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Camacho ( Guam Music, Inc.)}{\fs20\insrsid4027596 , Opinion }{\fs20\insrsid4027596\charrsid6125805 Page }{\field{\*\fldinst { \cs20\fs20\insrsid4027596\charrsid6125805 PAGE }}{\fldrslt {\cs20\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid6441336 11}}}{\cs20\fs20\insrsid4027596\charrsid6125805 of }{\field{\*\fldinst {\cs20\fs20\insrsid4027596\charrsid6125805 NUMPAGES }}{\fldrslt { \cs20\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4027596 11}}}{\cs20\fs20\insrsid7747395 \par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\brdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp20 \tqr\tx9360\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6125805 {\cs20\fs20\insrsid7747395 \par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqr\tx9360\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6125805 {\fs20\insrsid7747395\charrsid6125805 \par }}{\footer \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid7747395 \par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16482245 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807112\charrsid16482245 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807112\charrsid16482245 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid812334\charrsid16482245 ALICIA G. LIMTIACO, ATTORNEY GENERAL OF GUAM, }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3939064 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid812334\charrsid16482245 OFFICE OF THE }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4272527\charrsid16482245 ATTORNEY GENERAL OF GUAM}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807112\charrsid16482245 , \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid812334\charrsid16482245 Petitioner-Appellee}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807112\charrsid16482245 ,}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807112\charrsid16482245 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807112\charrsid16482245 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245 V}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807112\charrsid16482245 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807112\charrsid16482245 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\b\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid812334\charrsid16482245 Deputy Director John P. Camacho, }{ \b\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7098440 \par }{\b\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid812334\charrsid16482245 in his official capacity as Acting Director of the }{\b\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7098440 \par }{\b\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid812334\charrsid16482245 Department of Revenue and Taxation of the Government }{\b\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7098440 \par }{\b\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid812334\charrsid16482245 of Guam; Artemio B. Ilagan, in his capacity as Director of }{\b\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7098440 \par }{\b\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid812334\charrsid16482245 the Department of Revenue and Taxation of the }{\b\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7098440 \par }{\b\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid812334\charrsid16482245 Government of Guam}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807112\charrsid16482245 , \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid812334\charrsid16482245 Respondents}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4272527\charrsid16482245 -Appellees}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid812334\charrsid16482245 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807112\charrsid16482245 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid812334\charrsid16482245 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\b\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid812334\charrsid16482245 Guam Music, Inc., a Guam Corporation}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid812334\charrsid16482245 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid812334\charrsid16482245 \par Appl}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4272527\charrsid16482245 icant for Intervention, Real Party in Interest-Appellant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9177378\charrsid16482245 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid812334\charrsid16482245 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807112\charrsid16482245 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807112\charrsid16482245 OPINION \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807112\charrsid16482245 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5119144\charrsid16482245 Filed:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5119144\charrsid16482245 August 24, 2009}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807112\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9177378\charrsid16482245 Cite as: 2009}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807112\charrsid16482245 Guam }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5119144\charrsid16482245 7}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807112\charrsid16482245 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807112\charrsid16482245 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807112\charrsid16482245 Supreme Court Case No.: CVA0}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9177378\charrsid16482245 8-010}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807112\charrsid16482245 \par Superior Court Case No.: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9177378\charrsid16482245 SP0141-08}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807112\charrsid16482245 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807112\charrsid16482245 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807112\charrsid16482245 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11950367\charrsid16482245 Argued and s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807112\charrsid16482245 ubmitted }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9177378\charrsid16482245 March 6}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807112\charrsid16482245 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9177378\charrsid16482245 2009}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807112\charrsid16482245 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807112\charrsid16482245 \par }\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4158\clshdrawnil \cellx4050\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5418\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid16482245 {\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807112\charrsid16482245 Appearing for }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9177378\charrsid16482245 Petitioner-Appellee}{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807112\charrsid16482245 :}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807112\charrsid16482245 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9177378\charrsid16482245 J. Patrick Mason}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807112\charrsid16482245 , }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807112\charrsid16482245 Esq.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807112\charrsid16482245 \tab \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9177378\charrsid16482245 Deputy Attorney General}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807112\charrsid16482245 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9177378\charrsid16482245 Office of the Attorney General \par 287 W O\rquote Brien Dr}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11950367\charrsid16482245 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9177378\charrsid16482245 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807112\charrsid16482245 Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910\cell }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807112\charrsid16482245 Appearing for }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9177378\charrsid16482245 Applicant for Intervention-Appellant}{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807112\charrsid16482245 :}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807112\charrsid16482245 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9177378\charrsid16482245 Peter C. Perez}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807112\charrsid16482245 , }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807112\charrsid16482245 Esq. \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9177378\charrsid16482245 Lujan Aguigui & Perez LLP \par DNA Bldg}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11950367\charrsid16482245 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9177378\charrsid16482245 , Ste}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11950367\charrsid16482245 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9177378\charrsid16482245 300 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4272527\charrsid16482245 238 Archbisho}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9177378\charrsid16482245 p Flores St}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11950367\charrsid16482245 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807112\charrsid16482245 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807112\charrsid16482245 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4158\clshdrawnil \cellx4050 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5418\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16482245 { \caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8420211\charrsid16482245 \par }{\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 BE}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 FORE:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 KATHERIN}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1578312\charrsid16482245 E}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 A. MARAMAN, Presiding Justice}{ \cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8420211\charrsid16482245 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\keep\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4477528 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid7747395 \chftn }{\insrsid7747395 Chief Justice Robert J. Torres and Associate Justice F. Philip Carbullido recused themselves from this matter. Justice Maraman as the senior member of the panel was designated Presiding Justice.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 ; MIGUEL S. DEMAPAN, Justice }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 Pro Tempore}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 ; ALEXANDRO C. CASTRO, Justice }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 Pro Tempore}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 . \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\dxfrtext90\dfrmtxtx90\dfrmtxty90\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 MARAMAN, J.:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6125805\charrsid16482245 [1]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10949319\charrsid16482245 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16133266\charrsid16482245 Applicant for Intervention-Appellant Guam Music, Inc. (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16133266\charrsid16482245 GMI}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16133266\charrsid16482245 ) appeals the Superior Court\rquote s denial of its motion to intervene.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16133266\charrsid16482245 GMI seeks to intervene in Superior Court case number SP}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4272527\charrsid16482245 0 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16133266\charrsid16482245 141-08 in which the Attorney General of Guam requested and received a writ of mandamus}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4142058\charrsid16482245 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4142058\charrsid16482245 The writ commanded}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16133266\charrsid16482245 the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15890938\charrsid16482245 Guam }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16133266\charrsid16482245 Department of Revenue}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 and Taxation (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1266003\charrsid16482245 the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 DRT}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16133266\charrsid16482245 to revoke licenses for gaming machines that had been operated by GMI}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15219229\charrsid16482245 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 For the reasons set forth belo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5650068\charrsid16482245 w, we reverse}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10949319 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11213379\charrsid16482245 I.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10949319\charrsid16482245 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6125805\charrsid16482245 [2]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 \tab On about May 29, 2008, the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15890938\charrsid16482245 DRT}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 sent a notice to GMI that it would not be renewing the licenses for GMI\rquote s gaming machines.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4142058\charrsid16482245 The}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 DRT Director, in consultation with the Attorney General (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 AG}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 ), had determined the machines being licensed to GMI were actually illegal gambling devices.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 GMI then attempted to pay the licensing fees anyway, but the DRT refused payment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 GMI sought a Petition for Writ of Mandate in the Superior Court requesting that the licenses issue.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 In the Petition, GMI argued that 5 GCA \'a7 9212 prevents the DRT from making an order adversely affecting the rights of GMI while the}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592472\charrsid16482245 administrative}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 hearing process is pending.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6125805\charrsid16482245 [3]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 \tab In the meantime, the Acting Governor of Guam issued a directive to the Director of the DRT, ordering him to issue the licenses to GMI.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 The licenses were issued}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4272527\charrsid16482245 the same day}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 GMI, apparently confident that the Acting Governor\rquote s order effectively resolved the issue, moved to dismiss its Petition for Writ of Mandate on July 8th.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 [4]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 \tab The AG was undeterred.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4272527\charrsid16482245 In response to the Acting G}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15890938\charrsid16482245 overnor\rquote s letter, the AG issued her own demand letter to the DRT which threatened to }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15890938\charrsid16482245 compel [the] DRT to perform its regulatory duties.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5314485\charrsid16482245 Appellant\rquote s Excerpts of Record (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5314485\charrsid16482245 ER}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5314485\charrsid16482245 ), tab 7 (Letter from the AG}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2626095\charrsid16482245 to Director, DRT}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5314485\charrsid16482245 , July 3, 2008).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 On July 11th, she filed a Petition for Writ of Mandamus in the Superior Court to compel the DRT to revoke GMI\rquote s licenses.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 The AG\rquote s Petition for Writ of Mandamus is the underlying case in which GMI seeks to intervene.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 Twenty days later, while the AG\rquote s Petition was pending, GMI\rquote s original Petition for Writ of Mandamus was denied because GMI }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 advised the court that it no longer wishes to go forward with the pre-emptory}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7362943\charrsid16482245 [sic]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 writ and rest[ed] without putting on any evidence . . . .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5314485\charrsid16482245 ER}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16004475\charrsid16482245 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5314485\charrsid16482245 tab 4}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 at 2 (Order after Hr\rquote g, July 31, 2008).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 Meanwhile, t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4142058\charrsid16482245 he DRT attempted to file an}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 answer to the AG \rquote s Petition, which was rejected because it was not verified under oath.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 On August 18th, the Superior Court issued a Decision and Order granting the AG\rquote s Petition for Writ of Mandamus and ordering GMI\rquote s licenses to}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4272527\charrsid16482245 be revoked.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 [5]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592472\charrsid16482245 Four days later}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 , GMI filed a Motion to Intervene and for a Stay of Enforcement of the Order Entered in August 18, 2008 in SP}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4272527\charrsid16482245 0}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 141-08.}{\cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15890938\charrsid16482245 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4477528 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid7747395 \chftn }{\insrsid7747395 The text of this motion was not included as part of the Excerpts of Record. }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 The Motion was denied September 10, 2008.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 GMI }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15890938\charrsid16482245 then }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 filed a timely notice of appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5925681 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7174695\charrsid16482245 II. }{\b\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10949319\charrsid16482245 Jurisdiction}{\b\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10949319 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 [6]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid264796\charrsid16482245 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9700896\charrsid16482245 GMI contends that this }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid264796\charrsid16482245 court has jurisdiction over }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9700896\charrsid16482245 an appeal from the Decision and Order of September 10, 2008, apparently because it was a final judgment}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid264796\charrsid16482245 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3308308\charrsid16482245 Appe}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9700896\charrsid16482245 llant\rquote s Br. at 1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15564617\charrsid16482245 (Dec. 9, 2008)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9700896\charrsid16482245 (citing }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid264796\charrsid16482245 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 3107, 3108}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5314485\charrsid16482245 (2008)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9700896\charrsid16482245 and 48 U.S.C. \'a7\'a7 1421-1, 1421-3).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13709329\charrsid16482245 The question is whether denial of a motion to intervene is a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13709329\charrsid16482245 final judgment}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13709329\charrsid16482245 for purposes of appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10949319 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 [7]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13709329\charrsid16482245 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3308308\charrsid16482245 According to federal case law, the denial of a motion to intervene is treated as a final, appealable judgment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7362943\charrsid16482245 See }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3308308\charrsid16482245 Marino v. Ortiz}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3308308\charrsid16482245 , 484 U.S. 301, 304 (1988); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3308308\charrsid16482245 Stringfellow v. Concerned Neighbors in Action}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3308308\charrsid16482245 , 480 U.S. 370, 377 (1987); 7C Wright, Miller & Kane, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3308308\charrsid16482245 Federal Practice & Procedure}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3308308\charrsid16482245 \'a7 1923 (2005 Supp.) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3308308\charrsid16482245 Any denial of intervention should be regarded as an appealable final order}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3308308\charrsid16482245 ).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3308308\charrsid16482245 By analogy to the federal case law, this court has jurisdiction to hear this appeal.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13709329 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10949319\charrsid16482245 III.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \b\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10949319\charrsid16482245 Standard of Review}{\b\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10949319 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 [8]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8985013\charrsid16482245 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11143333\charrsid16482245 A denial of a motion to intervene}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3156691\charrsid16482245 as of right}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11143333\charrsid16482245 is reviewed }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11143333\charrsid16482245 de novo}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11143333\charrsid16482245 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11143333\charrsid16482245 Donnelly v. Glickman}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11143333\charrsid16482245 , 159 F.3d 40}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7362943\charrsid16482245 5}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11143333\charrsid16482245 , 409 (9th Cir. 1998).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11143333\charrsid16482245 The court\rquote s decision on the issue of timeliness, however, is reviewed for abuse of discretion.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11143333\charrsid16482245 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11143333\charrsid16482245 ; }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11143333\charrsid16482245 but see League of United }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 Latin}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11143333\charrsid16482245 Am. Citizens v. Wilson}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11143333\charrsid16482245 , 131 F.3d 1297, 1302 (9th Cir.1997) (reviewing a timeliness determination }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11143333\charrsid16482245 de novo}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11143333\charrsid16482245 where the lower court disposed of the issue with a curt, single-sentence answer).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16127996 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 [9]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3156691\charrsid16482245 \tab In contrast, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877625\charrsid16482245 permissive intervention }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877625\charrsid16482245 is wholly discretionary with the [lower] court . . . even though there is a common question of law or fact, or the requirements of Rule 24(b) are otherwise satisfied.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877625\charrsid16482245 New Orleans Pub. Serv., Inc. v. United Gas Pipe Line Co.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877625\charrsid16482245 , 732 F.2d 452, 470-71 (5th Cir. 1984) (quoting 7C Wright & Miller, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877625\charrsid16482245 Federal Practice and Procedure}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877625\charrsid16482245 \'a7 1913 at 551).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3156691 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid342941\charrsid16482245 I}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10949319\charrsid16482245 V.}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\b\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10949319\charrsid16482245 Discussion}{\b\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10949319 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 [10]}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5003580\charrsid16482245 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5003580\charrsid16482245 Rule 24(a) of the Guam Rules of Civil Procedure provides a method by which a party may intervene in a case as a matter of right:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5003580 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5003580\charrsid16482245 Rule 24. Intervention.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5003580 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5003580\charrsid16482245 (a) Intervention of Right. Upon timely application anyone shall be permitted to intervene in an action: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5003580\charrsid16482245 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5003580\charrsid16482245 (1) when a statute confers an unconditional right to intervene; or \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5003580\charrsid16482245 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5003580\charrsid16482245 (2) when the applicant claims an interest relating to the property or transaction w hich is the subject of the action and the applicant is so situated that the disposition of the action may as a practical matter impair or impede the applicant\rquote s ability to protect that interest, unless the applicant\rquote s interest is adequately represented by existing parties. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5003580\charrsid16482245 \par Guam R. Civ. P. (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5003580\charrsid16482245 GRCP}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5003580\charrsid16482245 ) 24(a).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5003580\charrsid16482245 An applicant for intervention must satisfy the following four criteria before a motion to intervene can be granted: (1) the motion to intervene must be timely; (2) the applicant must have a }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5003580\charrsid16482245 significantly protectable interest}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5003580\charrsid16482245 relating to the property or transaction that is the subject of the suit; (3) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2563664\charrsid16482245 the applicant must be so situated that disposition of the action may, as a practical matter, impair or impede the applicant\rquote s ability to protect that interest; and (4) the applicant\rquote s interest must be inadequately represented by the existing parties.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2563664\charrsid16482245 Donnelly v. Glickman}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2563664\charrsid16482245 , 159 F.3d 405, 409 (9th Cir. 1998); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2563664\charrsid16482245 League of United }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 Latin}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2563664\charrsid16482245 Am. Citizens}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2563664\charrsid16482245 , 131 F.3d }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14566609\charrsid16482245 at 1302}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2563664\charrsid16482245 ;}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2563664\charrsid16482245 Nw. Forest Res. Counsel v. Glickman}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2563664\charrsid16482245 , 82 F.3d 825, 836 (9th Cir. 1996).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2563664\charrsid16482245 These factors are construed broadly in favor of intervention.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2563664\charrsid16482245 United States v. Washington}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2563664\charrsid16482245 , 86 F.3d 1499, 1503 (9th Cir. 1996); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2563664\charrsid16482245 Donnelly}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2563664\charrsid16482245 , 159 F.3d at 409. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5003580 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3874602\charrsid16482245 A. Timeliness of the Motion to Intervene}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid990626 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 [11]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3874602\charrsid16482245 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2563664\charrsid16482245 Tim}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2183572\charrsid16482245 e}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2563664\charrsid16482245 liness is a threshold requirement }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2183572\charrsid16482245 for application to intervene as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592472\charrsid16482245 a matter }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2183572\charrsid16482245 of right.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2183572\charrsid16482245 League of United }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 Latin}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2183572\charrsid16482245 Am. Citizens}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2183572\charrsid16482245 , 131 F.3d at 1302; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2183572\charrsid16482245 see also NAACP v. New York}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2183572\charrsid16482245 , 413 U.S. 345, 369 (1973).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2183572\charrsid16482245 If a motion to intervene is not timely, the court need not con sider the other factors in denying intervention.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2183572\charrsid16482245 Washington}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2183572\charrsid16482245 , 86 F.3d at 1503.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2183572\charrsid16482245 The United States Supreme Court has stated that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2183572\charrsid16482245 [t]imeliness is to be determined from all the circumstances.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2183572\charrsid16482245 And it is to be determined by the court in the exercise of its sound discretion; unless that discretion is abused, the court\rquote s ruling will not be disturbed on review.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2183572\charrsid16482245 NAACP v. New York}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1057366\charrsid16482245 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2183572\charrsid16482245 413 U.S. at 366.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3874602 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 [12]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2183572\charrsid16482245 \tab In }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592472\charrsid16482245 determining}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2183572\charrsid16482245 whether a motion to intervene is time ly, the Ninth Circuit considers three factors: (1) the stage of the proceedings at the time the applicant seeks to intervene; (2) the prejudice to the other parties if the motion is granted; and (3) the reason for and length of the delay.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10958046\charrsid16482245 League of United }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 Latin}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10958046\charrsid16482245 Am. Citizens}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10958046\charrsid16482245 , 131 F.3d at 1302; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2183572\charrsid16482245 United States v. Oregon}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2183572\charrsid16482245 , 745 F.2d 550, 552 (9th Cir. 1984).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16454402\charrsid16482245 Post-judgment motions to intervene are not necessarily untimely, and have been allowed when made before the time to appeal has run.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16454402\charrsid16482245 See United States ex rel. McGough v. Covington Techs. Co.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16454402\charrsid16482245 , 967 F.2d 1391, 1394-95 (9th Cir.1992);}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16454402\charrsid16482245 United Airlines, Inc. v. McDonald}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16454402\charrsid16482245 , 432 U.S. 385, 395-96 (1977).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2183572 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16651944\charrsid16482245 1. Stage of the Proceedings}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16651944 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 [13]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16454402\charrsid16482245 \tab The Superior Court based its decision to deny intervention almost entirely on the i}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5314485\charrsid16482245 ssue of timeliness.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5314485\charrsid16482245 ER, tab 27}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16454402\charrsid16482245 at 3-6 (Dec. & Order}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15564617\charrsid16482245 , Sept. 10, 2008}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16454402\charrsid16482245 ).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14683675\charrsid16482245 The critical issue appeared to be the first factor of the timeliness analysis\emdash that is, the fact that the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14683675\charrsid16482245 stage of the proceedings}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14683675\charrsid16482245 was in the post-judgment phase}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12583091\charrsid16482245 when GMI moved to intervene}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14683675\charrsid16482245 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12583091\charrsid16482245 Id.}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562391\charrsid16482245 The court relied on language from }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562391\charrsid16482245 Pe}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12126914\charrsid16482245 l}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562391\charrsid16482245 l}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7362943\charrsid16482245 egrino v. Nesbi}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562391\charrsid16482245 t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562391\charrsid16482245 which stated that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562391\charrsid16482245 [i]ntervention should be allowed even after a final judgment }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562391\charrsid16482245 where it is necessary to preserve some right which cannot otherwise be protected}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562391\charrsid16482245 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562391\charrsid16482245 203 F.2d 463, 465 (9th Cir. 195}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5314485\charrsid16482245 3) (emphasis added); ER, tab 27}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562391\charrsid16482245 at 4 (Dec. & Order) (emphasis added).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10888538\charrsid16482245 The court then found the motion to intervene untimely because GMI failed to make a showing that intervention was necessary to preserve a right that cannot be o}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5314485\charrsid16482245 therwise protected.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5314485\charrsid16482245 ER, tab 27}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10888538\charrsid16482245 at 4 (Dec. & Order).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16454402 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 [14]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6377313\charrsid16482245 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6439128\charrsid16482245 Although the present case is now in the post-judgment phase of the proceedings, denial of the motion to intervene is not a foregone conclusion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15890938\charrsid16482245 An examination of the case law reveals that, in}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226269\charrsid16482245 general, post-judgment interventions are tolerated when }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13973913\charrsid16482245 a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226269\charrsid16482245 party with interests}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13973913\charrsid16482245 similar}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226269\charrsid16482245 to the applicant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13973913\charrsid16482245 \rquote s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226269\charrsid16482245 fails to }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4142058\charrsid16482245 take further action}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226269\charrsid16482245 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12583091\charrsid16482245 One example is }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226269\charrsid16482245 United States ex rel. McGough v. Covington Technologies Co.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226269\charrsid16482245 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12583091\charrsid16482245 which involved a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226269\charrsid16482245 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226269\charrsid16482245 qui tam}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226269\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12583091\charrsid16482245 action against }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7174695\charrsid16482245 several }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12583091\charrsid16482245 corporations with government contracts.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12583091\charrsid16482245 967 F.2d at 1393.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12583091\charrsid16482245 In a }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12583091\charrsid16482245 qui tam}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12583091\charrsid16482245 action, the government is allowed to intervene after sixty days }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592472\charrsid16482245 only }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12583091\charrsid16482245 upon showing of good cause.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12583091\charrsid16482245 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12583091\charrsid16482245 at 1392}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4142058\charrsid16482245 ; }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4142058\charrsid16482245 see also}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4142058\charrsid16482245 31 U.S.C. \'a7 3730(c)(3) (2009)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12583091\charrsid16482245 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12583091\charrsid16482245 The private }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226269\charrsid16482245 plaintiff}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12583091\charrsid16482245 in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12583091\charrsid16482245 McGough}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226269\charrsid16482245 agreed to a stipulation dismissing a suit with prejudice against one of the defendant corporat}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12583091\charrsid16482245 ions.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12583091\charrsid16482245 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226269\charrsid16482245 at 1393.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226269\charrsid16482245 After judgment had been rendered against the remaining defendant, the government attempted to intervene for the purpose of appealing the earlier stipulated dismissal.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7226269\charrsid16482245 Id}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14486548\charrsid16482245 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4142058\charrsid16482245 The plaintiff, having voluntarily agreed to the stipulated dismissal, presumably had no interest in appealing.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6365378\charrsid16482245 The motion to intervene was granted on appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6365378\charrsid16482245 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6365378\charrsid16482245 at 1397.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6377313 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 [15]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6365378\charrsid16482245 \tab In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6365378\charrsid16482245 Yniguez v. Arizona}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6365378\charrsid16482245 , the plaintiffs successfully convinced a U.S. District Court that Arizona\rquote s new constitutional amendment making English the official language was facially unconstitutional.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6365378\charrsid16482245 939 F.2d 727, 7}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7362943\charrsid16482245 29-}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6365378\charrsid16482245 30 (9th Cir. 1991).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6365378\charrsid16482245 The defendant-Governor, who had }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13973913\charrsid16482245 opposed the amendment during her election campaign, publicly announced that she had no intention of appealing.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13973913\charrsid16482245 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7362943\charrsid16482245 at 730.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13973913\charrsid16482245 The group Arizonans for Official English moved to intervene }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2310008\charrsid16482245 so that they could prosecute an}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13973913\charrsid16482245 appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13973913\charrsid16482245 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13973913\charrsid16482245 On appeal, the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7362943\charrsid16482245 motion was granted}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13973913\charrsid16482245 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13973913\charrsid16482245 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13973913\charrsid16482245 at 740.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6365378 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 [16]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13973913\charrsid16482245 \tab In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13973913\charrsid16482245 Pellegrino v. Nesbit}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13973913\charrsid16482245 , a case cited by the Superior Court, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1468373\charrsid16482245 a corporation sued its employees to recover short-swing profits resulting from the corporation\rquote s own options agreement}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12583091\charrsid16482245 s}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1468373\charrsid16482245 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1468373\charrsid16482245 203 F.2d at 465.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1468373\charrsid16482245 The }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4142058\charrsid16482245 lower court held the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1468373\charrsid16482245 corporation to be estopped from recovering profits }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12583091\charrsid16482245 because it had itself drafted the options agreements}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1468373\charrsid16482245 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1468373\charrsid16482245 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1468373\charrsid16482245 The corporation\rquote s board of directors, who may have been }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4142058\charrsid16482245 reluctant to bring suit against its own beneficial owners, directors or officers}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1468373\charrsid16482245 , }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7362943\charrsid16482245 id. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7362943\charrsid16482245 at 467, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1468373\charrsid16482245 announced that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4142058\charrsid16482245 it}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1468373\charrsid16482245 would not pursue an appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1468373\charrsid16482245 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4142058\charrsid16482245 at 465.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15359666\charrsid16482245 Shortly thereafter}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1468373\charrsid16482245 , the stockholder who had urged the board to pursue the original case }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592472\charrsid16482245 moved}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1468373\charrsid16482245 to intervene.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15359666\charrsid16482245 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4142058\charrsid16482245 at 465.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15359666\charrsid16482245 The }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7362943\charrsid16482245 denial of the motion to intervene was reversed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15359666\charrsid16482245 on appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15359666\charrsid16482245 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15359666\charrsid16482245 at 469.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13973913 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 [17]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15359666\charrsid16482245 \tab Finally, the United States Supreme Court addressed a similar issue in }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15359666\charrsid16482245 United Airlines v. McDonald}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15359666\charrsid16482245 , 432 U.S. 385 (1977).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15359666\charrsid16482245 There, certain female employees brought an equal protection suit against U}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592472\charrsid16482245 nited Airlines arguing that the}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15359666\charrsid16482245 policy of requiring female stewardesses to remain single (while allowing male stewards to marry) was unconstitutional.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15359666\charrsid16482245 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15359666\charrsid16482245 at 387.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7558138\charrsid16482245 After final judgment against United on the issue of liability, one }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4142058\charrsid16482245 would-be }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7558138\charrsid16482245 plaintiff attempted both to intervene and to class certify all employees who had been fired as a result of the discriminatory policy.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7558138\charrsid16482245 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7558138\charrsid16482245 at 389-90.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7558138\charrsid16482245 The district court denied her motions as untimely and she appealed.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7558138\charrsid16482245 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7558138\charrsid16482245 at 390.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6439128\charrsid16482245 The }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7558138\charrsid16482245 original plaintiffs, wh o had already received a favorable judgment, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7362943\charrsid16482245 presumably }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7558138\charrsid16482245 had no motivation to appeal and enlarge the number of plaintiffs.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5380557\charrsid16482245 The Court of Appeals reversed the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7558138\charrsid16482245 motion to intervene and allowed class certification}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5380557\charrsid16482245 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5380557\charrsid16482245 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5380557\charrsid16482245 at 390.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5380557\charrsid16482245 T}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7558138\charrsid16482245 he Supreme Court affirmed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7558138\charrsid16482245 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5380557\charrsid16482245 at }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7558138\charrsid16482245 396.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5380557 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 [18]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12583091\charrsid16482245 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6439128\charrsid16482245 At oral argument}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7362943\charrsid16482245 before this court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6439128\charrsid16482245 , the Deputy Attorney General admitted that DRT ha}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5644991\charrsid16482245 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6439128\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4272527\charrsid16482245 agreed to comply with the}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6439128\charrsid16482245 writ of mandamus}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14056143\charrsid16482245 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4272527\charrsid16482245 Digital Recordings at 10:40 (Oral Argument, Mar. 6, 2009).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14056143\charrsid16482245 From this we conclude that}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6439128\charrsid16482245 the present case is conceptually similar to the abovementioned cases in that the would-be intervener is left without a party }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5644991\charrsid16482245 willing to mount a post-judgment challenge}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6439128\charrsid16482245 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605779\charrsid16482245 Because}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1266003\charrsid16482245 the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12583091\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12126914\charrsid16482245 DRT }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5644991\charrsid16482245 has essentially resigned itself to obeying the writ}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12126914\charrsid16482245 , GMI }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5650068\charrsid16482245 makes}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605779\charrsid16482245 a good }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14056143\charrsid16482245 argu}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605779\charrsid16482245 ment}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12126914\charrsid16482245 that intervention is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12126914\charrsid16482245 necessary to preserve some right which cannot otherwise be protected.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7362943\charrsid16482245 Pelle}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12126914\charrsid16482245 grino}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12583091\charrsid16482245 , 203 F.2d at 465.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605779\charrsid16482245 Thus, the fact that the motion to intervene occurred post-judgment does not }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14056143\charrsid16482245 necessarily require this court to find that the motion was untimely}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605779\charrsid16482245 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605779 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11601247\charrsid16482245 2. Prejudice to the Other Party}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11601247 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 [19]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11601247\charrsid16482245 \tab In determining whether granting a motion to intervene will prejudice the other party, the Ninth Circuit has recognized that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11601247\charrsid16482245 additional delay [due to a motion to intervene] is not alone decisive}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5644991\charrsid16482245 (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11601247\charrsid16482245 otherwise }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11601247\charrsid16482245 every}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11601247\charrsid16482245 intervention motion would be denied out of hand because it carried with it, almost [by] definition, the prospect of prolonging the litigation.)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11601247\charrsid16482245 League of United }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 Latin}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11601247\charrsid16482245 Am. Citizens}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11601247\charrsid16482245 , 131 F.3d at 1304}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7362943\charrsid16482245 (emphasis in original)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11601247\charrsid16482245 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11601247\charrsid16482245 In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11601247\charrsid16482245 League of United }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 Latin}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11601247\charrsid16482245 American Citizens}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11601247\charrsid16482245 , the applicants for intervention filed their motion almost twenty}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid726025\charrsid16482245 -}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11601247\charrsid16482245 seven months after the initial complaints were filed but before final judgment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11601247\charrsid16482245 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11601247\charrsid16482245 at 1301}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4870474\charrsid16482245 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4870474\charrsid16482245 On appeal, the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7362943\charrsid16482245 court found that the motion to intervene, if granted, would }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4870474\charrsid16482245 be prejudicial in that it }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7362943\charrsid16482245 would occur}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4870474\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4870474\charrsid16482245 at a time when the litigation was, by all accounts, beginning to wind itself down . . . .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4870474\charrsid16482245 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4870474\charrsid16482245 at 1304.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5644991\charrsid16482245 The court was concerned that additional motions and discovery requests could cause prejudicial delay.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5644991\charrsid16482245 Id.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11601247 \par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 [20]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4870474\charrsid16482245 \tab Here, in contrast, the litigation is finished\emdash only the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5644991\charrsid16482245 post-judgment challenges remain}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4870474\charrsid16482245 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5644991\charrsid16482245 At this point there is no possibility of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5650068\charrsid16482245 additional }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5644991\charrsid16482245 discovery}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12134711\charrsid16482245 , so it is difficult to conceive of any significant prejudice that might result from allowing intervention}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5644991\charrsid16482245 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1971241\charrsid16482245 The AG\rquote s principle argument for prejudice is that}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16126793\charrsid16482245 if intervention is granted}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1971241\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1971241\charrsid16482245 there will be two separate cases going at the same time to resolve the same issues . . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1971241\charrsid16482245 Appellee\rquote s Br. at 21}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid726025\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7238381\charrsid16482245 (Jan. 8, 2009)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7016801\charrsid16482245 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14578405\charrsid16482245 However, the other case, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14578405\charrsid16482245 Guam Music, Inc. v. Ilagan}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14578405\charrsid16482245 , SP0219-08 (Super. Ct. Guam) (filed Nov. 13, 2008), }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8723826\charrsid16482245 does not even name the AG as a party, and therefore no prejudice}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16126793\charrsid16482245 to the AG}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8723826\charrsid16482245 can result}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid862705\charrsid16482245 from that case}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8723826\charrsid16482245 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8723826\charrsid16482245 At oral argument, the Deputy Attorney General also made the addition}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16126793\charrsid16482245 al}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8723826\charrsid16482245 arguments that: (1) }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16126793\charrsid16482245 intervention may subject the DRT to lawsuits }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8723826\charrsid16482245 by other machine operators; and (2) }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16126793\charrsid16482245 intervention may cause the final judgment to be reopened}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8723826\charrsid16482245 .}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8723826\charrsid16482245 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8723826\charrsid16482245 Digital Recording at 10:52-10:54 (Oral Argument}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16126793\charrsid16482245 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8723826\charrsid16482245 Again, the DRT\rquote s potential problems are not to be attributed to the AG.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16126793\charrsid16482245 As to the second point, the AG\rquote s preference for the passive, post-judgment response of the DRT does not amount to prejudice.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14056143\charrsid16482245 T}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16126793\charrsid16482245 he AG has therefore failed to make a showing of prejudice, which}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14056143\charrsid16482245 weighs against a finding of untimeliness.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4870474 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9455293\charrsid16482245 3. The Reason for and Length of the Delay}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9455293 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 [21]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12126914\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9455293\charrsid16482245 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12134711\charrsid16482245 Next, we examine the reason for and length of the delay.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12126914\charrsid16482245 GMI argues that its motion to intervene was filed only three days after final judgment, and that}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12079924\charrsid16482245 the}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12126914\charrsid16482245 DRT\rquote s pending motions could have subsequently vacated that judgment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12126914\charrsid16482245 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 20.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9455293\charrsid16482245 GMI also argues that at the time the AG filed the present case, GMI\rquote s own petition for writ of mandamus was still before the court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9455293\charrsid16482245 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9455293\charrsid16482245 at 21.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9455293\charrsid16482245 In response, the AG argues, among other things, that GMI is a sophisticated party, th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592472\charrsid16482245 at }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9455293\charrsid16482245 GMI was aware all along that the present case was pending before the court, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15665335\charrsid16482245 and }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9455293\charrsid16482245 that neither the AG nor}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12079924\charrsid16482245 the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9455293\charrsid16482245 DRT had }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3870818\charrsid16482245 a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9455293\charrsid16482245 duty to join GMI and oth}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15665335\charrsid16482245 er gaming machine owners}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9455293\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15665335\charrsid16482245 as interested parties.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15665335\charrsid16482245 Appellee\rquote s Br. at 12-19.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12126914 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 [22]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15665335\charrsid16482245 \tab The AG cites to }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15665335\charrsid16482245 Farmland Dairies v. Comm}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14566609\charrsid16482245 issione}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15665335\charrsid16482245 r of }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15564617\charrsid16482245 New York}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15665335\charrsid16482245 State Dep}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15564617\charrsid16482245 artment}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15665335\charrsid16482245 of Agric}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15564617\charrsid16482245 ulture}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15665335\charrsid16482245 and Markets}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15665335\charrsid16482245 , 847 F.2d 1038 (2d Cir. 1988).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8981308\charrsid16482245 In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8981308\charrsid16482245 Farmland Dairies}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8981308\charrsid16482245 , an out-of-state milk producer alleged that New York\rquote s Commissioner of Agriculture and Markets was giving preferential treatment to in-state milk producers.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8981308\charrsid16482245 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8981308\charrsid16482245 at 1040-41.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8981308\charrsid16482245 The district court eventually issued a memorandum sustaining Farmland\rquote s commerce clause claim.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8981308\charrsid16482245 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8981308\charrsid16482245 at 1041.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8981308\charrsid16482245 Farmland }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12134711\charrsid16482245 then}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8981308\charrsid16482245 settled with the defendants.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8981308\charrsid16482245 Id. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14636227\charrsid16482245 at 1042.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14636227\charrsid16482245 At the final settlement hearing, s}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8981308\charrsid16482245 everal New York milk dealers moved to intervene}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14636227\charrsid16482245 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8981308\charrsid16482245 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15885558\charrsid16482245 at 1039, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14636227\charrsid16482245 10}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8981308\charrsid16482245 42.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15885558\charrsid16482245 The denial of the motion was affirmed on appeal, in part because the milk dealers had }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15885558\charrsid16482245 intervened and participated fully in the state administrative hearings on Farmland\rquote s four-county application.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15885558\charrsid16482245 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15885558\charrsid16482245 at }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7362943\charrsid16482245 1044-45}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15885558\charrsid16482245 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15885558 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 [23]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15885558\charrsid16482245 \tab The present case is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12134711\charrsid16482245 distinguishable from}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13003237\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13003237\charrsid16482245 Farmland}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13003237\charrsid16482245 in that the milk producers in }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13003237\charrsid16482245 Farmland}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13003237\charrsid16482245 sat on their rights for approximately six months.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13003237\charrsid16482245 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13003237\charrsid16482245 at 1042.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13003237\charrsid16482245 By contrast, the present case proceeded from petition to final judgment in less than forty days.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13003237\charrsid16482245 Moreover, GMI\rquote s }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12134711\charrsid16482245 interest in intervening did not become urgent until just}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13003237\charrsid16482245 eighteen days be}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12134711\charrsid16482245 fore final judgment, when}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5314485\charrsid16482245 its separate petition for writ}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12134711\charrsid16482245 of mandamus was dismissed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13003237\charrsid16482245 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12134711\charrsid16482245 While parties must be diligent in protecting their interests, we are not prepared to hold that the modest delays present here were manifestly unreasonable.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16609660\charrsid16482245 All of the cases cited by the parties and upholding the denial of a motion to intervene involve significantly longer delays.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16609660\charrsid16482245 See Assoc. Builders & Contractors, Inc. v. Herman}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6781261\charrsid16482245 , 166 F.3d 1248, 1253-54, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3161420\charrsid16482245 1256}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6781261\charrsid16482245 (D.C. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3161420\charrsid16482245 Cir.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6781261\charrsid16482245 1999)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3161420\charrsid16482245 (intervention sought eleven months after filing and several weeks after decision)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6781261\charrsid16482245 ;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16609660\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3161420\charrsid16482245 Atl. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Nw.}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11672665\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3161420\charrsid16482245 Airlines, Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3161420\charrsid16482245 , 24 F.3d 958, 961 (7th Cir.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16609660\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3161420\charrsid16482245 1994) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7500599\charrsid16482245 intervention sought fifteen months after filing and three months after decision); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7362943\charrsid16482245 Caba}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7500599\charrsid16482245 zon Band of Mission Indians v. Wilson}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7500599\charrsid16482245 , 124 F.3d 1050}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7362943\charrsid16482245 , 10}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1588212\charrsid16482245 61-62}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16609660\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7500599\charrsid16482245 (9th Cir. 1997)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1588212\charrsid16482245 (intervention sought several years after filing and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7362943\charrsid16482245 nearly three}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1588212\charrsid16482245 months after decision)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7500599\charrsid16482245 ;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16609660\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1588212\charrsid16482245 League of United }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 Latin}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1588212\charrsid16482245 Am. Citizens}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1588212\charrsid16482245 , 131 F.3d at 1304 (intervention sought twenty-seven months after filing); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15018837\charrsid16482245 NAACP v. New York}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15018837\charrsid16482245 , 413 U.S. at 346 (intervention sought four months after filing);}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3671886\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3671886\charrsid16482245 Washington}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3671886\charrsid16482245 , 86 F.3d }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1057366\charrsid16482245 at}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3671886\charrsid16482245 1502 (intervention}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6582820\charrsid16482245 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3671886\charrsid16482245 sought two to six years after filing).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15665335 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 [24]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3671886\charrsid16482245 \tab As for the reason for the delay, GMI\rquote s co-counsel, Attorney }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6582820\charrsid16482245 F. Randall }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3671886\charrsid16482245 Cunliffe, submitted an affidavit explaining the relevant events.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3671886\charrsid16482245 ER, tab 24 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11672665\charrsid16482245 Cunliffe }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3671886\charrsid16482245 Aff}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7016801\charrsid16482245 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14360053\charrsid16482245 , Sept. 4, 2008}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6582820\charrsid16482245 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6582820\charrsid16482245 The affidavit can be summarized as follows: (1) Cunliffe}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3671886\charrsid16482245 was advised by the DRT\rquote s attorney that the DRT would be filing a motion to join GMI in the pe}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6582820\charrsid16482245 tition as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5650068\charrsid16482245 an indispensable party}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6582820\charrsid16482245 ; (2) Cunliffe was off}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1851199\charrsid16482245 -}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6582820\charrsid16482245 island from August 4 to August 22}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7362943\charrsid16482245 , 2008}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6582820\charrsid16482245 ; and (3) upon returning to Guam, Cunliffe was made aware the motion to join GMI had not been filed at the request of the Governor.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6582820\charrsid16482245 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3214433\charrsid16482245 at 2.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6582820\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592472\charrsid16482245 GMI filed its motion to i}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14360053\charrsid16482245 ntervene the day of Cunliffe \rquote s return, at which point the Decision and Order granting the writ was already four days old.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14360053\charrsid16482245 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 15.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3214433 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 [25]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6449238\charrsid16482245 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16203967\charrsid16482245 From the Affidavit, we conclude that GMI \rquote s reasons for the delay are twofold: (1) Cunliffe was relying on representations that the DRT intended to join GMI as an indispensible party; and (2) Cunliffe was off}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1851199\charrsid16482245 -}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16203967\charrsid16482245 island and unaware that GMI had not been joined.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5518556\charrsid16482245 Wh}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9384812\charrsid16482245 ile neither of these reasons is}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5518556\charrsid16482245 sufficient to excuse a hard deadline, the truth is that as}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9384812\charrsid16482245 a practical matter, travel }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9384812\charrsid16482245 does}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9384812\charrsid16482245 make it somewhat more difficult to communicate, and attorneys often }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9384812\charrsid16482245 do}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9384812\charrsid16482245 rely on the representations of friendly counsel.} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9384812\charrsid16482245 Given the nebulous requirement that a motion to intervene be }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9384812\charrsid16482245 timely}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7362943\charrsid16482245 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9384812\charrsid16482245 the lack of a hard deadline, and the relatively short time period involved, a reasonable attorney could have relied on the DRT\rquote s representations under the circumstances.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10706029\charrsid16482245 Certainly, GMI wasted no time filing the motion to intervene once the petition was granted and it became clear that}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1266003\charrsid16482245 the}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10706029\charrsid16482245 DRT could not or would not join GMI as an indispensible party.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10706029\charrsid16482245 After examining all the relevant circumstances, we}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9384812\charrsid16482245 find that the reason for and length of the delay weigh in favor of }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10706029\charrsid16482245 a finding that the motion to intervene was timely filed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3671886 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 [26]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10706029\charrsid16482245 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13251356\charrsid16482245 Finally, we note that all the factors relevant to determining whether intervention is timely }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10706029\charrsid16482245 are}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13251356\charrsid16482245 to be}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10706029\charrsid16482245 construed broadly in favor of intervention.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10706029\charrsid16482245 Washington}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10706029\charrsid16482245 , 86 F.3d }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13251356\charrsid16482245 at }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10706029\charrsid16482245 1503}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13251356\charrsid16482245 ; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10706029\charrsid16482245 Donnelly}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10706029\charrsid16482245 , 159 F.3d at 409.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3944047\charrsid16482245 The Superior Court did not broadly construe the factors in favor of intervention when it emphasized only the fact that the motion to intervene was filed after the Decision and Order}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7362943\charrsid16482245 was issued}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3944047\charrsid16482245 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3944047\charrsid16482245 Our own review of the factors reveals that the motion to intervene was, in most respects, timely.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3944047\charrsid16482245 Although we do not substitute our own judgment for that of the Superior Court in abuse-of-discretion review,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9460195\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592472\charrsid16482245 we }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9460195\charrsid16482245 have}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6294587\charrsid16482245 in this case}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9460195\charrsid16482245 a }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9460195\charrsid16482245 definite}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7362943\charrsid16482245 and firm}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9460195\charrsid16482245 conviction}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9460195\charrsid16482245 that the Superior Court}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6294587\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9460195\charrsid16482245 committed clear error of judgment}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6294587\charrsid16482245 in weighing the relevant factors.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9460195\charrsid16482245 People v. Tuncap}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9460195\charrsid16482245 , 1998 Guam 13 \'b6 12.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6294587\charrsid16482245 The court\rquote s determination that the intervention was untimely is therefore reversible error.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6294587\charrsid16482245 However, an applicant for intervention as a matter of right must also satisfy the other requirements of GRCP 24(a), which we now review }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6294587\charrsid16482245 de novo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6294587\charrsid16482245 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6294587\charrsid16482245 See Donnelly}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6294587\charrsid16482245 , 159 F.3d at 409.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10706029 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13003237\charrsid16482245 B. }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7870040\charrsid16482245 Significantly Protectable Interest}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13003237 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 [27]}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2310008\charrsid16482245 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2310008\charrsid16482245 An applicant must demonstrate that it has a } {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2310008\charrsid16482245 significant protectable interest}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2310008\charrsid16482245 in the litigation to merit intervention.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2310008\charrsid16482245 Donnelly}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2310008\charrsid16482245 , 159 F.3d at 409.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2310008\charrsid16482245 To demonstrate such an interest, the applicant must establish: (1) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2310008\charrsid16482245 the interest [asserted] is protectable under some law, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2310008\charrsid16482245 and (2) there is a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2310008\charrsid16482245 relationship between the legally protected interest and the claims at issue.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2310008\charrsid16482245 Sierra Club v. EPA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5191549\charrsid16482245 , 995 F.2d 1478, 1484 (9th Cir. 1993).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7870040 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 [28]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5191549\charrsid16482245 \tab GMI points to a number of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5191549\charrsid16482245 interests}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5191549\charrsid16482245 it has in the present case including: (1) due process rights under the Administrative Adjudication }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7362943\charrsid16482245 Law}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5191549\charrsid16482245 , 5 GCA \'a7 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7362943\charrsid16482245 91}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5191549\charrsid16482245 00}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5314485\charrsid16482245 (2008)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5191549\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5191549\charrsid16482245 et seq.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5191549\charrsid16482245 ; (2) property interests in the gaming machine licenses; and (3) business interests related to the licenses.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5191549\charrsid16482245 Appellant \rquote s Br. at 22.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5191549\charrsid16482245 In response, the AG argues that GMI\rquote s interests are merely }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5191549\charrsid16482245 economic}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3491126\charrsid16482245 interests}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3491126\charrsid16482245 that are not }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3491126\charrsid16482245 significantly protectable}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3491126\charrsid16482245 for purposes of establishing the right to intervene.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3491126\charrsid16482245 Appellee\rquote s Br}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15564617\charrsid16482245 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3491126\charrsid16482245 at 24-25.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1516423\charrsid16482245 Of course }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1516423\charrsid16482245 economic interest}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1516423\charrsid16482245 is a term of art in this area of law, as virtually }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9971238\charrsid16482245 every pecuniary interest is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9971238\charrsid16482245 economic}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9971238\charrsid16482245 under the plain meaning of the word.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1516423 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 [29]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9971238\charrsid16482245 To illustrate the difference}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14097169\charrsid16482245 between an }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14097169\charrsid16482245 economic}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14097169\charrsid16482245 and a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14097169\charrsid16482245 significantly protectable}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14097169\charrsid16482245 interest}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9971238\charrsid16482245 , t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3491126\charrsid16482245 he AG cites to}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9971238\charrsid16482245 two cases.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9971238\charrsid16482245 The first is}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3491126\charrsid16482245 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3491126\charrsid16482245 Nikon Corp. v. ASM Lithography B.V.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3491126\charrsid16482245 , where }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14097169\charrsid16482245 optic}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9834743\charrsid16482245 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14097169\charrsid16482245 manufacturer Zeiss sought to intervene in a patent infringement case brought by Nikon, another optic}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9834743\charrsid16482245 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14097169\charrsid16482245 manufacturer}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9971238\charrsid16482245 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3491126\charrsid16482245 222 F.R.D. 647, 648 (D. Cal. 2004).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14097169\charrsid16482245 The defendant company made photolithography equipment using optics sup}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9834743\charrsid16482245 plied by Zeiss.}{ \cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1078220\charrsid16482245 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4477528 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid7747395 \chftn }{\insrsid7747395 Although not explicitly stated in the opinion, one can assume from the posture of the case that the optical components supplied by Zeiss did not themselves infringe on Nikon\rquote s patents.}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1078220\charrsid16482245 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9834743\charrsid16482245 In fact, the defendant company was Zeiss\rquote s only customer, so the two were likely to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9834743\charrsid16482245 stand and fall together.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1078220\charrsid16482245 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1078220\charrsid16482245 Even so, t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9834743\charrsid16482245 he court found that Zeiss\rquote s }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8211929\charrsid16482245 interests were merely }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8211929\charrsid16482245 economic}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8211929\charrsid16482245 and therefore not sufficiently protectable for purposes of intervention as of right.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8211929\charrsid16482245 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8211929\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4671651\charrsid16482245 at 650-51}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1078220\charrsid16482245 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9834743\charrsid16482245 Zeiss }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9834743\charrsid16482245 was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9834743\charrsid16482245 allowed to intervene permissively, however.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1078220\charrsid16482245 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1078220\charrsid16482245 at 651.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14097169 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 [30]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3491126\charrsid16482245 The AG also cites to }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878059\charrsid16482245 Medical Liability Mut. Ins. Co. v. Alan Curtis LLC}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878059\charrsid16482245 , 485 F.3d 1006 (8th Cir. 2007).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878059\charrsid16482245 There, a plaintiff suing a nursing home sought to intervene in a declaratory judgment suit between the nursing home and its insurance provider.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878059\charrsid16482245 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878059\charrsid16482245 at 1007-08.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878059\charrsid16482245 The court concluded that the intervenor \rquote s }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878059\charrsid16482245 only interest here is to ensure that the defendants in her state lawsuit have sufficient resources to satisfy any judgment she might obtain against them. This interest is too remote and indirect to qualify as a cognizable interest under Rule 24(a)(2).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878059\charrsid16482245 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9987411\charrsid16482245 at 1008.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5191549 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 [31]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878059\charrsid16482245 \tab A case more on point is }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878059\charrsid16482245 Sierra Club v. EPA} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878059\charrsid16482245 , 995 F.2d 1478.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878059\charrsid16482245 In }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878059\charrsid16482245 Sierra Club}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878059\charrsid16482245 , the City of Phoenix sought to intervene in a case involving a Clean Water Act lawsuit brought by the Sierra Club against the EPA.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid535511\charrsid16482245 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid535511\charrsid16482245 at 1480.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid535511\charrsid16482245 The Sierra }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16284269\charrsid16482245 C}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid535511\charrsid16482245 lub was attempting to force the EPA to reduce pollution emitted by wastewater treatment plants to which }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14636227\charrsid16482245 the EPA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid535511\charrsid16482245 granted licenses.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid535511\charrsid16482245 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid535511\charrsid16482245 at 1480-81.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878059\charrsid16482245 In finding that the City of Phoenix had a sufficiently protectable interest in the lawsuit, the court stated:}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878059 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878059\charrsid16482245 The City of Phoenix . . . owns the wastewater treatment plants and the permits.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878059\charrsid16482245 These interests are rights connected with the City\rquote s ownership of real property and its status as an EPA permittee. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878059\charrsid16482245 Such rights are among those traditionally protected by law . . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878059 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878059\charrsid16482245 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid535511\charrsid16482245 at 1482.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid535511\charrsid16482245 Here to}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14636227\charrsid16482245 o}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid535511\charrsid16482245 , GMI had former rights in its gaming licenses which were connected to its ownership of property, i.e. the gaming machines}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9704131\charrsid16482245 , and its status as a licensee}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid535511\charrsid16482245 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9704131\charrsid16482245 Moreover, GMI\rquote s profits are directly related to its ability to obtain licenses and legally operate its machines.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid535511\charrsid16482245 T}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9704131\charrsid16482245 hose licenses are protected under the regulatory licensing scheme implemented by the DRT, and t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid535511\charrsid16482245 he status of those licenses }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7174695\charrsid16482245 is}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid535511\charrsid16482245 the ce}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9704131\charrsid16482245 ntral issue in the present case.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid535511\charrsid16482245 GMI }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9704131\charrsid16482245 therefore has a}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid535511\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid535511\charrsid16482245 significantly protectable interest}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid535511\charrsid16482245 in }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9704131\charrsid16482245 this case}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid535511\charrsid16482245 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5191549 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7870040\charrsid16482245 C. Impairment of GMI\rquote s Ability to Protect its Interests}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7870040 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 [32]}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7870040\charrsid16482245 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7870040\charrsid16482245 Next, one must examine whether}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12079924\charrsid16482245 the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7870040\charrsid16482245 DRT\rquote s defense against revocation of the licenses would impair or impede GMI\rquote s ability to protect the licenses.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4671651\charrsid16482245 See }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7870040\charrsid16482245 Donnelly}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7870040\charrsid16482245 , 159 F.3d at 409.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7870040\charrsid16482245 The Superior Court believed, as indicated in a footnote, that GMI\rquote s motion to intervene would fail to meet this test\emdash that is, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7870040\charrsid16482245 the applicant must be so situated that the disposition of the action may as a practical matter impair or impede its ability to protect [its] interest.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7870040\charrsid16482245 Sierra Club}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7870040\charrsid16482245 , 995 F.2d }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5191549\charrsid16482245 at}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7870040\charrsid16482245 1481}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5191549\charrsid16482245 ; }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7870040\charrsid16482245 ER, tab 2}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14566609\charrsid16482245 7}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7870040\charrsid16482245 at 5 n.3 (Dec. & Order).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14636227\charrsid16482245 According to the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4671651\charrsid16482245 Superior Court}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14636227\charrsid16482245 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7870040\charrsid16482245 GMI had conceded that its }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7870040\charrsid16482245 remedy lies not in its intervention in this action but by independently asserting it[s] rights which continue to be unaffec}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14566609\charrsid16482245 ted by this order.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14566609\charrsid16482245 ER, tab 27}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7870040\charrsid16482245 at 5 (Dec. & Order).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592472 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 [33]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7870040\charrsid16482245 Presumably, the remedy referred to }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592472\charrsid16482245 by the court }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7870040\charrsid16482245 is GMI\rquote s ability to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8391840\charrsid16482245 seek an administrative hearing or petition for another writ of mandamus.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8391840\charrsid16482245 In fact, GMI has apparently sought both of these remedies.}{\cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8391840\charrsid16482245 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4477528 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid7747395 \chftn }{\insrsid7747395 GMI filed a notice of defense with the DRT regarding revocation of its licenses. Appellant\rquote s Br. at 7. We also take judicial notice that GMI filed another petition for writ of mandamus against the DRT after this appeal was taken. Appellee \rquote s Br. at 6-7.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8391840\charrsid16482245 However, the test is not whether a party\rquote s remedies are completely foreclosed\emdash rather, this court must consider whether those remedies are impaired or impeded by not allowing intervention.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8391840\charrsid16482245 See Sierra Club}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8391840\charrsid16482245 , 995 F.2d at 1486 (noting that the applicant for intervention could have pursued additional administrative or judicial proceedings, but}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3807294\charrsid16482245 also}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8391840\charrsid16482245 finding that the applicant\rquote s ability to protect its interests was impaired)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7870040\charrsid16482245 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7870040 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 [34]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12130437\charrsid16482245 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592472\charrsid16482245 The AG attempts to distinguish }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732180\charrsid16482245 Sierra Club}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592472\charrsid16482245 by }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732180\charrsid16482245 arguing}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592472\charrsid16482245 that the interests of the City of Phoenix}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732180\charrsid16482245 , as applicant for intervention in that case,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8134411\charrsid16482245 would have been}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592472\charrsid16482245 impaired because it would have to follow }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8134411\charrsid16482245 any}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592472\charrsid16482245 new EPA rules}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8134411\charrsid16482245 resulting from a judgment}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592472\charrsid16482245 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592472\charrsid16482245 Appellee\rquote s Br. at 23.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592472\charrsid16482245 GMI, the argument goes, is not similarly impaired, as demonstrated by its ability to bring its own writ petition before the court.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592472\charrsid16482245 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592472\charrsid16482245 However, revocation by mandamus would certainly impair GMI\rquote s interests in its licenses}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732180\charrsid16482245 and}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1189361\charrsid16482245 , more importantly,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732180\charrsid16482245 impede its ability to seek its own writ of mandamus.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732180\charrsid16482245 This is because the court in a subsequent proceeding might find itself }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8134411\charrsid16482245 bound by the law of}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732180\charrsid16482245 the case or }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732180\charrsid16482245 res judicata}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732180\charrsid16482245 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592472\charrsid16482245 In fact, it is not even clear that GMI would have an admin}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732180\charrsid16482245 istrative remedy with the DRT once a superior tribunal (that is,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592472\charrsid16482245 the Superior Court) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8134411\charrsid16482245 makes}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732180\charrsid16482245 a final determination}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592472\charrsid16482245 that rev}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732180\charrsid16482245 ocation is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8134411\charrsid16482245 essentially }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732180\charrsid16482245 a ministerial duty.}{ \cs17\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732180\charrsid16482245 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4477528 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid7747395 \chftn }{\insrsid7747395 }{\insrsid7747395\charrsid5732180 Alas, such procedural oddities are inevitable when one fails to proceed in an orderly fashion through regular administrative channels.}{\insrsid7747395 We also note that the existence of an administrative law remedy might be at odds with the requirement that a writ of mandamus be issued where there is \'93}{\insrsid7747395\charrsid15797983 not a plain, speedy and adequate remedy in the ordinary course of law}{\insrsid7747395 . . . .\'94 }{\insrsid7747395\charrsid15797983 7 GCA \'a7 31203 (2005)}{\insrsid7747395 ; }{\i\insrsid7747395\charrsid15797983 Dep}{\i\insrsid7747395 \rquote t}{ \i\insrsid7747395\charrsid15797983 of Agric}{\i\insrsid7747395 . v. Civil Serv. Comm\rquote }{\i\insrsid7747395\charrsid15797983 n}{\insrsid7747395 ., 2007 Guam 21 \'b6 37. However, the writ of mandamus itself is not currently before this court.}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1189361\charrsid16482245 Cf.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8134411\charrsid16482245 Duenas v. Guam Election Comm\rquote n}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8134411\charrsid16482245 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1189361\charrsid16482245 2008 Guam 1 \'b6 31 (petitioner for mandamus relief must show a }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1189361\charrsid16482245 clear, present, and usually ministerial duty on the part of the respondent}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1189361\charrsid16482245 (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1189361\charrsid16482245 Bank of Guam v. Reidy}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1189361\charrsid16482245 , 2001 Guam 14 \'b6 13)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732180\charrsid16482245 For these reasons, we find that GMI\rquote s interests will be impaired if it is not allowed to intervene in the present case and seek a more favorable resolution.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12130437 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7870040\charrsid16482245 D. Inadequate Representation by}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12079924\charrsid16482245 the}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7870040\charrsid16482245 DRT}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7870040 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 [35]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2319775\charrsid16482245 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2910896\charrsid16482245 In determining whether}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12079924\charrsid16482245 the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2910896\charrsid16482245 DRT can adequately represent GMI\rquote s interests, a court must consider: (1) }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2910896\charrsid16482245 whether the interest of a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9005749\charrsid16482245 present party is such that it w }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2910896\charrsid16482245 ill undoubtedly make all the intervenor\rquote s arguments}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2910896\charrsid16482245 ; (2) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2910896\charrsid16482245 whether the present party is capable and willing to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9005749\charrsid16482245 make such arguments}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9005749\charrsid16482245 ; and (3) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9005749\charrsid16482245 w}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2910896\charrsid16482245 hether the intervenor would offer any necessary elements to the proceedings that the other parties would neglect.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2910896\charrsid16482245 Cal}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14566609\charrsid16482245 .}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2910896\charrsid16482245 v. Tahoe Reg\rquote l Planning Agency}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2910896\charrsid16482245 , 792 F.2d 775, 778 (9th Cir. 1986).}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2910896\charrsid16482245 On the other hand, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2910896\charrsid16482245 [a]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2319775\charrsid16482245 mere difference of opinion concerning the tactics with which litigation should be handled does not make inadequate the representation of those whose interests are identical with that of an existing party or who are formally represented in the lawsuit.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2319775\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2319775\charrsid16482245 Jones v. Prince George\rquote s County, Md.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2319775\charrsid16482245 , 348 F.3d 1014, 1020 (D.C. App. 2003) (quoting 7C Wright}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2910896\charrsid16482245 &}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2319775\charrsid16482245 Miller, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2319775\charrsid16482245 Federal Practice and Procedure}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2319775\charrsid16482245 \'a7 1909, at 344 (2d ed.1986)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2910896\charrsid16482245 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2319775\charrsid16482245 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6758258 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 [36]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9005749\charrsid16482245 Because}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12079924\charrsid16482245 the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2910896\charrsid16482245 DRT filed a defective answer, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1661697\charrsid16482245 GMI arg ues that the court essentially granted a }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1661697\charrsid16482245 de facto}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1661697\charrsid16482245 default judgment in favor of the AG}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9402575\charrsid16482245 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1661697\charrsid16482245 Appellant\rquote s Br.}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9402575\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9402575\charrsid16482245 at 24}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1661697\charrsid16482245 -25}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9402575\charrsid16482245 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9402575\charrsid16482245 GMI therefore claims that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12079924\charrsid16482245 the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9402575\charrsid16482245 DRT has failed to adeq}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9005749\charrsid16482245 uately represent GMI\rquote s interest}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9402575\charrsid16482245 in obtaining a hearing on the merits of its administrative law claims.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9402575\charrsid16482245 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9402575\charrsid16482245 The AG argues that GMI\rquote s arguments amount to a complaint about how the DRT handled the case, not a difference in position on the underlying issues.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9402575\charrsid16482245 Appellee\rquote s Br. at 24.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9402575\charrsid16482245 Although}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12079924\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9005749\charrsid16482245 we agree that the DRT\rquote s trial mistake does not demonstrate an inability to represent GMI\rquote s interests, we are troubled by the significant differences between GMI\rquote s interests and those of the DRT.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2910896 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 [37]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9005749\charrsid16482245 GMI argues that the DRT\rquote s goal is to prevent GMI\rquote s licenses from being reissued.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9005749\charrsid16482245 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 24.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9005749\charrsid16482245 As evidence of this, GMI points to a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5314485\charrsid16482245 License/Registration Non-Renewal Notice}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9005749\charrsid16482245 that the DRT sent to GMI and other licensees stating that the licenses would not be reissued.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9005749\charrsid16482245 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9005749\charrsid16482245 at 6.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9005749\charrsid16482245 The DRT also refused to accept payment for the licenses.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9005749\charrsid16482245 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9005749\charrsid16482245 at 7.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9005749\charrsid16482245 In fact, the DRT\rquote s only major concern, and the reason it argued against the writ, is that the writ might deny GMI and others administrative due process.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9005749\charrsid16482245 See id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9005749\charrsid16482245 at 9, 11, 22.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9005749 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 [38]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9005749\charrsid16482245 In its brief,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1914990\charrsid16482245 GMI declared its intention of raising additional }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12079924\charrsid16482245 arguments}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1914990\charrsid16482245 no}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12079924\charrsid16482245 t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1914990\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12079924\charrsid16482245 raised}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1914990\charrsid16482245 by any other party.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1914990\charrsid16482245 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14566609\charrsid16482245 at 25.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14566609\charrsid16482245 These include:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14566609 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1914990\charrsid16482245 (1) denial of due process; (2) asserting that the writ was issued}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1914990\charrsid16482245 improperly because it was granted by default in violation of 7 GCA \'a7 31205; (3) it was issued without notice to or inclusion of an interested party, th e real party in interest, and/or an indispensible party; (4) challenging the writ and judgment as void under 7 GCA Rule 60; (5) seeking reconsideration of the writ and judgment under 7 GCA Rule 59; and (6) challenging the petition on the merits and after the presentation of evide}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14566609\charrsid16482245 nce at a trial on the petition.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14566609 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1914990\charrsid16482245 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1266003\charrsid16482245 GMI is almost certainly correct in asserting that the DRT will not raise these arguments, as the DRT has apparently decided to obey the court\rquote s mandate.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1266003\charrsid16482245 Because the DRT is unwilling to make any of GMI\rquote s arguments, or even institute further proceedings, GMI will not be adequately represented in the absence of intervention.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1914990 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13308244\charrsid16482245 V}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10949319\charrsid16482245 .}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13308244\charrsid16482245 CONCLUSION}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10949319 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid397792\charrsid16482245 [39]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid539698\charrsid16482245 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13308244\charrsid16482245 The Superior Court abused its discretion in finding that the motion to intervene was untimely.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13308244\charrsid16482245 After weighing the other factors }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13308244\charrsid16482245 de novo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13308244\charrsid16482245 , we conclude that GMI\rquote s motion to intervene}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4142058\charrsid16482245 as a matter of right}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13308244\charrsid16482245 should have been granted.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4142058\charrsid16482245 As a result, the issue of permissive intervention need not be addressed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13308244\charrsid16482245 The Superior Court\rquote s }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1661697\charrsid16482245 Decision and Order denying}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13308244\charrsid16482245 the motion to intervene is hereby }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13308244\charrsid16482245 REVERSED}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13308244\charrsid16482245 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9135564\charrsid16482245 The case is }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9135564\charrsid16482245 REMANDED}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9135564\charrsid16482245 to the Superior Court }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4142058\charrsid16482245 for whatever further proceedings are still available to the parties.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16480784\charrsid16482245 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13308244 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6441336 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6441336\charrsid16482245 KATHERINE A. MARAMAN \par Presiding Justice}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6441336\charrsid16482245 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6441336\charrsid16482245 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 MIGUEL S. DEMAPAN}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13308244\charrsid16482245 \par Justice, }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13308244\charrsid16482245 Pro Tempore}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13308244\charrsid16482245 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12021598\charrsid16482245 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16482245 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 ALEXANDRO C. CASTRO}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13308244\charrsid16482245 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6441336 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 Justice, }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 Pro Tempore}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16482245\charrsid16482245 \par }}