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\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3691944 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3691944 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 THE PEOPLE OF GUAM,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par Plaintiff-Appellee, \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3691944 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3691944 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 V}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3691944 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3691944 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 MARK ALLEN CUMMINS,}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Defendant-Appellant. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3691944 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3691944 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Supreme Court Case No.: CRA09-014 \par Superior Court Case No.: CF0347-07 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3691944 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3691944 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 OPINION \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3691944 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3691944 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Filed:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 December 30, 2010 \par Cite as: 2010 Guam 19}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3691944 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3691944 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Appeal from the 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\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Esq.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par Office of the Attorney General \par Prosecution Division \par 287 W O}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Brien Dr. \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910\cell Leevin T. Camacho, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Esq.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par Arriola, Cowan & Arriola \par 259 Martyr St., Ste. 201 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910 \par \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \trowd \irow1\irowband1\lastrow \ts11\trgaph108\trleft1620\trftsWidth3\trwWidth7920\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid15162583\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl \brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3960\clshdrawnil \cellx5580\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3960\clshdrawnil \cellx9540\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3691944 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par BEFORE: ROBERT J. TORRES, Chief Justice; F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Associate Justice; KATHERINE A. MARAMAN, Associate Justice. \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 TORRES, C.J.:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par [1]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 After a jury trial, Defendant-Appellant Mark Allen Cummins was convicted of three charges of Second Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 CSC}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 ) and of two charges of First Degree CSC.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Cummins appeals the First Degree convictions, alleging that the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury that Second Degree CSC is a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 lesser included offense}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 of First Degree CSC under the applicable Guam statutes. \~For the reasons set forth below, we disagree, and affirm Cummins}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 convictions.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par }\pard\plain \s22\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3691944 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 I.}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND \par }\pard \s22\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3691944 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3691944 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 [2]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \tab A grand jury indicted Defendant-Appellant Mark Allen Cummins on three counts of First Degree CSC as well as three counts of Second Degree CSC.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 The indictment alleged that between December 1, 2004 and January 4, 2005, Cummins engaged in sexu al penetration and sexual contact with a minor under the age of eighteen.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 [3]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \tab At trial, the minor, J.C.S., then fifteen years old, testified about three distinct incidents during which Cummins allegedly sexually assaulted her, after he moved into the Dededo apartment where she resided with her mother and sister.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 According to this testimony, all three incidents took place between December 1, 2004 and January 4, 2005, when J.C.S. was eleven years old and attending sixth grade.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 J.C.S. testified that Cummins engaged in digital-vaginal sexual penetration on the first and third occasion, but that on the second occasion, she didn}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 t remember whether penetration had occurred. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 [4]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \tab After the close of the evidence, the Government requested an instruction that the jur y consider each charge of the indictment separately.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 The Government also requested an instruction on Second Degree CSC as a lesser included offense of First Degree CSC.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 The court denied the request, stating that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 {\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK3}{\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK4}because there is a separate charg {\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK3}{\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK4}e for second degree[,] it is not required of this court to include, in the first charge of First Degree, lesser included of second, because it is separately and independently charged.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Transcript (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Tr.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 ) at 7 (Jury Trial, Mar. 10, 2009). }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 [5]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \tab After a jury trial, Cummins was convicted of all three of the Second Degree CSC charges and of two of the three First Degree CSC charges, but acquitted of one First Degree CSC count.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 A judgment of conviction was entered, and Cummins timely filed his notice of appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3691944 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 II.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 JURISDICTION}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3691944 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par [6]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \tab This court has jurisdiction over appeals taken from a final judgment of conviction pursuant to 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 1424-1(a)(2) (Westlaw through Pub. L. 111-264 (2010)); 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 3107 and 3108(a) (2005); and 8 GCA \'a7 130.15(a) (2005).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3691944 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 III.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 STANDARD OF REVIEW}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3691944 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par [7]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \tab In the instant case, Cummins neither requested an instruction that Second Degree CSC is a lesser included offense of First Degree CSC, nor objected to the trial court}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 s denial of the Government}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 s request for such an instruction.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Where there was no objection to jury instructions at the time of trial, this court generally applies a plain error standard of review.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 See, e.g.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 People v. Perry}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 , 2009 Guam 4 \'b6 9; }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 People v. Jones}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 , 2006 Guam 13 \'b6 9; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 People v. Perez}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 , 1999 Guam 2 \'b6 21 (citing }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 United States v. Bracy}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 , 67 F.3d 1421, 1431 (9th Cir. 1995); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 United States v. Ponce}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 , 51 F.3d 820, 830 (9th Cir. 1995)).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Indeed, both Cummins and the Government agree that we review for plain error only.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 However, Cummins specifically has alleged that the trial court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 s failure to give the instruction constituted a violation of the court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 s duty to issue lesser included offense instructions }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 without regard to whether such instructions were requested or objected to by the parties.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Angoco v. Bitanga}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 , 2001 Guam 17 \'b6 21}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 We do not necessarily agree that plain error analysis is the appropriate standard of review in these circumstances.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Nevertheless, under any of the three standards of review, Cummins}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 convictions are affirmed because there was no error.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3691944 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 IV.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 ANALYSIS}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3691944 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par [8]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \tab This case presents two distinct questions: first, whether under the law enunciated in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Angoco v. Bitanga}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 , 2001 Guam 17,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 a court is required to instruct on a lesser offense, where the lesser offense has been separately charged in the indictment; and second, whether Second Degree CSC is a lesser included offense of First Degree CSC under 8 GCA \'a7 105.58(b)(1).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 We answer both questions in the negative.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4281540 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s22 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 A.\tab}}\pard\plain \s22\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4281540 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 No duty to provide a lesser included offense instruction, when the lesser offense has been independently charged \par }\pard \s22\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3691944 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par [9]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 The lesser included offense doctrine allows a jury to convict a defendant of a crime for which he was not indicted, but for which he had sufficient notice to defend.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Under existing Guam law, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 trial courts must issue lesser-included offense instructions if there is a rational basis for such as shown by substantial evidence, without regard to whether such instructions were requested or objected to by the parties.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Angoco}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 , 2001 Guam 17 \'b6 21}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 [10]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \tab The purpose of the }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Angoco}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 rule is to ensure that a jury is not forced to make an }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 all or nothing}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 choice between conviction of the crime charged or complete acquittal, and is motivated by the principle that our courts are forums for the truth, and a jury should not be hindered from discovering truth in its deliberations.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 See id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \'b6 20 (citation omitted).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Cummins now cites to }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Angoco}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 to argue that the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury on Second Degree CSC as a lesser included offense of First Degree CSC.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 A closer look at }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Angoco }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 suggests that the bright-line rule it articulates is not even applicable in a case where a lesser offense has been separately charged, and consequently, where the jury is already receiving instructions defining the latter offense}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 .}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 \par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 [11]}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 In }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Angoco}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 , the defendant had been charged with felony aggravated murder, premeditated aggravated murder, first degree robbery, burglary, theft, special allegations of use of a deadly weapon, and hindering apprehension or prosecution of murder}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \'b6 2.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 At trial, the jury was not instructed on the lesser included offense of negligent homicide within the felony aggravated murder charge.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Id.} {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 The jury found Angoco guilty of felony aggravated murder and of hindering apprehension.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Id.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 On appeal to the District Court of Guam Appellate Division, Angoco}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 s counsel failed to argue that the trial court committed reversible error by not instructing the jury }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 sua sponte}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 on lesser included offenses to the felony aggravated murder charge.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \'b6 3.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Affirming the trial court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 s grant of habeas relief on the basis of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel, we determined that the failure of Angoco}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 s counsel to raise the omitted instruction argument in his appeal to the Guam Appellate Division was prejudicial error}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \'b6 22.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3691944 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 [12]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \tab Angoco was never charged with the lesser included offense of negligent homicide, therefore the jury could not consider whether he was guilty of that crime when they deliberated.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 The jury was faced with an all-or-nothing choice between felony aggravated murder and acquittal of that charge.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Cummins}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 case differs from Angoco}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 s in this key respect.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Cummins was separately charged with both First Degree CSC and Second Degree CSC.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 The jury had the choice of convicting him or acquitting him of one or both of the crimes.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 The jury was not faced with the kind of all-or-nothing choice that the }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Angoco }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 rule sought to eliminate.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 [13]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \tab Where a lesser offense is independently charged, the all-or-nothing doctrine is inapplicable.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Other concerns exist when the lesser and greater offense have been independently charged\emdash the defendant may not be sentenced on both charges, and it has been said that where a jury has found a defendant guilty of both the greater and lesser offense, the conviction of the g reater is controlling, and the conviction for the lesser is to be reversed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 See People v. Campbell}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 2006 Guam 14 \'b6 6 n.2 (citing }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 People v. Moran}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 , 463 P.2d 763 (Cal. 1970)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 But these concerns are not what }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Angoco }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 sought to address.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 In summary,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 a court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 s failure to provide additional lesser included offense instructions, when the lesser offense has been independently charged, is not reversible error.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 [14]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \tab Ordinarily, our analysis would end here.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 However, the vagueness of the indictment, alleging that a ll the charged criminal acts occurred between December 1, 2004 and January 4, 2005, presents some ambiguity about whether the three Second Degree charges refer to the same exact three instances of conduct as the three First Degree charges, or whether each charge refers to a separate criminal incident.}{\cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx90\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3691944 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid3691944 \tab \tab }{\cs17\super\insrsid3691944\charrsid8355817 \chftn }{\insrsid3691944\charrsid8355817 }{\fs20\insrsid3691944\charrsid15354361 The appeal before us does not involve a motion to dismiss the indictment, or a motion for a bill of particulars, either of which might have clarifie}{\fs20\insrsid3691944 d the questions presented here.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 } {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 The testimony suggests that there were exactly three incidents being alleged, independently charged under two provisions of the criminal code.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Under this scenario, Cummins would not be entitled to a separate lesser included offense instruction, since the lesser offenses were independently charged.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 However, if each of the six charges refers to an independent incident, alleging in total six distinct criminal acts, there may be an argument that Cummins was entitled to a separate instruction, of Second Degree CSC as a lesser included offense of each of the three First Degree CSC charges.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 In order to address the latter scenario, we must consider whether Second Degree CSC is a lesser included offense of First Degree CSC under 8 GCA \'a7 105.58(b)(1).}{\cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3691944 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid3691944\charrsid8355817 \chftn }{ \fs24\insrsid3691944\charrsid8355817 }{\insrsid3691944\charrsid15354361 Cummins does not assert that Second Degree CSC is a lesser included offense of First Degree CSC under }{\insrsid3691944 8}{\insrsid3691944\charrsid15354361 GCA 105.58(b)(3). Under Guam Rule}{\insrsid3691944 s}{\insrsid3691944\charrsid15354361 of Appellate Procedure Rule 13, the failure to adequately brief an issue may be treated as a waiver of the issue on appeal. }{\insrsid3691944 }{ \i\insrsid3691944\charrsid15354361 See Guam Greyhound, Inc. v. Brizill}{\insrsid3691944\charrsid15354361 , 2008 Guam 13 \'b6}{\insrsid3691944 \'b6}{\insrsid3691944\charrsid15354361 3 n.2, }{\insrsid3691944 7}{\insrsid3691944\charrsid15354361 n.3.}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6186922 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s22 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 B.\tab}}\pard\plain \s22\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6186922 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Second Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct is not a lesser included offense of First Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct under 8 GCA }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \'a7 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 105.58(b)(1). \par }\pard \s22\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3691944 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3691944 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 [15]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \tab Cummins contends that he was entitled to an instruction on Second Degree CSC as a lesser included offense of First Degree CSC because }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 [s]exual contact can be proven by the same or less than all the facts necessary to establish sexual penetration.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Appellant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 s Br. at 8 (May 10, 2009) (citing }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 People v. Lastimoza}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 , No. 82-0017A, 1983 WL 29940 (D. Guam App. Div. 1983)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 [16]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \tab In determining whether one offense is a lesser included offense of another, this court turns to 8 GCA \'a7 105.58, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Guilt of Included Offense Permitted: Defined.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 See People v. Demapan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 , 2004 Guam 24 \'b6\'b6 9-12 (applying 8 GCA \'a7 105.58 to determine that the statutory offense of criminal trespass was not included within the offense of burglary); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Perez}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 , 1999 Guam 2 \'b6 22 (stating that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 lesser included offense}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 is defined in 8 GCA \'a7 105.58).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Subsection (a) provides that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 [t]he jury, or the judge if a jury trial is waived, may find the defendant guilty of any offense, the commission of which is included in that with which he is charged.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 8 GCA \'a7 105.58(a) (2005).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Subsection (b) provides that an offense is }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 included}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 for the purposes of subsection (a) when:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6186922 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par (1)\tab It is established by proof of the same or less than all the facts required to establish the commission of the offense charged; \par \par (2)\tab It consists of an attempt or solicitation to commit the offense charged or to commit an offense otherwise included therein; or \par \par (3)\tab It differs from the offense charged only in the respect that a less serious injury or risk of injury to the same person, property or public interest or a lesser kind of culpability suffices to establish its commission. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3691944 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par 8 GCA \'a7 105.58(b).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 \par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 [17]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \tab On appeal, Cummins alleges that Second Degree CSC is a lesser included offense of First Degree CSC under 8 GCA \'a7 105.58(b)(1).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 In the double je opardy context, we have construed whether an offense is included under section 105.58(b)(1) by determining whether each offense requires proof of an additional fact which the other does not.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 See People v. Aguirre}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 , 2004 Guam 21 \'b6 17 n.2 (citations omitted).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 In a more analogous case involving the court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 s duty to provide jury instructions, we have referred to the test as the}{\cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 }{\cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 "}{ \cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 same or less facts test.}{\cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Demapan}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 }{\cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 2004 Guam 24 \'b6 10.}{ \cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 [18]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \tab In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Demapan}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 , we rejected the argument that criminal trespass was a lesser included offense of burglary.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Because criminal trespass contained a scienter element not included in the greater offense of burglary, we held that criminal trespass d id not have the same or less facts than those required to prove burglary, and we rejected the claim that it was a lesser included offense.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3691944 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 [19]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \tab Applying the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 same or less facts}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 test to construe whether Second Degree CSC is a lesser included offense of First Degree CSC, it is apparent that Second Degree CSC contains a scienter element not included within the greater offense of First Degree CSC.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Under 9 GCA \'a7 25.15, a person is guilty of First Degree CSC }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 if he or she engages in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 sexual penetration}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 with the victim}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 and the victim is under fourteen (14) years of age.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 9 GCA \'a7 25.15(a)(1) (2005) (emphasis added).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Sexual penetration}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 is defined as any intrusion, however slight, of any part of a person}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 s body into the genital or anal openings of another person}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 s body.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 9 GCA \'a7 25.10(a)(9) (2005).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Thus, First Degree CSC does not include a scienter element.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 [20]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \tab Under 9 GCA \'a7 25.20, Second Degree CSC occurs when a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 person engages in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 sexual contact}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 with another person}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 and that other person is under fourteen (14) years of age.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 9 GCA \'a7 25.20(a)(1) (2005) (emphasis added).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Sexual [c]ontact}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 includes the intentional touching of the victim}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 s or actor}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 s intimate parts . . . if that intentional touching can reasonably be construed as being }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 for the purpose of sexual arousal or gratification}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 9 GCA \'a7 25.10(a)(8) (second emphasis added).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Thus, Second Degree CSC requires proof of scienter.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 [21]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \tab Cummins cites to a 1983 District Court of Guam Appellate Division case, }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 People v. Lastimoza}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 , in which the court reasoned that Michiga n precedent should be persuasive when interpreting Guam criminal sexual conduct statutes, because these statutes are patterned after Michigan laws.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Lastimoza}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 , 1983 WL 29940, at *1.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Lastimoza }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 in turn relied on }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 People v. Green}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 , in which the Michigan Court of Appeals held that second degree criminal sexual conduct is a necessarily included lesser offense of first degree criminal sexual conduct.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 People v. Green}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 , 272 N.W.2d 216 (Mich. Ct. App. 1978).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Consequently, the }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Lastimoza}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 court found error in the trial court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 s failure to instruct the jury on Second Degree CSC as a lesser included offense of First Degree CSC.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Lastimoza}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 , 1983 WL 29940, at *4. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 [22]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \tab In light of our decision in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Demapan}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 , we would be disinclined to give much weight to the statements in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Lastimoza}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 , to the extent they contradict legal rules articulated by this court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Further, although we generally will not deviate from precedent of the Appellate Division if it was well established in law and well reasoned, we will deviate from such precedent when there is sufficient reason to do so.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 See Sumitomo Constr. Co., Ltd. v. Zhong Ye, Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 , 1997 Guam 8 \'b6 6 (citation omitted);}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Limtiaco v. Guam Fire Dep}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 '}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 t}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 , 2007 Guam 10 \'b6 46 n.9 (citations omitted).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 The }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Green}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 decision relied upon by the }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Lastimoza }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 court has been subsequently called into question, providing sufficient reason to deviate from }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Lastimoza}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 People v. Garrow}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 the Michigan Court of Appeals specifically mentioned that second degree criminal sexual conduct requires proof of arousal or gratification of sexual emotions, while first degree criminal sexual conduct does not.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 298 N.W.2d 627, 629-30 (Mich. Ct. App. 1980).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 The court observed that }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Green}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 failed to consider the differences in the plain language of the statutory definitions of }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 sexual penetration}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 and }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 sexual contact}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 at 630.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Because proof of a sexual purpose was not required to find an accused guilty of first degree criminal sexual conduct, second degree criminal sexual conduct was not a necessarily lesser included offense of first degree criminal sexual conduct.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 at 629.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3691944 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 [23]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \tab For the purposes of the bright-line rule set forth in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Angoco}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 , we will not expand the definition of lesser included offenses under 8 GCA \'a7 105.58(b)(1) to embrace offenses that are not necessarily included offenses, such as those that Michigan now terms }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 cognate lesser offenses.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Compare People v. Perry}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 , 594 N.W.2d 477, 480 n.17 (Mich. 1999) (declining to abandon Michigan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 s approach to lesser offense instructions in favor of federal model that does not allow cognate lesser instructions) }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 with}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 } {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 People v. Birks}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 , 960 P.2d 1073, 1090 (Cal. 1998) (holding that}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 criminal defendant has no unilateral entitlement to instructions on lesser offenses which are not necessarily included in the charge) }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 and}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 People v. Vincze}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 , {\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK1} {\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK2}11 Cal. Rptr. 2d 430{\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK1}{\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK2}, 433 n.6 (Ct. App. 1992) (trial court not required to instruct }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 sua sponte}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 on lesser }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 related}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 offenses (citations omitted)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Instead, where warranted by the evidence, a trial court has a }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 sua sponte}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 duty to instruct on an }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 uncharged}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 lesser offense }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 necessarily included }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 in a charged offense.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 See}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Birks}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 , 960 P.2d at 1078.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 [24]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \tab Because Second Degree CSC is not a necessarily included lesser offense of First Degree CSC under 8 GCA \'a7 105.58(b)(1), the trial court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 s failure to provide a lesser included offense instruction was not error. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3691944 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 V.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 CONCLUSION}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3691944 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par [25]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \tab The trial court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 s failure to instruct the jury on Second Degree CSC as a lesser included offense of First Degree CSC under 8 GCA \'a7 105.58(b)(1) was not error.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Angoco }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 vests the court with the obligation to instruct on necessarily included lesser offenses, and Second Degree CSC is not a necessarily included lesser offense of First Degree CSC.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Furthermore, there is no duty to provide an additional, separate lesser included offense instruction where the lesser offense has been independently charged.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Accordingly, Cummins}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 convictions are }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 AFFIRMED}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 . \par \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3691944 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 __________________}{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 /s/}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 _______________ \tab \tab _________________}{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 /s/}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 _________________ \par F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO\tab \tab \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 KATHERINE A. MARAMAN \par Associate Justice\tab \tab \tab \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 Associate Justice \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3691944 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3691944 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 _________________}{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 /s/}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3691944\charrsid3691944 ___________________ \par ROBERT J. TORRES \par Chief Justice \par }}