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\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 \fs24\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\ulnone\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 PEOPLE OF GUAM, \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Plaintiff-Appellee, \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 V}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 RICHARD A. QUINATA, \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Defendant-Appellant. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }\pard\plain \s2\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 \fs24\ul\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \b\ulnone\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 OPINION \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Filed:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 December 29, 2010 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Cite as: 2010 Guam 17}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Supreme Court Case No.:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 CRA08-011 \par Superior Court Case No.:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 CF0372-04 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam \par Argued and submitted on May 21, 2009 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts11\trqc\trgaph120\trleft-120\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clshdrawnil \cellx4560\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clshdrawnil \cellx9240\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9064016 {\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Appearing for Defendant-Appellant:}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9064016 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 F. Randall Cunliffe, }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Esq. \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Cunliffe & Cook, PC \par 210 Archbishop FB Flores St. \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910\cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9064016 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Appearing for Plaintiff-Appellee:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 J. Basil O}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Mallan III, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Esq.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab \par \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Assistant Attorney General \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Office of the Attorney General \par \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 287 W O}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Brien Dr. \par \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts11\trqc\trgaph120\trleft-120\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clshdrawnil \cellx4560\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clshdrawnil \cellx9240\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par BEFORE: ROBERT J. TORRES, Chief Justice; F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Associate Justice; RICHARD H. BENSON, Justice }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Pro Tempore}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 . \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 TORRES, C.J.:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par [1]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab Defendant-Appellant Richard Allen Quinata appeals from a final judgment convicting him of several counts of First Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct (As a 1st Degree Felony).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Quinata argues that the convictions should be reversed on the grounds that they were barred by the Double Jeopardy Clause because the trial court granted his motion for judgment of acquittal on certain Second Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct charges.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 He also appeals the denial of his motion in limine to exclude DNA evidence and testimony of the prosecution}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s DNA expert.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Finally, he appeals the trial court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s imposition of a $50,000.00 fine.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [2]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab We find no violation of Quinata}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s rights under the Double Jeopardy Clause because the trial court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s ruling on Quinata}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s acquittal motion did not actually constitute an }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 acquittal}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 as it is defined by the United States Supreme Court; therefore, the jury was not precluded from convicting Quinata of First Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Moreover, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Quinata}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s motion in limine to exclude DNA evidence because Quinata did not demonstrate he was surprised or unfairly prejudiced by the substance of the DNA expert}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s testimony.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 The trial court, however, abused its discretion in sentencing Quinata to pay a fine of $50,000.00 without first determining whether he had the ability to pay such amount.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Accordingly, we affirm Quinata}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s convictions but vacate the fine imposed and remand for a hearing to determine his ability to pay.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 I.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par [3]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab Quinata was indicted by the grand jury on November 5, 2004, for the following charges: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6046306 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par Charge One:\tab Twenty-five (25) counts of Second Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct \par (As a 1st Degree Felony);}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par Charge Two:\tab Twenty-two (22) counts of First Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct \par (As a 1st Degree Felony);}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par Charge Three:\tab Four (4) counts of First Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct \par (As a 1st Degree Felony);}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par Charge Four:\tab Four (4) counts of Second Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct \par (As a 1st Degree Felony); }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par Charge Five:\tab One (1) count of Second Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct \par (As a 1st Degree Felony); and}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par Charge Six:\tab Two (2) counts of Attempted Second Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct \par (As a 1st Degree Felony).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par Appellant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s Excerpts of Record (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 ER}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 ) at 2-12 (Indictment, Nov. 5, 2004).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Charges One and Four alleged that Quinata had intentionally engaged in sexual contact with his minor daughter, N.M.T., by causing his penis to touch her vagina.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Charges Two and Three alleged that Quinata had intentionally engaged in sexual penetration with N.M.T. on the same dates alleged in Charges One and Four, respectively, with the exception of the first three counts of Charge One.}{ \cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid9064016 \chftn }{\insrsid9064016 Prior to trial, the Government moved to dismiss Charges Five and Six of the indictment. Quinata did not object to the dismissal of those charges. These charges are not relevant to any issue raised on appeal.}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [4]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab Upon the Government}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s motion and Quinata}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s acquiescenc e, the trial court issued an Order to Compel Discovery, ordering Quinata to submit to the taking of saliva for DNA analysis for the purpose of establishing the paternity of one of N.M.T.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s children.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Quinata submitted to the specimen collection the following day.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Saliva swabs were also collected from N.M.T. and her child.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 The results of the DNA analysis were a 99.99% probability that Quinata was the biological father of N.M.T.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s child.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 These results were transmitted to Quinata, and his current counsel received the results when he was appointed to represent Quinata in September 2006.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\highlight7\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [5]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab The Government filed its Witness List on January 27, 2005.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 The list did not include the name of any witnesses who would testify from the laboratory which conducted the DNA analysis.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [6]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab Trial was originally scheduled for May 17, 2006.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 After several motions and reappointments of defense counsel, trial was eventually scheduled for August 6, 2007.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 On August 2, 2007, the Government requested a continuance of the trial date to allow an off-island witness to become available for trial.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 The trial court granted the continuance and advised the Government to file a witness list of those witnesses it expected to call at trial.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 On August 8, 2007, the Government filed its Amended Witness List, which included Cynthia J. Taves, Ph.D., from Lab Corporation of America.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 That list was served upon defense counsel on August 9, 2007.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [7]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab Jury selection began on August 13, 2007.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 On August 14 and 15, the Government provided defense counsel with documents concerning the DNA testing which the Government had just received from Dr. Taves.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [8]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab Opening statements were delivered on August 15, 2007.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 After the Government had called all of its witnesses, but before it rested its case, the jurors were excused for a recess.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 After the recess had expired, but still outside the presence of the jury, the Government announced to the trial court that it was resting its case.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 The court responded, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Okay.} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 We}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 ll wait until the jury comes out.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Tr., vol. III at 22 (Jury Trial, Aug. 20, 2007)}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [9]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab The court then asked defense counsel whether he was going to present any witnesses.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Defense counsel responded that he was going to make a motion for acquittal first.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 The court then called the jury back, whereupon the Government rested its case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Defense counsel was then called upon to present its case, at which point he announced that he wished to make some motions to the court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 The court responded that it would reserve hearing the motion until after the defense}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Upon a negative response from defense counsel, the court excused the jury again. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [10]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab Outside the presence of the jury, defense counsel explained to the court that on a motion for judgment of ac quittal, the court must rule on the motion immediately if it is made at the close of the Government}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s case, whereas the court can reserve ruling on the motion if it is made at the close of the defendant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s case.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Defense counsel continued, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 I mean, I don}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 t \endash I don}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 t have a problem if the court says the court will go ahead and rule, if we just send the jury home, I mean without \endash and we can rest.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 But, I mean, from a strategic standpoint, we would obviously want a decision.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Tr., vol. III at 26 (Cont. Jury Trial, Aug. 20, 2007)}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 .}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [11]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab The court then responded, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 What we}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 ll do is we}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 ll go ahead and call in the jury.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 We will give you an opportunity to rest; we} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 ll send them home; and then if we need to rule, we}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 ll make our ruling before we begin arguments and the like by tomorrow.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Id.} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 at 26-27.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Defense counsel responded, }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Okay.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 at 27.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [12]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab The jury was called back in.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Defense counsel then stated, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Pursuant to our comments earlier, the Defense is also prepared to rest.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Id.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [13]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab The trial judge announced that the presentation of evidence had ended, and excused the jury for the remainder of the day.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 The court then proceeded to hear the defendant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s motions.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 On his motion for judgment of acquittal, the defense essentially argued that the Government had not met its burden to prove any of the charges against him because the Government had not }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 been able to indicate with any reasonable assumption as to during what 30 to 31-day period in gen \endash generally, and in some what five or six-day period that there was any sexual contact or sexual penetration.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 at 33.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 The defense reminded the court that N.M.T. had not been able to remember any specific dates as to when the alleged offenses occurred.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [14]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab The Government responded to the motion b y arguing that although N.M.T. had not been able to recall any specific dates, her testimony did indicate the approximate period of time in which the offenses had occurred.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 The Government also argued that in any case, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [i]t is sufficient that if a jury can find that the acts were committed, they can deal with the lack of specificity of the dates due to the youthful nature of the victim.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 at 35.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [15]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 After rebuttal by the defense, the trial court ruled on the motion for judgment of acquittal as follows:}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 All right, this is what the court is going to do.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 I}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 m going to reserve until tomorrow my decision on some of these counts, but I am going to grant the motion for judgment of acquittal on Counts \endash of the First Charge, Counts Four through Twenty-five, and the court is also going to dismiss the Fourth Charge dealing with the sexual contact.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 The court is going to reserve until tomorrow on the Third Charge, as well as the Second . . . Second and Third Charges.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 All right, so we}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 re dismissing the sexual contact for everything after August 1st, 2002; we}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 ll reserve on the sexual penetration on Charges . . . Charge . . . Second and Third Charge.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 . . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 I}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 ll say it one more time.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 We deny the motion on Counts One through Three of th e First Charge; we grant the motion on Counts Four through Twenty-five of the First Charge.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 We will issue our ruling on Counts One through Twenty-two of the Second Charge, and Counts One through Four of the Third Charge tomorrow morning.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 We will grant th e motion to . . . of acquittal, for judgment of acquittal on the Fourth Charge, Counts One through Four; and the Fifth and Sixth Charges have previously been dismissed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Okay?}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 at 37-38.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Defense counsel then asked, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 And you}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 ll have that in the morning?}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 I mean, if --,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 to which the court responded, }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Yes.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 at 38.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [16]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab The following morning, outside the presence of the jury, the court announced that it }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 will deny the motion for judgment of acquittal on the remaining counts.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Tr., vol. IV at 2 (Jury Trial, Aug. 21, 2007).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Defense counsel responded, }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Thank you, Your Honor.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Id.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [17]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab The parties then proceeded to discuss the issue of jury instructions.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 They continued the discussion after a recess.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 At no point during these discussions did the defense object to the submission of the First Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct charges to the jury.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [18]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab After the jury was called in, both sides presented their closing arguments.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 After closing arguments, the court read aloud all of the jury instructions.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Upon conclusion of the reading of the jury instructions, the court asked the parties if they had any objections to the instructions as read, to which defense counsel answered, }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 No problem, Your Honor.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 at 113.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 The trial court then excused the jury for deliberations on the three remaining charges:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Charge One:\tab Three (3) counts of Second Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct (As a 1st Degree Felony);}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Charge Two:\tab Twenty-two (22) counts of First Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct (As a 1st Degree Felony); and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Charge Three:\tab Four (4) counts of First Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct (As a 1st Degree Felony).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [19]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab After two days of deliberations, the jury returned a verdict of Not Guilty as to all counts of Charge One; a verdict of Guilty as to counts 1-15 and 18-22 of Charge Two; and a verdict of Guilty as to all counts of Charge Three.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [20]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab Quinata timely filed a post-verdict Motion for Judgment of Acquittal as to all of the charges of conviction, alleging that the continuation of the trial on the First Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct charges after the trial court had granted Quinata}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s earlier motion for judgment of acquittal as to corresponding Second Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct charges constituted double jeopardy.}{ \cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid9064016 \chftn }{\insrsid9064016 }{\i\insrsid9064016 See}{\insrsid9064016 8 GCA \'a7 100.30 (2005) (\'93 If a jury returns a verdict of guilty . . . a motion for judgment of acquittal may be made or renewed within seven days after the jury is discharged.\'94).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 The trial court later issued its Decision and Order denying Quinata}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s post-verdict motion. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [21]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab Subsequently, the trial court sentenced Quinata to a term of life imprisonment for the conviction on Charge Two, with the possibility of parole after serving fifteen (15) years.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 As to the conviction on Charge Three, the trial court sentenced Quinata to a term of twenty (20) years imprisonment, to run concurrently with the life sentence for Charge Two.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 The trial court also imposed a fine against Quinata in the amount of $50,000.00.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Id.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [22]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab Judgment was entered, and Quinata timely filed his Notice of Appeal. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 II.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 FACTUAL BACKGROUND}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par [23]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab The events giving rise to the charges against Quinata related to the sexual assault of N.M.T., Quinata}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s minor daughter.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 The precise details are irrelevant to the legal points we must decide; thus, we shall describe them only generally.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Testimony at trial established that Quinata had sexually assaulted N.M.T. from the time she was twelve years old in 2002 until she ran away from home at the age of fourteen.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 The initial assaults involved Quinata rubbing his hands and penis on N.M.T.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s vagina.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 The assaults eventually involved penetration by Quinata}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s penis into N.M.T.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s vagina.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 N.M.T. testified that the assaults occurred on a seemingly daily basis for two years, with certain intervals where it did not occur while she was pregnant.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [24]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab The assaults resulted in two pregnancies: the first occurred while N.M.T. was twelve years old; the second while she was fourteen. With the first child, N.M.T. was instructed by Quinata to tell people that the father of the baby was a boy who ha d left the island.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 N.M.T. ran away from home when she realized she was pregnant with her second child, after which point the assaults were reported to the police.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [25]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab At trial, the Government}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s expert witness, Cynthia Taves, Ph.D., of Lab Corporation of America, testified as to the process and results of a DNA paternity test conducted by Lab Corporation in order to determine whether Quinata had fathered the second of N.M.T.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s children.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Dr. Tave s testified that the results indicated that Quinata was 99.99% likely to be the father of N.M.T.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s second child.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 III.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 JURISDICTION}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par [26]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab This court has jurisdiction over appeals from a final judgment of conviction.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 {\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK1}48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 1424-1(a)(2) {\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK1}(Westlaw current through Pub. L. 111-264 (2010)); 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 3107(b), 3108(a) (2005); 8 GCA \'a7 130.15(a) (2005).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 IV.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 STANDARD OF REVIEW}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par [27]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab We review a double jeopardy challenge }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 de novo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 People v. Aguirre}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 2004 Guam 21 \'b6 12 (quoting }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 People v. San Nicolas}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 2001 Guam 4 \'b6 8).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [28]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab The denial of Quinata}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s motion in limine to exclude DNA evidence and testimony of an expert witness is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 People v. Tuncap}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 1998 Guam 13 \'b6 11; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 see also United States v. Ortega}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 150 F.3d 937, 943 (8th Cir. 1998) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Decisions concerning the admissibility of expert testimony }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 lie within the broad discretion of the trial court}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 and will not be reversed on appeal unless there has been an abuse of that discretion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Jenkins v. Ark. Power & Light Co.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 140 F.3d 1161, 1165 (8th Cir. 1998))); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Gen. Elec. Co. v. Joiner}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 522 U.S. 136, 143 (1997) (question of admissibility of expert testimony is reviewable under abuse of discretion standard).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [29]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab The trial court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s imposition of a fine of $50,000.00 is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 See People v. Mallo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 2008 Guam 23 \'b6 12 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [W]e review for abuse of discretion the trial court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s . . . failure to hold a hearing to determine [defendant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s] ability to pay the restitution award.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 V.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 ANALYSIS}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 A.\tab}}\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1 \pnrdate653056915\pnrstart0\pnrxst2\pnrxst0\pnrxst1\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrstop6\pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2\pnrnfc1\pnrnfc3\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0 \pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc1\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc1\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr1\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr1\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 { \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Double Jeopardy}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par [30]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab The Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that no person shall }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{ \cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb.}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 " }{ \cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 U.S. Const. amend. V.}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 The Double Jeopardy Clause is extended to Guam by 48 U.S.C. \'a7 1421b(d) and (u).}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 1421b(d), (u) (Westlaw current through Pub. L. 111-264 (2010)); }{\cs20\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 see also People v. Torres}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 2008 Guam 26 \'b6 16. }{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\cs20\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [31]}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab Embodied in the Double Jeopardy Clause are protections against th ree distinct abuses: (1) a second prosecution for the same offense after acquittal, (2) a second prosecution for the same offense after conviction, and (3) multiple punishments for the same offense.}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \cs20\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Torres}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 2008 Guam 26 \'b6 16.}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 The protections afforded by the Double Jeopardy Clause are implicated only when the accused has actually been placed in jeopardy.}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \cs20\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 United States v. Martin Linen Supply Co.}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 430 U.S. 564, 569 (1977).}{ \cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 In a jury trial, jeopardy attaches when a jury is empanelled and sworn.}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \cs20\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Id.}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 ; }{\cs20\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 People v. Manila}{ \cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 2005 Guam 6 \'b6 6 n.4.}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\cs20\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [32]}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab Here, Quinata asserts the first form of protection, against }{ \cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 a second prosecution for the same offense after acquittal.}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 " }{ \cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Quinata argues that because the trial court granted his motion for judgment of acquittal on certain Second Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct (}{ \cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Second Degree CSC}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{ \cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 ) charges, the continuation of the trial on the corresponding First Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct (}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{ \cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 First Degree CSC}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 ) charges was barred as double jeopardy.}{ \cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid9064016 \chftn }{\insrsid9064016 In the interest of avoiding confusion, we shall refer to the Second Degree CSC counts that were disposed of by the trial court\rquote s ruling on Quinata\rquote s acquittal motion as simply \'93the Second Degree CSC charges,\'94 ignoring the three counts of Second Degree CSC that were upheld and sent to the jury. Thus, when we make reference to the trial court\rquote s grant of the acquittal motion as to Second Degree CSC, we acknowledge that the grant applied to only certain Second Degree CSC counts and that the motion was denied as to three other counts of Second Degree CSC.}}}{ \cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Quinata contends that the grant of the acquittal motion on the Second Degree CSC charges constituted an implied acquittal of the First Degree CSC charges, because if he was found }{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{ \cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 not guilty}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 of sexual contac t under Second Degree CSC, then by definition he could not have been guilty of sexual penetration under First Degree CSC because sexual penetration cannot occur without sexual contact.}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\cs20\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [33]}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab Quinata also invokes the collateral estoppel component of the Double Jeopardy Clause.}{ \cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Collateral estoppel is the principle that }{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{ \cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 when an issue of ultimate fact has once been determined by a valid and final judgment, that issue cannot again be litigated between the same parties in any future lawsuit.}{ \cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 " }{\cs20\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Ashe v. Swenson}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 397 U.S. 436, 443 (1970).}{ \cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Quinata argues that once the issue of sexual contact was decided by virtue of the trial court}{ \cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s grant of the acquittal motion as to Second Degree CSC, the jury was precluded from deciding the issue of sexual penetration for the First Degree CSC charges.}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\cs20\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [34]}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab We first note that Quinata misapplies the doctrine of implied acquittal.}{ \cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 That doctrine involves situations in which a jury is presented with both greater and lesser included offenses, and convicts on the lesser while remaining silent on the greater.}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 The conviction on the lesser included offense is an }{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 implied acquittal}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 of the greater offense.}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \cs20\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 See Ohio v. Johnson}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 467 U.S. 493, 501-02 (1984) (citations omitted); }{ \cs20\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Montana v. Hall}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 481 U.S. 400, 403 n.1 (1987) (citation omitted).}{ \cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Th e instant case does not involve an implied acquittal scenario; here, the trial court disposed of the Second Degree CSC charges and allowed the jury to decide whether Quinata was guilty of First Degree CSC.}{ \cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 The jury rendered a verdict for each and every charge presented to it, so there is nothing to be implied from the jury}{ \cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s verdict.}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs20\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [35]}{ \cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab Instead, the relevant consideration in this situation is whether the trial court actually acquitted Quinata of }{\cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{ \cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 sexual contact}{\cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 under Second Degree CSC, thereby barring Quinata}{\cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s conviction for First Degree CSC.}{ \cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\cs20\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [36]}{\cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab Title 8 GCA \'a7 100.10 provides that }{ \cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [t] he court on motion of a defendant or on its own motion shall order the entry of a judgment of acquittal of one or more offenses charged in the indictment . . . after the evidence on either side is closed if the evidence is insufficient to sustain a convic tion of such offense or offenses.}{\cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 " }{\cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 8 GCA \'a7 100.10 (2005).}{\cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 } {\cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 A judgment of acquittal based on the insufficiency of evidence is a ruling by the trial court that, as a matter of law, the evidence is insufficient to establish factual guilt on the charges in the indictment.}{ \cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\cs20\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Cf. Smalis v. Pennsylvania}{\cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 476 U.S. 140, 144 (1986) (grant of a demurrer is an acquittal under the Double Jeopardy Clause because what the demurring defendant seeks is a ruling that as a matter of law the State}{\cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{ \cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s evidence is insufficient to establish his factual guilt).}{\cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Such a ruling terminates the initial jeopardy, so that any further factual proceedings on the defendant}{\cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{ \cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s guilt or innocence violates the Double Jeopardy Clause.}{\cs17\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid9064016 \chftn }{\insrsid9064016 The Government contends that \'93 [t]he prohibition against double jeopardy only applies to future prosecutions and not simultaneous prosecutions.\'94 Appellee\rquote s Br. at 4. However, the Supreme Court has specifically held that an acquittal at the close of the government\rquote s case, because of insufficient evidence of an element of an offense, terminates the initial jeopardy and bars further prosecution either on the same count or on a different count requiring proof of the same element. }{\i\insrsid9064016\charrsid5776292 See Sanabria v. United States}{\insrsid9064016\charrsid5776292 , 437 U.S. 54, 71-73 (1978).}{\insrsid9064016 Arguably, \'93further prosecution\'94 wou ld include the continuation of a single trial after the grant of a mid-trial motion for judgment of acquittal.}}}{\cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\cs20\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Id.}{ \cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 at 145.}{\cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\cs20\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [37]}{\cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab What constitutes an acquittal may not be determined simply by the form or label of the trial court}{\cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s action.}{ \cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\cs20\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Martin Linen}{\cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 430 U.S. at 571; }{ \cs20\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 see also United States v. Scott}{\cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 437 U.S. 82, 96 (1978) (}{ \cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [T]he trial judge}{\cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{ \cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s characterization of his own action cannot control the classification of the action.}{\cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{ \cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 (quoting }{\cs20\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 United States v. Jorn}{ \cs20\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 400 U.S. 470, 478 n.7 (1971)); }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Sanabria v. United States}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 437 U.S. 54, 66 (1978) (form not to be exalted over substance in determining double jeopardy consequences of ruling terminating a prosecution).}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Rather, a defendant is acquitted only when }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 the ruling of the judge, }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 whatever its label}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , actually represents a resolution [in the defendant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s favor], correct or not, of some or all of the factual elements of the offense charged.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '" }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Scott}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 437 U.S. at 97 (quoting }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Martin Linen}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 430 U.S. at 571) (emphasis added) (insertion in original).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Further proceedings are barred only when }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 it is plain that the [trial court] . . . evaluated the Government}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s evidence and determined that it was legally insufficient to sustain a conviction.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 " }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Id}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 . (quoting }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Martin Linen}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 430 U.S. at 572) (internal quotation marks omitted).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [38]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab We must determine whether the trial court, in considering the evidence, reviewed it for sufficiency and made the determination that the Government failed to prove an essential element of Second Degree CSC.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Upon review of the facts, we cannot so conclude.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Here, the trial court heard Quinata}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s motion for judgment of acquittal, and then immediately granted the motion as to Second Degree CSC while expressly reserving ruling on the motion as to First Degree CSC until the following day, when he denied the motion as to First Degree CSC and sent those charges for consideration by the jury.}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Thus, on its face, it appears that Quinata was acquitted of Second Degree CSC.}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 However, in substance, the trial court}{ \cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s action did not constitute an acquittal because it is clear that the trial court did not make a factual determination that Quinata was }{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 not guilty}{ \cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 of sexual contact under Second Degree CSC.}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Ignoring the label of the judge}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s ruling (i.e., grant of a motion for judgment of acquittal), the ruling did not actually constitute an acquittal because it did not resolve some or all of the factual elements of Second Degree CSC in favor of Quinata.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 At the time the trial court ruled on the acquittal motion, it did not address any of the elements of either First or Second Degree CSC, nor did it provide any comment regarding the sufficiency of the evidence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 See United States v. Mackins}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 32 F.3d 134, 138 (4th Cir. 1994) (when reviewing sufficiency of evidence on a charge, trial court should compare the evidence to the elements of charged offense).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Indeed, when ruling on the motion, the court remained completely silent as to the rationale behind its ruling.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [39]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab We decline at this time to adopt a bright-line rule that a grant of a motion for judgment of acquittal constitutes an actual acquittal only when the trial court comments on the elements of the offense when granting the motion, for there very well may be situations in which the trial court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s reasons for granting the motion are plain despite its silence as to the sufficiency of the evidence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 We find that in the instant case, it is not }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 plain that the [trial court] . . . evaluated the Government}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s evidence and determined that it was legally insufficient}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 to prove the element of sexual contact.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Scott}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 437 U.S. at 97 (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Martin Linen}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 430 U.S. at 572) (internal quotation marks omitted).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 The trial court not only failed to comment on the sufficiency of the evidence when ruling on the motion, it also proceeded to send to the jury the issue of sexual penetration under First Degree CSC, which suggests that the court did not actually make a factual determination that the Government failed to prove that any sexual contact had taken place.}{\cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid9064016 \chftn }{\insrsid9064016 We also note that the trial court neither issued a written order reflecting its ruling on the motion nor made an entry of its ruling on the case docket. We find these omissions to be further indication that the trial court\rquote s ruling was not actually an \'93acquittal\'94 of any charges.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [40]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab Indeed, the trial court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s Decision & Order denying Quinata}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s post-verdict motion for judgment of acquittal clarifies that the trial court, in its ruling on the earlier motion, had not determined that Quinata was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 not guilty}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 of sexual contact.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 The trial court explained:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 The basis for the Court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s decision was that the government had not presented any evidence about touching }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 other than penetration}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , to support the elements of the 2nd degree charges; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 but that it had presented enough evidence of penetration}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 to support a conviction of the 1st degree charges. . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [T]he Court found that there was insufficient evidence to sustain a conviction on the 2nd degree charges that had corresponding 1st degree charges.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 All 2nd degree charges that did not have corresponding 1st degree charges were upheld and sent to the jury.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Appellee}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s Supplemental Excerpts of Record (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 SER}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 ), Ex. 2 at 2 (Dec. & Order, June 26, 2008) (emphases added).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Although the trial court couched its explanation in terms of there being no }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 evidence of touching other than penetration,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 this is not the same as a finding that there was no evidence of sexual contact at all, which is how Quinata encourages this court to read the decision.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Instead, the trial court found the exact opposite: that there }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 was}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 evidence of sexual contact, which was in the form of sexual penetration, and that the evidence was sufficient to support a conviction on the First Degree CSC charges.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Although the trial court continued to explain its ruling as a finding }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 that there was insufficient evidence to sustain a conviction on the 2nd degree charges that had corresponding 1st degree charges,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 id.,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 we find little significance in this characterization of the ruling given the clear implication in the immediately preceding sentence of the Decision & Order that there in fact }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 was}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 evidence of sexual contact in the form of sexual penetration.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 In sum, we find that it is not plain that the elements of Second Degree CSC were resolved in favor of Quinata, and, thus, for purposes of double jeopardy, the trial court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s partial grant of the acquittal motion did not actually constitute an }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 acquittal}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 as it is defined by the Supreme Court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [41]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab Because we hold that no factual determination was made that Quinata had not enga ged in sexual contact, there was no collateral estoppel bar to the continued prosecution of Quinata for the offense of sexual penetration under First Degree CSC.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Cf. Ashe}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 397 U.S. at 443 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "'}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Collateral estoppel}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 . . . . means simply that when an issue of ultimate fact has once been determined by a valid and final judgment, that issue cannot again be litigated between the same parties in any future lawsuit.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Accordingly, the continuation of the trial and the con victions on the First Degree CSC charges were not barred by the Double Jeopardy Clause, and Quinata}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s rights were not violated.}{ \cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid9064016 \chftn }{\insrsid9064016 It is unnecessary to analyze whether Second Degree CSC is a lesser included offense of First Degree CSC, because even if it is, the trial court \rquote s ruling in the instant case did not constitute an acquittal, and thus it did not preclude further proceedings on the First Degree CSC charges. We observe in passing that employing the same-elements test articulated in }{\i\insrsid9064016 Blockburger v. United States}{\insrsid9064016 , 284 U.S. 299 (1932), Second Degree CSC is not a lesser included offense of First Degree CSC because Second Degree CSC requires proof of a fact not required by First Degree CSC, namely, proof that the touching that occurred was \'93for the purpose of sexual arousal or gratification.\'94 9 GCA \'a7 25.10(a)(8) (2005). However, it is likely that, in considering other Double Jeopardy claims that do implicate a successive prosecution or multiple punishment, this court would first apply Guam\rquote s statutory framework to define whether an offense is \'93included\'94 in another before applying the }{\i\insrsid9064016 Blockburger}{\insrsid9064016 same-elements test. The Guam Legislature has set forth what is arguably a broader test than the same-elements test for determining whether an offense is included in another, incorporating elements from the Model Penal Code. }{\i\insrsid9064016 See}{ \insrsid9064016 9 GCA \'a7 1.22(a) (2005); 8 GCA \'a7 105.58(b) (2005). However, in the instant case, no analysis under this framework is called for. The claim was not made at the trial court, nor preserved for appellate review through adequate briefing before this court.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 B.\tab}}\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1 \pnrdate653056915\pnrstart0\pnrxst2\pnrxst0\pnrxst1\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrstop6\pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2\pnrnfc1\pnrnfc3\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0 \pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc1\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr1\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr2\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 { \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Denial of Motion in Limine to Exclude DNA Evidence}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par [42]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab Quinata appeals the trial court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s denial of his motion in limine to exclude DNA evidence and testimony of the Government}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s DNA expert.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Quinata argues that his convictions should be reversed }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 for the failure of the Government to comply with discovery obligations as ordered by the court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 and claims that he was prejudiced by the untimely disclosure of the DNA expert because he had }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 no ability to examine the expert and the evidence offered.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Appellant}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s Br. at 11 (Mar. 11, 2009).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [43]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 There is no general constitutional right to discovery in a criminal case . . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Weatherford v. Bursey}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 429 U.S. 545, 559 (1977).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 In most circu mstances, then, a defendant must point to a statute, rule of criminal procedure, or other entitlement to obtain discovery from the government.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 United States v. Johnson}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 228 F.3d 920, 924 (8th Cir. 2000).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [44]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab Quinata alleges that the Government violated its obligation under 8 GCA \'a7 70.10(a)(3) to provide him with any report or statement of an expert, including the results of scientific tests, experiments or comparisons.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Appellant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s Br. at 10.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Quinata fails, however, to recognize that such disclosure is required by the prosecutor only when requested by the defendant.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \'a7 70.10.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Matters Generally Discoverable; Prosecutors}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Obligations.}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab (a)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [A]t any time after the first appearance }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 upon noticed motion by the defendant}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , the court shall order the prosecuting attorney to disclose to the defendant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s attorney or permit the defendant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s attorney to inspect and copy the following material and information within his possession or control, the existence of which is known, or by the exercise of due diligence may become known to the prosecuting attorney:}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 (1)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 the name and address of any person whom the prosecuting attorney intends to call as a witness at the trial, together with his relevant written or recorded statement; \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 (3)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 any report or statement of an expert, made in connection with the case, including results of physical or mental examinations and of scientific tests, experiments or comparisons; . . . .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par 8 GCA \'a7 70.10 (2005) (emphasis added).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 The prosecutor}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s obligation to disclose the identity and reports or statements of an expert is triggered only when the defendant moves the court to order such disclosure.}{ \cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid9064016 \chftn }{\insrsid9064016 The trial court alluded to this requirement when it denied Quinata\rquote s motion to excl ude the DNA evidence. Tr., vol. II at 37-38 (Jury Trial, Aug. 17, 2007) (\'93The [c]ourt is going to deny the motion. . . . There\rquote s been no motions or requests for discovery from Defendant\rquote s [counsel] indicating that they wanted the supporting documents so that they may anticipate a challenge to the results.\'94).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Quinata does not direct our attention to such a request, nor have we found one in the record on appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Accordingly, the Government}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s obligation to disclose expert evidence under 8 GCA \'a7 70.10 was never triggered.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [45]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab Title 8 GCA \'a7 70.10(a) is substantively similar to Rule 16(a) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure.}{ \cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid9064016 \chftn }{\insrsid9064016 }{\i\insrsid9064016\charrsid1274391 Compare}{\insrsid9064016 8 GCA \'a7 70.10(a) }{\i\insrsid9064016\charrsid1274391 with}{\insrsid9064016 Fed. R. Crim. P. 16(a). }{\insrsid9064016\charrsid1274391 Rule}{\insrsid9064016 16(a) provides, in relevant part: \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \fs20\insrsid9064016 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \s16\qj \fi-360\li1080\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3 \pnrdate653056910\pnrstart0\pnrxst3\pnrxst0\pnrxst40\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst41\pnrxst0\pnrstop8\pnrstart1\pnrrgb2\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4 \pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc1\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr1\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36 \adjustright\rin720\lin1080\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\insrsid9064016 Government\rquote s Disclosure. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \fs20\insrsid9064016 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (1)\tab}}\pard \s16\qj \fi-360\li1440\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2 \pnrdate653056910\pnrstart0\pnrxst3\pnrxst0\pnrxst40\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst41\pnrxst0\pnrstop8\pnrstart1\pnrrgb2\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4 \pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc1\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr1\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36 \adjustright\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\insrsid9064016 Information Subject to Disclosure. \par }\pard \s16\qj \li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\insrsid9064016 \tab . . . . \par }\pard \s16\qj \li1440\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\insrsid9064016 (F) Reports of Examinations and Tests. }{\i\insrsid9064016\charrsid10252754 Upon a defendant\rquote s request}{ \insrsid9064016 , the government must permit a defendant to inspect and to copy or photograph the results or reports of any physical or mental examination and of any scientific test or experiment if: \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \fs20\insrsid9064016 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (i)\tab}}\pard \s16\qj \fi-180\li1980\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4 \pnrdate653056910\pnrstart0\pnrxst3\pnrxst0\pnrxst40\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst41\pnrxst0\pnrstop8\pnrstart1\pnrrgb2\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4 \pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc1\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr1\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36 \adjustright\rin720\lin1980\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\insrsid9064016 the item is within the government\rquote s possession, custody, or control; \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \fs20\insrsid9064016 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (ii)\tab}the attorney for the government knows--or through due diligence could know-- \par }\pard \s16\qj \li1800\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1800\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\insrsid9064016 that the item exists; and \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \fs20\insrsid9064016 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (iii)\tab}}\pard \s16\qj \fi-180\li1980\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4 \pnrdate653056910\pnrstart0\pnrxst3\pnrxst0\pnrxst40\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst41\pnrxst0\pnrstop8\pnrstart1\pnrrgb2\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4 \pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc3\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr3\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36 \adjustright\rin720\lin1980\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\insrsid9064016 the item is material to preparing the defense or the government intends to use the \par }\pard \s16\qj \li1800\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1800\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\insrsid9064016 item in its case-in-chief at trial. \par }\pard \s16\qj \li1440\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\insrsid9064016 (G) Expert witnesses.--}{\i\insrsid9064016\charrsid10252754 At the defendant\rquote s request}{\insrsid9064016 , the government must give to the defendant a written summary of any testimony that the government intends to use under Rules 702, 703, or 705 of the Federal Rules of Evidence during its case-in-chief }{\expnd4\expndtw24\insrsid9064016\charrsid11689971 at trial.}{\expnd0\expndtw4\insrsid9064016\charrsid8212143 . . . }{\expnd4\expndtw24\insrsid9064016\charrsid11689971 The summary}{\insrsid9064016 provided under this subparagraph must describe the witness\rquote s opinions, the bases and reasons for those opinions, and the witness\rquote s qualifications. \par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\insrsid9064016 \tab \tab . . . . \par Fed. R. Crim. P. 16(a) (emphases added).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Several courts hold that the government}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s obligation to disclose expert evidence under Rule 16(a) is triggered only when such evidence is requested by the defendant.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 See, e.g.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 United States v. Garza}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 566 F.3d 1194, 1200 (10th Cir. 2009) (defendant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s right to pretrial notice of expert testimony was never triggered where defendant failed to direct appellate court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s attention to Rule 16 request for disclosure and no request was found in record on appeal); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Johnson}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 228 F.3d at 924 (government}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s obligation to disclose expert evidence was never triggered where defendant requested some discovery, but concedes that he did not ask for }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 expert evidence}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 ); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 United States v. Salerno}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 108 F.3d 730, 743 (7th Cir. 1997) (trial court did not abuse discretion in refusing to suppress expert evidence because }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [f]rom the record, it does not appear that the defendant ever requested any expert discovery material, as Rule 16 required him to do}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [46]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab Even assuming that Quinata was entitled to a more timely disclosure of the DNA evidence, exclusion of the evidence was unnecessary because Quinata did not demonstrate that he suffered actual prejudice by the admission of the evidence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 See Ortega}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 150 F.3d at 944 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Absent a showing of prejudice resulting from the district court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s decision to admit evidence, we find no abuse of discretion.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 ); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Salerno}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 108 F.3d at 743 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 To succeed in obtaining a reversal on appeal for a discovery violation, a defendant must prove both an abuse of discretion and prejudice.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Woodcox v. State}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 591 N.E.2d 1019, 1026 (Ind. 1992) (in determining whether to exclude testimony of a witness, trial court should consider, among other factors, whether opposing party would be unduly surprised and prejudiced by inclusion of the testimony).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [47]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab Quinata r aised no objection to the qualifications of Dr. Taves or to the substance of her testimony, only to its untimely disclosure.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Although Quinata argues that the untimely disclosure of the expert witness prevented him from retaining his own expert to rebut the evidence, he does not actually question the integrity of the evidence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 In other words, Quinata argues that he was deprived of the opportunity of retaining an expert, who may or may not have found the DNA test results to be unreliable.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 See Johnson}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 228 F.3d at 925 (claim of prejudice based on untimely disclosure is less convincing when defendant fails to object to expert}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s conclusions); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Ortega}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 150 F.3d at 943 (finding no abuse of discretion where defendant objected to expert testimony on basis of a lack of proper disclosure, but did not object to qualifications of witnesses or to reliability of substance of their testimony).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [48]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab Furthermore, Quinata failed to move for a continuance, thereby undercutting his claim of prejudice based on an inability to hire his own expert.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 If he felt he was entitled to more time to prepare to rebut the DNA evidence, he should have asked for the alternative remedy of a continuance rather than simply ask for the flat-out exclusion of all DNA evidence.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 See Ortega}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 150 F.3d at 943 (defendant}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s claim of prejudice resulting from his inability to consult his own expert rings hollow in light of his failure even to request a continuance to allow him an opportunity to pursue that avenue); }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Woodcox}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 591 N.E.2d at 1026 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [W]e bel ieve that had [defendant] truly contested the DNA results, he should have asked for a continuance in order to depose [expert] and take additional measures to meet the DNA evidence presented by the State.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [49]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab Finally , Quinata was aware of the results of the DNA test three years prior to trial, and his trial counsel was aware of the results for almost a year before trial.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Had Quinata truly had qualms over the reliability of the laboratory or of the test results themsel ves, he could have hired his own expert in those three years to rebut the results, regardless of the Government}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s intent to call its own expert.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 See, e.g.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 ,}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Salerno}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 108 F.3d at 744 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [W]e note that defendant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s counsel knew before trial that the government was going to use a scale model or }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 mock up}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 of the crime scene; thus, defendant could have retained an expert at that point in case such an expert was needed later in the trial.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 After all, a defendant is not limited to hiring an expert witness to those situations in which the government also intends to hire an expert.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 In light of these circumstances, we conclude that Quinata has demonstrated no facts indicating that he was surprised or unfairly prejudiced by the substance of the expert testimony.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Accordingly, we find no abuse of discretion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 C.\tab}}\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1 \pnrdate653056915\pnrstart0\pnrxst2\pnrxst0\pnrxst1\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrstop6\pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2\pnrnfc1\pnrnfc3\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0 \pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc1\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc3\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr1\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr3\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 { \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 $50,000.00 Fine}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par [50]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab Quinata argues that the trial court abused its discretion in sentencing him to pay a fine of $50,000.00 because the court did not first determine whether he had the ability to pay such amount.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Title 9 GCA \'a7 80.52 provides the standards for imposing fines and orders of restitution.}{\cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid9064016 \chftn }{\insrsid9064016 Title 9 GCA \'a7 80.10(a)(5) allows the trial court to sentence a person who has been convicted of a crime to pay a fine in addition to serving a term of imprisonment. 9 GCA \'a7 80.10(a)(5) (2005).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 It states, in relevant part:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 (c)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 The court shall not sentence an offender to pay a fine or make restitution }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 unless the offender is or, given a fair opportunity to do so, will be able to pay}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 the fine or restitution.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 The court shall not sentence an offender to pay a fine unless the fine will not prevent the offender from making restitution to the victim of the offense.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 (d)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 In determining the amount and method of payment of a fine or restitution, the court shall take i nto account the financial resources of the offender and the nature of the burden that its payment will impose.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par 9 GCA \'a7 80.52(c)-(d) (2005) (emphasis added).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Quinata argues that, contrary to this statute, the trial court }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 made absolutely no attempt at sentencing to determine whether QUINATA would have the ability to pay such a fine.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Appellant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s Br. at 12.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [51]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab The Government asserts that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [t]he probation service of the court accomplishes the task of conducting an investigation into a defendant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s ability to pay a fine and submits that information to the court in a Presentence Investigation Report.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{ \cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid9064016 \chftn }{\insrsid9064016 Title 9 GCA \'a7 80.12 provides, in relevant part: \par }\pard \s16\qj \li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\insrsid9064016 \tab (a) The probation service of the court shall make a presentence investigation and report to the court before the imposition of sentence unless the court otherwise directs for reasons stated on the record. \par \tab . . . . \par \tab (c) The report of such investigation shall be in writing and so far as practicable shall include an analysis of . . . the offender\rquote s . . . social, economic and educational background, job experience and occupational skills and aptitude and personal habits, and any other matters that the probation officer deems relevant or the court directs to be included. \par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\insrsid9064016 8 GCA \'a7 80.12(a), (c) (2005).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Appellee}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s Br. at 6 (Apr. 10, 2009).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 The Government argues that the Presentence Investigation Report (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 PSI Report}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 ) in this case }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 contained sufficient information for the [c]ourt to make a determination on whether [Quinata] will eventually be able to pay the $50,000 fine,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 " }{\cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid9064016 \chftn }{\insrsid9064016 The PSI Report indicated that prior to his incarceration, Quinata was earning $8.00 per hour as a grocery store warehouse/stockman; that he had a pending fine with the Superior Court of Guam in excess of $3,000.00; and that he had no savings or checking accounts. Appellant\rquote s Br. at 11.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 and that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [t]here is no statutory requirement that the [c]ourt conduct a more extensive investigation than that already done by its probation service.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Appellee}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s Br. at 7.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [52]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab Quinata argues that gi ven his income prior to incarceration as well as the fact that he will be in his sixties before he is eligible for release on parole, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 it is highly unlikely that he will be able to earn sufficient funds to pay the court $50,000.00 in fines.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Appellant}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s Br. at 12.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [53]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab The District Court of Guam Appellate Division in }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 In re Cruz}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 held that 9 GCA \'a7 80.52 requires }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 an evidentiary hearing conducted by the court to determine whether the offender has the financial means to make the payment of restitution.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 No. 82-00025A, 1983 WL 29938, at *2 (D. Guam App. Div. Mar. 18, 1983).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 We recently acknowledged this holding in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 People v. Mallo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 2008 Guam 23 \'b6 54; but we declined to apply it to the circumstances of that case. In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Mallo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , the defendant, prior to sentencing, h ad stipulated in his plea agreement that if given a fair chance, he would be able to pay restitution.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 We found that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Cruz}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 can[not] be construed to apply when the defendant stipulates that he or she has the ability to pay.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 A stipulation, by its very nature, indicates that no factual dispute exists, and therefore no evidentiary hearing is required.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 We further noted that the trial court had considered Mallo}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s ability to earn money while in prison and after his eventual release in supporting its decision to impose the order of restitution.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [54]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab We do not believe that the instant case presents any occasion for reconsideration by this court of the Appellate Division}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s holding in }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Cruz}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 We choose not to deviate from this precedent because we believe it to be well reasoned and well supported in case law from those courts interpreting substantially similar statutes.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 See, e.g.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 State v. Martinez}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 920 A.2d 715, 724 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 2007) (defendant entitled to hearing on remand concerning his ability to pay restitution); }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 State v. Pessolano}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 778 A.2d 1153, 1161-62 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 2001) (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [i]n order to impose restitution . . . there must be an explicit consideration of defendant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s ability to pay}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 (quoting }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 State v. Scribner}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 689 A.2d 789 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1997))); }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 State v. McLaughlin}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 708 A.2d 716, 727 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1998) (due process requires a hearing on defendant}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s ability to pay).}{\cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid9064016 \chftn }{\insrsid9064016 Title 9 GCA \'a7 80.52 is derived from Model Penal Code \'a7 7.02. }{\i\insrsid9064016 See}{\insrsid9064016 9 GCA \'a7 80.52, SOURCE. }{\i\insrsid9064016 Compare}{\insrsid9064016 9 GCA \'a7 80.52 }{\i\insrsid9064016 with}{\insrsid9064016 Model Penal Code \'a7 7.02. Like Guam, New Jersey\rquote s penal code was adopted from the Model Penal Code. }{\i\insrsid9064016 See}{\insrsid9064016 N.J.S.A. \'a7 2C:44-2, Source. New Jersey\rquote s version of 9 GCA \'a7 80.52 is N.J.S.A. \'a7 2C:44-2, which is su bstantially similar to the Guam version. }{\i\insrsid9064016 Compare}{\insrsid9064016 9 GCA \'a7 80.52 }{\i\insrsid9064016 with}{\insrsid9064016 N.J.S.A. \'a7 2C:44-2.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 [55]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab The relevant question in the instant case is whether the PSI Report can be used in lieu of an evidentiary hearing in order to satisfy the requirements of 9 GCA \'a7 80.52.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 We hold that under the specific facts of this case, it cannot.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 One of the purposes of an evidentiary hearing is to afford the defendant the opportunity to present evidence and argument on his ability to pay.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Although the trial court in the instant case might have considered, in addition to the employment history contained in the PSI Report, Quinata}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 ' }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s ability to earn money in prison in reaching its decision to impose the $50,000.00 fine, there is no indication in the record that it indeed had made either consideration.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 In fact, the Government does not direct our attention to any comments the trial court may have made during sentencing concerning defendant}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s financial status or ability to pay.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Moreover, unlike the defendant in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Mallo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , Quinata did not s tipulate to his ability to pay any fines.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 See Mallo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 , 2008 Guam 23 \'b6 54. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Given these circumstances, we do not believe that the PSI Report, on its own, was sufficient for the trial court to find that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 the offender is or, given a fair opportunity to do so, will be able to pay the fine or restitution.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 9 GCA \'a7 80.52(c).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Thus, we remand for a hearing to determine Quinata}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s ability to pay the fine.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Upon remand, the trial court can make any monetary adjustments that are required by the evidence presented.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 VI.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 CONCLUSION}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par [56]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab For the foregoing reasons, we }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 AFFIRM}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Quinata}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s convictions, but }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 VACATE}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 the fines imposed and }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 REMAND}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 for a hearing to determine Quinata}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 s ability to pay. \par \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 ________________}{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 /s/}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 _________________\tab \tab _________________}{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 /s/}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 ________________ \par F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO\tab \tab \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 RICHARD H. BENSON \par Associate Justice\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Justice, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 Pro Tempore}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064016 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 _________________}{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 /s/}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 ________________ \par ROBERT J. TORRES \par Chief Justice}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9064016\charrsid9064016 \par }}