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\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid165244465}{\list\listtemplateid124048774\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713
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\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li7200\jclisttab\tx7200\lin7200 }{\listname ;}\listid188104425}{\list\listtemplateid896710600\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0
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{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li1800\jclisttab\tx1800\lin1800 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715
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{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715
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\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li2880
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\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li2520\jclisttab\tx2520\lin2520 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3240
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\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li6480
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\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}
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\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 KESNER RASAUO,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Defendant-Appellant.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }\pard\plain \s2\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 \fs24\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\b\ulnone\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 OPINION
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Filed:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 February 1, 2011
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Cite as:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 2011 Guam 1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Supreme Court Case No.: CRA09-006
\par Superior Court Case No.:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 CM0742-08
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam
\par Argued and submitted on March 8, 2010
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid2710479\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil 
\cellx9468\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid6248150 {\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Appearing for Plaintiff-Appellee:}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  
\par Shane F.T. Black, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Esq}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par Office of the Attorney General
\par Prosecution Division}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par 287 W O}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Brien Dr.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 96910}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\cell }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Appearing for Defendant-Appellant:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par Maria G. Fitzpatrick, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Esq.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par Public Defender Services Corp.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par 110 W O}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Brien Dr. 
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 96910
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow 
\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid2710479\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 BEFORE: ROBERT J. TORRES, Chief Justice}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid6248150 \tab }{\cs16\fs20\super\insrsid6248150\charrsid4603101 \chftn }{\insrsid6248150  }{
\fs20\insrsid6248150\charrsid10121019 The signatures in this opinion reflect the titles of the Justices at the time this matter was considered and determined.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
; F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Associate Justice and KATHERINE A. MARAMAN, Associate Justice.}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 CARBULLIDO, J.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par [1]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Defendant-Appellant Kesner Rasauo, a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 citizen}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  of Chuuk but longtime resident of Guam, 
was convicted after a jury trial of two charges of drunk driving as a misdemeanor.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Prior to trial, t
he Superior Court denied two defense motions that are the subject of this appeal: a motion to suppress various pieces of evidence due to a violation of Rasauo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Miranda }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 rights, and a motion to dismiss, alleging that
 Rasauo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s speedy trial rights were violated when the appearance date set by the Notice to Appear was more than one year from
 the initial date of the arrest, and the arraignment date was more than ninety days from the date the complaint was filed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [2]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 For the reasons set forth below, we hold that
 Rasauo never validly waived his }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Miranda }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 rights, but that any error in denying the motion to suppress was harmless.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Furthermore, Rasauo failed to demonstrate prejudice from the pre-trial delay, and consequently his speedy trial claims fail.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [3]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
The judgment below is }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 AFFIRMED}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par [4]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 On December 1, 2007, Officer D. R. Flickinger of the Guam Police Department 
greeted drivers, including Defendant-Appellant Kesner Rasauo, at a pre-scheduled and pre-announced sobriety checkpoint located on Route 1 in Tamuning, Guam.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Officer Flickinger observed that Rasauo exhibited common indicators of alcohol intoxication, including an odor of alcohol, bloodshot watery eyes, and slurred speech.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 When the officer asked Rasauo if he had had anything to drink, Rasauo responded that he had two to four beers.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 The officer noticed that Rasauo spoke English slowly with an accent, bu
t did not offer him the assistance of an interpreter, nor inquire into his ability to speak English.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [5]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 The officer asked Rasauo to step 
out of the car and submit to standardized field sobriety tests, which were administered in English.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
The tests in question were the horizontal gaze and nystagmus test, the one-legged stand, and the walk and turn.}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid6248150 \tab }{\cs16\super\insrsid6248150\charrsid10888485 \chftn }{
\insrsid6248150\charrsid10888485  Officer Flickinger testified that Rasauo failed the tests, although he did not testify to the specific manner in which Rasauo failed.  Asked on direct examination if Rasauo was arrested for DUI \'93
because during the tests, he didn\rquote t\emdash he wasn\rquote t able to meet the requirements,\'94 Officer Flickinger responded \'93That\rquote s correct.\'94  }{\insrsid6248150\charrsid16395369  }{\insrsid6248150 Tr., vol. II at 5 (Suppression Hr
\rquote g, Apr. 1, 2009)}{\insrsid6248150\charrsid3357758 .}{\insrsid6248150\charrsid10888485   }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 At the tests}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  conclusion, the officer determined that Rasauo was under the influence and arrested him for Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol (}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 DUI}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 ).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [6]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
Rasauo was then brought to a DUI van at the checkpoint, where he was processed by Officer Julian Laxamana, who was responsible for advising Rasauo of his constitutional rights, administering testing pursuant to Guam}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s implied consent statute, and further interrogation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 At the suppression hearing, Officer Laxamana testified that he explained to Rasauo his Constitutional rights paragraph by paragraph, using a standard Custodial Interrogation waiver form.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 When Rasauo had trouble understanding certain parts of the form, the officer attempted to provide clarification, and moved on
 when Rasauo indicated that he understood. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [7]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Officer Laxamana also administered
 an implied consent form, which explained that, under Title 16 GCA 18201(a), any person who operates a motor vehicle on Guam roads is deemed to have consented to a blood, urine, or breath test.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Rasauo signed the form in the place indicating that he should write his initial if he agreed to take a breath test.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Afterward, Rasauo answered several basic questions in English about whether he was drinking and driving and where he was going at the time he was pulled over.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 The answers, as understood by Officer Laxamana, were included in a Report of Alcohol Influence that was part of the evidence Rasauo sought
 to suppress}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [8]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
Police booked and released Rasauo after having him sign a notice to appear (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 NTA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 ) in court on December 10, 2008, more than one year from the date of arrest.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
Nine months later, on September 4, 2008, the People filed the NTA and a complaint in the Superior Court of Guam.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
The People did not request a summons for an earlier date.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [9]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 When Rasauo did not show up for the December 10, 2008 hearing
, the court issued a bench warrant.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Rasauo was taken into custody two days later.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Id.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 On December 17, 2008, the judge
 signed an order of conditional release and appearance bond.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Rasauo was not arraigned at this time, but instead was given the complaint, advised of the charges
, advised of his rights and appointed a counsel with a continued arraignment date of December 24, 2008.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 O
n December 24, 2008, Rasauo appeared for his arraignment, pleaded not guilty and waived his right to speedy trial.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Rasauo first 
asserted speedy trial on February 10, 2009}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [10]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 On February 19, 2009, Rasauo filed separate pre-trial motions to dismiss and to suppress.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 The court held separate hearings on each motion at the end of March and in early April.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 In separate Decision and Orders filed in April 2009, the Superior Court denied both the motion to suppress and the motion to dismiss.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Rasauo was convicted after a jury trial which commenced on April 9, 2009.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
The judgment of conviction was filed and entered on the docket and Rasauo timely filed this appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [11]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Throughout the motion hearings and trial, Rasauo testified through an interpreter, Mr. Johnny.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 II. JURISDICTION}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par [12]}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 The Supreme Court of Guam has jurisdiction of this appeal of a criminal conviction pursuant to 48 U.S.C.A. \'a71424-3(d)
 (Westlaw current through Pub. L. 111-311 (2011)); and 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 3107(a) and (b) (2005); and 8 GCA \'a7\'a7 130.10 and 130.15 (2005). }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 III. STANDARD OF REVIEW}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par [13]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 This court conducts }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 de novo}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  review of a denial of a motion to suppress.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 People v. Sangalang}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 2001 Guam 18 \'b6 10.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 We review }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 de novo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  the legal conclusions of the trial court, the voluntariness of a waiver}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 of }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Miranda}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  rights, and whether }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  warnings were adequate.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 People v. Farata}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 2007 Guam 8 \'b6\'b6 14 - 15.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [14]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Both parties assert that the Superior Court}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s ruling on a motion to d
ismiss criminal charges should generally be reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard, except where the issues present purely legal questions.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Appellant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s Br. at 2 (Sept. 18, 2009), citing }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 People v. Rios}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 2008 Guam 22 \'b6 8; Appellee}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s Br. at 9 (Oct. 16, 2009).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
We have stated that we review for an abuse of discretion the denial of a motion to dismiss {\*\bkmkstart SR_1180}{\*\bkmkstart SR_1181}{\*\bkmkend SR_1180}{\*\bkmkend SR_1181}alleging a violation of the statutory speedy trial periods set forth in 8 GCA 
\'a7 80.60.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 People v. Flores}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 2009 Guam 22 \'b6 9.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 We have not previously set forth a standard of review for the grant or denial of a motion to dismiss alleging
 unnecessary delay in bringing a defendant to trial, in violation of 8 GCA \'a7 80.70(b).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Such alleged error will ordinarily be reviewed for
 abuse of discretion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 United States v. Sears, Roebuck, & Co., }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 877 F.2d 734, 737 (9th Cir. 1988).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 We have also never set forth a standard of review for the grant or denial of a motion to dismiss alleging a violation of the guarantee to a prompt arraignment set forth in 8 GCA \'a7
 60.10(a).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 We have stated this provision is a statutory expression of the speedy trial right.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 People v. Stephen}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 2009 Guam 8 \'b6 32.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Consequently, we will apply the same standard of review we apply to speedy trial claims brought under 8 GCA \'a7 80.60.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 IV. ANALYSIS}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par [15]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Rasauo contends the trial court erred in denying his pre-trial motion to suppress and his pre-trial motion to dismiss.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 We consider each in turn.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 A.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Motion to Suppress}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par [16]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 The Fifth Amendment provides:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 No person . . . shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself. . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 " }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 U.S. Const. amend. V. It is applicable to criminal prosecutions in the Territory of Guam through our Organic Act.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 1421b(d) (Westlaw current through Pub. L. 111-311 (2011)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
Admissibility of any statement given during custodial interrogation depends on whether the police provided the suspect with four warnings: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
the right to remain silent, that anything he says can be used against him in a court of law, that he
 has the right to the presence of an attorney, and that if he cannot afford an attorney one will be appointed for him prior to any questioning if he so desires.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Miranda v. Arizona}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 384 U.S. 436, 479 (1996).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 A suspect informed of his Miranda rights may waive those rights, provided that the waiver is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 voluntary, knowing, and intelligent.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 U.S. v. Garibay}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 143 F.3d 534, 536 (9th Cir. 1998) (internal citations omitted).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
There is, however, a presumption against waiver.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 The burden rests on the government to prove a valid waiver by a 
preponderance of the evidence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Colorado v. Connellv}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
, 479 U.S. 157, 168 (1986).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [17]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
Rasauo was born in Chuuk where he completed school up until the eighth grade.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Although he remains a citizen of the Federated States of Micron
esia, Rasauo has resided on Guam for thirteen years.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 He speaks English slowly and with an accent.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Rasauo contends that, in light of his limited knowledge of English, he had a right to receive the }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Miranda }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 warnings in a language he understood.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 He argues that Officer Laxamana}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s translation of one of the }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Miranda }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 warnings was incorrect and incomplete, and by implication, inadequate to result in a knowing and intelligent waiver.}
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 1.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Adequacy of }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Miranda}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  warnings}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par [18]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 The adequacy of a }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Miranda }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 warning is reviewed }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 de novo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Farata}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 2007 Guam 8 \'b615 (citing }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 United States v. Connell}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 869 F.2d 1349, 1351 (9th Cir. 1989)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Miranda }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 warnings need not be a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 virtual incantation of the precise language contained in the Miranda opinion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 " }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 California v. Prysock}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 453 U.S. 355 (1981).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 The warnings need not follow a strict format where it adequately conveys the substance of the rights involved.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 See id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  at 359-60 (explaining that not only a verbatim }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  warning, but also its functional equivalent, may provide the defendant with adequate notice of his or her rights)}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 .}
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 What }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Miranda}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  requires is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
meaningful advice to the unlettered and unlearned in language which [they] can comprehend and on which [they] can knowingly act.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Unite
d States v. Connell}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 869 F.2d 1349, 1351 (9th Cir. 1989) (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Coyote v. United States}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 380 F.2d 305, 308 (10th Cir. 1967), }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 cert. denied}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
, 389 U.S. 992 (1967)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [19]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Miranda}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  is satisfied where, prior to the initiation of questioning, the police }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
fully apprise the suspect of the State}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s intention to use his statements to secure a conviction [. . .] .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Moran v. Burbine}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 475 U.S. 412, 420 (1986).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 A court assessing the sufficiency of }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Miranda }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 warnings considers whether the warnings reasonably convey to an individual their rights against self-incrimination.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Duckworth v. Eagan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 492 U.S. 195, 203 (1989).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
While the wording of the warnings does not need to follow the exact formulation in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
, warnings may be rejected as inadequate when taken as a whole, they are too informal and imprecise.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 See, e.g., State v. Hong}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 611 P.2d 595, 596 (Haw. 1980) (explaining that suppression was warranted where officer}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s warnings, that the suspect }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 didn}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 t have to answer my questions, that he had the right to an attorney and that he could remain silent,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  failed to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
convey to the defendant clearly and understandably the full panoply of his rights.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 ).}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  

\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [20]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 A dilution of the }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Miranda }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 warning that misstates its purpose can be fatal to a finding of adequacy.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Warnings are inadequate when the defect is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 not one of form or phrasing, but of substance and omission.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 United States
 v. Street}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 472 F.3d 1298, 1312 (11th Cir. 2006) (stating that where a suspect is not told that anything he says may be used against him in court, the warning may be deemed inadequate).}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Warnings may be rendered inadequate by 
translation into a foreign language that modifies in such a way as to no longer communicate the original substance.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
See United States v. Perez-Lopez}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 348 F.3d 839, 848-49 (9th Cir. 2003) (holding that a Spanish-language }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Miranda}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  warning was inadequate in conveying the government}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s 
obligation to provide an attorney to a Spanish-speaking defendant, where the warning translated to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [i]n case you don}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 t have enough money or funds, you have the right to solicit the Court for an attorney}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 ); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 State v. Ramirez}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 732 N.E.2d 1065, 1068-70 (
Ohio Ct. App. 1999) (holding that a Spanish translation of the }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  warnings that substituted the term }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 right hand side}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  for 
the term }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 legal right,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
 among other errors, failed to sufficiently apprise the accused of his }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Miranda }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 rights).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  
\par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [21]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 In }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 United States v. Tillman}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals found }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  warnings that omitted the advisement that anything that the suspect said could be used against him in court
 to be inadequate.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 963 F.2d 137, 141 (6th Cir. 1992).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 The }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Tillman }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 court expressed the special 
import of the warning that a defendant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s statements could be used against him: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Of all of the elements provided for in Miranda, this element [that a defendant}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s statements could be used against him in a court of law] is perhaps the most critical because it lies at the heart of the need to protect a 
citizen}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s Fifth Amendment rights.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 The underlying rationale for the Miranda warnings is to protect people from being coerced or forced into making self-incriminating statements by the government.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 By omitting this essential element from the Miranda warnings a person may not realize why the right to remain silent is so critical.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
Although we as judges and lawyers may be aware of the link between these elements we can not be so presumptuous as to think that it would be common knowledge to laymen.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 It would clearly be unreasonable to say defendant was somehow informed of this right.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 He was informed he did not have to say anything to the police, but, was never told that any statements he might make could be used against him.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 This is a dangerous omission because a person under arrest would feel more compelled to answer questions of police officers.
\par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Id.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [22]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Rasauo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s case is analogous to one in which the warning that anything a suspect says can be used against him in a court of law has been omitted.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 At the hearing on the motion to suppress, Officer Laxamana explained how he had administered the }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Miranda }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 warnings to Rasauo.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
He stated it was his procedure to read a suspect the first six paragraphs of the Custodial Interrogation form before asking him to read it himself, and then write the word }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Yes}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  to indicate understanding after each paragraph.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Transcript (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Tr.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 ), vol. II at 26 (Suppression Hr}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 g, Apr. 1, 2009).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 On the third paragraph, Rasauo initially wrote }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 No}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
 on the line asking if he understood }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  but then crossed it out and wrote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Yes}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 ER, tab 4 (Rasauo Custodial Interrogation Form, Dec. 1, 2007).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
When asked why Rasauo first wrote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 No}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  Officer Laxamana stated, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [i]n the beginning he didn}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 t understand that}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
s why I explain to him.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Tr., vol. II at 44. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  [23]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 In attempting to explain the warning, Officer Laxamana said }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 I give him example like I said, for example, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 if I ask you a question, your answer\emdash whatever the answer you told\emdash you tell me, I}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 ll put that down in my report.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '" }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Tr., vol. II at 45 (Suppression Hr}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 g, Apr. 1, 2009).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
Officer Laxamana}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s translation\emdash tantamount to saying }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 I will write down what you say}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 \emdash 
did not reasonably convey that the statements could be used to incriminate Rasauo in court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Because the warnings were inadequate, 
we cannot find that Rasauo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s waiver of his }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Miranda }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 rights was knowing, voluntary, or intelligent.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 2.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Denial of the motion to suppress 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par [24]}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 The Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination
 prohibits the prosecution from using statements stemming from custodial interrogation of the defendant, unless it demonstrates the use of procedural safeguards to secure that privilege.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Miranda v. Arizona,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  384 U.S. 436, 444 (1966); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Farata}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 2007 Guam 8 \'b6 20.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Where the procedural safeguards of }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Miranda }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 have been violated, the conviction will be sustained }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "'}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 if admission of the un-}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Mirandized}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
 statements constituted harmless error.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '"}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 United States v. Henley}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 984 F.2d 1040, 1044 (9th Cir. 1993) (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 United States v. Gonzalez-Sandoval}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 894 F.2d 1043, 1047 (9th Cir. 1990)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
An error of constitutional dimension is harmless if the state has proved beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 " }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 United States v. Khan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 993 F.2d 1368, 1376 (9th Cir. 1993) (quotations and citations omitted).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 To find an error of constitutional dimension harmless is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 to find that error unimportant in relation to everything else the jury considered on the issue in question, as revealed in the record.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 " }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Yates v. Evatt}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 500 U.S. 391, 403 (1991)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 a.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
Field Sobriety Tests}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par [25]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 A custodial interrogation is defined as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in a significant way.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Farata, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 2007 Guam 8 \'b6 20 (citation omitted).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 A defendant who is temporarily detained at a traffic stop, such as a sobriety checkpoint, is not generally considered to be }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 in custody}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
 for the purposes of }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Berkemer v. McCarty}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 468 U.S. 420, 440 (1984)
 (expressly holding that a motorist who is temporarily detained after being stopped on suspicion of operating a motor vehicle while under the influence o
f intoxicating liquor is not held in custody, and, as a result, the investigating police officer is not required to furnish }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Miranda}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  warnings to the motorist before administering field sobriety tests).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [26]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 In }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Berkemer, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 the United States Supreme Court reaso
ned that although a traffic stop was unquestionably a seizure within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment, such traffic stops typically are brief, unlike a prolonged station house interrogation, and further, that such traffic stops commonly occur in the pu
blic view, in an atmosphere far less }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 police dominated}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  than that surrounding the kinds of interrogation at issue in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Miranda}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  itself.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Id. }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 at 436-39.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 The detained motorist}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s freedom of action [was not] curtailed to a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 degree associated with formal arrest.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Id.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  at 440 (citing}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  California v. Beheler}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
, 463 U.S. 1121, 1125 (1983)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
Accordingly, the defendant was not entitled to a recitation of his constitutional rights prior to arrest, and his roadside responses to questioning were admissible.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [27]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Rasauo 
has failed to allege any circumstances to distinguish his detention at the field sobriety checkpoint from the above-cited cases.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
We hold that Rasauo was not in custody while temporarily detained at the traffic stop, and the officer was not required to furnish }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Miranda }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 warnings prior to administering the field sobriety tests.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
Despite the fact that Rasauo never validly waived his }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Miranda }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 rights, the Superior C
ourt did not err in denying the motion to suppress Rasauo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s verbal admissions made to Officer Flickinger prior to and during the
 administration of the field sobriety tests.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 b. Breathalyzer Test Results}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par [28]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 A breathalyzer test was administered to Rasauo after he was taken into custody.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Rasauo contends the Superior Court erred in denying the motion to suppress the results of his breath test because there was no valid }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Miranda }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 waiver.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 See }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Appellant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s Br. at 1.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 The People respond that the Constitution}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 does not require a valid }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Miranda }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 waiver prior to physical testing, because such testing is non-testimonial.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
Appellee}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s Br. at 15-16.}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid6248150 \tab }{\cs16\fs20\super\insrsid6248150\charrsid4603101 \chftn }{
\fs20\insrsid6248150\charrsid10888485  The People also contend that the results of the field sobriety tests are non-testimonial.  Appellee\rquote s Br. at 13-14.  }{\fs20\insrsid6248150 Because we have concluded that}{
\fs20\insrsid6248150\charrsid10888485  Officer Flickinger\rquote s administration of the }{\fs20\insrsid6248150 Field Sobriety Tests (\'93}{\fs20\insrsid6248150\charrsid10888485 FST}{\fs20\insrsid6248150 )}{\fs20\insrsid6248150\charrsid10888485 
 was not custodial interrogation, it is unnecessary to determine here whether the FST results were non-testimonial.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [29]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Unless a defendant has waived the privilege against self-incrimina
tion, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [t]estimonial evidence that is a product of custodial interrogation is inadmissible [.]}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 People v. Sangalang}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 2001 Guam 18 \'b6 12.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 However, while an accused may not be compelled to provide the State with evidence of a testimonial or communicative na
ture, a person can be forced to produce }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 real or physical evidence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 " }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Schmerber v. California}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 384 U.S. 757, 761 (1966).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 As the United States Supreme Court has stated,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par The distinction which has emerged, often expressed in different ways, is that the privilege is a bar against compelling }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 communications}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  or }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 testimony,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  but that compulsion which makes a suspect or accused the source of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 real or physical evidence}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  does not violate it. 
\par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [30]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 The results of physical tests, including breath tests, are deem
ed non-testimonial when they consist of observations of the suspect}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s physical condition and performance and do not resul
t in communication that reveals subjective knowledge by the defendant.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 People v. Berg}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 708 N.E.2d 979, 981 (N.Y. 1999) (finding that police}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
s failure to administer }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  warnings did not affect admissibility of chemical analysis test results in 
a prosecution for driving while intoxicated); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Vanhouton v. Commonwealth}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 676 N.E.2d 460, 464 (Mass. 1997) (explaining that 
}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  warnings are not necessary where a detained motorist is not in custody); }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 People v. Hager}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 505 N.E.2d 237, 238 (N.Y. 1987) (Results of field sobriety tests are not deemed testimonial or 
communicative because they do not reveal a person}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s subjective knowledge or thought processes but, rather, exhibit a person}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s degree of physical coordination for observation by police officers.)}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 ; 
State v. Stever}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 527 A.2d 408, 415 (N.J. 1987) (stating }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
[w]e have consistently held that the taking of a breathalyzer test is non-testimonial in nature and, therefore, is not covered by the privilege against self-incrimination.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 ) }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 State v. Bunders}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 227 N.W.2d 727, 730 (Wis. 1975)}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 (holding that }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Miranda}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  warnings were not required when an arrested driver was asked to submit to a breathalyzer test, because the request did not involve testimonial utterances by the driver).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [31]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 We hold that because the breath test results are not }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 testimonial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
 evidence, the privilege against self-incrimination did not apply, and these results were admissible, irrespective of whether Rasauo executed a valid }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Miranda }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 waiver.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 c. Statements made in response to custodial interrogation }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par [32]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Rasauo also made statements in response to Officer Laxamana}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s interrogation, after he had been taken into custody.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 The repor
ted responses to Officer Laxamana}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s custodial interrogation are presented in Officer Laxamana}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
Report of Alcohol Influence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 SER, tab 8 (Report of Alcohol Influence, Dec. 1, 2007).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Perhaps the most incriminating of these responses is an admission by Rasauo that he had had three Bud lights to drink in East Agana between 9:00 p.m. 
and midnight, immediately prior to his detention at the sobriety checkpoint.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [33]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 The Superior Court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s failure to suppress these responses to custodial interrogation is error.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
Nevertheless, such error will not give rise to a reversal of Rasauo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s conviction if it was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 United States v. Khan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 993 F.2d 1368, 1376 (9th Cir.1993).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Rasauo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s responses were
 essentially cumulative of his earlier admissible statement at the scene of the traffic stop, that he had drunk two to four beers.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 See}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  Tr., vol. II at 6 (Suppression Hr}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 g).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Given the other evidence in the record, particularly the Breathalyzer test results, the admission of Rasauo}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s custodial statements was cumulative and unimportant in relation to everything else the jury considered on the issue in question.}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 See Greene v. Com}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 244 S.W.3d 128, 
135 (Ky. Ct. App., 2008) (finding harmless error in similar factual circumstances).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 3.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Suppression under Due Process or Equal Protection grounds}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [34]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Rasauo claims that the police}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s failure to have the waiver and consent forms translated into languages commonly spoken on Guam, and the police}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s failure to expend greater efforts to obtain interpreters at checkpoints, violated his Due Process and Equal Protection rights.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 He argues:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
Both the 14th Amendment of the Constitution of the United States and the Organic Act of Guam guarantee the right not to be deprived of liberty without due process of law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [14th Amd.; \'a71421b(u).]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
In Guam, this right is extended to include people who do not speak English.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
The Organic Act of Gua[m] 1421(b) Bill of Rights (a)(n) specifically prohibits discrimination }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
against any person on account of . . . language. . . .
\par Appellant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s Br. at 11.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [35]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Rasauo contends that it directly follows from these provisions }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 that as a matter of due process and equal protection, the field sobriety test, Miranda warnings, and the 
Informed Consent form should all be given to suspects in the language that they speak fluently.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Id.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 He cites to two cases to support these constitutional arguments: }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
People v. Garcia-Cepero}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 874 N.Y.S.2d 689}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\delrsid14696934\charrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
(N.Y. App. Div. 2008), and }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 State v. Santiago, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 556 N.W.2d 687 (Wis. 1996).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  
}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 We do not find support for Rasauo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s arguments in our reading of }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 State v. Santiago}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , which addresses the constitutional sufficiency of a }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Miranda }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 warning translated into a language other than English.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Santiago}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 556 N.W.2d}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 at 692.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Therefore, our analysis must concentrate on the lone case of }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 People v. Garcia-Cepero}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [36]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
It is doubtful that the one New York case cited by Rasauo to support his equal protection and due process claims can serve as authoritative precedent for either claim, much less both.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Furthermore, Rasauo fails to apply the cited law to the facts of his case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
For this court to judiciously and efficiently consider claims of error raised on appeal, the parties must clearly and fully set forth their arguments in their briefs. Guam R. App. P. 13(a)(9) (2009).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 The parties may not merely cite a legal principle without analyzing the relationship between the facts of the case and the law cited.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Because Rasauo has presented no analysis to support his Equal Protection claim, we decline to review it.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 a.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Due Process}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 

\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par [37]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 The guarantee of due process of law found in the second sentence of section 1 of the Fourteenth A
mendment of the United States Constitution is extended to Guam with the same force and effect as in the United States or in any State of the United States.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 48 U.S.C.A, \'a71421b(u) (Westlaw currently through Pub. L. 111-311 (2011)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
The 14th Amendment provides: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileg
es or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 
\par U.S. Const. amend. XIV, \'a7 1.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [38]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Rasauo appears to base his due process claim on one of two theories.}
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
The first is that he had a right to an interpreter from the time of arrest or even prior to arrest, pursuant to the Geneva Convention or the Federated States of Micronesia}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s Compact of Free Association with the United States.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
The second theory, similar to the one considered in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 People v. Garcia-Cepero}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , is that Rasauo}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s right to procedural due process was violated when Guam}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s implied consent statute was administered to him in language he did not fully comprehend.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 b.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Rights Pursuant to Treaty or Convention}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par [39]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Rasauo urges that if }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
we were stopped in a foreign land we would all want the opportunity to have our rights under foreign law explained in our native language.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
Reply Br. at 2 (Nov. 3, 2009).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
This court is sympathetic to this argument and observes that Rasauo was provided the assistance of an interpreter, Mr. Johnny, at the suppression hearing and at trial.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Rasauo, however, claims a right to an interpreter before court proceedings.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [40]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
Rasauo contends that when he was apprehended at the sobriety checkpoint }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [n]o effort was made to contact the 
[Federated States of Micronesia (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 FSM}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 )] Consulate who would have provided a translator from the FSM community on Guam.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 " }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Appellant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s Br. at 12.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Officer Flickinger testified that Rasauo was never offered the assistance of an interpreter because }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 he never told me that he didn}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 t speak English.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Tr., vol. II at 14 (Suppression Hr}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 g).}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid6248150 \tab }{\cs16\fs20\super\insrsid6248150\charrsid13833738 \chftn }{
\fs20\insrsid6248150\charrsid13833738  Officer Flickinger\rquote s testimony presents competing descriptions of what procedure the Guam Police follow when they encounter a suspect with limited command of English.  According to the Officer\rquote 
s testimony on cross-examination by defense counsel, \'93[i]f they don\rquote t ask for it then I don\rquote t offer it.}{\fs20\insrsid6248150 \'94}{\fs20\insrsid6248150\charrsid13833738   }{\fs20\insrsid6248150\charrsid7026429 Tr., vol}{
\fs20\insrsid6248150 .}{\fs20\insrsid6248150\charrsid7026429  II at 18 (Suppression Hr\rquote g).  }{\fs20\insrsid6248150\charrsid13833738 On redirect, Officer Flickinger clarified that \'93[w]e\rquote 
ll make every attempt to get somebody to interpret for us if there\rquote s any \endash  any reason that I feel that he doesn\rquote t speak English, or she, or they state that they do not speak or understand English.\'94}{\fs20\insrsid6248150   }{
\i\fs20\insrsid6248150 Id}{\fs20\insrsid6248150 . }{\fs20\insrsid6248150\charrsid7026429 at }{\fs20\insrsid6248150 20.}{\fs20\insrsid6248150\charrsid7026429  }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Consul General Gerson Jackson of the Federated States of Micronesia testified at the suppression hearing that he was not contacted by the police when Rasauo was arrested.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 at 7-9.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 He testified that if he had been notified, he could have rendered the necessary interpretation and translation assistance before the defen
dant had been given Miranda warnings, and that he was willing to provide such services for every FSM citizen who is arrested.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Id}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 According to the Consul General there was a prior
 agreement with the Guam Chief of Police to provide translators for DUI checkpoints, but this practice was recently stopped }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
for the sake of convenience.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  at 10.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [41]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
Even crediting all the above testimony, we are unable to discern what specific legal right of Rasauo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s has been violated.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Rasauo asserts that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
[t]he protocol for providing translators is in the Convention as well as the Treaty Compact of Free Association.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Appellant}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s Br. at 7.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
However, Rasauo fails to provide this protocol or a citation to specific provisions within either document, and has not provided any analysis to show that the remedy for a violation of the convention or treaty, if such a violation were shown, would be 
suppression of the evidence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Under these circumstances, we cannot find that the Superior Court}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s denial of the motion to suppress was reversible error. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 b.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
Implied Consent Form }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [42]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Officer Laxamana gave Rasauo an }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 implied consent form,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
 which purported to give Rasauo a choice between submitting to a blood, urine, or breath test.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
Rasauo signed his name on the line next to the word }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Breath,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  by which he was deemed to have opted for a breath test.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 SER, tab 7
 (Implied Consent Form for DUI, Dec. 1, 2007).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 On appeal, Rasauo alleges that he did not have adequate English skills to read the [implied] 
consent form, and that the police }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 should have attempted to ascertain whether he understood.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
" }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Appellant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s Br.}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 at 13.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
The authority he cites for this argument is }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 People v. Garcia-Cepero, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 874 N.Y.S. 2d. 689 (N.Y. App. Div. 2008).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [43]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 A
 defendant whose fluency in English is so impaired that it interferes with his right to confrontation or his capacity, as a witness, to understand or respond to questions has a constitutional right to an interpreter in criminal proceedings.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 People v. Nuguid}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 1991 WL 336901 (D. Guam App. Div., 1991) at *3, }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 citing U.S. v. Lim}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 794 F.2d 469, 470 (9th Cir. 1986).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 A defendant may be denied due process when he cannot comprehend the proceedings against him.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 United States v. Johnson}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 248 F.3d 655, 663 (7th Cir. 2001).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 However, there is no constitutional right analogous to }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Miranda }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 to knowingly and voluntarily consent or refuse to submit to a properly administered chemical test such as a breath test.}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid6248150 \tab }{\cs16\super\insrsid6248150\charrsid10888485 
\chftn }{\insrsid6248150\charrsid10888485  A compulsory test performed under }{\insrsid6248150 \'93}{\insrsid6248150\charrsid10888485 circumstances in which the pain, danger, or severity of an operation would almost inevitably cause a person to prefe}{
\insrsid6248150 r confession to undergoing the \lquote search,\rquote }{\insrsid6248150\charrsid10888485  }{\insrsid6248150 and\'94 }{\insrsid6248150\charrsid10888485 might be an unreasonable search under the Fourth Amendment.  }{
\i\insrsid6248150\charrsid10888485 Schmerber}{\insrsid6248150\charrsid10888485 , 384 U.S. at 765; }{\i\insrsid6248150\charrsid801382 see also}{\insrsid6248150  }{\i\insrsid6248150\charrsid10888485 State v. Ravotto}{\insrsid6248150\charrsid10888485 
, 777 A.2d 301}{\insrsid6248150 , }{\insrsid6248150\charrsid10888485 308 (NJ 2001).  Rasauo has not alleged that suppression should have been granted on Fourth amendment grounds, therefore this is}{\insrsid6248150 sue is not addressed}{
\insrsid6248150\charrsid10888485 .}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 See Schmerber v. California}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
, 384 U.S. 757, 765 (1966) (}{\cs71\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
finding that blood test evidence was not inadmissible on privilege grounds, although an incriminating product of compulsion, because it was neither testimony nor evidence relating to some communicative act or writing by the petitioner)}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 ; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Commonwealth v Bowser}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 624 A.2d 125, 131
 (Pa. 1993) (defendant has no right to }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Miranda }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 warnings before being asked to submit to alcohol test);}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  State v. Piddington}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 623 N.W.2d 528, 542-44 (Wis. 20
01) (discussing the level of understanding required by statute providing for implied consent warnings); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 People v. Burnet}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
, 882 N.Y.S.2d 835, 843 (N.Y. App. Div. 2009) (finding there is no fundamental right to an interpreter during a chemical test process).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [44]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
Due process does not necessarily require that drivers be meaningfully advised of the implied consent rights in language they can understand.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 See People v. Wegielnik}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 605 N.E.2d 487, 491 (Ill. 1992); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
Rodriguez v. State}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 565 S.E.2d 458, 458-62 (Ga. 200
2) (holding that a non-English-speaking defendant convicted of driving under the influence of alcohol was not denied equal protection or due process under the United States Constitution or the Georgia Constitution when the results of his blood-alcohol tes
ts were admitted at trial, even though the implied consent warning required under the relevant state statute was not read or interpreted in a language that defendant could understand).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [45]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
The right to refuse testing or consent to a specific test is generally not deemed to be a constitutional right, but rather one created by the legislature.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 South Dakota v. Neville}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , the Supreme Court held that 
a state}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s failure to specifically }{\cs71\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 warn a DUI
 suspect that his refusal to submit to a blood alcohol test could be used against him at trial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  did not violate due process, since the right to refuse the test was a matter
 of legislative grace bestowed by the South Dakota Legislature.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 459 U.S. 553, 565 (1983).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Similarly, in}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  Rodriguez,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  the Supreme Court of Georgia 
found that the right to implied consent warnings created by statute was a matter of legislative grace and not a right of constitutional dimension like the right to silence underlying }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 565 S.E.2d at 462 n.24.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [46]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 In }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 People v. Garcia-Cepero}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , a New York court interpreted New York}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s implied consent statute to establish a defendant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
s right to receive warnings in language understandable by the defendant.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 See Garcia-Cepero}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 874 N.Y.S. 2d. 689, 698.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 The case involved a Spanish
 speaking defendant who was arrested and charged with operating a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol, and a hearing was held to determine, among other things, whether the defendant had refused to submit to a breath test.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  at 691.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
In the section of the opinion to which Rasauo cites, the court construed whether an officer had given sufficient warning to a defendant of the evidentiary effect of a refusal to submit to a chemical test pursuant to New York Vehicle and Traffic Law \'a7
 1194(2)(f), which requires such warning to be }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 in clear and unequivocal language.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  at 692 (italics omitted).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 The court cited to }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 People v. Niedzwiecki}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , in which the court had held that a defendant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
s refusal to submit to testing may not be introduced into evidence against him pursuant to statute unless police adhere to statutory requirement that police advise suspect of refusal rights and consequences in }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 clear and unequivocal language}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  understandable by the defendant.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 487 N.Y.S.2d. 694, 695 (
N.Y. Crim. Ct. 1985). }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [47]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 People v. Garcia-Cepero }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 and the cases interpreting New York Vehicle and Traffic Law \'a7 1194(2)(f) are of questionable relevance here, since Guam}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s comparable vehicle code provisions include no such requirement of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
clear and unequivocal language}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Garcia-Cepero}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 874 N.Y.S. 2d. at 693.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Instead, 16 GCA \'a7 18201(c) provides:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 If there is probable cause to believe that a person is in violation of \'a7
 18102 of this Chapter, then the person }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 shall have the option }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 of using a blood or urine, or
 breath test for the purpose of determining the alcohol or controlled substance content of that person}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s blood or urine. }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 16 GCA \'a7 18201(c) (2005) (emphasis added).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 The statute requires the police to give a person the option of using a blood or breath test, and the police appear
 to have given Rasauo such an option, of which he availed himself by signing his name next to the word }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Breath.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 " 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [48]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 The People contend that Guam}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s statutory scheme includes }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 no specific express requirement for any procedural safeguards.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Appellee}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s Br.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
at 15.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 We need not reach the question here.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Rasauo has failed to point to authority or provide argument to show that Guam}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
s failure to adopt procedures that ensure a non-English speaking defendant understands the implied consent form is a violation of due process, or that the proper remedy if a defendant does not understand the consent form is to suppress the evidence.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 In fact, Rasauo has not cited to Guam}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s informed consent statute in his brief, nor has he alle
ged that his failure to understand the consent form stripped him of a statutory right to choose between a breath, urine, or blood test under 16 GCA \'a7 18201 or \'a718203.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Because Rasauo has not fairly alleged a violation of the informed consent statute, we will not reach this question.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 B. Motion to Dismiss}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [49]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
Rasauo asserts the Superior Court erred in denying his motion to dismiss, in which he alleged violation of his statutory right to a speedy trial, prompt arraignment, and trial without unnecessary delay.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Rasauo argues he is entitled to a dismissal because the Notice to Appear (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 NTA
}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 ) date was more than one year from the date of the misdemeanor offense.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 He contends that the NTA date itself must be set within the }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 de jure}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  statute of limitations\emdash 1 year for a misdemeanor, 3 years for a felony. Appellant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s Br. at 14 (citing }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 People v.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Villapondo, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 1999 Guam 31 \'b6 31).}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Rasauo further contends, as a matter of logic, that the delay of the arraignment date to December 24, 2008, more than ninety days after the complaint was filed on September 4, 2008, 
violated the statutory scheme, which in establishing a 60-day speedy trial period, contemplates that the government should not take over ninety days to arraign a defendant after a complaint is filed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 at 3, 14-16.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [50]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Although Rasauo alleges violation of his }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 statutory speedy trial rights,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  the claim of error is not a claimed violation of the speedy trial periods set forth in 8 GCA \'a7 80.60.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Appellant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s Br. at 9, 17.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Rather, it is a claim that the delay of his first appearance date and arraignment date violates the int
ent of the statutory scheme, violating either the proscription against unnecessary delay set forth in 8 GCA 80.70 (b) or the guarantee of a prompt arraignment set forth in 8 GCA \'a7 60.10.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 However, Rasauo does not articulate what statute affords him a right to the remedy he seeks, dismissal of the charges for which he has already been convicted.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [51]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
We have stated that the sanction of dismissal for unnecessary delay in violation of 8 GCA \'a7 80.70(b) should only be granted in extreme circumstances, and only after words of caution or forewarning, or pursuant to a uniform rule.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Stephen}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 2009 Guam 8 \'b6 21 (citing }{
\cs70\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 U.S. v. Sears, Roebuck & Co.,}{\cs70\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  877 F.2d 734, 737 (9th Cir.1989)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 At the time that the Superior Court denied the motion to dismiss, no uniform rule had been promulgated to govern such dismissals.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 In light of our statement of the law in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Stephen}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
, we can find no abuse of discretion by the Superior Court in its denial of Rasauo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s motion to dismiss for unnecessary pre-indictment delay.}
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [52]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Whether the Superior C
ourt abused its discretion in denying the motion to dismiss on prompt arraignment grounds presents a closer question.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
There is no statutory time limit for arraignment; instead, the statute provides merely that arraignment shall be }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 prompt.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  8 GCA \'a7 60.10 (2005).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
Although we have stated that delay of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 merely a matter of weeks}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  does not violate a defendant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s speedy trial rights, }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Stephen}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 2009 Guam 8 \'b6 32 (internal citation omitted), we have never articulated a 
legal standard for determining the outer bounds of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 prompt arraignment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 " }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 The meaning of the word }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 prompt}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  as defined by Black}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
s Law Dictionary depends mostly on the facts in each case, because {\*\bkmkstart SR_20635}{\*\bkmkstart SR_20636}{\*\bkmkstart SR_20637}{\*\bkmkend SR_20635}{\*\bkmkend SR_20636}{\*\bkmkend SR_20637}what is [}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 prompt}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
] in one situation may not be considered such under other circumstances and conditions. To do something }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 promptly}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  is to do it without delay and with reasonable speed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  Black}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s Law Dictionary 1214 (6th ed. 1990).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Therefore, in determining whether arraignment has occurred with reasonable speed, a court must consider the specific circumstances of the case
.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [53]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
Here, it is difficult to imagine the justification for the delay of more than ninety days between the date the complaint was filed and the arraignment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 The delay in arraignment, during which time the speedy trial timelines set forth by 8 GCA \'a7 80.60 have not yet been triggered and that 
an indigent defendant is still awaiting assignment of public counsel, concerns us.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
However, whether reversal of a conviction is an appropriate remedy for an unreasonable delay of the arraignment date, where no rule or statute establishes a specific timeline for arraignment, and no specific rule or statute prescribes the 
sanction of dismissal warrants further examination.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [54]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Some courts have required a showing of prejudice before 
granting the remedy of dismissal or reversal of a conviction due to an unnecessary delay of arraignment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 See, e.g., State v. Vassar}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 533 P.2d 544, 545-46 (Ariz. 1975)
 (holding that failure to arraign a defendant within the ten-day time limit established by a rule of criminal procedure did not entitle a defendant to a dismissal unless actual prejudice was demonstrated); }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 People v. Combes}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 363 P.2d 4, 7-8 (Cal. 1961) (refusing to reverse a conviction for arresting officer}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s failure to take a defendant before a magistrate within the time specified by state law without some showing in the record 
that the defendant was prejudiced by the delay or was deprived of a fair trial).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Even in a case in which a 
defendant had been incarcerated for more than thirty days before arraignment, the Supreme Court of Washington held that the defendant was not entitled to dismissal unless he could demonstrate that the delay was oppressive, arbitrary or prejudicial.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 State v. Eastland}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 467 P.2d 300, 300 (Wash. 1970).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [55]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\cs69\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 We hold that a defendant 
seeking to reverse his conviction upon appeal due to unnecessary delay of his arraignment date must demonstrate a prejudicial effect stemming from the delay.}{\cs69\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 See, e.g., Gill v. Villagomez}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 140 F.3d 833, 835 (9th Cir. 1997) (construing Cal. Penal Code \'a7 1382, upon which 8 GCA \'a7
 80.60 is based, and citing }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 People v. Cory}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 204 Cal. Rptr. 117 (Cal. Ct. App. 1984)).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 People v. Nicholson}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , we applied a different standard }{\cs69\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
when a defendant contests the denial of a motion to dismiss via a pre-trial petition for a writ of mandamus.}{\cs69\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\cs69\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 2007 Guam 9 \'b6 24.}{
\cs69\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\cs69\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 In }{\cs69\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Nicholson }{
\cs69\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 we said }{\cs69\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\cs69\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 where a defendant seeks pretrial relief, he is not }{
\cs69\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\cs69\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 required to affirmatively show that he [has] been prejudiced by the delay.}{\cs69\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 " }{
\cs69\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Id}{\cs69\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 .}{\cs69\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\cs69\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Rather, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
in a mandamus action brought prior to trial, a defendant asserting a right to dismissal for violation of the statutory speedy trial timelines set forth in 8 GCA \'a7 80.60 need only show unjustified delay in bringing the case.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 This same standard is used by the California courts and exists in California law from which much of our speedy trial statutes are derived.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 People v. Wilson}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 383 P.2d 452 (1963); }{
\cs69\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 CA. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Const. art. VI, \'a7 13.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  
\par }{\cs69\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\cs69\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [56]}{\cs69\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\cs69\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
We are mindful that California, unlike Guam, has a state constitutional provision that forbids reversal of a conviction for nonprejudicial error.}{\cs69\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\cs69\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 See}{\cs69\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150  CA. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Const. art. VI, \'a7 13.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\cs69\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Thus, California
 courts were bound by their constitution to require a defendant asserting a statutory speedy trial claim after conviction to show that the delay caused prejudice.}{\cs69\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\cs69\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 See People v. Martinez}{\cs69\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , 996 P.2d 32, 45 (Cal. 2000).}{\cs69\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 We have no analogous constitutional provision and therefore are not so bound.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
However, we are persuaded that maintaining this distinction is sound policy, }{\cs69\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 serving
 to encourage a defendant to seek appellate review of denial of a statutory speedy trial claim before a trial has been held.}{\cs69\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [57]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 We find instructive the reasoning of the California Supreme Court
 set forth in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 People v. Wilson}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s15\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid6248150 \chftn }{\insrsid6248150   }{\insrsid6248150\charrsid7093383 In }{
\i\insrsid6248150\charrsid7093383 Nicholson,}{\insrsid6248150\charrsid7093383  in deciding to adopt the standard, we cited to }{\i\insrsid6248150\charrsid7093383 People v. Wilson, }{\insrsid6248150\charrsid7093383 383 P.2d 452 (1963) and }{
\i\insrsid6248150\charrsid7093383 People v. Johnson}{\insrsid6248150\charrsid7093383 , 606 P.2d 738 (Cal. 1980).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 , {\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK1}{\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK2}383 P.2d 452
{\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK1}{\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK2}, 460 (Cal. 1963) (addressing the issue of whether abridgment of a defendant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
s right under California}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s speedy trial statute requires a reversal of the conviction).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 The court observed that the purpose of the right to a speedy trial is to protect the accused from having criminal charges pending against him for an undue length of time.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
Therefore, prior to the commencement of a trial, a defendant need not affirmatively show that he has been prejudiced to be entitled to a dismissal on statutory speedy trial grounds.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 On the other hand, a motion to dismiss brought after conviction 
no longer serves to protect the accused from having criminal charges pending against him for an undue length of time.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Id.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 When such a motion is brought after conviction, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 nothing that any court can do}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
 can relieve the defendant of a delay that no longer exists.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Id.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [58]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Where, as here, a defendant has been tried and convicted, no
 charges are pending against him and it is too late to relieve the defendant of the delay in bringing him to trial.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
{\*\bkmkstart BM1Ifaed0bc252a311df9b8c850332338889}{\*\bkmkend BM1Ifaed0bc252a311df9b8c850332338889}Rasauo has not shown that any delay of his first appearance date or of the arraignment date prejudiced his case.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Absent such a showing of prejudice, even if Rasauo could demonstrate a statutory violation, his conviction does not merit reversal.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 V. CONCLUSION}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par [59]}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Rasauo brings this appeal after a jury trial resulting in his conviction of drunk driving as a misdemeanor.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 We agree with Rasauo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s 
assertion that his }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Miranda }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 rights were violated when the police failed to provide him an adequate 
translation of one of the warnings.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 However, any error of the Superior Court in denying the motion to suppress was harmless, because the only
 evidence that was inadmissible as the fruit of custodial interrogation was duplicative of other admissible evidence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Suppression 
also was not warranted due to claimed Equal Protection and Due Process violations because Rasauo failed to sufficiently brief these claims to warrant this court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s entry into those uncharted waters.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [60]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Turning to the Superior Court}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s denial of Rasauo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 s 
motion to dismiss, we find that Rasauo did not appeal this denial prior to trial, via a writ of mandamus.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
Consequently, he bears the additional burden of showing that he has been prejudiced by any delay, a burden which he has failed to shoulder.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 [61]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 The judgment below is }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 AFFIRMED}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 .
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 __________________}{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 /s/}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 _______________}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 _________________}{
\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 /s/}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 _________________
\par F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  \tab \tab \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 KATHERINE A. MARAMAN
\par Associate Justice}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150  \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 Associate Justice
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248150 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 _________________}{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 /s/}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248150\charrsid6248150 ___________________
\par ROBERT J. TORRES
\par Chief Justice
\par }}