dicta}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , as the trial court phrased the discussion as superfluous to its holdings.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 at 174. However , this fact alone does not rob the analysis of all persuasive value.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See, e.g.,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 People}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s Lumber Co. v. Gillard}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ,\~90 P. 556\~(Cal. Ct. App. 1907) (discussion of persuasive value of }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 dicta}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Cnty. of Fresno v. Super. Ct. of Fresno Cnty. ex rel. O}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Neal}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 146 Cal. Rptr. 880, 882\~ (Cal. Ct. App. 1978) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Dicta}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 are not to be ignored.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Dicta}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 may be highly persuasive . . . .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 We therefore remand the case not to the trial court, but to the arbitration panel in order to settle the single unresolved issue of the Conditional Award and to render a final and definite award, which may then be reviewed by the trial court in accordance with the agreement of the parties.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See, e.g., Cofinco, Inc. v. Bakrie & Bros., N.V.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 395 F. Supp. 613, 616 (D.C.N.Y. 1975) (remanding to arbitration panel for determination of issues not previously properly heard).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 D. Other Issues}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 [31]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 If and when the arbitration panel resolves the issue of the Conditional Award, the trial court will presumably next have an opportunity to re-calculate the amount of what is to be awarded to each party.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The issue of a proper calculation was also brought to this court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s attention on appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The court agrees with the characterization of the trial court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s previous decision and order on the issue as unclear, and due for re-evaluation; any new award from the arbitrators may likely assist in clarifying the remaining issues.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 \cbpat8 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 [32]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The final issue that needs to be addressed is the awarding of pre-judgment interest.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Asia Pacific}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s argument that the award of pre-judgment interest was improper because the award was not certain or capable of calculation is primarily based on 20 GCA \'a7 2110, which provides as follows:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5786824 \cbpat8 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Every person who is entitled to recover }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 damages certain, or capable of being made certain by calculation}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , and the right to recover which is vested in him, upon a pa rticular day, is entitled also to recover interest thereon from that day, except during such time as the debtor is prevented by law, or by act of the creditor, from paying the debt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 \cbpat8 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 20 GCA \'a7 2110 (2005) (emphasis added).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 } {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 When damages are }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 certain}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 or }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 capable of being made certain by calculation}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 is not an issue that has not been addressed at any length by this court. }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 In the }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Tanaguchi}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 case, a similar issue (the award of pre-judgment interest on a }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 quantum meruit}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 claim) was raised, but was ultimately not considered because it was improperly raised for the first time on appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See Tanaguchi-Ruth + Assoc. v. MDI Guam Corp.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 2005 Guam 7 \'b6\'b6 74-82.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 } {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 We elucidated that the issue of pre-judgment interest on a }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 quantum meruit }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 claim arguably was as an issue }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 purely . . . of law and [not dependant] on the factual record developed below . . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 at \'b6 81 (citing }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Folgers Architects Ltd. v. Kerns}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 633 N.W.2d 114, 128 (Neb. 2001) (further citations omitted)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 As Asia Pacific explains, 20 GCA \'a7 2110 was adopted as an analog of California Civil Code \'a7 3287 and, therefore, California decisions on the same statute can be considered persuasive.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Appellant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s Br. at 59 (citing }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Town House Dep}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 t Stores, Inc. v. Ahn}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 2000 Guam 32 \'b6 15).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The general rule under California law is that pre-judgment interest may accrue from the day a final arbitration award is returned by the arbitrators.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See, e.g., Britz, Inc. v. Alfa-Laval Food & Dairy Co.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 ,\~40 Cal. Rptr. 2d 700, 713-14\~(Cal. Ct. App. 1995) (stating that an arbitration award results in a new and fixed liability).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Britz}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 court states, perceptively, that a refusal to allow any pre-judgment interest in arbitration cases where there have been definite awards would amount to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 [punishment] . . . for using arbitration instead of the court system to resolve [disputes].}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 . at 714.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Such a decision would therefore cut against the general public policy arguments in favor of arbitration.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 However, simply because pre-judgment interest can generally be awarded in arbitration cases does not mean that it was or is appropriate to award pre-judgment interest in this case; the real question is whether or not the amounts Asia Pacific had to pay were }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 certain, or capable of being made certain by calculation}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 at any point before the trial court issued judgment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 20 GCA \'a7 2110.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 [33]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The California case of }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Wisper Corp. v. California Commerce Bank}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 57 Cal. Rptr. 2d 141 (Cal. Ct. App. 1996), provides an in-depth discussion of the } {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 certainty}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 term at issue in this case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 57 Cal. Rptr. 2d 141, 146-50.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 As the }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Wisper}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 court notes, }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 [Cal. Civ. Code \'a7 3287] looks to the certainty of the damages suffered by the plaintiff, rather than to a defendant}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s ultimate liability, in determining whether prejudgment interest is mandated.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 at 147.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Wisper}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 court considered the applicability of pre- judgment interest in comparative negligence cases, eventually affirming a lower court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s decision not to award any pre-judgment interest.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 at 149.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 [34]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 One of the Justices who considered the case, Associate Justice McDonald, filed a lengthy partial concurrence and partial dissent to the }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Wisper}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 opinion, dissenting solely on the pre-judgment interest issue.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 at 150-56.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Justice McDonald rejected the reasoning of the majority, observi ng other cases where pre-judgment interest had been awarded, despite potential offsets or reductions in the amounts due to prevailing plaintiffs.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 See id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 at 151-52 (citing }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Hansen v. Covell}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 24 P.2d 772 (Cal. 1933); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Cal. Lettuce Growers v. Union Sugar Co.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 289 P.2d 785 (Cal. 1955); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Leaf v. Phil Rauch, Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 120 Cal. Rptr. 749 (Cal. Ct. App. 1975)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Justice McDonald stated that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 case law clearly supports an award of [Cal. Civ. Code \'a7 3287] pre-judgment interest where a plaintiff}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s contractual claim is liquidated but the defendant asserts an unliquidated offset based on the plaintiff}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 s defective performance of that contract.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Wisper}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 57 Cal. Rptr. 2d at 152; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 see also E.L. White, Inc. v. City of Huntington Beach}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 , 187 Cal. Rptr. 879, 886-87 (Cal. Ct. App. 1982).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The cases described by Justice McDonald are more analogous to the facts considered in this case than those contemplated by the majority in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Wisper}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 In this case, it would have been proper to have ordered pr e-judgment interest back to the date of a final award resolving the open issue of the Conditional Award.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 However, because a truly }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 final}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 award was never issued by the arbitrators, the trial court erred in ordering pre-judgment interest back to the date of the partial award.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 V.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 CONCLUSION}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5786824 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 [35]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 The GIAC governed the arbitration and judicial enforcement proceedings in this case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Pursuant to the provisions of the GIAC, the trial court erred in confirming the arbitrators}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 award, as the award was impermissibly indefinite or non-final under the standards of }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 7 GCA \'a7 42701(b)(4).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court is }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 REVERSED}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 and the matter is }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 REMANDED}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 to the Arbitration Panel for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5786824\charrsid5786824 \par }}