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\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703 \'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5760 \jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid618757180}{\list\listtemplateid948059674\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698689\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fbias0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698691\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0 \fi-360\li2160 \jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698693\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 } {\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698689\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fbias0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23 \levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698691\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698693\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1 \levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698689\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fbias0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0 {\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698691\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698693 \'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0 \fi-360\li7200\jclisttab\tx7200\lin7200 }{\listname 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}{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel \levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid756094428}{\list\listtemplateid69088260{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360 \levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;} \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0 \levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1 \levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers \'01;}\fi-180\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listlevel \levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li7200\jclisttab\tx7200\lin7200 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1 \levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li7920\jclisttab\tx7920\lin7920 }{\listname ;}\listid964234635}{\list\listtemplateid-810152890\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0 {\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715 \'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li2880 \jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel \levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1557739273}{\list\listtemplateid1280072682\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat3 \levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-845238600\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-360\li1080\jclisttab\tx1080\lin1080 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0 {\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li1800\jclisttab\tx1800\lin1800 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715 \'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li2520\jclisttab\tx2520\lin2520 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3240 \jclisttab\tx3240\lin3240 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3960\jclisttab\tx3960\lin3960 }{\listlevel \levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li4680\jclisttab\tx4680\lin4680 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5400\jclisttab\tx5400\lin5400 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li6120\jclisttab\tx6120\lin6120 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li6840\jclisttab\tx6840\lin6840 }{\listname ;}\listid1649238313}{\list\listtemplateid1581181886\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1 \levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715 \'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;} \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 } {\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0 \leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1 \levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li7200\jclisttab\tx7200\lin7200 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li7920\jclisttab\tx7920\lin7920 }{\listname ;}\listid1893346536}{\list\listtemplateid1070084016\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1 \levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0 {\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715 \'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;} \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 } {\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0 \leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1 \levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li7200\jclisttab\tx7200\lin7200 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li7920\jclisttab\tx7920\lin7920 }{\listname ;}\listid1938903160}{\list\listtemplateid993395794\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1 \levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-548905582\'02\'00);}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-930\li1650\jclisttab\tx1650\lin1650 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0 {\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li1800\jclisttab\tx1800\lin1800 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715 \'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li2520\jclisttab\tx2520\lin2520 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3240 \jclisttab\tx3240\lin3240 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3960\jclisttab\tx3960\lin3960 }{\listlevel \levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li4680\jclisttab\tx4680\lin4680 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5400\jclisttab\tx5400\lin5400 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\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13264114 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13264114 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 THE PEOPLE OF GUAM, \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Plaintiff-Appellee, \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13264114 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13264114 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 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TORRES, Chief Justice; F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Associate Justice; KATHERINE A. MARAMAN, Associate Justice. \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 TORRES, C.J.:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par [1]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 In the trial court, Defendant-Appellant Mannix Frank Songeni was convicted of one charge of Second Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 CSC}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 ).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Songeni appeals this conviction on the theory that Second Degree CSC is not a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 lesser included offense}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 of First Degree CSC under the applicable Guam statutes.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 For the reasons set forth below, we agree and reverse the conviction.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13264114 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 I.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13264114 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par [2]}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 A Grand Jury issued an indictment charging Songeni with one count of First Degree CSC as a First Degree Felony and one count of Child Abuse as a Misdemeanor.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Appellant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 s Excerpts of Record (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 ER}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 ) at 3-4 (Indictment).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 The indictment accused Songeni of causing his penis to enter the vagina of A.M., a minor under fourteen (14) years of age, but did not contain any charges against Songeni for Second Degree CSC.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 [3]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Testimony at trial indicated (1) that Songeni encountered A.M. at the home of his some-time girlfriend; (2) that Songeni and at least 4 minors (including the victim) were at one point watching television in the living room of the home; and (3) that sub sequently the other minors departed }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 to the store.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 See }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 ER at 10-13, 19, 113-14 (Reporter}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 s Transcripts of Jury Trial, Dec. 1, 2009 & Dec. 7, 2009).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 A.M. testified that after the other minors departed, Songeni sexually assaulted her.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 See}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 ER at 10-11 (Reporter}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 s Transcripts of Jury Trial, December 1, 2009).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 A.M. also testified that no one else was present during the assault.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 See }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 ER at 11 (Transcripts of Jury Trial, Dec. 1, 2009).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 One other minor testified that he witnessed at least part of the assault.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 ER at 100-01 (Transcripts of Jury Trial, Dec. 4, 2009).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 [4]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 After both the People and Songeni rested their cases, the judge, while reviewing the draft jury instructions proposed by both parties, entered into the following colloquy with Songeni}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 s counsel outside the presence of the jury:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13264114 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 The Court:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Have you given us your lesser included, Mr. Aglubat? \par Counsel:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 I}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 m not asking for any, Your Honor. \par The Court:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 I}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 m Sorry? \par Counsel:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 I}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 m not asking for any. \par The Court:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 But you can}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 t not ask.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Okay? \par Counsel:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 I understand, Your Honor. \par The Court:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 So you}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 re not going to give me one? \par Counsel:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 No, Your Honor. \par The Court:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Ai adai}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Even though I asked you, you}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 re not going to do it, even though the law says it; is that what you}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 re saying to me? \par Counsel:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Yes, Your Honor. \par The Court:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 All right. \par Counsel:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 With all due respect.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13264114 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13264114 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 The Court:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 I understand the law, and it}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 s not that you don}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 t want to do it, it}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 s that you}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 re just making the choice, but I have to give it.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Okay?}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 I just want you to know that.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 As I understand it, the Defendant is charged with two charges: First Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct, as a First Degree Felony.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 I want you to know that the lesser included would be Second Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct, as a First Degree . . . .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13264114 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par Reporter}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 s Transcripts of Jury Trial, Dec. 7, 2009 at 124-25.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 [5]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Later, the court provided counsels with Draft # 1 of the jury instructions and during review of instructions 7B and 7C, the following exchanges occurred:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13264114 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 The Court:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Now }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 The Conviction of a Lesser Included Offense,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 7B.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 The crime of first degree Criminal Sexual Conduct includes the lesser crime of second degree Criminal Sexual Conduct.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 If you are not convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant is guilty of first degree Criminal Sexual Conduct, and if y ou are convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant is guilty of the lesser crime of second degree Criminal Sexual Conduct, you may find the defendant guilty of second degree Criminal Sexual Conduct.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 The crime of second degree Criminal Sexual Conduct as a first degree felony is lesser to first degree Criminal Sexual Conduct, as a first degree felony. \par Counsel:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Objection for the same reasons cited earlier, Your Honor. \par The Court:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 What is that? \par Counsel:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 That we}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 re not asking for a lesser included offense. \par The Court:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Okay.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 And again as I am mandated, I am compelled to do so by the Supreme Court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Objection}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 s overruled. \par . . . . \par Counsel:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 We still object in the giving of this lesser included instruction. \par The Court:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Okay. \par Counsel:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Even with this change. \par . . . . \par The Court:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 And I understand the defendant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 s continuing objection as this being included, it}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 s a lesser included.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Correct [Counsel]? \par Counsel:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Yes, Your Honor. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13264114 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 . at}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 186-87; 189-90.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 [6]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Over these objections, the trial court instructed the jury that Second Degree CSC was a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 lesser included offense}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 of First Degree CSC and that if there was insufficient evidence to convict Songeni of First Degree CSC, the jury might alternatively convict him of Second Degree CSC.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 See }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Transcripts of Jury Trial, Dec. 9, 2009 at 100-01.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 The jury returned verdicts of guilty on the lesser included offense of Second Degree CSC as a First Degree Felony and Child Abuse as a Misdemeanor.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Appellant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 s Br. at 3; ER at 5-7 (Judgment, Feb. 11, 2010).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Songeni was acquitted of First Degree CSC.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 A judgment of conviction was entered, sentencing Songeni to twenty (20) years in confinement for both convictions.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Songeni timely appealed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 See }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 ER at 6 (Judgment).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 [7]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 In addition to renewing his objections to the trial court}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 s jury instructions, Songeni appeals to this court on two other grounds: (1) the handling of the case by the trial court judge, and (2) his sentence of twenty (20) years for the Second Degree CSC conviction.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Appellant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 s Br. at 6-11, 17.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13264114 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 II.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 JURISDICTION \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13264114 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par [8]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 This court has jurisdiction over appeals taken from a judgment of conviction pursuant to 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 1421-1(a)(2) (Westlaw current through Pub. L. 111-264 (2010)); 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 3107 and 3108(a) (2005); and 8 GCA \'a7 130.15(a) (2005). }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13264114 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 III.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 STANDARD OF REVIEW}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13264114 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 {\*\bkmkstart wlCitedDoc}[9]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Where a defendant objected to a particular jury instruction at trial, courts view the instruction in the context of the delivered jury instructions as a whole and reverse only for an abuse of discretion.}{ \cs18\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13264114 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs18\super\insrsid13264114 \chftn }{\insrsid13264114 This is not a universal rule. Traditionally, courts review the question of whether a proffered jury instruction misstated the elements of a charged crime under a }{\i\insrsid13264114 de novo }{\insrsid13264114 standard. }{\i\insrsid13264114 See, e.g.}{ \insrsid13264114 ,}{\i\insrsid13264114 United States v. Frega}{\insrsid13264114 , 179 F.3d 793, 806 n.16 (9th Cir. 1999); }{\i\insrsid13264114 United States v. Tagalicud}{\insrsid13264114 , 84 F.3d 1180, 1183 (9th Cir. 1996) (standard of review differs based on nature of objection).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 See, e.g.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 United States v. Alcantar}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 , 832 F.2d 1175, 1178 (9th Cir. 1987) (citing}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 United States v. Park}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 , 421 U.S. 658, 674 (1975); }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 United States v. Abushi}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 , 682 F.2d 1289, 1299 (9th Cir. 1982)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13264114 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 {\*\bkmkend wlCitedDoc}IV.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 ANALYSIS}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13264114 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par A.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Second Degree CSC is not a lesser included offense of First Degree CSC}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13264114 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 [10]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Songeni}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 s main argument concerns the propriety o f the jury instructions delivered by the trial court judge.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Specifically, Songeni contends that Second Degree CSC is not a proper lesser included offense of First Degree CSC; therefore, the trial court erred in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 sua sponte}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 issuing an instruction on Second Degree CSC.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Appellant}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 s Br. at 11-17.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 The People made a similar argument on appeal in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 People v. Cummins}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 , 2010 Guam 19,}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 and did not submit any opposition to Songeni}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 s arguments of this issue.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 [11]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 In determining whether one offense is a }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 lesser included offense}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 of another, we examine 8 GCA \'a7 105.58.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 See}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 8 GCA \'a7 105.58 (2005) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Guilt of Included Offense Permitted: Defined. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 ); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Cummins}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 , 2010 Guam 19 \'b6 16; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 People v. Demapan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 , 2004 Guam 24 \'b6\'b6 9-12; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Angoco v. Bitanga}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 , 2001 Guam 17 \'b6 13.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Songeni}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 s primary argument concerns whether Second Degree CSC is a lesser included offense of First Degree CSC under the language of 8 GCA \'a7 105.58(b)(1).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Appellant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 s Br. at 12-17.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 [12]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 In }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Cummins}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 , this court ruled that Second Degree CSC is not a lesser included offense of First Degree CSC under 8 GCA \'a7 105.58(b)(1) because Second Degree CSC contains a scienter element not within the greater offense of First Degree CSC.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 2010 Guam 19 \'b6 \'b6 19-20.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 [13]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 However, our analysis on this issue does not end with the dec ision rendered in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Cummins}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 In this case, unlike the defendant in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Cummins}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 , Songeni argued that Second Degree CSC could not properly be considered under }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 any}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 of the three prongs of 8 GCA \'a7 105.58(b).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 See }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Appellant}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 s Br. at 11-17.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Although we ruled in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Cummins}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 that Second Degree CSC is not a proper }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 lesser included offense}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 of First Degree CSC under 8 GCA \'a7 105.58(b)(1), we must now consider whether Second Degree CSC is a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 lesser included offense}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 under 8 GCA \'a7 105.58(b)(2) or (b)(3).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 1.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 8 GCA \'a7 105.58(b)(2) }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13264114 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 [14]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Under 8 GCA \'a7 105.58(b)(2), an offense can be considered an included offense of another if }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 [the offense] consists of an attempt or solicitation to commit the offense charged or to commit an offense otherwise included therein.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 8 GCA \'a7 105.58(b)(2).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Clearly this prong of 8 GCA \'a7 105.58(b) deals solely with inchoate offenses.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 [15]}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 We ruled in }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Cummins}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 that Second Degree CSC is not established by proof of the same or less than all the facts required to establish the commission of First Degree CSC under the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 same or less facts}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 test of 8 GCA \'a7 105.58(b)(1).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Cummins}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 , 2010 Guam 19 \'b6\'b6 17-22 (citations omitted).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Our code defines criminal attempt as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 an attempt to commit }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 crime when, with intent to engage in conduct which would constitute }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 such}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 crime were the circumstances as he believes them to be, he performs or omits to perform an act which constitutes a substantial step toward commission of }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 the}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 crime.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 9 GCA \'a7 13.10 (2005).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 From this language it is clear that an }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 attempted crime}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 under Guam law differs from }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 crime of which it is an inchoate version }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 only}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 insofar as it was not a completed version of }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 that}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 crime.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 It follows that the completed crime of Second Degree CSC is }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 distinct}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 from an }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 attempted}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 (or otherwise inchoate) crime of First Degree CSC.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 In the proper case, a trial court could, under this prong of 8 GCA \'a7 105.58(b),}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 properly instruct a jury on the crime of }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Attempted}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 First Degree}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 CSC or }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Solicitation to Commit }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 First Degree CSC}{\cs18\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s17\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13264114 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs18\super\insrsid13264114 \chftn }{\insrsid13264114 Solicitation is defined in 9 GCA \'a7 13.20.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 as an included offense of First Degree CSC.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 However, }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Second Degree}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 CSC can never constitute an included offense of First Degree CSC under this prong of 8 GCA \'a7 105.58(b).} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 If the trial court in this case gave the Second Degree CSS instruction under 8 GCA \'a7 105.58(b)(2); it erred.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 2.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 8 GCA \'a7 105.58(b)(3)}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par [16]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Under 8 GCA \'a7 105.58(b)(3), one offense can be considered a lesser included offense of another if }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 [the offense] differs from the offense charged only in the respect that a less serious injury or risk of injury to the same person, property or public interest or a lesser kind of culpability suffices to establish its commission.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 8 GCA \'a7 105.58(b)(3).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 While this section is not }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 obviously}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 inapplicable to this case (as 8 GCA \'a7 105.58(b)(2) is), the court finds that Second Degree CSC is similarly not included under First Degree CSC under the language of 8 GCA \'a7 105.58(b)(3).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 a.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Less serious injury}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par [17]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 The degrees of CSC are not clearly separated by divergent grades of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 injury}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 either to a person or to property.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 See }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 9 GCA \'a7\'a7 25.15\endash .35 (2005).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 This is in contrast to other Guam criminal statutes where differing degrees of injury either to persons or to property define either separate offenses or different grades of a single offense.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Compare}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 9 GCA \'a7 25.15\endash .35 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 with}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 9 GCA \'a7\'a7 19.20\endash .30 (2005) (aggravated assault contemplates }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 serious bodily injury}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 while assault contemplates }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 bodily injury}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 ), 9 GCA \'a7\'a7 22.30\endash .35 (2005) (felonious restraint and unlawful restraint), }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 and}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 9 GCA \'a7\'a7 58.20(b) \endash 58.30 (2005) (felony escape and ordinary escape).}{\cs18\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13264114 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs18\super\insrsid13264114 \chftn }{\insrsid13264114 Songeni asserted at oral argument that another example which would fit under 8 GCA \'a7 105.58(b)(3) would be different gradations of theft chargeable under 9 GCA \'a7 43.20. Although we agree with Songeni\rquote s assertion that lesser grades of theft would be lesser included offenses of greater grades of theft under the operation of 8 GCA \'a7 105.58(b), this would be due to the operation of 8 GCA \'a7 105.58(b)(1) rather than by operation of 8 GCA \'a7 105.58(b)(3). }{\i\insrsid13264114 See}{\insrsid13264114 8 GCA \'a7 105.58(b)(1) (\'93established by proof of the same or less than all the facts required to establish the commission of the offense charged\'94 ). The other examples listed above more accurately illustrate other Guam statutes which qualify as lesser included offenses under 8 GCA \'a7 105.58(b)(3). }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 [18]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 States which define }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 lesser included offense}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 in a similar manner have likewise focused on whether the injuries or potential injuries criminalized by the statutes being analyzed were similar in }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 nature}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 but different in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 scope}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 See, e.g.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 People v. Palmer}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 , 944 P.2d 634, 638\~ (Colo. App. 1997) (under Colorado law, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 menacing}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 not a lesser included offense of second degree assault because the offenses differ both in injury or risk of injury contemplated and in culpability required), }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 rev}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 d on other grounds}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 , 964 P.2d 524 (Colo. 1998); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 State v. Roberson}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 , 812 A.2d 429, 433 (N.J. Su per. Ct. Law Div. 2002) (where joyriding contained an element of risk to the public greater than that found in theft (of a motor vehicle), joyriding could not be considered a lesser included offense of theft); Commentary to Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. \'a7 505.020(2)(d) (Westlaw 2010) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 An illustration of this provision is provided by the definitions of assault [under Kentucky law]: assault in the second degree . . . is committed when an offender }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 intentionally causes }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 serious physical injury}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 to another person}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 ; assault in the third degree . . . is committed when an offender }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 intentionally . . . causes }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 physical injury}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 to another person.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 ' }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Differing from the first offense only as to the degree of injury caused, the second offense is an }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 included}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 offense.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 In contrast t o these examples, the two grades of CSC considered here do not contain similar clearly delineated language which distinguishes the two crimes solely on the basis of different or divergent }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 injury}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 suffered by the victim; as discussed below, the main textua l difference between the grades of CSC concerns the separate definitions of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 sexual penetration}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 sexual contact.} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Compare}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 9 GCA \'a7 25.10(a)(9) (2005) }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 with }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 9 GCA \'a7 25.10(a)(8).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 The nature of the variation between these two definitions is not solely that the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 injury}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 they contemplate is similar in nature but different in scope.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 b.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Lesser kind of culpability}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par [19]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 The }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 culpability }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 clause of 8 GCA \'a7 105.58(b)(3) is also inapplicable in considering whether Second Degree CSC is a lesser included offense of First Degree CSC.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 First Degree CSC, as charged in this case, is defined as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 engag[ing] in sexual penetration with the victim . . . if . . . the victim is under fourteen (14) years of age.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 9 GCA \'a7 25.15(a)(1); ER at 3 (Indictment).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Sexual penetration}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 is defined as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 sexual intercourse, cunnilingus, fellatio, anal intercourse or any other intrusion, however slight, of any part of a person}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 s body or of any object into the genital or anal openings of another person}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 s body . . . .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 9 GCA \'a7 25.10(a)(9).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Second Degree CSC involves }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 sexual contact,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 defined to be the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 intentional}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 touching of the victim}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 s or actor}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 s intimate parts or the }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 intentional}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 touching of the clothing covering the immediate area of the victim}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 s or actor}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 s intimate parts, if that }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 intentional}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 touching can reasonably be construed as being }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 for the purpose}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 of sexual arousal or gratification.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 9 GCA \'a7 25.10(a)(8) (emphases added).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Under these definitions, Second Degree CSC contains a }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 greater}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 quantum of culpability than First Degree CSC (which is essentially a status crime), as the relevant statutes contain additional }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 mens rea}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 elements not found in First Degree CSC.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 The reverse would have to be true for Second Degree CSC to be a proper lesser included offense of First Degree CSC under 8 GCA \'a7 105.58(b)(3).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 [20]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Again, this interpretation is supported by analogous authority from other jurisdictions.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 See, e.g.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Wright v. State}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 , 658 N.E.2d 563, 567 (Ind. 1995) (under Indiana law, as the only difference between murder and reckless homicide is a lesser degree of culpability, reckless homicide is a lesser included offense of murder); }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Green v. State}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 , 887 S.W.2d 230, 233 (Tex. App. 1994) (under Texas law, involuntary manslaughter and criminally negligent homicide are lesser included offenses of murder). }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 [21]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 We recognize that at least one other jurisdiction has held that sexual contact is a less serious injury than sexual penetration and that degrees of sexual assault may indicate a lesser degree of culpability.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 In deciding thusly, we reject the standards embraced by the Supreme Court of Hawai}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 i in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 State v. Kinanne}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 , 897 P.2d 973 (Haw. 1995).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Although we do not question the wisdom of that case, its outcome was at least partially premised on interpretation of the official commentary to Hawai}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 i Revised Statute \'a7 701-109(4)(c), which is not applicable in Guam.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 See id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 . at 982-83 (citing }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 State v. Alston}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 , 865 P.2d 157, 167 (Haw. 1994)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 The }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Alston}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 court notes that in Hawai}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 i:}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13264114 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Under [Haw. Rev. Stat. \'a7 701-109(4)(c)], an offense is included if }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 [i]t differs from the offense charged only in the respect that a less serious injury or risk of injury to the same person . . . or public interest or a different state of mind indicating lesser degree of culpability suffices to establish its commission.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par // \par \par // \par \par // \par \par // \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Subsection (c) differs from (a) in that there may be some dissimilarity in the facts necessary to prove the lesser offense, but the end result is the same.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 State v. Freeman}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 , 774 P.2d 888, 892 (1989) (citing Commentary to HRS \'a7 701-109)}{ \cs18\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13264114 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs18\super\insrsid13264114 \chftn }{\insrsid13264114 The official commentary to Haw. Rev. Stat. \'a7 701-109(4) reads in relevant part: \par }\pard \s17\qj \li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid13264114 {\insrsid13264114 Finally, paragraph (c) is concerned with cases in which the included offense involves a less serious injury or risk of injury to the same person, property, or public interest or a lesser kind of culpability. Paragraph (c) differs from paragraph (a) in that, although the included offense must produce the same result as the inclusive offense, there may be some dissimilarity in the facts necessary to prove the offense. Therefore (a) would not strictly apply and (c) is needed to fill the gap. \par }\pard \s17\qj \li0\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid13264114 {\insrsid13264114 Commentary to Haw. Rev. Stat. \'a7 701-109 (Westlaw 2010). }}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Under a subsection (c) analysis, the following factors are considered: (1) the degree of culpability; (2) the degree or risk of injury; and (3) }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 the end result}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 . \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13264114 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Alston}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 , 865 P.2d at 167 (emphasis added) (citation omitted).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13264114 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 [22]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Nothing in the text of 8 GCA \'a7 105.58(b)(3) similarly suggests (or compels) an interpretation that it would be appropriate to consider }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 the end result}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 of any crime in determining whether or not that crime would be a lesser included offense of another crime.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 In the absence of guidance from the Guam Legislature equivalent to the official commentary to Haw. Rev. Stat. \'a7 701-109, we are compelled to confine our analysis to the plain text of 8 GCA \'a7 105.58(b)(3).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 3.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Conclusion} {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 [23]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Based on the foregoing analysis combined with our recent holding in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Cummins}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 , we hold that Second Degree CSC is not a lesser included offense of First Degree CSC.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 None of the three prongs of 8 GCA \'a7 105.58(b) are satisfied.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 We must now address the impact of the trial court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 s decision to instruct the jury that Second Degree CSC was a lesser included offense of First Degree CSC.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 B.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Jury instruction on included offense}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13264114 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 [24]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 In this case the erroneous jury instruction was not requested by the People, but was delivered }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 sua sponte}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 by the trial court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 This }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 sua sponte}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 instruction was presumably based on the case of }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Angoco v. Bitanga}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 , where we held that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 trial courts }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 must}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 issue le sser-included offense instructions if there is a rational basis for such as shown by substantial evidence, without regard to whether such instructions were }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 requested or}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 objected to}{\cs18\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13264114 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs18\super\insrsid13264114 \chftn }{\insrsid13264114 Although the current case is distinguishable from previous Guam cases as it concerns the issuance of an allegedly improper jury instruction, rather than the failure to provide an allegedly proper one, the language of }{\i\insrsid13264114 Angoco}{ \insrsid13264114 is controlling.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 by the parties.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 2001 Guam 17 \'b6 21 (emphases added).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 This holding is based on the language of 8 GCA \'a7 90.27, which reads: }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 When there is a rational basis for a verdict acquitting the defendant of the offense charged and convicting him of an included offense, the court shall charge the jury with respect to the included offense.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \'b6\'b6 14, 21 (quoting 8 GCA \'a7 90.27 (1993)).}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Implicit in Songeni}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 s argument that the trial court committed error is the contention that there can never be a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 rational basis}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 for giving a lesser included offense instruction for an offense which is not, in fact, a proper lesser included offense.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Therefore, the trial court in this case violated the rule set down in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Angoco }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 by instructing as it did.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 We agree.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Logically, the next question then becomes whether this error by the trial court constitutes an abuse of discretion requiring reversal of Songeni}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 s conviction on these grounds.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 [25]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 If Second Degree CSC was not a proper included offense of First Degree CSC, Songeni was convicted of an offense which was not charged or contained in the indictment returned against him in this case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 ER at 3-4 (Indictment).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Convictions on crimes not charged in the indictment constitute }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 constructive amendments}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 to indictments, which have been found by federal courts to be reversible error as they violate both the Fifth and Sixth Amendments to the Constitution of the United States.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 See, e.g.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 United States v. Kelly}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 , 722 F.2d 873, 876 (1st Cir. 1983) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 The fifth amendment requires that a defendant be tried only on a charge made by the grand jury.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Stirone v. United States}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 , 361 U.S. 212, 216-17, 219 (1960) . . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 The sixth amendment, working in tandem with the fifth amendment, requires that the defendant }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 ' }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 U.S. Const. amend. VI.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 These two constitutional provisions require that allegations and proof mirror each other.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 The rationale is clear: no person should be denied the right to thoroughly prepare his or her defense, and should not be subject to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 another prosecution for the same offense.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 ' }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Berger v. United States}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 , 295 U.S. 78, 82 (1934).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 ).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Although the Ninth Circuit in}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Territory of Guam v. Inglett}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 , 417 F.2d 123, 125 (9th Cir. 1969) has ruled that the specific language of the Fifth Amendment relied upon in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Stirone}{ \cs18\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13264114 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs18\super\insrsid13264114 \chftn }{\insrsid13264114 In addition to the \'93double jeopardy\'94 language cited in }{\i\insrsid13264114 Kelly}{\insrsid13264114 , federal cases construing constructive amendments also rely upon the \'93grand jury\'94 clause of the United States Constitution. }{\insrsid13264114\charrsid1404480 The}{\insrsid13264114 Fifth Amendment provides in relevant part: \'93 No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury . . . .\'94 U.S. Const. amend. V.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 is inapplicable to Guam under the Organic Act, a similar Guam statutory requirement can be found under 8 GCA \'a7 55.20: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 The court may permit an indictment or information to be amended upon the application of the prosecuting attorney at any time before verdict or finding if no additional [or] different offense is charged and if substantial rights of the defendant are not prejudiced.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 8 GCA \'a7 55.20 (2005).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 The Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment and the relevant portions of the Sixth Amendment cited by the }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Kelly}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 court }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 are}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 in force on Guam by operation of 48 U.S.C. \'a7\'a7 1421b(d) and (g).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 1421b(d), (g) }{ \cs36\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 (Westlaw through Pub. L. 111-264 (2010)).}{\cs36\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 [26]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 This court has previously held that it was essential that a trial court present to a jury instructions which provide }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 the full range of possible verdicts thus ensuring the most accurate judgment is rendered.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Angoco}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 , 2001 Guam 17 \'b6 19 (citing}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 People v. Breverman}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 , 960 P.2d 1094, 1101 (Cal. 1998)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 We now hold that it was reversible error for the trial court to have }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 sua sponte}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 instructed the jury on Second Degree CSC, which was not charged in the indictment and was not a proper lesser included offense of First Degree CSC.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 As we stated in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Angoco}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 , error which gives the jury in a case an inaccurate range of possible verdicts and prevents them from rendering the most accurate judgment possible is (at minimum) an abuse of judicial discretion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \'b6 19-21.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 This result is in line with federal case law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 See, e.g.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 United States v. Crocker}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 , 568 F.2d 1049, 1059-60 (3rd Cir. 1977)}{\cs18\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s17\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13264114 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs18\super\insrsid13264114 \chftn }{\insrsid13264114 }{\i\insrsid13264114 Crocker}{\insrsid13264114 has been implicitly abrogated on unrelated grounds by }{\i\insrsid13264114 United States v. Gaudin}{\insrsid13264114 , 515 U.S. 506, 511-22 (1995), as recognized by }{\i\insrsid13264114 United States v. Miller}{\insrsid13264114 , 527 F.3d 54, 79 n.21 (3rd Cir. 2008).}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 In }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Stirone }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 . . . the Supreme Court recognized that even though a trial court did not formally amend an indictment, it could accomplish the practical result of [amendment by] trying a defendant on a charge for which he was not indicted . . . .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 The consequence of a constructive amendment is . . . per se reversible error, requiring no analysis of additional prejudice to the defendant.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 (citation omitted)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Accordingly, the trial court abused its discret ion in giving the jury instruction that Second Degree CSC was a lesser included offense of First Degree CSC.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13264114 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 V.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 CONCLUSION}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13264114 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par [27]}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 In order for one crime to be a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 lesser included offense}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 of a second crime under Guam law, the crime must fall within one of the three prongs of 8 GCA \'a7 105.58(b).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 In }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Cummins}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 we held that Second Degree CSC was not a lesser included offense of First Degree CSC under 8 GCA \'a7 105.58(b)(1).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Here, we hold that Second Degree CSC is similarly }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 not} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 a lesser included offense of First Degree CSC under either 8 GCA \'a7 105.58(b)(2) or (b)(3).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Therefore, Second Degree CSC is not a lesser included offense of First Degree CSC under Guam law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 [28]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 The trial court abused its discretion by }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 sua sponte}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 instructing the jury to consider Second Degree CSC as a lesser included offense of First Degree CSC.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Accordingly, Songeni}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 s conviction for Second Degree CSC is }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 REVERSED}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 The case is }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 REMANDED}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 to the Superior Court, with instructions to }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 VACATE}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Songeni}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 s judgment of conviction.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 [29]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Having found the jury instruction issue raised in this case to be dispositive, the court will not proceed to the other two points of error raised by Songeni in his appeal. \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13264114 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 __________________}{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 /s/}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 _______________}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 _________________}{ \ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 /s/}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 _________________ \par F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 KATHERINE A. MARAMAN \par Associate Justice}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 Associate Justice \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13264114 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13264114 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 _________________}{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 /s/}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264114\charrsid13264114 ___________________ \par ROBERT J. TORRES \par Chief Justice \par }}