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\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace1980\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li2160 \jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace1980\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4 \leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace1980\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace1980 \levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace1980\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;} \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace1980\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2 \levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace1980\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1167212734}{\list\listtemplateid152591188\listhybrid{\listlevel \levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace1800\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-976592424\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-432\li2952\jclisttab\tx2952\lin2952 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0 \leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace1800\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1 \levelspace1800\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace1800\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace1800\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713 \'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace1800\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;} \fi-180\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace1800\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 } {\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace1800\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2 \leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace1800\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li7200\jclisttab\tx7200\lin7200 }{\listname ;}\listid1298411629}{\list\listtemplateid1077423462{\listlevel\levelnfc1 \levelnfcn1\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-720\li1080\jclisttab\tx720\lin1080 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1 \levelspace1080\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li2880 \jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2 \leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0 {\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5760 \jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1402559279} {\list\listtemplateid2026684384{\listlevel\levelnfc1\levelnfcn1\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-720\li1080\jclisttab\tx1080\lin1080 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0 \levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace1080\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1 \levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;} \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2 \levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5760 \jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1417363733} {\list\listtemplateid-1597309432\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc3\levelnfcn3\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace288\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid862872464\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\b\fbias0 \fi-432\li1152 \jclisttab\tx1152\lin1152 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace288\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel \levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace288\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace288\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace288 \levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace288\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace288\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703 \'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace288\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;} \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace288\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 } {\listname ;}\listid1471022084}{\list\listtemplateid1230438370\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc3\levelnfcn3\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid676479668\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\b\fbias0 \fi-432\li792\jclisttab\tx792\lin792 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 } {\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0 \leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1 \levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703 \'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5760 \jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1480029173}{\list\listtemplateid-303378252\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid921614694\'03(\'00);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\fbias0 \fi-360\li1080 \jclisttab\tx1080\lin1080 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li1800\jclisttab\tx1800\lin1800 }{\listlevel \levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li2520\jclisttab\tx2520\lin2520 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3240\jclisttab\tx3240\lin3240 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3960\jclisttab\tx3960\lin3960 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li4680\jclisttab\tx4680\lin4680 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703 \'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5400\jclisttab\tx5400\lin5400 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li6120 \jclisttab\tx6120\lin6120 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li6840\jclisttab\tx6840\lin6840 }{\listname ;}\listid1494445726}{\list\listtemplateid1531232034\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-976592424\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-432\li1152 \jclisttab\tx1152\lin1152 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel \levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703 \'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5760 \jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1697077577}{\list\listtemplateid332051484{\listlevel\levelnfc3\levelnfcn3\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace288\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-432\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel \levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace288\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 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{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\b\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Heidi Castino}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 dba }{\b\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Uni-Arc, S.K. Construction, Inc., }{\b\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8192529 \par }{\b\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Hua Sheng International Group, Ltd., }{\b\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8192529 \par }{\b\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Yeong Sun Kim}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 dba }{\b\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Sun Electrical Services, }{\b\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8192529 \par }{\b\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Jong Ul Hong}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 dba }{\b\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Ul H. 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}{\b\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Corporation}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , Defendant-Counterclaimant/Appellant, \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 V}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }\pard \qc \fi-1440\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 G.C. }{ \b\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Corporation}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 and}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 }{ \b\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Guam Resorts, Inc.}{\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par Defendants-Appellees. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Supreme Court Case No. CVA09-009 \par (Consolidated with CVA09-010, CVA09-011, and CVA09-012) \par }\pard \qc \fi-1440\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Superior Court Case No. CV0091-08, CV0015-08, CV1474-07, CV1491-07 and CV0137-08 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 OPINION}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Filed:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 March 5, 2010 \par Cite as: 2010 Guam 3 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam \par Argued and Submitted on October 9, 2009 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }\trowd \irow0\irowband0\ts15\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl \brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clshdrawnil \cellx9360\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid13517160\yts15 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Submitted on Briefs for Pla intiff-Appellant:\cell Appearing for the Defendant-Appellee}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 :\cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \trowd \irow0\irowband0 \ts15\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clshdrawnil \cellx9360\row }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid13517160\yts15 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Heidi Castino dba Uni-Arc \par Thomas M. Tarpley, Jr., }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Esq.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par Thomas McKee Tarpley, P.C. \par Suite 904 GCIC Bldg. \par 414 W Soledad Ave., \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910 \par \par }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Appearing for the Plaintiffs-Appellants}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 : \par S.K. Construction, Inc., Hua Sheng International Group Ltd., Yeong Sun Kim dba Sun Electrical Services, Jong Ul Hong dba Ul H. Construction, Pan Dol Park dba P.D. Construction \par Thomas C. Sterling, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Esq.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par Blair Sterling Johnson Martinez & Leon Guerrero, P.C. \par Suite 1008 DNA Bldg. \par 238 Archbishop F.C. Flores St. \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Hawaiian Rock Products \par Mitchell F. Thompson, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Esq.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par Maher & Thompson, P.C. \par 140 Aspinall Ave., Suite 201 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Appearing for the Defendant-Counterclaimant/Appellant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 : \par G.C. Corporation \par Joyce C.H. Tang, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Esq.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par Civille & Tang, PLLC \par 330 Hernan Cortez Ave., Suite 200 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910}{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \cell }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Guam Resorts, Inc. \par James L. Canto II, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Esq.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par Shimizu Canto & Fisher \par Suite 101 De La Corte Bldg. \par 167 E Marine Corps Dr. \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \trowd \irow1\irowband1\lastrow \ts15\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clshdrawnil \cellx9360\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par BEFORE: ROBERT J. TORRES, Chief Justice; F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Associate Justice; KATHERINE A. MARAMAN, Associate Justice. \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 TORRES, C.J.: \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [1]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Several mechanics\rquote lien claims that stemmed from the Guam Okura Hotel construction project were recorded and subsequent foreclosure actions were filed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 All cases relating to this construction project were consolidated at the trial court level and were consolidated again on appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Plaintiffs-Appellants and Defendant-Counterclaimant/Appellant appeal from the trial court\rquote s }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 sua sponte}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 dismissal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction over all foreclosure causes of action because each party\rquote s lien claim failed to meet the requirements of 7 GCA \'a7 33301(a) or 7 GCA \'a7 33302(i), or both, thus rendering the lien claims invalid. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The trial court held that the invalid lien claims removed the subject matter jurisdiction of the court, which allowed the trial court to dismiss the cases }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 sua sponte}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [2]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab We }{\b\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 reverse}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 and find that the mechanics\rquote lien claims met the formation requirements for giving preliminary notice of a lien claim and recording a valid lien claim under 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 33301(a) and 33302(i).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 I.\tab}}\pard \qc \fi-720\li1080\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid13517160 { \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par [3]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab G.C. Corporation (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 GC}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 ) signed a construction agreement with Guam Resorts, Inc. (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 GRI}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 ) to be the prime contractor on the Guam Okura Hotel Project (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Project}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 ).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 GRI owns the Project, located at the Hotel Okura in Tumon, Guam.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Thereafter, GC subcontracted with Plaintiff-Appellants S.K. Construction, Inc., Hua Sheng International Group Ltd., Yeong Sun Kim dba Sun Electrical Services, Jong Ul Hong dba Ul H. Construction and Pan Dol Park dba P.D. Construction, (collectively, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 S.K. Group}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 ), as well as Heidi Castino dba Uni-Arc (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Uni-Arc}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 ) and Hawaiian Rock Products (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 HRP}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 ), to provide labor or materials or both for the Project.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The following subsections explain each party\rquote s factual and procedural background.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 A.\tab}}\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 { \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 GC }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [4]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab GC and GRI signed a construction agreement where GC performed labor and furnished materials tha t were used in the renovation and improvement of GRI\rquote s property.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 GRI stopped paying GC, the project was delayed, and GRI denied GC access to certain portions of the Project site.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 GC suspended work on the Project and notified GRI that GC would not work unless GC was paid what was due under their construction agreement and the delay issues were resolved.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 GRI then notified GC\rquote s counsel by letter that GRI had terminated the construction agreement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 That same day, GC delivered a pre-lien notice to GRI.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Just over two weeks later, GC filed and recorded its lien claim with the Department of Land Management.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [5]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab Subsequently, GRI filed a Complaint for Quiet Title against GC, seeking to invalidate GC\rquote s lien claim.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 GC answered and counterclaimed seeking foreclosure of its lien claim.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 GRI then filed a Reply to GC\rquote s Counterclaim.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 B.\tab}}\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 { \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Uni-Arc }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [6]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab Uni-Arc served a pre-lien notice to GRI and GC, and subsequently recorded a lien claim.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Uni-Arc then filed a complaint for foreclosure of its mechanics\rquote lien claim.}{ \cs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s23\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs24\super\insrsid13517160 \chftn }{\insrsid13517160 Uni-Arc did not appear at Oral Arguments because its sole issue on appeal was the trial court\rquote s interpretation of the 15-day notice requirement of 7 GCA \'a7 33301(a), which remained uncontested by GRI who filed a Statement that No Appellee\rquote s Brief Will Be Filed and a Statement of Non-Opposition. }}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 C.\tab}}\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8192529 { \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 S.K. Group }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [7]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab The members of the S.K. Group each served pre-lien notices to GRI and GC and subsequently recorded mechanics \rquote liens to secure the amounts owed to them for working as subcontractors on the Project.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The S.K. Group also filed a complaint to foreclose on the lien claims.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 D.\tab}}\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 { \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 HRP }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [8]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab HRP sent a preliminary notice of lien to GRI and GC and thereafter recorded a mechanics\rquote lien.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [9]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab HRP filed a complaint, which HRP later amended, against GRI and GC to foreclose its mechanics\rquote lien.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 HRP also filed a Motion for Summary Judgment on its claim.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Subsequently, GRI filed a Rule 12(b)(1) and Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, an Opposition to HRP\rquote s Motion for Summary Judgment, a Motion to Dismiss HRP\rquote s First Amended Complaint, and a Reply in Support of its Motion to Dismiss. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 E.\tab}}\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12860687 { \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Consolidation and Dismissal at the Trial Level and Consolidation at the Appellate Level}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [10]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab GC filed a motion to consolidate all the pending cases arising from the Project which the trial court granted. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The court then proceeded to hear the pending motions in the consolidated cases after which the trial court issued its 5th Consolidation Order requirin g the plaintiffs of the consolidated cases to provide a memorandum addressing certain issues including pre-lien notice under 7 GCA \'a7 33301(a) and verification under 7 GCA \'a7 33302(i).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Uni-Arc, GC, S.K. Group, and HRP each filed a memorandum complying with the 5th Consolidation Order.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [11]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab Less than one week later, all foreclosure actions were dismissed by the court, }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 sua sponte}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , for lack of subject matter jurisdiction because each party\rquote s lien claim failed to meet the requirements of 7 GCA \'a7 33301(a) or 7 GCA \'a7 33302(i), or both, thus invalidating the liens.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The court held that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [a] Claim of Lien must be verified either by a jurat acknowledgment, not a mere notarial acknowledgment or in accordance with 6 GCA \'a7 4308 to be valid}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 and that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 . . . all parties who filed a claim of lien against GRI \rquote s property must have complied with 7 GCA \'a7 33301(a); failing to do so means that all subsequent claim of liens filed are invalid.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Uni-Arc Excerpts of Record (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Uni-Arc ER}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 ) at 20 (Dec. & Order, Apr. 7, 2009) (footnote omitted). \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [12]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab An appeal from each lien claimant followed and the cases were consolidated by this court.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 GC filed statements that no appellees\rquote brief will be filed for S.K. Group and HRP.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 GC and GRI both did not oppose Uni-Arc on appeal of its sole issue of preliminary lien notice under 7 GCA \'a7 33301(a).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 GRI then filed a Statement of Non-Opposition to Uni-Arc\rquote s appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 II.\tab}}\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12860687 { \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 JURISDICTION \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [13]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab This court has jurisdiction over an appeal from a final judgment of the Superior Court pursuant to 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 1424-1(a)(2) (West Supp. 2009); 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 3107(b) and 3108(a) (2005). }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 III.\tab}}\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12860687 { \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 STANDARD OF REVIEW \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [14]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab The standard of review for a trial court\rquote s dismissal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction is }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 de novo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Amerault v. Intelcom Support Servs., Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , 2004 Guam 23 \'b6 9.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The standard of review for questions of statutory interpretation is also }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 de novo}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Apana v. Rosario}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , 2000 Guam 7 \'b6 9 (per curiam).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 IV.\tab}}\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12860687 { \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 DISCUSSION}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 A.\tab}}\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 { \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Subject Matter Jurisdiction \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [15]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab The trial court held that because there was a defect in the requirements for a claim of lien under the mechanics\rquote lien statute, 7 GCA \'a7 33302, the court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to hear the claims, thereby making the statute\rquote s requirements jurisdictional.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 We disagree with the conclusion that the court did not have subject matter jurisdiction. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [16]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Arbaugh v. Y. & H. Corp.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , the Supreme Court specifically addressed the issue of statutory compliance and subject matter jurisdiction.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 {\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK9}{\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK10}546 U.S. 500{\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK9}{\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK10}, 503 (2006).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Ms. Arbaugh, a waitress/bartender, sued her former employer, Y & H, for sexual harassment under Title VII.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 at 503-04.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 After a jury verdict and judgment in Arbaugh\rquote s favor, Y & H moved to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, claiming for the first time that it had fewer than 15 employees, which is a prerequisite to Title VII\rquote s application.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 at 504.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Y & H argued that since the court had no jurisdiction, Y & H was therefore not amenable to suit under Title VII.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The trial court agreed that the 15-or-more employee requirement was jurisdictional and vacated its prior judgment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 at 509.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The Supreme Court reversed, holding that while the employee numerosity requirement relates to the substantive adequacy of Arbaugh\rquote s claim, it did not circumscribe the federal court of subject matter jurisdiction.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 at 504.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Rather, it was a defect in the plaintiff\rquote s claim that, if not timely asserted before the conclusion of trial on the merits, was deemed waived.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [17]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab Moreover, nothing in Title VII indicated that Congress intended courts, }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 sua sponte}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , to assure that the employee-numerosity requirement was met.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 at 515.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The Court held that if the Legislature clearly stated that a threshold limitation on a statute\rquote s scope was jurisdictional, then, courts and litigants would be duly instructed and wou ld not be left to wrestle with the issue.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 at 515-16.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The Court did not dispute that if a requirement in a statute was jurisdictional, failure to comply with that requirement divested the court of subject matter jurisdiction.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 at 515.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 However, that was not the case with the Title VII employee numerosity requirement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The Court said that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 when Congress does not rank a statutory limitation on coverage as jurisdictional, courts should treat the restriction as nonjurisdictional in character.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 at 516.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The Court reasoned that if Congress meant to make the employee-numerosity requirement }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 jurisdictional}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 as it has made the amount-in-controversy threshold an element of subject matter jurisdiction for federal courts, it would have specified so in the statute itself.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 at 514-15.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Therefore, if the statute was meant to have jurisdictional restrictions, it would have been written in such a way so as to indicate that intent.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 As such, the mechanics\rquote lien statute clearly was not.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [18]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab The Supreme Court in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Arbaugh}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 further stated that judicial opinions }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 often obscure the issue by stating that the court is dismissing \lquote for lack of jurisdiction\rquote when some threshold fact has not been established, without explicitly considering whether the dismissal should be for lack of subject matter jurisdiction or for failure to state a claim.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 at 511. (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Da Silva v. Kinsho Int\rquote l Corp.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , 229 F.3d 358, 361 (2d Cir. 2000) (internal quotation marks omitted)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 These are known as }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 drive-by jurisdictional rulings.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 ;}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 see also Permalab-Metalab Equip. Corp. v. Mayland Casualty Co.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , 102 Cal. Rptr. 26, 29 (Ct. App. 1972) (citing 1 Witkin, Cal. Procedure, Jurisdiction \'a7 71 (2d ed. 1970)) (the failure to fully comply with a statutory requirement of a mechanics\rquote lien claim is generall y considered to be only a defective statement of the cause of action and the failure to comply with the requirements does not go to the jurisdiction of the court).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [19]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab The Guam mechanics\rquote lien statute does not refer to any element of the lien claim as b eing a jurisdictional requirement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 7 GCA \'a7 33302 (2005).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The Guam Legislature did not clearly express any intent to make the elements of a mechanics\rquote lien claim jurisdictional.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Therefore, the trial court had jurisdiction over the consolidated cases which i nvolve foreclosure actions of real property in Guam and the asserted claims fell under the statutory authority of 7 GCA \'a7 3105.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The trial court\rquote s finding that imperfect lien claims invalidated those claims and defeated the court\rquote s subject matter jurisdiction over the foreclosure actions was a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 drive-by jurisdictional ruling}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 and in error.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 B.\tab}}\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 { \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Waiver of Affirmative Defense \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par [20]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab Having determined that failure to comply with the mechanics\rquote lien statutory requirements does not divest a court of subject matter jurisdiction, we must still review whether GRI waived its right to raise an affirmative defense of non-compliance with 7 GCA \'a7 33302(i) before even addressing}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 the trial court\rquote s statutory interpretation of 7 GCA \'a7 33302(i).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 S.K. Group and HRP both argue that GRI waived its affirmative defense that the lien claims did not fully comply with 7 GCA \'a7 33302(i) because GRI did not timely raise the issue that the lien claims each lack the verification required under section 33302(i).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Failure to comply with 7 GCA \'a7 33302(i) is an affirmative defense that can be waived.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 See Permalab-Metalab Equip. Corp. v. Maryland Casualty Co.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 102 Cal. Rptr. 26, 28-29 (Ct. App. 1972).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 However, GRI has yet been re quired to raise this affirmative defense in the case involving HRP because GRI filed a Rule 12(b) motion to dismiss instead of filing an answer.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Hawaiian Rock Products}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 v. G.C. Corp.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , CV1474-07, Docket 8/29/08.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Moreover, GRI did assert this affirmative defense through its reply and answer to GC\rquote s counterclaim.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 G.C. Corp. Excerpts of Record (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 GC ER}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 ), tab 3 at 2 (Reply to Counterclaim, Jan. 11, 2008).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Therefore, this affirmative defense has been raised in one case and in the other, the time in which to raise the affirmative defense has not yet passed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 There has been no waiver by GRI of any affirmative defenses.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Accordingly, we must examine in more detail the statutory formation requirements of a mechanics\rquote lien claim.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 C.\tab}}\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 { \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Statutory Interpretation of the Guam Mechanics\rquote Lien Law \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par [21]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab Although previous Guam case law refers to the statutory interpretation of the Guam mechanics\rquote lien statute as a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 fair and reasonable}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 construction and a plain reading construction when the statute is clear on its face, this court has yet to define what constitutes a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 fair and reasonable}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 construction.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 We now take this opportunity to elaborate on and clarify the definition of the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 fair and reasonable}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 construction in determining whether the formation requirements for a valid mechanics\rquote lien claim were met.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [22]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab Guam adopted its mechanics\rquote lien statutes from California.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Apana v. Rosario}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 ,}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 2000 Guam 7 \'b6 11.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Therefore, California case law interpreting those mechanics\rquote lien statutes are persuasive authority.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Cf. Zurich Ins. (Guam), Inc. v. Santos}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 2007 Guam 23 \'b6 7.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 In }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Zurich Ins., Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , the court stated }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 California case law is persuasive when there is no compelling reason to deviate from California\rquote s interpretation}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 when it interpreted the Guam Code of Civil Procedure, which has substantially the same language as the California Code of Civil Procedure.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 ; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 see Holmes v. Territorial Land Use Comm \rquote n}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , 1998 Guam 8 \'b6 6 (observing that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 since Guam\rquote s mandamus statutes were adopted from}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 the California Civil Code, California cases applying the mandamus standard are persuasive authority}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 ); }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 see Ueda v. Bank of Guam, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 2005 Guam 23 \'b6 16 n.7 (finding }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 California case law [is]}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 persuasive authority in the interpretation of Title 21 GCA \'a7 1254, as that section was derived from}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 California Civil Code \'a7 711}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 ); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 see also People v. Agualo}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , 948 F.2d 1116, 1118 (9th Cir. 1991) (noting that they have previously held that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 decisions of California courts are persuasive on issues of statutory construction and the effect of laws which predate the enactment of the territorial laws of Guam and which precisely follow California statutes}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [23]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab California courts have held that lien claimants need only substantially comply with the mechanics\rquote lien statute.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 See, e.g.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 M. Arthur Gensler, Jr., & Assoc., Inc. v. Larry Barrett, Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , 499 P.2d 503, 508 (Cal. 1972) (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 In an action to foreclose a mechanics\rquote lien the plaintiff must plead and prove facts showing his substantial compliance w ith the statutory requirements relative to the filing of his claim of lien.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 ); }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Clements v. T.R. Bechtel Co.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , 273 P.2d 5, 12 (Cal. 1954) (finding that a complaint to foreclose a mechanics\rquote lien must show a substantial compliance with the statute.);}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Stanislaus Lumber Co. v. Pike}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , 124 P.2d 190, 193 (Cal. Dist. Ct. App. 1942) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Mechanics\rquote liens are creatures of statute which are dependent for their existence and enforcement upon substantial compliance with the letter of the law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [24]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab S.K. Group, HRP, and G C, argue that the California case law articulating a liberal interpretation of the mechanics\rquote lien statutes using substantial compliance should be followed by this court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 GRI asserts that based on prior decisions, this court should strictly construe mechanics\rquote lien statutes that are clear on their face.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Moreover, GRI believes that California courts likewise strictly construe lien requirements regarding creation of liens and substantial compliance fails to satisfy 7 GCA \'a7 33302(i).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [25]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Manvil Corp. v. E.C. Gozum & Co., Inc. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , the court set out, for the first time, Guam\rquote s standard for statutory interpretation of its mechanics\rquote lien statute.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 1998 Guam 20.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The court declared: }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 We adopt a fair and reasonable construction and application of our mechanics\rquote lien statutes to the facts in each particular case, so as to afford materialmen and laborers the security intended by the legislation\rquote s remedial purpose.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Where the statutes are clear on their face, however, we will not read further.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \'b6 17.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Although the court set out this }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 fair and reasonable}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 statutory construction and a plain reading construction when the statute is clear on its face, the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 fair and reasonable}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 language did not come from California case law and was not defined in any existing Guam case law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 For clarity and for guidance in interpreting the mechanics\rquote lien statutes, we now further examine and explain the application of both the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 fair and reasonable}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 construction and the plain reading construction.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12860687 { \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Guam\rquote s Fair and Reasonable Construction and Plain Reading Construction \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [26]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Manvil}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , the court first adopted a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 fair and reasonable}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 construction of the mechanics\rquote lien statute to the facts when i t found that the lien claimant failed to timely file his lien claim because he failed to file within ninety days from the date the project was completed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \'b6 17.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Although the court did not specify whether that standard was strict or liberal, the words }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 fair and reasonable}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 do not suggest strict compliance.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The court did not extensively discuss this issue of statutory construction because it did not affect the holding in that case.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 However, the timely filing requirement in the mechanics\rquote lien statute was v ery clear on its face and therefore did not lend itself to any interpretation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [27]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Apana v. Rosario}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , the court also restated and purported to apply the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 fair and reasonable }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 construction, as used in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Manvil}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , for interpretation of the mechanics\rquote lien statute.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 {\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK7}{\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK8}2000 Guam 7 \'b6 17.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 {\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK7}{\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK8} }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The issue in }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Apana}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 was whether the lien claimant timely filed his mechanics\rquote lien.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \'b6 1.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The court found that the trial court misinterpreted the time limits in the statute by misreading them.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \'b6 18.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The court concluded that the trial court erred in }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 strictly interpreting} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 7 GCA \'a7 33302(b) by holding that the lien claimant did not timely file its lien claim.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \'b6 26.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The court reasoned that the trial court failed to read 7 GCA \'a7 33302(d)(3) with 7 GCA \'a7 33302(b) in determining whether or not the lien claim was timely filed.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \'b6 26.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Title 7 GCA \'a7 33302(b) states that if no notice of completion is filed, the lien claimant has ninety days after completion of work to file the claim in accordance with section 33302(c).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 7 GCA \'a7 33302(b) (2005).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Title 7 GCA \'a7 33302(d)(3) states that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 completion of work}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 is equivalent to cessation of labor for a continuous period of sixty days after work has been done.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 7 GCA \'a7 33302(d)(3) (2005).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Rather than only having ninety days after the completion of the work to file the claim as sections 33302(b) and 33302(c) state, a lien claimant actually had 150 days to record the lien claim because sections 33302(b) and 33302(d)(3) should be read and app lied together.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Apana}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , 2000 Guam 7 \'b6\'b6 16-18.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Thus, the court actually applied the plain reading construction because the statutory sections in question were clear on their face. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [28]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab In another case, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Guam Pacific Enter.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Inc}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 . }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 v. Guam Poresia Corp.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , the court stated that it adopted the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 fair and reasonable}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 construction from }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Manvil}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 but a closer examination reveals the court did not need to use the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 fair and reasonable}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 construction in reaching its decision.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 2007 Guam 22 \'b6 15.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Guam Pacific Enter.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , the court was faced with the issue of whether a notice of non-responsibility complied with the requirements of the mechanics\rquote lien statute in order to relieve the owner from the lien on the property.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \'b6 24.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The court acknowledged that the purpose of the mechanics\rquote lien statute is to protect not only those who provided labor or materials, but also the rights of the property owner.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \'b6 13.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The court stated that it adopted from }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Manvil}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 both the rule of plain reading of a statute that is clear on its face and also the rule of fair and reasonable construction of the mechanics\rquote lien statutes.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \'b6 15.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The court further held }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [i]t is clear under section 33203(b), that an owner must provide written notice [of non-responsibility] by posting and recording the notice within ten days after obtaining knowledge of construction on the property, and we will not read further.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \'b6 22.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 While the court acknowledged both the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 fair and reasonable}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 construction and plain reading construction, the court quite obviously applied the pl ain reading construction because the statutory requirements of posting and recording the notice of non-responsibility are clear on their face. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [29]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab Based on these cases, GRI claims that Guam did not follow California\rquote s liberal interpretation, therefore, Guam has adopted a strict compliance standard.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 While it may appear to some that we have adopted a strict compliance construction and completely abandoned California\rquote s liberal interpretation requiring substantial compliance because of our adoption of the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 fair and reasonable}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 construction, this is not the case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The courts in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Manvil}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Apana}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , and }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Guam Pacific Enterprise}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 dealt with requirements of timely filing and notice that were clearly and specifically laid out in statutes.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 A plain reading construction is appropriate where the statute lays out specific requirements and indicates exactly what is necessary for compliance without ambiguous terms.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [30]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab We have clearly articulated that a plain reading construction is used when the mechanics\rquote lien statute is clear on its face, and in turn, we now annunciate that the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 fair and reasonable}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 construction is to be used when the statute is not clear on its face.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 In applying the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 fair and reasonable}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 construction, the court must determin e whether the lien claimant or property owner complied to some extent with the statutory requirements and whether such compliance is sufficient to constitute substantial compliance.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The only }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 strict}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 part of this test is the requirement of having to comply (to some degree) with every statutory requirement, because there cannot be substantial compliance if there is no compliance at all; if one required element is omitted, then the court cannot determine whether the claimant has substantially complied with t hat requirement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [31]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab There are three steps a lien claimant must take in order to perfect a claim of lien: (1) give the property owner and original contractor written notice of intent to claim a lien under the owner\rquote s property, (2) file for record the lie n claim, and (3) timely commence a foreclosure action on the lien claim.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 33301, 33302, and 33402 (2005).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 S.K. Group, HRP, and GC each served proper notice and commenced timely foreclosure actions in accordance with 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 33301(a) and 33402.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The dispute here stems from whether each lien claim of S.K. Group, HRP, and GC complies with the second step concerning recording the lien claim, under section 33302(i).}{\cs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs24\fs20\super\insrsid13517160\charrsid2310620 \chftn }{ \fs20\insrsid13517160\charrsid2310620 }{\fs20\insrsid13517160 }{\fs20\insrsid13517160\charrsid2310620 Title 7 GCA \'a7 33302(i) provides: \par }\pard\plain \s23\qj \fi720\li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid13517160 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid13517160\charrsid5797716 (i)}{ \insrsid13517160\charrsid2310620 A claim of lien filed for record by any person claiming the benefit of this Chapter shall be signed and verified by the claimant or some person on his behalf and shall contain the following:}{\insrsid13517160 \par }\pard \s23\qj \fi720\li1440\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\insrsid13517160\charrsid2310620 (1) a statement of his demand after deducting all just credits and offsets;}{\insrsid13517160 \par }{\insrsid13517160\charrsid2310620 (2) the name of the owner or reputed owner, if known;}{\insrsid13517160 \par }{\insrsid13517160\charrsid2310620 (3) a general statement of the kind of work done or materials furnished by him, or both; }{\insrsid13517160 \par }{\insrsid13517160\charrsid2310620 (4) the name of the person by whom he was employed or to whom he furnished the materials;}{\insrsid13517160 \par }{\insrsid13517160\charrsid2310620 (5) a description of the property sought to be charged with the lien sufficient for identification. \par }\pard \s23\qj \li0\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\insrsid13517160\charrsid2310620 7 GCA \'a7 33302(i) (2005).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Each lien claim contains the information and proper signatures as required in section 33302(i).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 At issue is the compliance with the verification requirement of section 33302(i).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12860687 { \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Verification Requirement of 7 GCA \'a7 33302(i) }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12860687 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12860687\charrsid13517160 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a.\tab}}\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\ilvl2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12860687 { \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Trial Court\rquote s Holding on Verification \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [32]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab The trial court\rquote s Decision and Order held that for the purposes of section 33302(i), a claim of lien must be verified }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 either by a jurat acknowledgment . . . or in accordance with 6 GCA \'a7 4308 to be valid.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Uni-Arc ER at 20 (Dec. & Order, April 6, 2009). }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [33]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab Black\rquote s Law Dictionary states that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Jurat}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 comes from the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 Latin}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 word }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 jurare}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 meaning }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 to swear.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Black\rquote s Law Dictionary}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 866 (8th ed. 2004).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 It further reads that a jurat typically starts out by saying }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Subscribed and sworn to before me . . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 which indicates that a jurat acknowledgment is equivalent to a sworn statement.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Because section 33302(i) does not require a sworn verification, the trial court misinterpreted section 33302(i) by stating that a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 jurat acknowledgment}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 was required to satisfy the verification requirement of section 33302(i).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [34]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab Likewise, the language of section 33302(i) makes no explicit reference to 6 GCA \'a7 4308.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Title 6 GCA \'a7 4308 provides suggested guidelines for appropriate unsworn declarations made under penalty of perjury as shown below. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 (1) If executed outside of Guam: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 I declare (or certify, verify or state) under penalty of perjury under the laws of Guam that the foregoing is true and correct. Executed on (date). (Signature).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 (2) If executed within Guam, or within a state having a rule of law or procedure similar in effect to this Section: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 I declare (or certify, verify or state) under penalty of perjury that the foregoing is true and correct. Executed on (date). (Signature).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par 6 GCA \'a7 4308 (2005).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 This section states that it applies to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 any matter [that] is required or permitted to be supported, ev idenced, established, or proved by the sworn declaration, verification, certificate, statement, oath or affidavit, in writing of the person making the same.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The unsworn declarations under section 4308 listed above are examples of acceptable }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 verification}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 for section 33302(i), but section 33302(i) does not refer to section 4308 as the specific method for proper verification.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [35]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab Section 33302(i) does require a claim of lien to be verified, but it is not clear from the statute itself how one specifically meets this verification requirement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 An oath is not required for a verified claim of lien}{\cs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs24\fs20\super\insrsid13517160\charrsid2310620 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid13517160\charrsid4291965 There is no requirement that the verification be sworn or made \'93by oath\'94 because the mechanics\rquote lien statute does not specifically require an oath. 7 GCA \'a7 333 02(i) (2005). Looking at the legislative history of the California version of this statute (California Code of Civil Procedure \'a7 1193.1), from which 7 GCA \'a7 33302(i) was taken, the section originally required that the claim of lien be \'93 verified by oath.\'94 1955 California Code of Civil Procedure (West). However, when Guam adopted the California Code of Civil Procedure in 1962, California had already deleted the \'93by oath\'94 requirement. This further shows legislative intent not to require verifications to be made \'93by oath\'94 and all the parties here agree that verification by oath is not required. }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , and there is no language in section 33302(i) that indicates a verification must be made by jurat acknowledgment or must comply with 6 GCA \'a7 4308.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Therefore, the trial court erred in holding that in order for a lien claim to be valid, the lien claim can only be verified with a jurat acknowledgment or in accordance with 6 GCA \'a7 4308. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b.\tab}}\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\ilvl2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12860687 { \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The Verification Requirement is Ambiguous }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [36]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab This case is unlike }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Manvil}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Apana}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , and }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Guam Pacific Enterprise}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 because the verification requirement of 7 GCA \'a7 33302(i), which is at issue here, is not clear and specific.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Section 33302(i) of the mechanics\rquote lien statute simply states that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 a claim of lien shall be signed and verified by the claimant or some person on his behalf}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 without providing any guidance as to what constitutes verification.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 7 GCA \'a7 33302(i) (2005). \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [37]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab The requirement in section 33302(i) that the lien claim be }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 signed and verified}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 is ambiguous, particularly to the general public who does not posses legal knowledge as to what }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 verified}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 means.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Even Black\rquote s Law Dictionary has conflicting definitions of the term }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 verification.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{ \cs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s23\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs24\super\insrsid13517160\charrsid2310620 \chftn }{\insrsid13517160\charrsid2310620 In Black\rquote s Law Dictionary 1593 (8th ed. 2004), \'93verification\'94 is defined as a \'93 formal declaration made in the presence of an authorized officer, such as a notary public, or (in some jurisdictions) under oath but in the presence of such an officer, whereby one swears to the truth of the statements in the documents,\'94 as well as \'93an oath or affirmation that an authorized officer administers to an affiant or deponent,\'94 and is also described as an acknowledgment or any act of notarizing. }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Where the verification requirement is clear and specific, anything short of that should be held as non-conforming.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [38]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab Where the statute does not prescribe specifically what is required for }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 verification,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 the court should allow fair and reasonable interpretations of such requirement as sufficient to meet that requirement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 For example, in }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Irvine v. McDougall}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , the court held that a lien claimant who wrote the words }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 subscribed and sworn to before me}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 at the end of his lien claim was valid verification under the statutory requirements.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 4 Alaska 702, 704 (D. Alaska 1913).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The court stated that it would be better to have verification in the form of an affidavit, but because the statute did not prescribe the form for verification, the court was not inclined to say that the lien claim was invalid.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The lien law was designed to simplify proceedings and the court said this form of verification may be what the legislature intended.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Thus, the court ruled the lien claim verified.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [39]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab S.K. Group, GC and HRP each interpreted the ambiguous statutory language differently.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Without a definition or instructi on of what must be done to verify a lien claim, we cannot use the plain reading construction in determining whether or not the lien claims complied with the verification requirement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Rather, a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 fair and reasonable}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 construction for statutory interpretation must be used in order to determine whether the lien claims they recorded substantially comply with the mechanics\rquote lien statute, thus making the lien claims valid.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3.\tab}}\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12860687 { \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Factors for Determining Substantial Compliance \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par [40]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab Whether there is substantial comp liance with a particular statutory requirement depends on the degree of non-compliance, the underlying policy of the requirement, and the prejudice the property owner or third parties may have suffered as a result of the non-compliance.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Tigard Sand & Gravel Co., Inc. v. LBH Const., Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , 941 P.2d 1075, 1077 (Or. Ct. App. 1997).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a.\tab}}\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls18\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12860687 { \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Underlying Policy for Verification}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [41]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab California courts have held that the verification of a mechanics\rquote lien claim must indicate in some way that the facts in the claim are true, because the statute does not specify a required method for such verification}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 .}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Arata v. Tellurium Gold & Silver Mining Co.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , 4 P. 195, 195-96 (Cal. 1884) (verification of a lien must affirm the c laim is true, but does not require verification to be in form like that attached to a pleading); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Parke & Lacy Co. v. Inter Nos Oil & Dev. Co.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , 82 P. 51, 52 (Cal. 1905) (verification may be done by any person who has sufficient knowledge of the subject to m ake the verification since there are no express statutory requirements to verification under the mechanics\rquote lien statute).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 We do not find any compelling reason to deviate from this California case law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 We find that the underlying policy for the requirement of verification set forth in section 33302(i) is for a lien claimant to at least indicate in some way that the facts set forth in the lien claim are true.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [42]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab We will now separately examine the degree of non-compliance by the lien claimants and the pre judice GRI or third parties may have suffered as a result of the non-compliance.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b.\tab}}\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls18\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12860687 { \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Degree of Non-Compliance and Prejudice}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid12860687 {\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK5}{\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK6} \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12860687 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12860687\charrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 i.\tab S.K. Group\rquote s Lien Claims}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 {\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK5}{\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK6} \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [43]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab Each lien claim filed by a member of the S.K. Group was signed by a representative of the claimant company, contained all the information required under section 33302(i), and was acknowledged by the representative before a notary public for the uses and p urposes therein contained.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 S.K. Group\rquote s lien claims also made affirmative statements that the required information }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 is a correct statement of the claim demanded for materials and labor furnished.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 S.K. Group Excerpts of Record at 13-46 (Compl., Exs. A-J, Jan. 8, 2008).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The lien claims filed by each of the S.K. Group members met the purpose of the verification requirement and the underlying policy of ensuring the veracity of the statements in a lien claim.} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Not only do the lien claims indicate that the stateme nts are correct, but the veracity of the statements in the lien claims were never challenged by GRI on appeal of this issue.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Finally, the S.K. Group lien claims did not prejudice GRI in any way because GRI had notice of the claims at least nineteen days before each claim was recorded and there is no indication of fraud in the lien claims by the S.K. Group members.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 We find that the S.K. Group\rquote s lien claims more than substantially comply with the requirements of section 33302(i) and constitute valid lien claims.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12860687 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 ii.\tab HRP and GC\rquote s Lien Claims \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [43]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab HRP\rquote s lien claim was acknowledged before a notary public and provided confirmation that a duly authorized representative of the lien claimant signed the lien.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 GC\rquote s lien claim also contained a similar notarial acknowledgment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 HRP and GC\rquote s lien claims do not, however, have language indicating the statements are true, although the lien claims have all the other required information of section 33302(i).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 HRP Excerpts of Record at 33-35 (First Am. Compl., Ex. 3, Aug. 19, 2008); GC ER, tab 2 (Answer and Countercl., Ex. C, Dec. 27, 2007).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Further, both parties made a good faith effort to comply with what they believed was required to have the lien claims }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 verified}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 in getting notarial acknowledgments.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The underlying policy behind the verification requirement is to ensure that the statements in a lien claim are true.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Although there is no language that the statements in the lien claims are true, GRI did not challenge the veracity of HRP or GC\rquote s lien claims on appeal of this issue.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Finally, since the labor and materials provided were under direct contract with GRI, GRI was well equipped to assess the validity and the accuracy of the lien claims, and was not prejudiced by the lack of formal verification of the lien claims.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Thus, we find that HRP and GC\rquote s lien claims substantially comply with section 33302(i).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Although acknowledgment is not the same as verification, all other requirements of section 33302(i) were met by HRP and GC, good faith efforts were taken in an attempt to comp ly with the verification requirement, the underlying policy for verification was met, and there was no prejudice to GRI or third parties.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Therefore, under the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 fair and reasonable}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 construction using substantial compliance, HRP and GC\rquote s lien claims are also valid.}{\cs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s23\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs24\super\insrsid13517160 \chftn }{\insrsid13517160 This court\rquote s finding that a mechanics\rquote lien claim lacking a formal verification nonetheless meets the requirements of 7 GCA \'a7 33302(i) should not be an issue in future mechanics\rquote lien cases because the new Mechanics\rquote Lien La ws of Guam removed the requirement that lien claims be \'93verified\'94 upon recording the claim of lien. 7 GCA \'a7 33101 }{\i\insrsid13517160 et seq.}{\insrsid13517160 (2008) (repealed and reenacted by Guam Pub. L. 29-119 (Dec. 15, 2008)). }}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 4.\tab}}\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12860687 { \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Lack of Formal Verification under 7 GCA \'a7 33302(i) is a Non-Fatal Defect \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [44]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab Further support that HRP and GC\rquote s lien claims are valid under section 33302(i) is found in California cases which have held that mere defects in form should not defeat a lien claim.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Patten & Davies Lumber Co. v. Hayden}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , 298 P. 129, 130 (Cal. Dist. Ct. App. 1931); }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Indus. Asphalt, Inc. v. Garrett Corp.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , 226 Cal. Rptr. 17, 19 (Ct. App. 1986); }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Wand Corp. v. San Gabriel Valley Lumber Co.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , 46 Cal. Rptr. 486, 490 (Dist. Ct. App. 1965).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 In the instant case, the trial court held that the la ck of verification of the lien claims was a fatal defect, thus invalidating the lien claims and removing subject matter jurisdiction over the claims from the court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 However, in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Patten}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , the court held that the lien claimant\rquote s omission to verify the statement of materials furnished is a mere defect of form that does not necessarily forfeit the right of lien, in absence of notice of the defect or demand for such verification.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Patten & Davies Lumber Co.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , 298 P. at 130.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The court in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Patten}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 further held that a mere defect in form of the statement of materials furnished for a lien claim does not work a forfeiture of lien.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Patten}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 court held that the owner was given a complete and accurate statement of everything required by statute and that it was evidently a mere inadvertence and defect that caused the omission of the verification.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The court stated that because the claimant received no notice of defect or omission of the verification, the claimant did not purposefully refuse to comply with the statute.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Thus, the court affirmed the foreclosure of the mechanics\rquote lien. }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [45]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab Uni-Arc, S.K. Group, HRP, and GC were first asked to address the issue of proper verification under the trial court\rquote s 5th Consolidation Order.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The court did not notify the lien claimants that their lien claims were not properly verified.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Therefore, like the lien claimant in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Patten}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , HRP and GC did not refuse to comply with the requirements of the mechanics\rquote lien statutes, but inadvertently failed to properly verify lien claims which, under persuasive California precedent, does not invalidate the lien claims.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [46]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab California courts have uniformly classified the mechanics\rquote lien laws as remedial legislation, to be liberally construed for the protection of laborers and materialmen.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 E.g., Connolly Dev., Inc. v. Super. Ct. of Merced County}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , 553 P.2d 637, 653 (Cal. 1976); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Indus. Asphalt, Inc. v. Garrett Corp.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , 226 Cal. Rptr. 17, 19 (Ct. App. 1986).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The unifying thread that is found throughout California c ase law is the principle that where the purpose of the requirement of the statute is achieved and no one is prejudiced, technical requirements shall not stand in the way of achieving the purpose of the mechanics\rquote lien law.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Wand Corp. v. San Gabriel Valley Lumber Co.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , 46 Cal. Rptr. 486, 490 (Dist. Ct. App. 1965).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The court in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Wand}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 also cited to }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Consolidated Pipe Co. v. Wolski}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , 296 P. 277 (Cal. 1931), which also held that liens of mechanics or materialmen will not be invalid unless they tend to defraud or fail to impart notice.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 at 489.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 S.K. Group, HRP and GC\rquote s lien claims have not been questioned on the issues of fraud or failure to impart notice.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Under persuasive California case law, finding no compelling reason to deviate from California\rquote s interpretation of their mechanics\rquote lien statutes, the lien claims should be held valid because the lien claimants gave proper notice and did not file fraudulent lien claims.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [47]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab The California Supreme Court declared that the recordation of a mechanics\rquote lien inflicts u pon the property owner a minimal deprivation of property, while the laborer and materialman have an interest in the specific property subject to the lien since their work and materials have enhanced the value of that property.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Indus. Asphalt, Inc. v. Garrett Corp.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , 226 Cal. Rptr. 17, 20 (Dist. Ct. App. 1986) (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Connolly Dev., Inc. v.Super. Ct. of Merced County}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , 553 P.2d 637, 653 (Cal. 1976)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 California state policy strongly supports the preservation of laws that give the laborer and materialman security for their claims.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The court in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Industrial Asphalt}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 stated that it took into account the social effect of the liens and the interests of the workers and materialmen the liens are designed to protect, and measured those valued interests against the loss, if any, caused to the property owner.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 at 20-21.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 This shows strong legislative intent to protect the interests of the laborers and materialmen. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [48]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Industrial Asphalt}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , the lien claimant served a pre-lien notice on the property owner, but did not also serve the pre-lien notice to the general contractor, as the mechanics\rquote lien statute required.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 at 19.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The court did not believe that the statute\rquote s purpose should, or does, lead to an aridly formalistic result, but rather that ancient authority enunciates the purpose of the mechanics \rquote lien: to prevent unjust enrichment of a property owner at the expense of a laborer or material supplier.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The court said that to construe the statute strictly would require the court to invalidate a lien against a n owner who received notice because someone else, the original contractor, did not receive notice.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Thus, the court held that the lien claimant\rquote s notice to the owner satisfied the prerequisites for a valid lien claim even though the notice failed to meet the full notice requirement of the mechanics\rquote lien statute.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [49]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab In both the }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Industrial Asphalt}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 and }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Wand }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 cases, the courts held that minor defects in a lien claim should not defeat the lien claim, and to rule otherwise would go against the legislative intent to provide a statutory remedy protecting laborers and materialmen, especially when the general purpose of t he lien claim requirements, such as notice, was met.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [50]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab GRI argued that the law is clear in stating that a lien claim without proper verification suffers an incurable and fatal defect that renders the lien claim invalid and unenforceable.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 However, GRI u ltimately failed to produce any Guam or California case law to affirm its argument, and only cited cases from other jurisdictions that expressly define what constitutes compliance with the statutory requirements, unlike the verification requirement of the Guam mechanics\rquote lien statute.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [51]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab GRI has never claimed on appeal that HRP or GC\rquote s lien claims were, in any way, fraudulent, which suggests that GRI has not suffered any prejudice due to the lack of formal verification.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Moreover, the purpose of the mechanics\rquote lien statute was achieved because the property owner and general contractor both received timely notice of the lien claims with specific details as required under 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 33301 and 33302.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Under California case law, the technical requirement of forma l verification should not stand in the way of the lien claims of HRP and GC, and there is no reason set forth by GRI to depart from such persuasive authority.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 We do not find any compelling reasons to deviate from California\rquote s convincing authority in this case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [52]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab Based on the strong legislative intent to protect laborers and materialmen through the remedial mechanics \rquote lien statute, we find that a defect in the verification requirement of section 33302(i) is a non-fatal defect that does not invalidate the entire lien claim.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 D.\tab}}\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 { \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 15-Day Notice Requirement of 7 GCA \'a7 33301(a) \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [53]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab Title 7 GCA \'a7 33301(a) states that anyone who is able to claim a lien under this section must give written notice to the property owner and original contractor }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 not later than fifteen (15) days prior to the filing of a claim of lien}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 as a prerequisite to filing a valid claim of lien.}{\cs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs24\fs20\super\insrsid13517160\charrsid2310620 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid13517160\charrsid2310620 Title 7 GCA \'a7 33301(a) provides: \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\fs20\insrsid13517160\charrsid2310620 Except one under direct contract with the owner or one performing actual labor for wages, every person who furnishe s labor, service, equipment or material for which a lien otherwise can be claimed under this Article, must, as a necessary prerequisite to the validity of any claim of lien subsequently filed, cause to be given not later than fifteen (15) days prior to th e filing of a claim of lien, a written notice as prescribed by this section, to the owner or reputed owner and to the original contractor. The notice shall contain a general description of the labor, service, equipment or materials furnished, the name and a ddress of such person furnishing such labor, services, equipment or materials, and the name of the person who contracted for purchase of such labor, services, equipment or materials. If an invoice for such materials contains this information, a copy of su c h invoice, transmitted in the manner prescribed by this section, shall be sufficient notice. The notice may be sent at any time after any labor, service, equipment or materials are furnished, but in no event later than fifteen (15) days prior to the expir ation of the time within which to file a claim of lien. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\fs20\insrsid13517160 7 GCA \'a7 33301(a) (2005).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 {\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK3}{\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK4}7 GCA \'a7 33301(a) (2005).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 {\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK3}{\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK4} }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The trial court held that Uni-Arc, S.K. Group, and HRP\rquote s lien claims were invalid under section 33301(a) because pre-lien notices were given }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 more than}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 fifteen days before the lien claims were recorded.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [54]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab Uni-Arc, S.K. Group, and HRP argue that the trial court misinterpreted section 33301(a), because the purpose of the statute is to give the owner of the property }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 at least }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 fifteen days}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 notice that his property may be sold under foreclosure.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Uni-Arc served a pre-lien notice eighteen days before recording the lien.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 S.K. Group members each served a pre-lien notice at least nineteen days prior to recording the liens.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 HRP served a pre-lien notice twenty-three days before recording its lien.}{ \cs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s23\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs24\super\insrsid13517160\charrsid2310620 \chftn }{\insrsid13517160\charrsid2310620 GRI did not contest the arguments from Uni-Arc, S.K. Group, HRP, or GC that each lien claim fully complied with 7 GCA \'a7 33301(a). Nonetheless, we still conduct an independent review of the issue. }{\i\insrsid13517160\charrsid2310620 Cf. Zurich Ins. (Guam), Inc. v. Santos}{\insrsid13517160\charrsid2310620 ,}{\i\insrsid13517160\charrsid2310620 }{\insrsid13517160\charrsid2310620 2007 Guam 23 \'b6 5. }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [55]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab The Legislature\rquote s intent in requiring a pre-lien notice is to give the property owner advance notice of the potential filing of a claim of lien in order to protect the property owner\rquote s rights as well as the rights of the lien claimant.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Alta Bldg. Material Co. v. Cameron}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 , 20 Cal. Rptr. 713, 716 (Dist. Ct. App. 1962).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Giving a property owner adequate notice of at least fifteen days is part of that protection.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The words }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 not later than}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 may seem confusing, leading one to think that a lien claimant must both give notice and record the lien within fifteen days, which is what the trial court held.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Allowing a party to give notice of a lien claim and subsequently to record the lien claim within fifteen days of serving notice would not provide a property owner with adequate time to respond to possible foreclosure of property.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 The trial court\rquote s interpretation of this notice provision within the statute does not advance the statute\rquote s purpose because it allows a lien claimant to give notice one day and record the lien the next day or even earlier (within fifteen days of giving notice).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [56]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab Th erefore, the trial court erred by misinterpreting the 15-day preliminary notice of lien claim provision under section 33301(a) and holding that giving a property owner more than fifteen days of notice before recording the lien claim rendered the subsequen t recorded lien claim invalid.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12860687 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 V.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 CONCLUSION}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13517160 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par [57]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab In conclusion, we hold that the trial court erred in dismissing the cases for lack of subject matter jurisdiction because lien claims that have formalistic defects do not defeat the court\rquote s jurisdiction to hear those claims.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [58]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab We further hold that Guam\rquote s }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 fair and reasonable}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 construction of statutory interpretation is applicable when a mechanics\rquote lien statute is not clear on its face.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 In order to determine compliance with ambiguous statutory language in a mechanics\rquote lien law, the substantial compliance test requires examination of the relevant statutory language as a whole and evaluation of the degree of non-compliance, the underlying policy of the statutory requirement, and the prejudice suffered by the property owner or third parties from non-compliance.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 However, where a statute is clear on its face, the court shall not read further.} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Because the verification requirement in 7 GCA \'a7 33302(i) is ambiguous, a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 fair and reasonable}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 construction of statutory interpretation applying the specific facts of the consolidated cases, results in the lien claims of S.K. Group, HRP, and GC being valid because the lien claims substantially complied with section 33302(i) as a whole.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Furthermore, to hold the lien claims as invalid for the technical, non-fatal defect of lack of formal verification would go against public policy and legislative intent.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [59]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab Moreover, we hold that the trial court erred in dismissing Uni-Arc, S.K. Group, and HRP\rquote s f oreclosure actions because the trial court misinterpreted the 15-day notice of lien claim provision of 7 GCA \'a7 33301(a).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 Uni-Arc, S.K. Group, and HRP each timely served a pre-lien notice in accordance with 7 GCA \'a7 33301(a) and their subsequent recorded lien claims are valid. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 [60]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \tab Accordingly, the trial court\rquote s }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 sua sponte}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 dismissal of these mechanics\rquote lien cases is }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 REVERSED}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 and this matter is }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 REMANDED}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid13517160 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12860687 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12860687\charrsid12860687 F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid12860687 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12860687\charrsid12860687 Associate Justice}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid12860687 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12860687 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid12860687 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12860687 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12860687\charrsid12860687 KATHERINE A. MARAMAN \par Associate Justice}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid12860687 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12860687 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12860687\charrsid12860687 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12860687 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13517160\charrsid12860687 ROBERT J. TORRES \par Chief Justice}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1972231\charrsid12860687 \par }}