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MACRIS, \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Plaintiff-Appellant,}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 V}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 IAN C. RICHARDSON, \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Defendant-Appellee. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Supreme Court Case No.: CVA08-004 \par Superior Court Case No.: CV1296-06 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 OPINION \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13515660 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Filed:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 May 10, 2010 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Cite as: 2010 Guam 6 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam \par Argued and submitted on March 18, 2009 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts11\trgaph108\trleft5404\trftsWidth3\trwWidth7570\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3780\clshdrawnil \cellx9184\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3790\clshdrawnil \cellx12974\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid14048580 {\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Appearing for Plaintiff-Appellant:}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par Seaton M. Woodley, III, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Esq}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 . \par Attorney at Law \par Ste. 102, Tanaka Bldg., Rte. #4 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910 \par \cell }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Appearing for Defendant-Appellee:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par R. Todd Thompson, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Esq. \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Mair, Mair, Spade & Thompson \par 238 Archbishop F.C. 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TORRES, Chief Justice; F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Associate Justice; KATHERINE A. MARAMAN, Associate Justice. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\dxfrtext90\dfrmtxtx90\dfrmtxty90\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 CARBULLIDO, J.:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 [1]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Plaintiff-Appellant, Dr. George P. Macris (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Macris}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ), and Defendant-Appellee, Dr. Ian C. Richardson (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Richardson}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ), were emergency room staff physicians at Guam Memorial Hospital.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Richardson sent a memorandum on September 28, 2006 [hereinafter }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Memorandum}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ], to the hospital administrators and certain emergency room directors alleging deficiencies in Macris\rquote treatment of an emergency room patient.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Macris believed the Memorandum was defamatory and brought this libel action against Richardson.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 [2]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 The trial court found that Richardson\rquote s Memorandum was }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 absolutely privileged}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 under 19 GCA \'a7 2105(b)(3) and granted summary judgment in favor of Richardson.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Macris appeals, arguing that the trial court }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 erred in not considering the existence and application of Public Law No. 22-87 which added section 413 to Title 6, Guam Code Annotated, which would have afforded [Richardson] only a qualified privilege . . . not the absolute privilege stated by the Court. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid527188 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 \chftn }{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 {\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK1}{\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK2} Although Macris argues his position is supported by Public Law 22-87 which was originally codified as 6 GCA }{\insrsid14048580 \'a7 }{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 413, this public law and correlating statute have since been amended and moved to }{ \insrsid14048580 the Guam Rules of Evidence (\'93GRE\'94) Rule 417. }{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 }{\i\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 See }{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 Promulgation Order No.: 06-001, Note to }{\insrsid14048580 GRE}{ \insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 413.}{\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK1}{\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK2}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 5 (Nov. 1, 2008).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 [3]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 For the reasons set forth below, we vacate the judgment and remand to the trial court. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13515660 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 I.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 [4]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Plaintiff-Appellant, Dr. George P. Macris, and Defendant-Appellee, Dr. Ian C. Richardson, were emergency room staff physicians at Guam Memorial Hospital (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 GMH}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Richardson sent a memorandum on September 28, 2006 to the following individuals: 1) the Acting ER Committee Chairman; 2) the ER Committee\rquote s Chairman Elect; 3) the GMH Medical Director; and 4) the GMH Administrator.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 The Memorandum entitled }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Re: ER Incident (1) defective Physician Assessment and Management of Potentially Life-Threatening Event; (2) Physician Falsification/Fabrication of Medical Record,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 alleged concerns regarding Macris\rquote quality of care.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Appellant \rquote s Br. at 3.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Thereafter, the GMH Administrator forwarded to the Chairman of the Medical Executive Committee (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 MEC}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ) a request for a review of Macris\rquote patient and hospital practices.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 The trial court found that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 [a]ttached to this request were several memoranda from hospital staff, including [the Memorandum].}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Appellant\rquote s Excerpts of Record (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ER}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ), tab D at 1-2 (Dec. & Order, May 19, 2008).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 The MEC Chairman requested for an immediate }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 peer review}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 to be conducted.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 The Chairman Elect of the ER Committee submitted a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 peer review}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 report which recommended t hat Macris attend an intensive ER review course followed by another physician proctoring his cases.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\pnrdate-1495084135\pnrnot1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 [5]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Shortly thereafter, Macris brought this libel action against Richardson based on the Memorandum.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Richardson later filed a motion for summary judgment arguing, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 inter alia}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , that the Memorandum was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 absolutely privileged}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 under Guam Rules of Evidence (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 GRE}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ) 417 and 19 GCA \'a7 2105.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 In its Decision and Order, the trial court observed that Macris did not provide any opposition to the absolute privilege argument.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ER, tab D at 5 (Dec. & Order) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Plaintiff does not provide opposition to this argument. Nonetheless, the Court will not acquiesce in Defendant\rquote s \lquote absolute privilege\rquote so absolutely.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Ultimately, the trial court found California case law persuasive in determining that Richardson\rquote s Memorandum was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 absolutely privileged}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 under 19 GCA \'a7 2105(b)(3) and granted summary }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 judgment in favor of Richardson. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 [6]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Macris appeals, arguing the narrow issue that the trial court }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 erred in not considering the existence and application of Public Law No. 22-87 which added section 413 to Title 6, Guam Code Annotated, which afforded [Richardson] only a qualified privilege . . . not the absolute privilege stated by the Court.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 5.}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid527188 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 \chftn }{\insrsid14048580 Public Law 22-87, }{ \insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 originally codified as 6 GCA \'a7 413}{\insrsid14048580 ,}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 }{\insrsid14048580 was}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 substantially amended by P}{\insrsid14048580 .L. 24-84. Guam Supreme Court}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 Promulgation Order No. 06-001}{\insrsid14048580 , which amended and restated the Guam Rules of Evidence,}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 moved 6 GCA \'a7 413 to its current codifica tion as }{\insrsid14048580 GRE }{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 417. }{\i\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 Re: Adoption of the 2006 Guam Rules Evidence}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 , PRM06-001}{\insrsid14048580 }{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 at 11 (Promulgation Order No. 06-001, Jan. 6, 2006). Macris conceded }{\insrsid14048580 at}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 oral argument that }{\insrsid14048580 GRE}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 417(a) is the current statutory subsection most relevant to the events central to this litigation and that 6 GCA \'a7 413 (Public Law 22-87) is not applicable. }{\insrsid14048580 Digital Recording at 10:03:10-10:09:45 (Oral Argument, Mar. 18, 2009).}{ \insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Macris asserts, without any explanation or cited authority, that if the trial court addressed Public Law 22-87, the court would have necessarily found that a qualified privilege, rather than an absolute privilege, would have applied.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Then without explaining the standard for summary judgment or providing any law to support his assertion, Macris additionally argued that if a qualified privilege applied, Macris would have defeated the motion for summary judgment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13515660 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 II.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 [7]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 This court has jurisdiction over an appeal from a final judgment of the Superior Court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 1424-1(a)(2) (West Supp. 2009); 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 3107(b), 3108(a) (2005).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 The trial court\rquote s grant of a motion for summary judgment is reviewed }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 de novo}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Wasson v. Berg}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 2007 Guam 16 \'b6 9.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13515660 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 III.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 DISCUSSION}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par A.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Adequate Briefing Pursuant to GRAP Rule 13(a)(9)}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 [8]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Rules 13(a)(9)(A) and (B) of the Guam Rules of Appellate Procedure require that arguments in an appellant\rquote s brief must contain appellant\rquote s contentions supported by citations to appropriate legal authority and factual record as well as state the applicable standard of review for each issue.}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid527188 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\fs20\super\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 Rule 13(a)(9)}{ \fs20\insrsid14048580 (A) and (B)}{\fs20\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 }{\fs20\insrsid14048580 of the Guam Rules of Appellate P}{\fs20\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 rocedure provide}{\fs20\insrsid14048580 s}{\fs20\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 that an appellant\rquote s brief \'93must\'94 have arguments which contain: \par }\pard \qj \li432\ri432\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\rin432\lin432\itap0\pararsid527188 {\fs20\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 (A) appellant\rquote s contentions and the reasons for them, with citations to the authorities and parts of the record on which the appellant relies; and \par (B) for each issue, a concise statement of the applicable standard of review (which may appear in the discussion of the issue or under a separate heading placed befor}{\fs20\insrsid14048580 e the discussion of the issues)[.]}{ \fs20\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 \par }\pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid14048580 GRAP }{\insrsid14048580\charrsid14625273 13(a)(9)(A), (B)}{ \insrsid14048580 .}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Guam R. App. P. (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 GRAP}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ) 13(a)(9)(A), (B).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Macris, who was represented by counsel throughout trial and appeal, failed to meet the requirements mandated by Rule 13(a)(9)(A) and (B).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 An appellate brief which substantially fails to meet the requirements of Rule 13 faces the consequences outlined in GRAP Rule 17(e).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 GRAP 13(m); GRAP 17(e).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 When a brief does not conform to Rule 13, the Guam Supreme Court may exercise its discretion and dismiss the appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 GRAP 13(m); GRAP 17(e).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 [9]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 We have previously treated the failure to adequately brief issues under Rule 13 as a waiver of issues on appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Guam Greyhound, Inc. v. Brizill}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 2008 Guam 13 \'b6\'b6 3 n.2, 9 n.3; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 McGhee v. McGhee}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 2008 Guam 17 \'b6 9 & n.2.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Macris argues that the trial court }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 erred in not considering the existence and application of Public Law No. 22-87 which added section 413 to Title 6, Guam Code Annotated, which would have afforded [Richardson] only a qualified privilege . . . not the absolute privilege stated by the Court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 5.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Macris does not explain what language in the applicable statute would support his assertion that there is a qualified privilege.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Moreover, Macris fails to explain why the absolute privilege finding of the trial court is incorrect. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 [10]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 At the trial level, opposing counsel and the trial court informed Macris that he was basing his argument on an incorrect version of the statute.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Yet in his appellate brief, Macris still based his arguments on Public Law No. 22-87.}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid527188 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 \chftn }{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 During the motions hearing on October 17, 2007, Richardson pointed out that 6 GCA }{\insrsid14048580 \'a7 }{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 413 was replaced by }{\insrsid14048580 GRE }{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 417 and the trial court asked about \'93public law 24 dash.\'94 }{\insrsid14048580 Transcript (\'93}{\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 Tr.}{\cf1\insrsid14048580 \'94)}{\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 at 21 (}{\cf1\insrsid14048580 Mot. Hr\rquote g, Oct.}{\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 17, 2007). Throughout the hearing, Richardson addressed }{\cf1\insrsid14048580 GRE }{\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 417. }{\i\cf1\insrsid14048580 Id}{\i\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid5783950 .}{ \cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 at 12, 18. }{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 The trial court }{\insrsid14048580 had to point}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 out the correct statute}{\insrsid14048580 }{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 to Macris, }{\insrsid14048580 and stated, }{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 \'93}{\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 I do want to ask one last question and it\rquote s on 417. . . . Did you respond to (a)(2) to the Court? That\rquote s formally [sic] 413, it\rquote s now 417(a)(2).\'94 }{\i\cf1\insrsid14048580 Id}{\i\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid5783950 .}{\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 at 44. However, }{\cf1\insrsid14048580 Macris continued to base his argument}{ \cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 on Public Law 22-87 and 6 GCA }{\cf1\insrsid14048580 \'a7 }{\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 413. }{\i\cf1\insrsid14048580 Id}{\i\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid5783950 .}{\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 at 29-30.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Macris attached a copy of Public Law No. 22-87 to his trial and appellate documents, demonstrating that he was arguing for application of the incorrect law throughout the entire time.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Richardson addressed this error again in his appellee\rquote s brief, but Macris failed to request permission to amend the error or address the matter in a reply brief.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 It was not until oral arguments that Macris finally corrected this error.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 [11]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 We have previously stated that we would reach the merits of a case not properly briefed if declining to review the merits }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 would result in manifest injustice.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 However, our discretion is not necessarily limited to only cases where manifest injustice would result from not reaching the merits.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Compare People v. Quinata}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 1999 Guam 6 \'b6 26 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 with}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 United States ex rel. Meyer v. Horizon Health Corp.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 565 F.3d 1195, 1201-02 (9th Cir. 2009) (deciding to reach issues not adequately briefed pursuant to Rule 28(a)(9)), }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Simangunsong v. Holder}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 335 F. App\rquote x 755, 757 & n.1 (10th Cir. 2009) (deciding to reach issues not adequately briefed pursuant to Rule 28(a)(9)), }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Mendoza v. U.S. Att\rquote y Gen.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 327 F.3d 1283, 1286 n.4 (11th Cir. 2003) (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 While we admonish Mendoza\rquote s counsel for failing to comply with Rule 28(a)(9)(A), we exercise our discretion to consider his brief.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ), }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 and}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 United States v. Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 248 F.3d 434, 444 (5th Cir. 2001).}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid527188 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 \chftn }{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 }{\insrsid14048580 Rule}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 13(a)(9)}{\insrsid14048580 , subsections (A) and}{ \insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 (B)}{\insrsid14048580 of t}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 he Guam Rules of Appellate Procedure, are identical to }{\insrsid14048580 Rule}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 28(a)9}{\insrsid14048580 , subsections (A) and}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 (B)}{\insrsid14048580 of }{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 the Federal R}{\insrsid14048580 ules of Appellate Procedure}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 . }{\i\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 Compare }{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 G}{\insrsid14048580 RAP}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 13(a)(9)(A), (B) }{\i\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 with}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 Fed}{\insrsid14048580 .}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 R}{\insrsid14048580 .}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 App}{\insrsid14048580 .}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 P}{\insrsid14048580 .}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 28(a)(9)(A), (B). Therefore, federal court interpretation of the }{ \insrsid14048580 analogous federal rules is}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 persuasive authority. }{\i\insrsid14048580\charrsid2497334 McGhee}{\insrsid14048580 , 2008 Guam 17 \'b6 12 (\'93}{\cs17\insrsid14048580 Because the Guam Rules of Appellate Procedure are substantially similar to the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure, we look to federal case law for guidance.}{\insrsid14048580 \'94)}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid2497334 .}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 [12]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Although the failure to satisfy the briefing requirements according to appellate rules of procedure ordinarily constitutes a waiver of issues on appeal, courts have exercised discretion in appropriate circumstances to still reach the issues on appeal.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 See, e.g.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ,}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Horizon Health Corp.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 565 F.3d at 1201-02 (acknowledging rule but still reaching the merits of the issue); }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Simangunsong}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 335 F. App\rquote x at 757 n.1; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Mendoza}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 327 F.3d at 1286 n.4; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 248 F.3d at 444.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 The Fifth Circuit, for example, reevaluated its case law regarding waiver of issues not properly briefed according to Rule 28(a)(9), subsections (A) and (B) of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure and concluded that the court }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 may consider such an issue, particularly where substantial public interests are involved.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Miranda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 248 F.3d at 444 (citing }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Hatley v. Lockhart}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 990 F.2d 1070, 1073 (8th Cir.1993).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 [13]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Similarly, we exercise our discretion here to reach the merits in order to resolve the conflicting policies inherent in extending absolute privilege: the balancing of the public interest in reporting healthcare professionals\rquote misconduct with the need to prevent undue injury from defamation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 While we admonish Macris\rquote counsel for failing to comply with Rule 13(a)(9) subsections (A) and (B); we exercise our discretion to reach the merits.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 B.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Qualified Immunity Pursuant to GRE \'a7 417(a)(3)}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par [14]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 During oral arguments, Macris conceded that GRE 417(a)(3) is the only applicable rule that would provide a qualified immunity rather than an absolute immunity.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Digital Recording at 10:03:10-10:09:45 (Oral Argument, Mar. 18, 2009).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 GRE 417(a)(3) grants qualified immunity for }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 any }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 act}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 performed during peer reviews or quality of care utilization reviews if the person acts in good faith without malice.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 GRE 417(a)(3) (emphasis added).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Since only GRE 417(a)(3) would support a qualified immunity argument, the next inquiry is whether the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 communication}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 central to this suit falls within the meaning of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 act}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 under GRE 417(a)(3).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 [15]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 A statute should be construed to give effect to all of its provisions so that no part would be superfluous or insignificant.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 E.g.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Duncan v. Walker}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 533 U.S. 167, 174 (2001) (Refusing to }{\cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 adopt a construction of the statute that would render a word }{\cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{ \cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 insignificant, if not wholly superfluous,}{\cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 the U.S. Supreme Court reiterated its }{\cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 duty to give effect, if possible, to every clause and word of a statute.}{ \cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 (internal quotation marks omitted)); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 see also}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Camacho v. In re Gumataotao}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 2010 Guam 1 \'b6 19 (observing the principle of statutory construction that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 a narrower, more specific provision of a statute takes precedence over a more general provision of the same statute}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 )}{ \cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 .}{\cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 GRE 417(a) contains three subsections addressing three distinct areas to which varying degrees of immunity are to be applied: 1) participation; 2) communication; and 3) action.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 GRE 417(a).}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid527188 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 \chftn }{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 }{ \insrsid14048580 GRE}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 417}{\insrsid14048580 (a) states:}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 \par }\pard \s15\qj \li432\ri432\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin432\lin432\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 [T]here shall be no monetary liability on the part of, and no cause of action for damages shall arise against any person, partnership, corporation, firm, society or other entity arising from, relating to, or regarding}{\insrsid14048580 : }{ \insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 \par }\pard \s15\qj \li864\ri864\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin864\lin864\itap0\pararsid527188 {\insrsid14048580\charrsid9642900 (1) participation in quality of care or utilization reviews by plan or health care provider peer review committees which are licensed health care providers composed mainly of physicians and surgeons, dentists, nurses, allied health professionals, op}{\insrsid14048580 tometrists or any of the above; \par }{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 (2) }{\i\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 communication}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 of information, the making or issuance of any recommendation or evaluation to any governmental agency, medical or specialists society, regarding the qualifications, fitness, professional conduct or practices of health care professionals, which commu nication, recommendation, and evaluation are the results of peer reviews or quality of care or utilization revi}{\insrsid14048580 ews;}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 \par (3) any }{\i\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 act }{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 performed during peer reviews or quality of care utilization reviews if the person acts in good faith without malice. }{\insrsid14048580 . . .}{ \insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 \par }\pard \s15\qj \fi432\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\insrsid14048580 GRE}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 417}{\insrsid14048580 (a) (emphases added). }}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 To interpret Richardson\rquote s }{\cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{ \cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 communication}{\cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 to be an }{ \cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 act}{\cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{ \cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 within the meaning of GRE 417(a)(3) would render the meaning of }{\cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{ \cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 communication}{\cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 in GRE 417(a)(2) superfluous.}{ \cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\cs17\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 See }{\cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 GRE 417(a)(2), (3); }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Duncan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 533 U.S. at 174.}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid527188 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 \chftn }{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 }{\insrsid14048580 Since }{\cf1\insrsid14048580 a \'93}{\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 communication}{\cf1\insrsid14048580 \'94 }{\insrsid14048580 under}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 }{\insrsid14048580 GRE}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 417(a)(2) pertains }{\insrsid14048580 to }{\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 \'93 . . . the }{\i\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 results}{\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 of peer reviews or quality of care or utilization reviews,\'94 }{ \insrsid14048580 GRE}{\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 417(a)(2) does not apply to the facts of this case. }{\cf1\insrsid14048580 GRE }{\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 417(a)(2)}{\cf1\insrsid14048580 (emphasis added).}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 [16]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Additionally, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 it is instructive to consider how courts in jurisdictions with similarly worded statutes have resolved this issue.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Macris v. Swavely}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 2008 Guam 18 \'b6 17.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 GRE 417(a)(2) and (3) are similar to California Civil Code (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Cal. Civ. Code}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ) \'a7\'a7 43.7 and 43.8.}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid527188 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 \chftn }{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 }{\i\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 Compare}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 }{\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 Cal. Civ. Code \'a7 43.7}{\cf1\insrsid14048580 (1961), (1976),}{\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 }{\cf1\insrsid14048580 (1982), (2003), }{\i\cf1\insrsid14048580 and}{\cf1\insrsid14048580 }{\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 Cal. Civ. Code \'a7 43.8}{\cf1\insrsid14048580 (1977), (2007) }{\i\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 with}{\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 6 GCA}{\cf1\insrsid14048580 \'a7}{\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 417}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 .}{\insrsid14048580 }{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 }{\insrsid14048580 Although }{\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 Cal. Civ. Code \'a7 }{\cf1\insrsid14048580 \'a7}{\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 43.7}{\cf1\insrsid14048580 and 43}{\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 .8}{\cf1\insrsid14048580 have undergone several amendments between 1961 and 2007, the substantive language distinguishing \'93act\'94 and \'93communication\'94 remains the same. }{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 Section 43.7}{\insrsid14048580 (b) states:}{ \insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 \par }\pard \s15\qj \li432\ri432\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin432\lin432\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 There shall be no monetary liability on the part of, and no cause of action for damages shall arise against, any professional society, any member of a duly appointed committee of a medical }{\cf1\insrsid14048580 [society]}{ \cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 . . . for any }{\i\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 act}{\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 or proceeding undertaken or performed within the scope of the functions of }{\cf1\insrsid14048580 [}{ \cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 the}{\cf1\insrsid14048580 ]}{\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 committee which is formed to maintain the professional standards of the soc}{\cf1\insrsid14048580 iety established by its bylaws}{ \cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 . . . . \par }\pard \s15\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 Cal. Civ. Code \'a7 43.7}{\cf1\insrsid14048580 (b)}{\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 (emphasis added) (same language kept throughout 19}{\cf1\insrsid14048580 61}{\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 through 200}{\cf1\insrsid14048580 3}{\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 versions). \par }\pard \s15\qj \li0\ri432\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin432\lin0\itap0\pararsid527188 {\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 Cal. Civ. Code \'a7 43.8}{\cf1\insrsid14048580 (a)}{\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 states: }{ \cf1\insrsid14048580 \par }\pard \s15\qj \li432\ri432\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin432\lin432\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 [T]here shall be no monetary liability on the part of, and no cause of action for damages shall arise against, any person on account of the }{\i\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 communication}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 of inf ormation in the possession of }{\insrsid14048580 [that]}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 person to any . . . peer review committee . . . when }{\insrsid14048580 [the] }{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 communication is intended to aid in the evaluation of the qualifications, fitness, character, or insurability of a practitioner of the healing [profession] . . . . \par }\pard \s15\qj \li0\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 Cal. Civ. Code \'a7 43.8}{\cf1\insrsid14048580 (a)}{\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 (emphasis added) (same language kept throughout 19}{\cf1\insrsid14048580 77 through 2007}{\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 versions).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Therefore, California courts\rquote interpretation of the words }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 act}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 communication}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 are instructive when interpreting whether a communication falls within the meaning of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 act}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 in 6 GRE 417(a)(3).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 See id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \'b6 17.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 [17]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 The California Supreme Court explained that the purpose of }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 act}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 in section 43.7 was to protect actions taken by a peer review committee that are in keeping with its investigatory and disciplinary functions, while communications that would normally fall under libel would not.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 See, e.g.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ,}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Westlake Cmty. Hosp. v. Super. Ct. of L.A. County}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 551 P.2d 410, 420 (Cal. 1976); }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Slaughter v. Friedman}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 649 P.2d 886, 890 (Cal. 1982).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 The California Supreme Court in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Westlake}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 observed: }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 [T]he gist of her claim is not that her injury has been occasioned simply by defendants\rquote malicious }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 statements}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 at the proceedings, but }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 rather that she has been injured by the malicious actions}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 of the hospital and its committee members}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 in revoking her staff privileges}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 . As the Court of Appeal pointed out . . . it is section 43.7, and not section 47, subdivision 2, which \lquote is concerned with the }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 actions}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 taken by a medical committee (i.e., refusing, suspending or revoking hospital privileges to any doctor)\rquote . . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Westlake}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 551 P.2d at 420 (emphases added) (citations omitted).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 The court in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Slaughter }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 similarly observed:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par Section 43.7 protects peer review committee members from liability for }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 acts performed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 in reviewing the quality of medical or dental services, while section 43.8 protects private }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 communications}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 to any hospital, hospital medical staff, professional society, medical or dental school, professional licensing board}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 . . ., peer review committee, or underwriting committee . . . }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 evaluating practitioners of the healing arts.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Slaughter}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 649 P.2d at 890 (emphases added) (omissions in original).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 We interpret }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 act}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 in section 417(a)(3) to cover actions such as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 refusing, suspending or revoking hospital privileges}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ; actions mandating probationary periods and supervision over a physician under investigation; or other similar actions related to the investigatory process.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 See Westlake}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 551 P.2d at 420.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 [18]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 The only rule that Macris believes would provide a qualified privilege, GRE 417(a)(3), does not apply to the Memorandum which is a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 communication.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 See, e.g.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ,}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 at 420.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Therefore, we must next determine w hether a communication which prompts an official proceeding shares the same level of privilege as statements made during or as the result of an official proceeding and determine whether the Memorandum was a privileged communication made in an official pro ceeding in accordance with 19 GCA \'a7 2105, as the trial court held.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par C.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Privilege for Communication Initiating an Official Proceeding}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 [19]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Under California case law, a communication which prompts an official proceeding shares the same level of privilege as statements made during or as the result of an official proceeding.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 King v. Borges}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 104 Cal. Rptr. 414, 416-17 (Ct. App. 1972).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 The court in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 King}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 observed that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 [i]t seem[ed] obvious that in order for the Commissioner to be effective there must be an open channel of communication by which citizens can call his attention to suspected wrongdoing. That channel would quickly close if its use subj ected the user to a risk of liability for libel. A qualified privilege is inadequate protection under the circumstances.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Id. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 at 417-18.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Ultimately, the court in }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 King}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 found that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 a communication to an official administrative agency, which communication is designed to prompt action by that agency, is as much a part of the \lquote official proceeding\rquote as a communication made after the proceedings have commenced.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 at 417.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 We agree. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 [20]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 We are persuaded by the strong policy of improving quality of care without the fear of a retaliatory lawsuit.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 See, e.g.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Kibler v. N. Inyo County Local Hosp. Dist.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 138 P.3d 193, 196 (Cal. 2006) (observing that the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 peer review of physicians . . . serves an important public interest.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Imperial v. Drapeau}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 716 A.2d 244, 250-51 (Md. 1998) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Because the quality of pre-hospital, emergency medical care can literally be a matter of life and death, it carries a very high priority. Accordingly, public policy encourages the communication of information to public authorities responsible f or maintaining the quality of emergency medical services.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Hackethal v. Weissbein}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 592 P.2d 1175, 1181-86 (Cal. 1979) (Tobriner, J. dissenting) (discussing the important public policy interest).\~ Although the court\rquote s discussion in }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 King}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 is narrowly tailor ed to administrative agencies, we extend the same logic to situations where a communication is designed to prompt }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 official proceedings}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 that are intended to benefit the public.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 We next address whether GMH\rquote s peer review is an }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 official proceeding}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 under 19 GCA \'a7 2105.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 D.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 An }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Official Proceeding}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 under 19 GCA \'a7 2105}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par 1.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Review of Statutory History and California Case Law}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par [21]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Title 19 GCA \'a7 2105 originates from a 1927 version of California Civil Code \'a7 47.}{ \cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid527188 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs16\fs20\super\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 California Civil Code \'a7 47(1) }{\fs20\insrsid14048580 and}{\fs20\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 (2) states: \par }\pard \qj \li432\ri432\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin432\lin432\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\fs20\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 Privileged publications. A privileged publication is one made\emdash }{\fs20\insrsid14048580 \par }\pard \qj \li864\ri432\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin432\lin864\itap0\pararsid527188 {\fs20\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 1. In the proper discharge of an official duty. \par }\pard \qj \li864\ri864\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin864\lin864\itap0\pararsid527188 {\fs20\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 2. In any (1) legislative or (2) judicial proceeding, or (3) in any other official proceeding authorized by law; provided, that an allegation or averment contained in any pleading or affidavit filed in an action for divorce or an action prosecuted under section 137 of this code made of or concerning a person by or against whom no affirmative relief is prayed in such action shall not be a privilege d publication as to the person making said allegation or averment within the meaning of this section unless such pleading be verified or affidavit sworn to, and be made without malice, by one having reasonable and probable cause for believing the truth of such allegation or averment and unless such allegation or averment be material and relevant to the issues in such action.}{\fs20\insrsid14048580 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\fs20\insrsid14048580\charrsid16470728 Cal. Civ. Code \'a7 47(1)-(2) (1927).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Compare}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Cal. Civ. Code \'a7 47 (1927) }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 with}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Guam Civ. Code \'a7 47 (1953) (originally adopted by the Naval Government in 1933).}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid527188 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 \chftn }{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 Guam Civ}{ \insrsid14048580 .}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 Code }{\insrsid14048580 \'a7 }{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 47 was re-codified as 19 GCA}{\insrsid14048580 \'a7 2105.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 The 1945 version of \'a7 47 is not substantively different from the 1927 version.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Compare}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Cal. Civ. Code \'a7 47 (1927) }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 with }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Cal. Civ. Code \'a7 47 (1945).}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid527188 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid14048580 \chftn }{\insrsid14048580 }{\insrsid14048580\charrsid3750581 Since the focus of the inquiry is on \'a7}{\insrsid14048580 }{\insrsid14048580\charrsid3750581 47(2) subsection 3 (19 GCA \'a7 2105(b)(3)) which did not change between the 1927 and the 1945 versions, the minor amendments in the subheading, subsection 4 and subsection 5 are immaterial}{\insrsid14048580 to this analysis}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid3750581 . }{ \i\insrsid14048580\charrsid3750581 Compare}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid3750581 Cal}{\insrsid14048580 .}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid3750581 Civ}{\insrsid14048580 .}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid3750581 Code \'a7 47 (1927) }{\i\insrsid14048580\charrsid3750581 with }{\insrsid14048580\charrsid3750581 Cal}{\insrsid14048580 .}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid3750581 Civ}{\insrsid14048580 .}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid3750581 Code \'a7 47 (1945).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 However, in 1979, the California legislature significantly amended California Civil Code \'a7 47.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Compare}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Cal. Civ. Code \'a7 47 (1945) }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 with }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Cal. Civ. Code \'a7 47 (1979).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 [22]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 The last California Supreme Court case which analyzed the 1945 version of section 47 and the application of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 any other official proceeding authorized by law}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 to a hospital peer review was }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Hackethal v. Weissbein}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 in 1979.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 592 P.2d 1175 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 passim}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 The court in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Hackethal}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 found that an absol ute privilege did not exist for a private hospital peer review, while approving California appellate cases}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid527188 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 \chftn }{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 }{ \i\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 E.g.}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 ,}{\i\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 Ascherman v. Natanson}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 , }{\cs17\insrsid14048580 100 Cal. Rptr. 656}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 (}{ \insrsid14048580 Ct. App. }{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 1972).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 that extended such a privilege to similar government agency proceedings.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 at 1177.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 However, we are not persuaded by the logic that any governmental hospital peer review is an }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 official proceeding}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 solely because the hospital is a government agency.} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 It is one factor a court considers.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 See, e.g.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Butz v. Economou}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 438 U.S. 478, 513-14 (1978); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Offen v. Brenner}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 935 A.2d 719, 726-31 (Md. 2007); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Imperial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 716 A.2d at 248-49; }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 McDermott v. Hughley}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 561 A.2d 1038, 1044-45 (Md. 1989); }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Gersh v. Ambrose}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 434 A.2d 547, 551-52 (Md. 1981).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 [23]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Although GMH is a governmental agency established by 10 GCA \'a7 80103 with powers pursuant to 10 GCA \'a7 80104, that does not necessarily make GMH\rquote s peer review process an }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 official proceeding. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 See }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 19 GCA \'a7 2105 (2005); }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Offen}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 935 A.2d at 726-28 (summarizing case law where the question of privilege did not turn on whether communication took place within a governmental agency proceeding, but rather whether there were sufficient public interests }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 in addition to}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 procedural safeguards); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Imperial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 716 A.2d at 248-51; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 McDermott}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 561 A.2d at 1044-46); }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Gersh}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 434 A. 2d at 551-52 (declining to extend privilege to cover statements made by a witness testifying before the Baltimore City Community Relations Commission where insufficient procedural safeguards existed).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 [24]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Richardson\rquote s application of }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Dorn v. Mendelzon}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 242 Cal. Rptr. 259 (Ct. App. 1987) to interpret 19 GCA \'a7 2105(b)(3) is misplaced.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Dorn}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 based its interpretation and application on the fact that the alleged defamatory communication was to the California Board of Medical Quality Assurance (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 BMQA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ) which is equivalent to the Guam Board of Medical Examiners (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 GBME}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 See Dorn}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 242 Cal. Rptr. at 262-63; 10 GCA \'a7 12203 (2005) (enabling act for the GBME).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Unlike GMH\rquote s }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 peer review}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 committee, GBME and BMQA are state agencies with statutorily vested investigatory and enforcement power.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 For purposes of comparison to this case, we note that the court in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Dorn}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 described its BMQA as: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13515660 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 an administrative agency created by the Legislature whose responsibilities include e nforcement of the Medical Practice Act and review of the performance of physicians and surgeons licensed in California. It is an agency analogous to the State Bar of California, with the duty to investigate complaints and the power to initiate disciplinar y proceedings against practitioners. Disciplinary actions taken against a licensee are reviewable by application for writ of mandate.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Dorn}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 242 Cal. Rptr. at 263 (citations omitted).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 The facts in this case are bereft of a description as to what exactly the procedures and rules governing GMH\rquote s peer review committee are, and Richardson fails to explain how GMH\rquote s peer review committee is legally analogous to the BMQA in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Dorn}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 See id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Without more facts in the record concerning the procedural safeguards present in GMH\rquote s peer review process that would make an absolute privilege palatable, we cannot assume that GMH \rquote s peer review is an }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 official proceeding}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 simply because GMH is a governmental hospital. \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 2.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Upholding Trial Court on Any Grounds Supported by the Record}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par [25]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Richardson argues that the lower court decision }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 must}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 be affirmed if it can be supported on any ground finding support in the record.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Appellee\rquote s Br. at 14 (Dec. 5, 2008) (emphasis added).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Although Richardson argues that this rule is mandatory on this Court, we have adopted the discretionary rule.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 E.g.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Hart v. Hart}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 2008 Guam 11 \'b6 15 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 [T]}{ \cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 his court \lquote }{\cs17\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 may}{\cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 affirm the judgment of a lower court on any ground supported by the record.\rquote (emphasis added}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Ceasar v. QBE Ins. (Int'l), Ltd.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 2001 Guam 6 \'b6 8; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 see also}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Chen v. Board of Trustees of Guam Memorial Hosp. Authority}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 1986 WL 68521 at *3 (D. Guam App. Div. 1986) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 This panel can uphold that decision by the trial court on any ground which finds support in the record.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ); }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Matter of Aguon}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 1983 WL 30229 at * 3 (D. Guam App. Div. 1983) (\lquote We may uphold correct conclusions of law even though they are reached for the wrong reason or for no reason, and we may affirm a correct decision on any basis supported by the record.\rquote (quoting }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 United States v. State of Washington}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 641 F.2d 1368 (9th Cir. 1981)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 } {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 This rule is consistent with our case law delineating the standard to exercise discretion in reviewing arguments raised for the first time on appeal.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 See Taniguchi-Ruth Assoc. v. MDI Guam Corp.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 2005 Guam 7 \'b6 80 (sta ting rule that this court may exercise discretion to address an issue first raised on appeal }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 when the issue is purely one of law}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 [26]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 We reiterate that t}{ \cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 his court \lquote may affirm the judgment of a lower court on any ground supported by the record\rquote and thus }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 exercise our discretion to address Richardson\rquote s argument raised for the first time on appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Hart v. Hart}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 2008 Guam 11 \'b6 15}{\cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 .}{\cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Richardson\rquote s argues that we can affirm the trial judgment based on a theory that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 GMH\rquote s peer review process should be considered an }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 official proceeding}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 under Guam\rquote s anti-SLAPP statute,}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\pnrdate0\pnrnot1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid527188 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid14048580 \chftn }{\insrsid14048580 The }{\i\insrsid14048580 Citizen Participation in Government Act of 1998}{\insrsid14048580 is Guam\rquote s anti-SLAPP (Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation) statute. 7 GCA Ch. 17 (2005)}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 and that this court should therefore adopt the conclusion that the California Supreme Court made in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Kibler v. Northern Inyo County Local Hospital District}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 In its recent interpretation of its anti-SLAPP statute in }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Kibler}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , the California Supreme Court found that communications to a hospital\rquote s peer review committee were absolutely privileged.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Kibler}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 138 P.3d at 196-97.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 [27]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 While recognizing that California\rquote s anti-SLAPP statute should be interpreted broadly, the California Supreme Court still considered several factors in determining whether the hospital peer review was an official proceeding.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 at 196-97.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 The California Supreme Court found, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 inter alia}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , the following facts significant: 1) California\rquote s }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Business and Professions Code sets out a comprehensive scheme that incorporates the peer review process into the overall process for the licensure of California physicians.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ; 2) [u]nder the California Business and Professions Code }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 acute-care facilities . . . must include in their bylaws a provision for conducting peer review.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ; 3) under the California Business and Professions Code }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 a hospital must report to the Medical Board of California (Medical Board), which licenses physicians, any hospital action that \lquote restricts or revokes a physician\rquote s staff privileges as a result of a determination by a peer review body.\rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ; 4) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 a hospital granting or renewing a physician\rquote s staff privileges must request a report from the Medical Board indicating whether the physician has at some other medical facility \lquote been denied staff privileges, been removed from a me dical staff, or had his or her staff privileges restricted.\rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 The failure to comply with this requirement is a misdemeanor.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ; and 5) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 the Medical Board itself must maintain a historical record for each of its licensees that includes, among other things, the \lquote [d]isciplinary information\rquote reported to the Medical Board resulting from actions by hospital peer review committees. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 at 196-97 (second alteration in original) (citations omitted).} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Richardson has failed to show similar legal requirements and protections as described in }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Kibler}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 to justify why GMH\rquote s peer review process is an official proceeding under a }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Kibler}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 application of the anti-SLAPP statute.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 [28]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Moreover, the court in }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Kibler}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 found that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 hospital\rquote s decisions resulting from peer review proceedings are subject to judicial review by administrative mandate.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 at 197.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 The fact that a hospital\rquote s peer review decision is subject to judicial review led the court in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Kibler}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 to find a hospital\rquote s peer review }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 comparable to that of quasi-judicial public agencies whose decisions likewise are reviewable by administrative mandate.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Id. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 at 197.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 [29]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 While it may be possible to find that GMH\rquote s peer review process rises to a level of a quasi-judicial proceeding, and like California, there may be a similar }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 comprehe nsive scheme that incorporates the peer review process into the overall process for the licensure of . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 physicians,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Richardson has failed to meet the standard articulated in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Hart }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 since the record is insufficient to support this alternative legal theory.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 See Hart v. Hart}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 2008 Guam 11 \'b6 15; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 see e.g.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Property Owners of Whispering Palms, Inc. v. Newport Pacific, Inc.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 33 Cal.Rptr.3d 845, 850 (Cal. App. 2005) (because record did not support alternative legal theory, decision was remanded).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Therefore we decline to uphold the trial court's holding based on an alternative application of Guam\rquote s anti-SLAPP statute.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 3.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Privilege in an }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Official Proceeding}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 " \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 [30]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 An }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \lquote official proceeding\rquote . . . (is one) which resembles judicial and legislative proceedings, such as transactions of administrative boards and quasi-judicial and quasi-legislative proceedings . . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Hackethal}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 592 P.2d at 1177-78 (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 McMann v. Wadler}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , }{\cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 11 Cal. Rptr. 37, 41}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ( Dist. Ct. App. 1961)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Courts have extended privilege for proceedings similar to judicial and legislative proceedings recognizing that:}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13515660 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 There is no precise definition of what qualifies as a \lquote judicial proceeding\rquote for the purpose[] of the absolute privilege ; but it clearly extends to tribunals other than courts. The term is employed in a flexible fashion to embrace any governmental proceeding involving the exercise of a judicial or quasi-judicial function, including a wide variety of administrative boards, commissions, or other tribunals which may engage in judicial or quasi-judicial action though not part of the court system. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Imperial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 716 A.2d at 248 (quoting R.A. Smolla, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Law of Defamation}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \'a7 8.03[3][a] (1986, 1996 Supp.)).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 The extension of privilege to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 official proceedings}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 (such as quasi-judicial proceedings) derives from common and statutory law recognizing the strong public policy in favor of protecting witness and testimonial speech.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 E.g.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Gersh}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 434 A.2d at 548-52; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Hackethal}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 592 P.2d at 1181-85 (Tobriner, J., dissenting).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 However, courts are cognizant of the need to balance competing policy interests between the benefits of certain speech in the interest of the public and the need to protect individuals from defamation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 See, e.g.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Gersh}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 434 A.2d at 549.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 [31]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Maryland\rquote s highest court has thoroughly and persuasively examined the history and competing policies behind the extension of witness privilege for quasi-judicial proceedings.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 E.g.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Gersh}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 434 A.2d 547 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 passim}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ; }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Offen}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 935 A.2d 719 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 passim}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Imperial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 716 A.2d at 248; }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 McDermott}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 561 A.2d at 1044-45.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Gersh}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , the court recognized that:}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 [m]ost American courts which have extended absolute immunity to witnesses testifying in other than strictly judicial, in-court settings have first assured them selves that in such settings there are sufficient judicial safeguards so as to minimize the likelihood of harm to potentially defamed (or otherwise injured) individuals who would have no legal remedy.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Gersh}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 434 A.2d at 549.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 In interpreting 19 GCA \'a7 2105( b)(3), we also find that reviewing the qualities of judicial and legislative proceedings in 19 GCA \'a7 2105(b)(1) and (2) reveals the importance of procedural safeguards in order for a proceeding to be }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 official}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 and enjoy a similar privilege.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 See, e.g.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ,}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Hackethal}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 592 P.2d at 1177-78 & n.3; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 King}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 104 Cal. Rptr. at 417 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 The Legislature has available to it methods for preventing or minimizing false complaints. . . . [F]or example[,] . . . making it a misdemeanor to falsely report [a] crime to a police officer.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 The judicial and legislative proceedings stated in sections 2105(b)(1) and (2) have safeguards to deter individuals from making false claims and provide those who are accused an opportunity to defend themselves.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 See, e.g.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Economou}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 438 U.S. at 513-14 (extending absolute immunity to a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 federal agency\rquote s adjudication because it }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 share[d] enough of the characteristics of the judicial process}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ); 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 1421b(e) (West 2003) (due process in judicial proceeding)}{\cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ; }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 5 GCA \'a7 34119(d) (2005) (burden of p roof required to establish paternity); GRE 603 (oath requirement in judicial proceeding); 2 GCA \'a7 3112 (2005) (consequences for false testimony in legislative proceeding).}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid527188 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid527188 \par }{\cs16\fs20\super\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 }{\i\fs20\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 See also }{\fs20\insrsid14048580 9 GCA}{\fs20\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 \'a7 52.15 }{\fs20\insrsid14048580 (2005) }{\fs20\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 (consequences for false testimony in judicial proceeding); 9 GCA \'a7}{\fs20\insrsid14048580 \'a7}{\fs20\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 52.20}{\fs20\insrsid14048580 and 52.30}{ \fs20\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 }{\fs20\insrsid14048580 (2005) }{\fs20\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 (consequences for false statements made in judicial proceeding). }{\fs20\insrsid14048580 }{\fs20\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 Particularly instructive is }{\cs17\fs20\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 10 GCA \'a7 12210}{\cs17\fs20\insrsid14048580 ,}{\cs17\fs20\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 which details the required procedures for the Guam Board of Medical Examiners to take disciplinary action. 10 GCA \'a7 12210}{\cs17\fs20\insrsid14048580 (2005)}{\cs17\fs20\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 . Section 12210(c) states in part:}{ \cs17\fs20\insrsid14048580\charrsid16470728 \par }\pard \qj \li432\ri432\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin432\lin432\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\fs20\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 The procedural provisions should provide for }{\i\fs20\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 investigation of charges}{\fs20\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 by the Board; }{\i\fs20\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 notice of charges}{\fs20\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 to the accused; an opportunity for a }{ \i\fs20\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 fair and impartial hearing}{\fs20\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 for the accused before the Board or its examining committee; an opportunity for }{\i\fs20\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 representation}{ \fs20\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 of the accused by counsel; the }{\i\fs20\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 presentation of testimony, evidence and argument}{\fs20\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 ; subpoena power and attendance of witnesses; a record of proceedings; and }{\i\fs20\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 judicial review}{\fs20\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 by the courts in accordance with the standards established by the jurisdiction for such review. \par }\pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\insrsid14048580 10 GCA \'a7 12210(c) (emphase}{ \cs17\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 s added). GBME shares with}{\cs17\insrsid14048580\charrsid2910913 GMH\rquote s}{\cs17\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 peer review proceeding}{\cs17\insrsid14048580 s}{\cs17\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 the same public interest to ensure the quality of care from health professionals. }{\cs17\insrsid14048580 I}{\cs17\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 t is clear from 10 GCA \'a7 12210(c) that GBME\rquote s proceedings have procedural safeguards in place that are similar to }{\cs17\insrsid14048580 legislative and judicial }{\cs17\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 proceedings under }{\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 19 GCA \'a7 2105(b)(1) and (2).}{ \cf1\insrsid14048580 The record does not show what, if any, procedural safeguards exist for GMH\rquote s peer review.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 [32]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Imperial v. Drapeau}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , Maryland\rquote s highest court explained how absolute privilege would not be extended if there were not sufficient procedural safeguards to protect individuals from the consequences of defamation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 716 A.2d at 248.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 The }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Imperial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 court found it significant that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 [r]equisite procedural safeguards were present}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 in the proceeding and that such proceeding should be }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \lquote at least as functionally comparable to a trial before a court . . . . \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 at 249 (quoting }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Odyniec v. Schneider}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 588 A.2d 786, 792 (Md. 1991)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Imperial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , the court reasoned that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \lquote [t]he public benefit to be derived from testimony at Commission hearings of this type [wa]s not sufficiently compelling to outweigh the possible damage to individual reputations to warrant absolute witness immunity.\rquote }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 at 248 (quoting }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Gersh}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 434 A.2d at 551) (first alteration in original).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 [33]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 In order to determine whether extension of absolute privilege is warranted, Maryland\rquote s }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Gersh v. Ambrose}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 and its progeny have developed and applied a two-part test examining the degree of public interest and the extent of procedural safeguards in place to protect individuals from harm.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 See, e.g.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Offen}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 935 A.2d 719 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 passim}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ; }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Imperial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 716 A.2d at 248; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 McDermott}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 561 A.2d at 1044-45}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid527188 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 \chftn }{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 }{ \i\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 See}{\i\cf1\insrsid14048580 McDermott}{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 : \par }\pard \s15\qj \li0\ri432\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin432\lin0\itap0\pararsid527188 {\cs17\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 In }{\cs17\i\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 Gersh}{\cs17\insrsid14048580\charrsid3541769 ,}{ \cs17\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 we noted examples of administrative proceedings not giving rise to absolute privilege: }{\cs17\i\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 E.g.}{\cs17\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 , }{ \cs17\i\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 Hackethal v. Weissbein}{\cs17\insrsid14048580\charrsid14886508 , }{\cs17\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 24 Cal.}{\cs17\insrsid14048580 }{\cs17\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 3d 55 (1979) (proceedings before judicial commission of private medical society not an official proceeding authorized by law; no legal requirement that witnesses take an oath therefore no threat of perjury); }{\cs17\i\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 Blakeslee & Sons v. Carroll}{\cs17\insrsid14048580\charrsid1202002 , }{\cs17\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 64 Conn. 223 (1894) (investigating committee had no judicial office; and its decisions and subpoenas were unenforceable, the testimony non-compellable); }{\cs17\i\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 Mills v. Denny}{\cs17\insrsid14048580\charrsid1202002 ,}{ \cs17\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 245 Iowa 584 (1954) (city council proceedings not under able and controlling influence of learned judge who may reprimand, fine, punish, and expunge impertinent material from record); }{ \cs17\i\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 Bienvenu v. Angelle}{\cs17\insrsid14048580\charrsid1202002 ,}{\cs17\i\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 }{\cs17\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 254 La. 182 n.1 (1969) (}{\cs17\i\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 overruled by Gonzales v. Xerox Corp.}{\cs17\insrsid14048580\charrsid1202002 ,}{\cs17\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 320 So.}{\cs17\insrsid14048580 }{\cs17\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 2d 163 (La.}{\cs17\insrsid14048580 }{ \cs17\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 1975)) (statements to Civil Service investigator not under oath, not subject to sanctions); }{\cs17\i\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 Mundy v. Hoard}{\cs17\insrsid14048580\charrsid3541769 ,}{ \cs17\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 216 Mich. 478, 185 N.W. 872 (1921) (irrelevant hearsay statements made by voluntary witness before hearing of city police committee not absolutely privileged); }{\cs17\i\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 Elder v. Holland}{\cs17\insrsid14048580\charrsid3541769 ,}{\cs17\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 208 Va. 15 (1967) (not all administrative pro ceedings warrant absolute privilege; superintendent of State police lacked subpoena power; uncertain whether witnesses subject to perjury; no evidentiary rules followed); }{\cs17\i\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 Engelmohr v. Bache}{ \cs17\insrsid14048580\charrsid3541769 ,}{\cs17\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 66 Wash.}{\cs17\insrsid14048580 }{\cs17\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 2d 103, }{\cs17\i\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 cert. dismissed}{ \cs17\insrsid14048580\charrsid3541769 ,}{\cs17\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 382 U.S. 950 (1965) (proceeding before study group appointed by S.E.C. merely}{\cs17\insrsid14048580 [an]}{\cs17\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 investigatory hearing not conducted in manner essential to constitute quasi-judicial administrative proceeding). }{\cs17\insrsid14048580 \par }\pard \s15\qj \li0\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid14567522 561 A.2d }{\cf1\insrsid14048580 at}{\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 }{\cf1\insrsid14048580 1045}{ \i\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 }{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 n.2}{\insrsid14048580 (alterations to citations) (some citations omitted).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ; }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Gersh}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 434 A.2d at 551-52.}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid527188 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 \chftn }{\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 }{\i\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 See also Saavedra v. City of Albuquerque}{\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 , 859 F.}{\cf1\insrsid14048580 }{\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 Supp. 526, 532 (}{\cf1\insrsid14048580 D. N.M. }{ \cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 1994) (\'93}{\cs17\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 To justify protecting quasi-judicial officers with absolute }{\cs18\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 {\*\bkmkstart SR_4054}{\*\bkmkend SR_4054}immunity}{ \cs17\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 , therefore, the }{\cs18\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 {\*\bkmkstart SR_4057}{\*\bkmkend SR_4057}procedural}{\cs17\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 }{\cs18\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 {\*\bkmkstart SR_4058} {\*\bkmkend SR_4058}safeguards}{\cs17\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 in place must be sufficient to correct or prevent violations of due process rights of which a reasonable person would have known, or decisions made in bad faith or motivated by malice. }{\cf1\insrsid14048580\charrsid4397943 \'94).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 To determine whether statements in quasi-judicial or quasi-legislative proceedings are within the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ambit of the absolute privilege,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 we adopt Maryland\rquote s two part test which evaluates: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 (1) the nature of the public function of the proceeding and (2) the adequacy of procedural safeguards which will minimize the occurrence of defamatory statements.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Imperial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 716 A.2d at 248 (quoting }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Gersh}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 434 A.2d at 551-52).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\cs17\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 [34]}{\cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 When there is a significant public interest and sufficient procedural safeguards are in place analogous to judicial and legislative proceedings under }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 19 GCA \'a7 2105(b), then the extension of }{\cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 absolute immunity is justified.}{ \cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\cs17\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 See }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 19 GCA \'a7 2105(b); }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 see also}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Economou}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 438 U.S. at 513-14; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Gersh}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 , 434 A.2d at 551-52.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 This test balances the public interest in facilitating the reporting of health professionals\rquote misconduct while ensuring sufficient safeguards will minimize the potential harmful impact of a false accusation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 In this case, we are unable to apply the Maryland Test because the record lacks sufficient information regarding the procedural safeguards of GMH\rquote s peer review process.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\highlight4\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13515660 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 IV.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 CONCLUSION}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par [35]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 We find that the qualified privilege under GRE 417(a)(3) does not apply to communications intended to initiate a hospital peer review proceeding.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 We also find that where a communication intends to prompt an official proceeding which benefits the public, such communication enjoys a similar degree of privilege as a communication during an official proceeding under 19 GCA \'a7 2105(b)(3).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Moreover, we find that there is insufficient evidence in the record to support the trial court\rquote s conclusion that GMH\rquote s peer review process is an }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 official proceeding}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 under 19 GCA \'a7 2105(b)(3).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 To determine whether statements in quasi-judicial or quasi-legislative proceedings are within the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ambit of the absolute privilege,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 we adopt Maryland\rquote s two-part test which looks at the nature of the public function of the proceeding and the adequacy of procedural safeguards which will minimize the occurrence of defamatory statements.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 We do not reach whether Richardson would prevail on summary judgment based on other grounds, since the trial court granted summary judgment solely on the finding of absolute privilege under 19 GCA \'a7 2105(b)(3).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Therefore we }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 VACATE}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 the judgment and }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 REMAND}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 to the trial court to make findings consistent with this opinion or make a summary judgment ruling on the remaining possible grounds. \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13515660 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13515660 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13515660\charrsid14048580 As}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13515660 sociate Justice \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13515660 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13515660 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 KATHERINE A. MARAMAN \par Associate Justice \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13515660 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 ROBERT J. TORRES \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048580 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14048580\charrsid14048580 Chief Justice}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1972231\charrsid14048580 \par }}