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{\cs21\insrsid13502567 \par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid13502567 \par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pndec\pnstart1 {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnlcltr\pnstart1 {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pnlcrm\pnstart1 {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pndec\pnstart1 {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl5\pnlcltr\pnstart1 {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6 \pnlcrm\pnstart1 {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pndec\pnstart1 {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1 {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1 }\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5664421 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5664421 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4926855 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 THE PEOPLE OF GUAM, \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5664421 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Plaintiff-Appellee,}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5664421 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5664421 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 v. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5664421 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5664421 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 DOYLE LAMONT PERRY, \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Defendant-Appellant. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5664421 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5664421 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14553854\charrsid5664421 AMENDED }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid5664421 OPINION \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5664421 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5664421 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14837507\charrsid2763459 Filed:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14837507\charrsid2763459 April 24, 2009 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4147441\charrsid2763459 Cite as: 2009}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Guam }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13323214\charrsid2763459 4}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2763459 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10489242 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Supreme Court Case No.: CRA07-006 \par Superior Court Case No.: CF0230-06 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10489242 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10489242 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam \par Argued and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid604225\charrsid2763459 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 ubmitted, May 13, 2008 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2763459 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \par }\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid2763459 {\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Appearing for Plaintiff-Appellee:}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \tab \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid2763459 Marianne Wolo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 schuk, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Esq.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \tab \par Office of the Attorney General \par Prosecution Div}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid604225\charrsid2763459 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \par 287 W O\rquote Brien Dr}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid604225\charrsid2763459 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, G}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid604225\charrsid2763459 U}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 96910\cell }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Appearing for Defendant-Appellant:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \par Howard Trapp, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Esq. \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 200 Saylor Bldg}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid604225\charrsid2763459 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \par 139 Chalan Santo Papa\tab \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, G}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid604225\charrsid2763459 U}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 96910\cell }\pard \ql 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TORRES}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 , Chief Justice; F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Associate Justice; KATHERINE A. MARAMAN, Associate Justice. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\dxfrtext90\dfrmtxtx90\dfrmtxty90\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2763459 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 MARAMAN, J.:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5664421\charrsid2763459 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2763459 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid604225\charrsid2763459 [1]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid604225\charrsid2763459 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4877761\charrsid2763459 This }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13269782\charrsid2763459 c}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13587460\charrsid2763459 ourt issued an earlier opinion in }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13587460\charrsid2763459 People v. }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12022304\charrsid2763459 Perry}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12022304\charrsid2763459 , 2008 Guam 24}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13587460\charrsid2763459 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13587460\charrsid2763459 The opi}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12022304\charrsid2763459 nion did not consider the vast majority of the transcripts, which }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2562086\charrsid2763459 were }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12022304\charrsid2763459 ordered by the defendant\rquote s attorney but never delivered to this court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13587460\charrsid2763459 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13587460\charrsid2763459 On rehearing, we determined that this }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13269782\charrsid2763459 c}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13587460\charrsid2763459 ourt should have }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12022304\charrsid2763459 considered the transcripts, which were part of the record, in rendering our opinion}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13587460\charrsid2763459 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13587460\charrsid2763459 As a result, we now issue this Amended Opinion to supersede our earlier opinion in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13587460\charrsid2763459 People v. }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12022304\charrsid2763459 Perry}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12022304\charrsid2763459 , 2008 Guam 24}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13587460\charrsid2763459 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13587460 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310\charrsid2763459 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid604225\charrsid2763459 [2]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid604225\charrsid2763459 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Plaintiff-Appellant Doyle Lamont Perry appeals from conviction}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1197063\charrsid2763459 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 o}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1197063\charrsid2763459 f}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 assault, terrorizing, and multiple counts of criminal sexual conduc}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1197063\charrsid2763459 t in various degrees.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1197063\charrsid2763459 He argues}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 that the court committed error in its final jury instructions in reciting the allegations of the indictment}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1197063\charrsid2763459 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 on one hand}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1197063\charrsid2763459 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 and instructing that the government needed to prove at least one act for each charge}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1197063\charrsid2763459 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 on the other hand}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1197063\charrsid2763459 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1197063\charrsid2763459 Perry concludes}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 that the effect of the jury instructions was fail}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid2763459 ure}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 to clearly instruct that all essential elements of the crime must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Although we agree that the jury instructions were flawed, the error did not }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14900702\charrsid2763459 amount to plain error}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 and the verdict must be affirmed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 \par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310\charrsid2763459 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13267310 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 I.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid990251\charrsid2763459 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2763459 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310\charrsid2763459 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid604225\charrsid2763459 [3]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \tab Perry was indicted on six charges: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid2763459 (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 1) three counts of First Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 CSC}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 ); }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid2763459 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 2) three counts of Second Degree CSC; }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid2763459 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 3) three counts of Third Degree CSC; }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid2763459 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 4) Assault with Intent to Commit CSC; }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid2763459 (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 5) Aggravated Assault, and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid2763459 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 6) Terrorizing.}{ \cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12846939 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs16\super\insrsid13502567\charrsid10254623 \chftn }{\insrsid13502567\charrsid10254623 }{\insrsid13502567 }{\insrsid13502567\charrsid10254623 9 GCA \'a7}{\insrsid13502567 \'a7}{\insrsid13502567\charrsid10254623 25.15(a)(6) and (b)}{\insrsid13502567 (2005)}{\insrsid13502567\charrsid10254623 (1st degree CSC); 9 GCA \'a7}{\insrsid13502567 \'a7}{\insrsid13502567\charrsid10254623 25.20(a)(6) and (b)}{\insrsid13502567 (2005)}{\insrsid13502567\charrsid10254623 (2d degree CSC); 9 GCA \'a7}{ \insrsid13502567 \'a7}{\insrsid13502567\charrsid10254623 25.25(a)(2) and (b)}{\insrsid13502567 (2005) (3d degree CSC); 9 GCA \'a7}{\insrsid13502567\charrsid10254623 25.35}{\insrsid13502567 (2005)}{\insrsid13502567\charrsid10254623 (assault with intent to commit CSC); 9 GCA \'a7}{\insrsid13502567 \'a7}{\insrsid13502567\charrsid10254623 19.20(a)(1) and (b)}{\insrsid13502567 (2005)}{\insrsid13502567\charrsid10254623 (aggravated assault); 9 GCA \'a7}{\insrsid13502567 \'a7}{ \insrsid13502567\charrsid10254623 19.60(a) and (b)}{\insrsid13502567 (2005)}{\insrsid13502567\charrsid10254623 (terrorizing). }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 For each CSC charged, the first count alleged vaginal contact or penetration, the second count alleged rectal contact or penetration, and the third count alleged oral contact or penetration.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 At trial, the jury returned verdicts of guilty on all charges and counts.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310\charrsid2763459 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid604225\charrsid2763459 [4]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \tab The trial court instructed the jury as to the essential elements of each charge and count.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid2763459 Because }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 the instructions }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1197063\charrsid2763459 are nearly identical}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 , a representative instruction from the transcript suffice}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid2763459 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 to demonstrat}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1197063\charrsid2763459 e}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 the trial court\rquote s method.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 For example, as to the first count of First Degree CSC, the court instructed the jury:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310\charrsid2763459 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2763459 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Ladies and gentlemen, now the essential elements of First Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct, as a First Degree Felony, Count One, okay. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13267310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2763459 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 It is alleged here that on or about May 27, 2006, in Guam, Defendant, Doyle Lamont Perry, did intentionally engage in sexual penetration with another, to wit, Defendant caused his penis to enter}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid2763459 the vaginal area of Su Young T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13269782\charrsid2763459 h}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 ompkins, and used forc e and coercion to accomplish the sexual penetration, causing personal injury to Su Young Thompkins.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13267310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2763459 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid2763459 Appellant\rquote s Excerpts of Record (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 ER}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid2763459 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 at 48} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid2763459 (Amended Transcript, Feb. 1, 2008)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 The jury }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1197063\charrsid2763459 also took }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 a written version of this jury instruction into the deliberation room.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 The written jury instructions more clearly enumerated the individual elements for the crimes, for example: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13267310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2763459 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 JURY INSTRUCTION NO. 7A \par ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF \par FIRST DEGREE CRIMINAL SEXUAL CONDUCT \par (As a First Degree Felony) \par (Count 1) \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13267310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13267310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 1.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid604225\charrsid2763459 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 ON OR ABOUT MAY 27, 2006; \par 2.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid604225\charrsid2763459 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 IN GUAM \par 3.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid604225\charrsid2763459 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 DEFENDANT, DOYLE LAMONT PERRY, \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10434987\charrsid2763459 4.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid604225\charrsid2763459 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10434987\charrsid2763459 DID INTE}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 NTIONALLY ENGAGE IN SEXUAL PENETRATION WITH ANOTHER, TO WIT: DEFENDANT CAUSED HIS PENIS TO ENTER}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid2763459 THE VAGINAL AREA OF SU YOUNG T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 OMPKINS, \par 5.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid604225\charrsid2763459 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 AND USED FORCE AND COERCION TO ACCOMPLISH THE SEXUAL PENETRATION \par 6.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid604225\charrsid2763459 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 CAUSING PERSONAL INJURY TO SU YOU}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid2763459 NG T}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 OMPKINS}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15031272\charrsid2763459 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13267310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2763459 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Supplemental Excerpts of Record (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 SER}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 ) at 63 (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid2763459 Jury Instruction No. 7A, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Mar. 13, 2008).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Just before reciting the elements of the second count of first degree CSC, the court also made the following comment: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 keep in mind, with these essential elements it goes without saying that the Government must meet the burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant . . .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9710056\charrsid2763459 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 ER}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid2763459 at}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 34 (Transcript}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid2763459 , Apr. 23, 2007}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 ).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Nowhere, however, was the jury instructed that it must find that each and every element of the crime was proven beyond a reasonable doubt.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310\charrsid2763459 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13317390\charrsid2763459 [5]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \tab Perry requested a unanimity instruction, which was given as follows: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13267310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2763459 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 The defendant is charged with FIRST DEGREE CRIMINAL SEXUAL CONDUCT (as a 1st Degree Felony) (3 counts); SECOND DEGREE CRIMINAL SEXUAL CONDUCT (as a 1st Degree Felony) (3 Counts); THIRD DEGREE CRIMINAL SEXUAL CONDUCT (as a 2nd Degree Felony) (3 Count}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10434987\charrsid2763459 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 ); ASSAULT WITH INTENT TO COMMIT CRIMINAL SEXUAL CONDUCT (as a 3 rd Degree Felony); AGGRAVATED ASSAULT (as a 2nd Degree Felony); and TERRORIZING (as a 3rd Degree Felony) sometime during the period of May 27, 2006. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13267310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2763459 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 The People have presented evidence of more than one act to prove that the defendant committed each offense.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 You must not find the defendant guilty unless you all agree that the People have proved that the defendant committed at least one of the acts for each charge and you all agree on which act he committed for each charge. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13267310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2763459 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid2763459 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 at 45.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 No objection was made to the unanimity instruction at trial.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310\charrsid2763459 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13317390\charrsid2763459 [6]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \tab Finally, the court gave an instruction on the sufficiency of the circumstantial evidence: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13267310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Further, each fa ct which is essential to complete a set of circumstances necessary to establish the defendant\rquote s guilt must be . . . proven beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 In other words, before an inference essential to establish guilt may be found to have been proved beyond a reasonable doubt, each fact or circumstance on which the inference necessarily rests must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt. \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2763459 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid2763459 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid2763459 at 19;}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid2763459 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 accord}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 SER at 29 (Jury Instruction No. 3I).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310\charrsid2763459 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13317390\charrsid2763459 [7]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \tab Judgment was entered on November 14, 2007 and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003072\charrsid2763459 Perry timely filed a notice of appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310\charrsid2763459 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13267310 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 II.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid990251\charrsid2763459 JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2763459 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310\charrsid2763459 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13317390\charrsid2763459 [8]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \tab This }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13269782\charrsid2763459 c}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 ourt has jurisdiction over this appeal from a final judgment of conviction pursuant to 48 U}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9710056\charrsid2763459 .S.C. \'a7 1424-1(a)(2) (2007);}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 3107(b)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9710056\charrsid2763459 and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 3108(a)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9710056\charrsid2763459 (2005);}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 and 8 GCA \'a7\'a7 130.10}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8529994\charrsid2763459 and}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 130.15(a) (2005).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310\charrsid2763459 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13317390\charrsid2763459 [9]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \tab Because no objection to the jury instructions was made at trial,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2575828\charrsid2763459 the plain error standard of review applies and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13330335\charrsid2763459 the defendant has the burden of showing }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13330335\charrsid2763459 (1) that there has been a violation of a legal rule, not waived by [the defenda nt], during court proceedings; (2) the error must be plain in that it is \lquote clear\rquote or \lquote obvious\rquote under current law; and (3) the plain error must have affected }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1983420\charrsid2763459 [defendant\rquote s]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13330335\charrsid2763459 substantial rights.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13330335\charrsid2763459 People v. Van Bui}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13330335\charrsid2763459 , 2008 Guam 8 \'b6 10.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4482643\charrsid2763459 Once a defendant has shown t hat there was a clear error affecting the defendant\rquote s substantial rights, this }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13269782\charrsid2763459 c}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4482643\charrsid2763459 ourt may, within its sound discretion, find that plain error has occurred.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4482643\charrsid2763459 United States v. Olano}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4482643\charrsid2763459 , 507 U.S. 725, 732 (1993).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4482643\charrsid2763459 However, }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4482643\charrsid2763459 [s]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 uch error will be found only where nec essary to prevent a miscarriage of justice or to maintain the integrity of the judicial process.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4482643\charrsid2763459 People v. Campbell}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4482643\charrsid2763459 , 2006 Guam 14 \'b6 34}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4482643\charrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4482643\charrsid2763459 People v. }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Perez}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 , 1999 Guam 2 \'b6 21).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310\charrsid2763459 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13267310 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 III.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid990251\charrsid2763459 DISCUSSION}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2763459 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310\charrsid2763459 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 A. The Constitutional Requirement that Each and Every Element be Proved}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310\charrsid2763459 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13317390\charrsid2763459 [10]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \tab Under Guam law, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 [n]o person may be convicted of an offense unless each element of the offense is proved beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 8 GCA \'a7 90.21}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9710056\charrsid2763459 (a)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988\charrsid2763459 (2005).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988\charrsid2763459 Section 90.21 was first adopted by the Guam Legislature in 1977.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988\charrsid2763459 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988\charrsid2763459 Guam Crim. Proc. Code \'a7 90.21(a) (1977).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988\charrsid2763459 The language is nearly identical to section 1.12 of the Model Penal Code, although the Model Code contains the additional sentence: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988\charrsid2763459 In the absence of such proof, the innocence of the defendant is assumed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988\charrsid2763459 Model Penal Code \'a7 1.12 (1985).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988\charrsid2763459 According to the explanatory note to the Model Penal Code:}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310\charrsid2763459 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2763459 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988\charrsid2763459 [Section 1.12\rquote s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10755108\charrsid2763459 ]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988\charrsid2763459 basic pre}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10755108\charrsid2763459 mise . . . }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988\charrsid2763459 is that the state must establish every element of the offense . . . beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988\charrsid2763459 This requirement is now constitutionally mandated}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988\charrsid2763459 , though the [United States] Supreme Court\rquote s definition of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988\charrsid2763459 element,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988\charrsid2763459 which is still evolving, appears to be substantially narrower than that of the [Model Penal] Code. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13267310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988\charrsid2763459 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2763459 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988\charrsid2763459 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988\charrsid2763459 ,}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988\charrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988\charrsid2763459 EXPLANATORY NOTE}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10755108\charrsid2763459 (emphasis added)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988\charrsid2763459 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310\charrsid2763459 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13317390\charrsid2763459 [11]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8218988\charrsid2763459 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10755108\charrsid2763459 Indeed, the United States Supreme Court has }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid227451\charrsid2763459 used language substantially similar to}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10755108\charrsid2763459 section 1.12 of the Model Penal Code in the context of a defendant\rquote s due process rights}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid227451\charrsid2763459 under the federal constitution}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10755108\charrsid2763459 :}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310\charrsid2763459 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2763459 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Lest there remain any doubt about the constitutional stature of the reasonable-doubt standard, we explicitly hold that the Due Process Clause protects the accused against conviction }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 except upon proof beyond a reasonable doubt of every fact necessary to constitute the crime with which he is charged}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 . \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13267310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2763459 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 In re Winship}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 , 397 U.S. 358, 364 (1970) (emphasis added); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 accord}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 United States v. Booker}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 , 543 U.S. 220, 230 (2005).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10755108\charrsid2763459 The Due Process Clause of both the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution apply equally to Guam defendants by virtu}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2575828\charrsid2763459 e}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10755108\charrsid2763459 of the Organic Act.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10755108\charrsid2763459 48 U.S.C. \'a7 1421b(u) (Westlaw 2008)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid227451\charrsid2763459 .}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid227451\charrsid2763459 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid227451 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid13502567\charrsid14620582 \chftn }{\insrsid13502567 }{\insrsid13502567\charrsid14620582 }{\i\insrsid13502567\charrsid14620582 See also id.}{\insrsid13502567\charrsid14620582 \'a7 1421b(e) (\'93No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.\'94); }{\i\insrsid13502567\charrsid14620582 People v. Angoco}{\insrsid13502567\charrsid14620582 , 2006 Guam 18 \'b6 1 n.2; }{ \i\insrsid13502567\charrsid14620582 Guam Soc\rquote y of Obstetricians & Gynecologists v. Ada}{\insrsid13502567\charrsid14620582 , 962 F.2d 1366, 1370 (9th Cir. 1992). \par }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid203786\charrsid2763459 We are therefore required to interpret 8 GCA \'a7 90.21(a) in such a way as to provide defendants with at least the minimum due process they would enjoy under the federal constitution.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid203786\charrsid2763459 See People v. Guerrero}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid203786\charrsid2763459 , 290 F.3d 2010, 1217 (9th Cir. 2002) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid203786\charrsid2763459 Not even a sovereign }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8875500\charrsid2763459 [s]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid203786\charrsid2763459 tate may interpret a federal statute or constitutional provision in a way contrary to the interpretation given it by the U.S. Supreme Court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid203786\charrsid2763459 ); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid203786\charrsid2763459 People v. Root}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid203786\charrsid2763459 , 2005 Guam 16 \'b6 13 (relying on United States Supreme Court precedent for the proposition that a jury must determine that the defendant is guilty of every element of the crime wi}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid227451\charrsid2763459 th which a defendant is charged}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid203786\charrsid2763459 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10755108 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310\charrsid2763459 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13317390\charrsid2763459 [12]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10755108\charrsid2763459 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid227451\charrsid2763459 The Court has made clear that due process requires the jury to use the correct standard of proof.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid227451\charrsid2763459 T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 he prosecution bears the burden of proving all elements of the offense charged and must persuade the factfinder \lquote beyond a reasonable doubt\rquote of the facts necessary to establish each of those elements.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Sullivan v. Louisiana}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 , 508 U.S. 275, 277-278 (1993) (citations omitted).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Thus, in a jury trial, } {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 [t]he Constitution gives a criminal defendant the right to have a jury determine, beyond a reasonable doubt, his guilt o f every element of the crime with which he is charged.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 United States v. Gaudin}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 , 515 U.S. 506, 522-23 (1995).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12458755\charrsid2763459 Although it is clear that a jury must determine guilt of every element of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12458755\charrsid2763459 id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12458755\charrsid2763459 , the Court has not reached the question of whether that instruction need be given explicitly, or whether the instructions }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12458755\charrsid2763459 considered and reviewed as a whole}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12458755\charrsid2763459 can convey the required standard of proof implicitly.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 } {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12458755\charrsid2763459 People v. Jones}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12458755\charrsid2763459 , 2006, Guam 13 \'b6 28.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310\charrsid2763459 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13317390\charrsid2763459 [13]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12458755\charrsid2763459 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16522060\charrsid2763459 Federal case law}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12458755\charrsid2763459 offer}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16522060\charrsid2763459 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12458755\charrsid2763459 little gu idance in answering this question, possibly because the federal courts typically give an each-and-every-element instruction as a matter of course.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12458755\charrsid2763459 See }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12458755\charrsid2763459 1A Fed. Jury Prac. & Instr. \'a7 10:01 (5th ed.) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12458755\charrsid2763459 The burden or obligation, as you will be told many times during the course of this trial, is always on the government to prove each and every element of the offense[s] charged beyond reasonable doubt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12458755\charrsid2763459 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16522060\charrsid2763459 However, the Eighth Circuit did consider a somewhat analogous situation in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16522060\charrsid2763459 United States v. Ali}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16522060\charrsid2763459 , 63 F.3d 710 (8th Cir. 1995).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16522060\charrsid2763459 There, the trial court neglected to instruct the jury }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16522060\charrsid2763459 that the government had to prove each and every element beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16522060\charrsid2763459 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16522060\charrsid2763459 at 714.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16522060\charrsid2763459 However, the court did provide the instruction during deliberation after receiving an unrelated question from a juror.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16522060\charrsid2763459 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16522060\charrsid2763459 In dicta, the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13269782\charrsid2763459 c}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16522060\charrsid2763459 ourt declared that had the each-and-every-element instruction not been given, the result would have been clear error under the plain error test.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16522060\charrsid2763459 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16522060\charrsid2763459 at 715.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16522060\charrsid2763459 Nevertheless, because the instruction was eventually given, the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13269782\charrsid2763459 c}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16522060\charrsid2763459 ourt determined that no plain error had occurred.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16522060\charrsid2763459 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12458755 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310\charrsid2763459 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13317390\charrsid2763459 [14]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14900702\charrsid2763459 For further guidance}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047554\charrsid2763459 , we look to state due process requirements, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075583\charrsid2763459 mindful }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047554\charrsid2763459 that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2562086\charrsid2763459 some }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047554\charrsid2763459 state courts may }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16541432\charrsid2763459 give greater due process right s to defendants under state constitutional law than required under the federal constitution}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047554\charrsid2763459 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047554\charrsid2763459 As the Supreme Court of Utah observed:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047554 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310\charrsid2763459 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2763459 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047554\charrsid2763459 This court, not the United States Supreme Court, has the authority and obligation to interpret Utah's constitutional guaran tees, including the scope of due process, and we owe federal law no more deference in that regard than we do sister state interpretation of identical state language.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047554\charrsid2763459 Furthermore, it is part of the inherent logic of federalism that state law be interpreted independently and prior to consideration of federal questions.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047554\charrsid2763459 This is so because the State cannot, conceptually, deny rights guaranteed by the federal constitution if the state action complained of is unlawful as a matter of state law. Thus, if state stat utes, rules, or constitutional principles preclude the state action in question, there is no need to assess the federal constitutionality of that action. . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047554\charrsid2763459 We have, however, historically relied on other approaches, usually because of the way in which such issues have been framed by the parties . . . .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047554 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13267310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310\charrsid2763459 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2763459 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1402894\charrsid2763459 . . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047554 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13267310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310\charrsid2763459 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2763459 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1402894\charrsid2763459 The federal law on this question will serve only as a contingent rule in Utah until this court has settled the primary question of state law, and all part ies, including the State, are well-advised to assist this court in its obligations to interpret that law. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13267310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1402894\charrsid2763459 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2763459 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1402894\charrsid2763459 State v. Teidemann}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1402894\charrsid2763459 , 2007 UT 49, \'b6\'b6 33, 38, 162 P.3d 1106 (citations omitted).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8329348\charrsid2763459 Even so, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16541432\charrsid2763459 federal }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8137627\charrsid2763459 [c]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11419193\charrsid2763459 onstitutional law is not the exclusive province of the federal courts}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8137627\charrsid2763459 . . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11419193\charrsid2763459 Caspari v. Bohlen}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11419193\charrsid2763459 , 510 U.S. 383, 395 (1994)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8137627\charrsid2763459 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8137627\charrsid2763459 To the extent that states court interpretations of constitutional issues are dominated by }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8137627\charrsid2763459 [f]ederal constitutional discourse and vocabulary,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8137627\charrsid2763459 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16541432\charrsid2763459 Teidemann}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16541432\charrsid2763459 , 2007 UT 49, \'b6 34}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4000815\charrsid2763459 , and purpor t to rely on federal constitutional law}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16541432\charrsid2763459 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16541432\charrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8137627\charrsid2763459 they are helpful in filling in the gaps}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16541432\charrsid2763459 in }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8137627\charrsid2763459 existing United States Supreme Court precedent.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2784407\charrsid2763459 See id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2784407\charrsid2763459 \'b6\'b6 42-43 (relying on both state and federal interpretations of due process in determining when dismissal is required after evidence is destroyed).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3239695\charrsid2763459 We do not reach the issue of whether this }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13269782\charrsid2763459 c}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3239695\charrsid2763459 ourt may interpret 8 GCA 90.21(a) to give greater due process right to defendants than they would enjoy under the federal constitution.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3239695\charrsid2763459 Instead, we conclude that the instructions given in the present case do not meet even the minimum requirements to the federal Due Process Clause as incorporated in Guam by the Organic Act.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11419193 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310\charrsid2763459 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13317390\charrsid2763459 [15]}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16541432\charrsid2763459 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16541432\charrsid2763459 We begin by examining the two substantive cases cited by the People, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16541432\charrsid2763459 City o}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 f Billings v. Briner}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 and }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Duke v. State}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16541432\charrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 City of Billings v. Briner}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 a defendant was convicted of driving fifty miles per hour where the posted speed limit was twenty-five miles per hour.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 744 P.2d 877, 878 (Mont. 1987).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 In its jury instructions, the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1197063\charrsid2763459 trial }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 court simply defined the reasonable doubt standard and described the violation of speeding based on the wording of the relevant statute.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 The defendant argued that he was not given an instruction that the jury was required to prove each and every element of the offense.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 The Montana Supreme Court responded simply that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 [t]aken together[, the] instruction[s] properly apprise[]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9710056\charrsid2763459 the jury of the prosecutor\rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 s burden and the elements of the offense of speeding.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 The conviction was affirmed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 at 879. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13317390\charrsid2763459 [16]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \tab We find the holding of }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 City of Billings}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 to be less than persuasive for a number of reasons.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 First, ordinance violations }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11666379\charrsid2763459 may}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 not trigger the same full spectrum of procedural rights as a felony conviction.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 See, e.g., }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 8 GCA \'a7 130.10}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9710056\charrsid2763459 (2005)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 (no right of appeal for violations).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11666379\charrsid2763459 Second, in Montana}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5648209\charrsid2763459 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Sixth Amendment protections may not apply at all to such a relatively minor violation of the traffic laws.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 See }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Mont. Code Ann. 61-8-725(2)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9710056\charrsid2763459 (2007)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 (stating that speeding is not a criminal offense for certain purposes).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Not surprisingly, there is little law on this subject.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 City of Billings}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 , 744 P.2d at 879. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13317390\charrsid2763459 [17]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \tab The second case cited by the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10434987\charrsid2763459 People}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 , }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Duke v. State}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 , involved an appeal of a first degree murder conviction.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 2004 WY 120, \'b6\'b6 6-9, 99 P.3d 928, 934 (Wyo. 2004).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Duke}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 the defendant objected to a jury instruction that enumerated the elements of first degree murder then followed with the statement that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 [i]f you find from your consideration of all the evidence that }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 any}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 of these elements has been proved beyond a reasonable doubt, then you should find the defendant guilty.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \'b6 92, 99 P.3d at 955 (emphasis added).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 However, the paragraph immediately following this incorrect instruction }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 did}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 correctly state the law as follows: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13267310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2763459 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 If, on the other hand, you find from your consideration of all the evidence that each of these elements has not been proved beyond a reasonable doubt, then you should find the defendant not guilty. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13267310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2763459 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 The court read the instructions as a whole and found that the second correct statement cured the first incorrect one.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \'b6 95, 99 P.3d at 955.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Thus, the mistake did not rise to the level of a plain error requiring a new trial.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \'b6 98, 99 P.3d at 956.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 As Perry points out, the present case involves not a defective each-and-every-element instruction, but the absence of any such instruction at all.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 For this reason, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Duke}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 is inapposite. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13317390\charrsid2763459 [18]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \tab Perry does not cite to any analogous cases, although he might have found it useful to consult California law, }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9710056\charrsid2763459 because}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 many of our statutes and jury instructions derive from there}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7551950\charrsid2763459 . }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid2763459 For example, the definition of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid2763459 reasonable doubt}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid2763459 used by the trial court was taken directly from 8 GCA \'a7 90.23: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13267310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2763459 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid2763459 Reasonable doubt is defined as follows: }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid2763459 It is not}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9710056\charrsid2763459 a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid2763459 mere possible doubt because everything relating to human affairs, and depending on moral evidence, is open to some possible or imaginary doubt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid2763459 It is that state of the case, which, after the entire comparison and consideration of a ll the evidence, leaves the mind of the trier of fact in that condition that he cannot say he feels an abiding conviction to a moral certainty, of the truth of the charge. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13267310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid2763459 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2763459 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid2763459 8 GCA \'a7 90.23}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9710056\charrsid2763459 (a)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid2763459 (2005); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid2763459 accord}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid2763459 ER at 11 (Transcript).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid2763459 This definition was at one time identical to that found in section 1096 of the California Penal Code.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid2763459 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid2763459 Cal. Penal Code \'a7 1096, 1995 Amendment}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9710056\charrsid2763459 (Westlaw 2008)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid2763459 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid2763459 California\rquote s current version lacks the archaic phrases }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid2763459 depending on moral evid}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11666379\charrsid2763459 ence}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11666379\charrsid2763459 and }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11666379\charrsid2763459 to a moral certainty}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11666379\charrsid2763459 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid2763459 Compare}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid2763459 8 GCA \'a7 90.23 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid2763459 with }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2625585\charrsid2763459 Cal. Penal Code \'a7 1096.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9662481\charrsid2763459 The 1995 Amendment removing these phrases was probably in response to criticism from the United States Supreme Court, which reviewed this particular jury instruction in }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9662481\charrsid2763459 Victor v. Nebraska}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9662481\charrsid2763459 , 511 U.S. 1, 16 (1994) (finding constitutionally sufficient, but not condoni}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11666379\charrsid2763459 ng}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9662481\charrsid2763459 the phrase }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9662481\charrsid2763459 moral certainty}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9662481\charrsid2763459 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9662481\charrsid2763459 Cf.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9662481\charrsid2763459 1995 Cal. Stat., c. 46, \'a7 1. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13317390\charrsid2763459 [19]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9662481\charrsid2763459 \tab Although }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9662481\charrsid2763459 Victor}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9662481\charrsid2763459 begins with the phrase }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9662481\charrsid2763459 [t]he government must prove beyond a reasonable doubt every element of a charged offense,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9662481\charrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9710056\charrsid2763459 511 U.S.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9662481\charrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9662481\charrsid2763459 at 5, the substance of the opinion concerns the specific language of the reasonable doubt instruction itself.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9662481\charrsid2763459 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9662481\charrsid2763459 at 5-18.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9662481\charrsid2763459 Nowhere does the Court consider the question of whether the instructions as a whole properly indicate that each and every element of the crimes alleged must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9662481\charrsid2763459 However, t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1197063\charrsid2763459 he }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 California }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1197063\charrsid2763459 courts }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 have }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11666379\charrsid2763459 had occasion to address th}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5648209\charrsid2763459 is very issue}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9710056\charrsid2763459 See }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 People v. Reed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 , 240 P.2d 590, 595 (Cal. 1952); }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 People v. Orchard}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 , 95 Cal. Rptr. 66, 71 (Ct.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9710056\charrsid2763459 App. 1971).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13317390\charrsid2763459 [20]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \tab In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 People v. Reed}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 , the defendant objected that the jury }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15534378\charrsid2763459 was}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 not given instructions that each element must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 240 P.2d at 595.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 The court\rquote s only response was that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5648209\charrsid2763459 the law}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 expressly allows the court to read the reasonable doubt instruction from section 1096 of the California Probate Code, and that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 [c]onsidering all of the instructions, it appears that the jury was fully and fairly instructed as to all of the rules of law applicable to the evidence.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10434987\charrsid2763459 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 The court }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10434987\charrsid2763459 in}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 People v. Orchard }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 made a similar attempt to view the instructions as a whole: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13267310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2763459 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 The court did instruct upon the presumption of innocence and reasonable doubt as defined in Penal Code, section 1096, compared the standards of proof in civil and criminal cases, a nd defined all essential terms of the crime charged. In these circumstances }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 an instruction respecting proof of each element beyond a reasonable doubt need not have been given}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 . \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13267310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2763459 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 95 Cal. Rptr. at 71 (emphasis added)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11867122\charrsid2763459 (citations omitted)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8482418\charrsid2763459 However, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8482418\charrsid2763459 Orchard }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8482418\charrsid2763459 was issued only a year after }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8482418\charrsid2763459 In re Winship}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2378225\charrsid2763459 and makes n}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8482418\charrsid2763459 o reference to the United States Supreme Court\rquote s adoption of the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2378225\charrsid2763459 each-and-every-element requirement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2378225\charrsid2763459 See In re Winship}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2378225\charrsid2763459 , 397 U.S. at 364}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5406426\charrsid2763459 ; Model Penal Code \'a7 1.12, EXPLANATORY NOTE}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2378225\charrsid2763459 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2378225\charrsid2763459 In the years since, th e California Supreme Court has not had occasion to decide whether omission of an }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5406426\charrsid2763459 explicit }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2378225\charrsid2763459 each-and-every-element instruction is constitutional error.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13317390\charrsid2763459 [21]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5406426\charrsid2763459 Looking}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 beyond California, it appears that a significant number of states and the federal government include a standard instruction that each and every element of a crime be proved beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8978444 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\fs20\super\insrsid13502567\charrsid12076931 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid13502567 }{ \fs20\insrsid13502567\charrsid12076931 1A Fed. Jury Prac. & Instr. \'a7 10:01 (5th ed.) (\'93The burden or obligation, as you will be told many times during the course of this trial, is alwa ys on the government to prove each and every element of the offense[s] charged beyond reasonable doubt.\'94); Colo. Jury Instr., Crim}{\fs20\insrsid13502567\charrsid13269782 {\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK1}{\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK2}.}{ \fs20\insrsid13502567\charrsid12076931 {\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK1}{\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK2} 3:04 (\'93If you find from the evidence that each and every element has been proven beyond a reasonable doubt, you will find the defendant guilty.\'94 ); Mass. Super. Ct. Crim}{\fs20\insrsid13502567 .}{\fs20\insrsid13502567\charrsid12076931 Prac}{\fs20\cf2\insrsid13502567 .}{\fs20\insrsid13502567\charrsid12076931 Jury Instr. \'a7 1.2 (\'93The defendant is presumed to be innocent until and unless you the jury decide unanimously that the Commonwealth has proved the defendant guilty of each and every element of each charged offense beyond a reasonable doubt.\'94); 4 Ohio Jury Instr}{\fs20\cf2\insrsid13502567\charrsid13269782 .}{ \fs20\cf2\insrsid13502567 }{\fs20\insrsid13502567\charrsid12076931 409.67 (2006) (\'93The prosecution must prove each and every element of the charged offense beyond a reasonable doubt.\'94); Texas Crim. Jury Charges \'a7 1:440 (2006) (\'93 The prosecution has the burden of proving the defendant guilty, and it must do so by proving each and every element of the offense charged beyond a reasonable doubt, and, if it fails to do so, you must acquit the defendant.\'94 ); 11 Wash. Prac., Pattern Jury Instr. Crim. WPIC 1.01 (2d ed}{\fs20\insrsid13502567 .}{\fs20\insrsid13502567\charrsid12076931 ) (\'93 The plea of not guilty means that you, the jury, must decide whether the [State] [City] [County] has proved every element of [the] [each] crime charged.\'94)}{\fs20\insrsid13502567 . \par }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 In cases where trial courts neglected to include an each-and-every-element instruction, many states have reversed the resulting convictions.}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8978444 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\fs20\super\insrsid13502567\charrsid13436724 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid13502567 }{ \fs20\insrsid13502567\charrsid13436724 }{\i\fs20\insrsid13502567 See, e.g., }{\i\fs20\insrsid13502567\charrsid13436724 State v. McArthur}{\fs20\insrsid13502567\charrsid13436724 , 651 S.E.2d 256, 258 (N.C. Ct. App. 2007) (\'93In light of controlling [North Carolina] Supreme Court precedent, we are required to award defendant a new t}{\fs20\insrsid13502567 rial because of the trial court\rquote }{\fs20\insrsid13502567\charrsid13436724 s failure to include a specific instruction directing the jury to enter a verdict of not guilty if it found that the State had failed to prove any of the elements of the charged crimes beyond a reasonable doubt.\'94); }{ \i\fs20\insrsid13502567\charrsid13436724 Commonwealth v. Bishop}{\fs20\insrsid13502567\charrsid13436724 , 372 A.2d 794, 796 (}{\fs20\insrsid13502567 Pa. }{\fs20\insrsid13502567\charrsid13436724 1977) (\'93 The defense had an absolute right to have the jury instructed not only as to the quantum of proof required to establish guilt but also that the requirement extended to each of the mate}{\fs20\insrsid13502567 rial elements of the offense.\'94); }{ \i\fs20\insrsid13502567\charrsid13436724 State v. Castle}{\fs20\insrsid13502567\charrsid13436724 , 935 P.2d 656, 657 (Wash. App. Div. 1997) (\'93In a criminal case, the jury must be instructed that the State has the burden to prove each essential element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. It is reversible error if the instructions reli}{\fs20\insrsid13502567 eve the State of that burden.\'94). \par }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 For example, in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Commonwealth v. Shoats}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 , a tri}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15534378\charrsid2763459 a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 l court neglected to instruct a jury that the government has the burden of proving each and every element beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 443 A.2d 814, 815 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1982).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 The court rejected the dissent\rquote s view that the trial court could satisfy Pennsylvan ia law by instructing on the elements of each charge and on reasonable doubt generally.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 at 816 n.2.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Instead, the court reasoned that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 [i]t has never been the law in Pennsylvania that a court may satisfy its duty to correctly charge the jury on reasonab le doubt based on implication.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Id.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 The right to an each-and-every element instruction, it reasoned, was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 an absolute right.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 at 817 (quoting }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Commonwealth v. Bishop}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 , 372 A.2d 794, 796 (Pa. 1977)). \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13317390\charrsid2763459 [22]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \tab We do not find it necessary to decide the issue of whether an }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 explicit}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 each-and-every-element instruction is constitutionally required.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Even assuming, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 arguendo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 , that an implied instruction would be constitutionally sufficient, we find that the instructions given in the present case did not, even implicitly, convey the required information regarding the prosecution\rquote s burden of proving each and every element beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8978444 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid13502567\charrsid3544618 \chftn }{\insrsid13502567 }{ \insrsid13502567\charrsid3544618 Although we do not reach the issue of whether implied instructions can ever pass constitutional muster, we expect that today\rquote s opinion will strongly encourage our Superior Court colleagues to make such instructions explicit in the future.}{\insrsid13502567 \par }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13267310 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 B.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 The Instructions Do Not }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15534378\charrsid2763459 Explain that the }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Correct Standard }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 of Proof}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15534378\charrsid2763459 Applies to }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid156108\charrsid2763459 E}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15534378\charrsid2763459 ach Element.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13317390\charrsid2763459 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2763459 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 1. The Sufficiency of the Circumstantial Evidence Instruction \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13317390\charrsid2763459 [23]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \tab A few of the instructions given in the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15534378\charrsid2763459 trial}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 court came tantalizingly close to conveying the required information.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 For example, the jury was instructed that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 each fact which is essential t o complete a set of circumstances necessary to establish the defendant\rquote s guilt must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 SER at 29 (Jury Instruction No. 3I), }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 accord }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 ER at 19 (Transcript).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 In addition, the court instructed that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 before an inference essenti al to establish guilt may be found to have been proved beyond a reasonable doubt, each fact or circumstance on which the inference necessarily rests must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10434987\charrsid2763459 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 However, the instruction is titled }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Sufficiency of the Circumstantial Evidence Generally}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 , }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10434987\charrsid2763459 id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10434987\charrsid2763459 ,}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10434987\charrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 and might be interpreted in context as applying only to circumstantial evidence or inferences.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 There is no explicit instruction that such a burden of proof would apply to direct evidence.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310\charrsid2763459 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2495081\charrsid2763459 [24]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \tab More importantly, the instruction only refers to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 a set of circumstances necessary to establish the defendant\rquote s guilt}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 an inference essential to establish guilt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10434987\charrsid2763459 Id.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Neither of these phrases explains }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 which}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 circumstances or inferences are necessary to establish guilt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Even if a juror were savvy enough to equate circumstance or inference with an individual element of a crime, that juror may still be confused as to which }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 elements}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 need be proved beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 As written, the instruction appea rs to be saying only that if an element of the crime requires multiple facts to establish (e.g. Perry is the owner of a car, a witness identifies the car at the crime scene, therefore Perry was at the scene), then each one of those }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 facts}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 It makes no statement as to how many }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 elements}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 of the crime need be proved beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 The correct answer, of course, is all of them. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 2. The }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Essential Elements}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Instructions \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2495081\charrsid2763459 [25]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13066717\charrsid2763459 The People contend that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13066717\charrsid2763459 instructions should be considered and reviewed as a whole . . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13066717\charrsid2763459 Appellee\rquote s Br. at 5 (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13066717\charrsid2763459 Jones}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13066717\charrsid2763459 , 2006 Guam 13 \'b6 28).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13066717\charrsid2763459 The People also argue that use of the phrase }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13066717\charrsid2763459 essential elements}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13066717\charrsid2763459 before the description of each offense conveyed the meaning that each and every element of the offense was essential to a guilty conviction.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13066717\charrsid2763459 The People point to the dictionary definitions of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13066717\charrsid2763459 of the utmost importance, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13066717\charrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13066717\charrsid2763459 indispensable,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13066717\charrsid2763459 and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13066717\charrsid2763459 necessary}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13066717\charrsid2763459 to suggest the meaning conveyed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13066717\charrsid2763459 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13066717\charrsid2763459 at 11. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2495081\charrsid2763459 [26]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13066717\charrsid2763459 \tab The}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10434987\charrsid2763459 People have}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 a valid argument that a reasonable person would assume that because the elements are essential, there must be a } {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 finding}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 of that element. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 However, one can argue that merely indicating that the elements of a charge are }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 essential elements}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 does not establish the burden of proof for each of those elements.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 A juror might find that one element of the crime was }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid156108\charrsid2763459 proven }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 by preponderance of the evidence, but mistakenly assume that because his doubt ext ended only to one element (out of several) his overall doubt was no longer reasonable with respect to that entire charge.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Specifically, the jury may have had no doubt that vaginal, rectal, or oral penetration occurred, but may have harbored reasonable doubts as to the aggravating factors such as causing personal injury or use of force and coercion.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Thus}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15534378\charrsid2763459 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 a reasonable juror could }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 find}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 all of the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 essential elements}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 by a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15534378\charrsid2763459 t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 least preponderance of the evidence and still incorrectly assume that the prosecution has proved the overall crime beyond a reasonable doubt. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 3. The Unanimity Instruction \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2495081\charrsid2763459 [27]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \tab Perry }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10434987\charrsid2763459 suggests}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 that the wording of the unanimity instruction compounds the error of not specifically mentioning that the prosecution has the burden of proving each and every element of each charge and count beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 The relevant portion of the unanimity instruction reads as follows: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13267310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2763459 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 The People have presented evidence of more than one act to prove that the defendant committed each offense.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 You must not find the defendant guilty unless you all agree that the People have proved that the defendant committed at least one of the acts for each charge and you all agree on which act he committed for each charge. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13267310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2763459 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 ER at 45 (Transcript).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 He argues that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 [b]y giving two different and conflicting jury instructions \emdash the recitation of the allegations of the indictment on the one hand\emdash and an instruction that the government need prove at least on}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15949800\charrsid2763459 e}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 act for each charge on the other hand\emdash the Superior Court effectively omitted essential elements of the offenses as surely as if it had failed to mention the elements altogether.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Appellant\rquote s B}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10434987\charrsid2763459 r.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 at 12}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8090055\charrsid2763459 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13269782\charrsid2763459 Feb. 12, 2008}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8090055\charrsid2763459 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 . \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2495081\charrsid2763459 [28]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \tab In order to determine how a jury might have interpreted an instruction, one must focus on the plain meaning of the language in the instruction.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 See People v. Davis}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 , 896 P.2d 119, 150}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 n.18 (Cal. 1995); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 cf. Francis v. Franklin}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 , 471 U.S. 307, 323 n.9 (1985) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 The Court presumes that jurors . . . attend closely the particu}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6567494\charrsid2763459 lar language of the trial court\rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 s instructions in a criminal case . . . .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 The words }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 acts}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 and }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 elements}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 are not synonymous, and under a plain reading they would not have been mistaken as referring to the same idea.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 On the other hand, if the jury instructions contain no explanation of what an }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 element}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 is and how the elements relate to the government\rquote s burden of proof, a juror might look to the language of the unanimity instruction to fill in the gaps in his or her knowledge.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 This is essentially Perry\rquote s argument that the unanimity instruction and the listing of the essential elements of each charge, taken together, led the jury to believe that only a single act need be proved for each charge.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2495081\charrsid2763459 [29]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \tab Indeed, one could envision a hypothetical situation where a juror disagreed that force or coercion had been proved beyond a reasonable doubt, but had no reasonable doubt as to the act of vaginal penetration.}{ \cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8978444 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs16\super\insrsid13502567\charrsid15556775 \chftn }{\insrsid13502567\charrsid15556775 }{\insrsid13502567 One cannot say what actually happened in the present case because the verdict forms only allowed the jurors to report their decisions on each charge and count, not the individual elements thereof. ER at 55-71 (Verdict Forms).}{ \insrsid13502567\charrsid15556775 \par }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 See }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 9 GCA \'a7 25.15(a)(3)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6567494\charrsid2763459 (2005)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Here, the juror determined that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 at least one of the acts}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 for the charge of first degree CSC occurred, and that juror might mistakenly assume that she may now find Perry guilty of that charge.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13269782\charrsid2763459 ER at 45 (Transcript).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 This is particularly true if the rest of the jury instructions are silent on the requirement that the prosecution must prove each and every element of the charge\emdash including intent and aggravating factors\emdash beyond a reasonable doubt.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2495081\charrsid2763459 [30]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \tab We agr ee with Perry that the unanimity instruction comes dangerously close to suggesting that only proof of an act is sufficient to find the defendant guilty of a crime.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Lack of an explicit instruction to the contrary, such as an each-and-every-element instruction, only serves to compound the problem.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Thus, there is merit to Perry\rquote s argument that the instructions were defective, and the only remaining question is whether the defect in the jury instructions rises to the level of plain error. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13267310 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 C.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Whether the Errors amount to Plain Error \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2763459 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2495081\charrsid2763459 [31]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14699089\charrsid2763459 Under the plain error analysis, this }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13269782\charrsid2763459 c}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14699089\charrsid2763459 ourt}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13269782\charrsid2763459 m}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14699089\charrsid2763459 ust determine whether there was error, whether the error was clear, and whether the error affected Perry\rquote s substantial rights.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14699089\charrsid2763459 People v. Van Bui}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14699089\charrsid2763459 , 2008 Guam 8 \'b6 10.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14699089\charrsid2763459 If so, we may exercise our sound discretion and order a new trial }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8667528\charrsid2763459 when necessary }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14699089\charrsid2763459 to prevent a miscarriage of justice or to maintain the integrity of the judicial process.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14699089\charrsid2763459 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14699089\charrsid2763459 People v. Campbell}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14699089\charrsid2763459 , 2006 Guam 14 \'b6 34}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14699089\charrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14699089\charrsid2763459 (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14699089\charrsid2763459 People v. Perez}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14699089\charrsid2763459 , 1999 Guam 2 \'b6 21).}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \tab }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14699089\charrsid2763459 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 1. Clear Error \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2495081\charrsid2763459 [32]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \tab The first inquiry is whether the jury instructions are clearly and obviousl}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10434987\charrsid2763459 y defective under current law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1260051\charrsid2763459 Although no United States Supreme Court case has addressed jury instructions }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8667528\charrsid2763459 similar to those }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1260051\charrsid2763459 at issue in the present case, a determination of whether an error is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1260051\charrsid2763459 clear}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1260051\charrsid2763459 for purposes of the plain error analysis does not require the existence of precedent exactly on point.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1260051\charrsid2763459 As the Second Circuit Court of Appeals observed: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1260051\charrsid2763459 [T]he \lquote plainness \rquote of the error can depend on well-settled legal principles as much as well-settled legal precedents.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1260051\charrsid2763459 We can, in certain cases, notice plain error in the absence of direct precedent, or even where uniformity among the circuits, or among state courts, is lacking.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1260051\charrsid2763459 United States v. Brown}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1260051\charrsid2763459 , 352 F.3d 654, 664 (2d Cir. 2003).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1260051\charrsid2763459 This rule is particularly appropriate for our jurisdiction, whose case law consists of slightly more than ten years of Guam Supreme Court precedent.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1260051\charrsid2763459 It would be unfair to require defendants to demonstr ate plain error with a case directly on point given that many issues have not yet been resolved by this }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13269782\charrsid2763459 c}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1260051\charrsid2763459 ourt. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2495081\charrsid2763459 [33]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1260051\charrsid2763459 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11666379\charrsid2763459 It}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 is a fundamental principle of American jurisprudence that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 [t]he Constitution gives a criminal defendant the right to have a jury determine, beyond a reasonable doubt, his guilt of every element of the crime with which he is charged.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Gaudin}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 , 515 U.S. at 522-23 (1995); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 see also }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 8 GCA \'a7 90.21(a).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 The instructions as given failed to convey the idea that each and every element must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt, and such a failure must be considered }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 clearly and obviously defective under current law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Jones}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 , 2006 Guam 13 \'b6 24.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8996246\charrsid2763459 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 2. Errors Affecting Substantial Rights \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2495081\charrsid2763459 [34]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \tab In}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 United States v. Olano}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 , the United States Supreme Court suggested that the affecting-substantial-rights analysis was the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 harmless error}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 analysis with one important difference: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13267310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2763459 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 When the defendant has made a timely objection to an error and Rule 52(a) applies, a court of appeals normally engages in a specific analysis of the district court record}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6567494\charrsid2763459 \emdash }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 a so-called }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 harmless error}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 inquiry}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6567494\charrsid2763459 \emdash to}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 determine whether the error was prejudicial. Rule 52(b) normally requires the same kind of inquiry, with one important difference:}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 It is the def endant rather than the Government who bears the burden of persuasion with respect to prejudice. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13267310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2763459 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 507 U.S. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4482643\charrsid2763459 at}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 734 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6567494\charrsid2763459 (emphasis added).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 The test for harmless error }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 is whether it appears \lquote beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.\rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Neder v. United States}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 , 527 U.S. 1, 15 (1999)}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Chapman v. California}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 , 386 U.S. 18 (1967)). Because the harmless error and plain error tests are so intertwined, we are guided by those cases that apply the harmless error analysis.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2495081\charrsid2763459 [35]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \tab A threshold question is whether the failure to give an each-and-every-element instruction was so serious an error as to require automatic reversal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 The United States Supreme Court has referred to such errors as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 structural defects}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 or }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 structural errors,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 because they cannot be excused by applying a harmless error analysis.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 } {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 See}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6567494\charrsid2763459 Sullivan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6567494\charrsid2763459 , 508 U.S. at 282; }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Ariz}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6567494\charrsid2763459 .}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 v. Fulminante}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 , 499 U.S. 279, 288-295 (1991) (plurality opinion)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6567494\charrsid2763459 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Any error }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 with consequences that are necessarily unquantifiable and indeterminate, unquestionably qualifies as \lquote structural error.\rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6567494\charrsid2763459 Sullivan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6567494\charrsid2763459 , 508 U.S. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 at 282.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 In other words, a harmless error analysis of a structural error is not only unwise, it is impossible.}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10759773 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid13502567\charrsid13240695 \chftn }{\insrsid13502567\charrsid13240695 }{ \i\insrsid13502567\charrsid13240695 Johnson}{\i\insrsid13502567 v. United States}{\insrsid13502567\charrsid13240695 list}{\insrsid13502567 s}{\insrsid13502567\charrsid13240695 several examples of structural errors. }{\insrsid13502567\charrsid13791670 520 U.S. 461, 469 (1997)}{\insrsid13502567\charrsid13240695 . }{\i\insrsid13502567\charrsid13240695 See, e.g., Gideon v. Wainwright}{\insrsid13502567\charrsid13240695 , 372 U.S. 335 (1963) (a total deprivation of the right to counsel); }{ \i\insrsid13502567\charrsid13240695 Tumey v. Ohio}{\insrsid13502567\charrsid13240695 , 273 U.S. 510 (1927) (lack of an impartial trial judge); }{\i\insrsid13502567\charrsid13240695 Vasquez v. Hillery}{\insrsid13502567\charrsid13240695 , 474 U.S. 254 (1986) (unlawful exclusion of grand jurors of defendant's race); }{\i\insrsid13502567\charrsid13240695 McKaskle v. Wiggins}{\insrsid13502567\charrsid13240695 , 465 U.S. 168 (1984) (the right to self-representation at trial); }{ \i\insrsid13502567\charrsid13240695 Waller v. Georgia}{\insrsid13502567\charrsid13240695 , 467 U.S. 39 (1984) (the right to a public trial); }{\i\insrsid13502567\charrsid13240695 Sullivan}{\insrsid13502567\charrsid13240695 , 508 U.S. 275 (erroneous reasonable-doubt instruction to jury).}{\insrsid13502567 More recently, the Supreme Court found deprivation of the right to choice of counsel to be structural error. }{\i\insrsid13502567\charrsid14688533 United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez}{\insrsid13502567 , 548 U.S. 140, 152 (2006). \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12846939 {\insrsid13502567 \par }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2495081\charrsid2763459 [36]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \tab For example, in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Sullivan}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 , the Court considered whether an unconstitutional jury instruction defining reasonable doubt could be subjected to harmless error analysis.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 } {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 508 U.S. at 277.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 The jury instruction in }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Sullivan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 incorrectly defined a reasonable doubt as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 such doubt as would give rise to a grave uncertainty}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 and }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 an actual substantial doubt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Cage v. Louisiana}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 , 498 U.S. 39, 40 (1990) (cited by }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Sullivan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 for the text of the actual jury instructions at issue).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 The Court determined that the error required reversal, finding that the failure to properly instruct on the standard of reasonable doubt was a structural error not subject to harmless error analysis.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 508 U.S. at 281-82. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2495081\charrsid2763459 [37]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \tab The rationale in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Sullivan}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 for defining the jury instruction error as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 structural}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 was that the Sixth A mendment does not allow a court to simply conclude that the jury would have found a defendant guilty despite the flawed instructions: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13267310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2763459 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 The inquiry, in other words, is not whether, in a trial that occurred without the error, a guilty verdict would surely have been rendered, but whether the guilty verdict actually rendered in }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 this}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 trial was surely unattributable to the error. That must be so, because }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 to hypothesize a guilty verdict that was never in fact rendered}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6567494\charrsid2763459 \emdash no }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 matter how inescapable the findings to support that verdict might be}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6567494\charrsid2763459 \emdash would }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 violate the jury-trial guarantee}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 . \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13267310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2763459 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Sullivan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 , 508 U.S. at 279 (Scalia, J.) (first emphasis in original, second emphasis added); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 see also }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Benjamin E. Rosenberg, }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 The Effect of Sullivan v. Louisiana on Harmless Error Analysis of Jury Instructions that Omit an Element of the Offense}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 , 29 Rutgers L.J. 315, 326-27 (1998) (using a hypothetical to illustrate why flawed jury instructions are a more serious error than errors in the trial itself).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 If application of a harmless error analysis to the present case would result in }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 hypothesiz[ing] a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7236460\charrsid2763459 guilty }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 verdict that was never in fact rendered,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 then reversal would be mandatory.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Sullivan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 , 508 U.S. at 279. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8978444\charrsid2763459 [38]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \tab However, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Sullivan }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 can be distinguished from the present case in that the jury in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Sullivan }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 was misinformed as to the definition of reasonable doubt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 There, the jury \rquote s misunderstanding arose from a direct instruction that actively deceived them as to the correct standard of proof.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Here, the jury } {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 was}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 correctly instructed as to the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15534378\charrsid2763459 definit ion of reasonable doubt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15534378\charrsid2763459 T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 he possibility that a misunderstanding m}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15534378\charrsid2763459 ay}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 have arisen }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3942807\charrsid2763459 regarding proof of each and every element }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 must be extrapolated from omissions and ambiguities in the actual instructions given.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Nothing in the jury instructions directly misinformed the jury as to the correct standard of proof. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8978444\charrsid2763459 [39]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \tab A more analogous case is }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Neder v. United States}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 527 U.S. 1 (1999).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Neder}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 the Court declined to extend the ruling of }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Sullivan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 to a failure to allow the jury to determine an essential element of a crime.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 527 U.S. at 15.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 There, the District Court had instructed that the jury }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \lquote need not consider\rquote the materiality of any false statements,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 where materiality was an element of the crime charged.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 at 6.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 On appeal, the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid337918\charrsid2763459 C}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 ourt agreed that the instructio ns were given in error but found that failure to instruct on an element of the crime }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 was}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 subject to harmless error analysis.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 at 15.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Because the defendant }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 did not, and apparently could not, bring forth facts contesting the omitted element [of materiality]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 the conviction was affirmed.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 at 19, 25.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Here, too, it may be possible to determine whether the jury would have reached a different conclusion given the evidence in the record.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8978444\charrsid2763459 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8978444\charrsid2763459 [40]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \tab We therefore conclude that the failure to give a proper each-and-every-element instruction }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8079695\charrsid2763459 is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 subject to a harmless error analysis}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid920045\charrsid2763459 as part of the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 plain error analysis, see}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Olano}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 ,}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 507 U.S. at 734, which is the standard of review we are required to apply in this case.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2115985\charrsid2763459 As the court in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2115985\charrsid2763459 Olano}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2115985\charrsid2763459 stated: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2115985\charrsid2763459 Normally, although perhaps not in every case, the defendant must make a specific showing of prejudice to satisfy the \lquote affecting substantial rights\rquote prong [of the plain error analysis].}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2115985\charrsid2763459 507 U.S. at 735.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2115985\charrsid2763459 Because we have determined that the error in the present case does not require automatic reversal, we look to Perry\rquote s arguments that he was prejudiced and determine whether or not he has met his burden of persuasion.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15014164\charrsid2763459 In doing so, we will examine the entire record, including the transcripts of testimony admitted at trial.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8978444\charrsid2763459 [41]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15014164\charrsid2763459 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9270246\charrsid2763459 Perry\rquote s briefs do not explain how he was prejudiced}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358377\charrsid2763459 by the error}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9270246\charrsid2763459 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9270246\charrsid2763459 At oral argument, Perry\rquote s attorney suggested that the victim may have misidentified Perry as the perpetrator of the crimes.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9270246\charrsid2763459 He also suggested that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9721607\charrsid2763459 sexual penetration may have initially been consensual.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9721607\charrsid2763459 Finally, in the Petition for Rehearing, Perry simply concludes without explanation that the transcripts clearly demonstrate that Perry would have received a m ore favorable verdict absent the error.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9721607\charrsid2763459 Pet. for Reh\rquote g}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9721607\charrsid2763459 at 4}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10230697\charrsid2763459 (Jan. 9, 2009)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9721607\charrsid2763459 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9721607\charrsid2763459 The Petition then quotes excerpts from the victim\rquote s testimony where she testified: (1) that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 she was gradually losing her memory}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358377\charrsid2763459 as a result of the attack}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 but that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 it\rquote s like a shock, but it\rquote s not that bad}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358377\charrsid2763459 ;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9721607\charrsid2763459 (2) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358377\charrsid2763459 that she worked as a prostitute;}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9721607\charrsid2763459 (3) that it w}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358377\charrsid2763459 as dark }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 because it was night at the time}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358377\charrsid2763459 of the attack;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9721607\charrsid2763459 (4) that she saw Perry}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 the night of the attack, in the newspaper, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9721607\charrsid2763459 on television,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 and at trial;}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9721607\charrsid2763459 (5) that she was never asked to ide}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358377\charrsid2763459 ntify Perry in a police line-up; and}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9721607\charrsid2763459 (6)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358377\charrsid2763459 that she has received medical treatment over the last five years because she occasionally hears voices.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358377\charrsid2763459 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358377\charrsid2763459 at 4-10.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358377\charrsid2763459 Apparently, Perry questions the victim\rquote s credibility.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358377\charrsid2763459 In}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7299950\charrsid2763459 further support of Perry\rquote s credibility argument}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358377\charrsid2763459 , our own review indicates that the victim testified that she had very poor vis}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 ion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 Transcripts (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 Tr.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 ), v}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358377\charrsid2763459 ol. V}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 I}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358377\charrsid2763459 II at 101-02 (Trial, Aug. 21, 2006).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 However, she was permitted to approach the defendant at trial to identify him.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 at 98.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358377\charrsid2763459 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8978444\charrsid2763459 [42]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358377\charrsid2763459 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7299950\charrsid2763459 Unfortunately, Perry does not explain how the victim\rquote s credibility issue relates to the error }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 that he claims}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7299950\charrsid2763459 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358377\charrsid2763459 The error in the present case was that the unanimity instruction, coupled with the lack of an each-an-every element instruction, migh t have lead the jury to believe that the prosecution only needed to prove the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358377\charrsid2763459 act}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358377\charrsid2763459 element of each crime beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13788242\charrsid2763459 Given the type of error described here, Perry could only demonstrate prejudice }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2707628\charrsid2763459 by showing that other elements were subject to a greater degree of doubt than the acts themselves.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2707628\charrsid2763459 We therefore examine the evidence establishing the elements of the crimes for which Perry was convicted.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15014164\charrsid2763459 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8978444\charrsid2763459 [43]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2707628\charrsid2763459 \tab Perry\rquote s identity as the perpetrator of the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 sexual }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2707628\charrsid2763459 assault}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 , assault, and terrorizing}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2707628\charrsid2763459 was established at trial by overwhelming evidence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1789628\charrsid2763459 Officer Asanoma testified that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15879695\charrsid2763459 he }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1789628\charrsid2763459 responded to the scene of the crime}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16520477\charrsid2763459 at the Governor\rquote s Complex}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1789628\charrsid2763459 , where the injured victim was disco}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 vered, at about 5:50 AM.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 Tr., v}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1789628\charrsid2763459 ol.VI at 145}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10230697\charrsid2763459 (Trial, Aug. 8, 2006)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1789628\charrsid2763459 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1789628\charrsid2763459 He testified that the description of the suspect and the suspect\rquote s car}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15825618\charrsid2763459 given by the victim}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1789628\charrsid2763459 matched that of Perry, whom he had pulled over outside the Governor\rquote s Complex at 4:30 AM that same morning.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1789628\charrsid2763459 at 138-41, 14}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7012930\charrsid2763459 5.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7012930\charrsid2763459 He also testified that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1789628\charrsid2763459 after administering a field sobriety test, he asked Perry to park his car at the Mobil station, which Perry }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16068010\charrsid2763459 did.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16068010\charrsid2763459 at 142-43.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10841653\charrsid2763459 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8978444\charrsid2763459 [44]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10841653\charrsid2763459 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1789628\charrsid2763459 Later, Officer Asanoma }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16520477\charrsid2763459 located a used condom on the ground next to where Perry\rquote s car had been parked at the Mobil station.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16520477\charrsid2763459 at 146.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10841653\charrsid2763459 Agent Trainer from the Naval Criminal Investigative Services testified that she recovered a pair of boxer shorts from the lavatory on board the ship where Perry was stationed.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10230697\charrsid2763459 at 106}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10841653\charrsid2763459 -08.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3570956\charrsid2763459 The People\rquote s expert witness, Dr. Kalafut, }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1262313\charrsid2763459 tested the condom, the boxer shorts, and the rape kit}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10230697\charrsid2763459 that was}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1262313\charrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10230697\charrsid2763459 completed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1262313\charrsid2763459 while the victim was at the hospital.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1262313\charrsid2763459 Tr., }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13583267\charrsid2763459 v}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1262313\charrsid2763459 ol. VII at 72-75}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13583267\charrsid2763459 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13269782\charrsid2763459 Aug. 9, 2006}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13583267\charrsid2763459 )}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1262313\charrsid2763459 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1262313\charrsid2763459 He also tested biological samples colle}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 cted from Perry.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10230697\charrsid2763459 at 77-80}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1262313\charrsid2763459 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1262313\charrsid2763459 Sperm DNA collected from the boxer shorts was found to include Perry\rquote s known DNA profile, and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15825618\charrsid2763459 only }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1262313\charrsid2763459 one in fifty-three quintillion people would also have a DNA profile consistent with the sperm}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1262313\charrsid2763459 at 80-82.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1262313\charrsid2763459 The boxer shorts also contained non-sperm DNA, which was a mixture of DNA from at least three separate individuals.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1262313\charrsid2763459 at 83-84.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5928824\charrsid2763459 Both Perry\rquote s and the victim\rquote s DNA w}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2562086\charrsid2763459 ere}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5928824\charrsid2763459 consistent with the non-sperm DNA mixture.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5928824\charrsid2763459 at 85.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5706332\charrsid2763459 The DNA of approximately one in a thousand persons would also be consistent with the DNA mixture.}{ \cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13707076\charrsid2763459 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8978444 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid13502567\charrsid4147441 \chftn }{\insrsid13502567\charrsid4147441 On cross examination, Perry\rquote s defense attorney spent a considerable amount of time questioning the validity of the DNA evidence given that Dr. Kalafut\rquote s probability calculations were based on Black, Caucasian, and Hispanic populations but not an Asian population. Tr., }{\insrsid13502567 v}{\insrsid13502567\charrsid4147441 ol. VII at 95-105. Dr. Kalafut opined that the probability of a member of an Asian population having DNA consistent with the mixed sample would be \'93in the same ballpark\'94 as the estimates for the other populations; that is , somewhere between one in a hundred and one in ten thousand. Tr., }{\insrsid13502567 v}{\insrsid13502567\charrsid4147441 ol. VII at 87, 101, 103. The transcripts suggest that Perry\rquote s attorney was attempting to infer that one in a hundred was a more likely probability based on the fact that the victim was Korean and that Guam\rquote s population contains a higher percentage of Asians than are typically found on the mainland. Tr., }{ \insrsid13502567 v}{\insrsid13502567\charrsid4147441 ol}{\insrsid13502567 .}{\insrsid13502567\charrsid4147441 VII at 95-105. \par }\pard \s15\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8978444 {\insrsid13502567\charrsid4147441 \tab However, Dr. Kalafut never testified that the probability of inclusion based on an Asian population would be higher than for the populations actually used. Instead, he only admitted it was possible the probability could be as high as one in one hundred. Tr.}{\insrsid13502567 ,}{\insrsid13502567\charrsid4147441 }{\insrsid13502567 v}{\insrsid13502567\charrsid4147441 ol. VII at 103. In fact, the data themselves suggest that probabilities calculated from an Asian database might even be lower rather than }{\insrsid13502567 higher. Although at least one B}{\insrsid13502567\charrsid4147441 lack individual (Perry) had DNA consistent with the mixed sample, th e probability of inclusion by another member of the Black population was actually significantly less (1 in 5000) than the probability of inclusion from a member of the Caucasian or Hispanic populations (1 in 1300 and 1 in 1000 respectively). }{ \i\insrsid13502567\charrsid4147441 See}{\insrsid13502567\charrsid4147441 Tr., }{\insrsid13502567 v}{\insrsid13502567\charrsid4147441 ol. XI at 20 (Closing Arguments).}{\insrsid13502567 }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5706332\charrsid2763459 at 86.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5928824\charrsid2763459 Dr. Kalafut testified that he obtained a partial DNA sequence from the condom, and that it was consistent with the victim and}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15825618\charrsid2763459 only}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5928824\charrsid2763459 one in a hundred and ninety billion people would also have DNA consistent with that discovered on the condom.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5928824\charrsid2763459 at 88-89.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5928824\charrsid2763459 No }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15825618\charrsid2763459 male }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5928824\charrsid2763459 DNA was obtained from the rape kit.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5928824\charrsid2763459 at 90.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1262313\charrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9071286\charrsid2763459 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8978444\charrsid2763459 [45]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7614201\charrsid2763459 \tab The victim identified Perry as her at}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 tacker in the courtroom.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 Tr., v}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7614201\charrsid2763459 ol. VIII at 98.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7614201\charrsid2763459 However, she also testified that she had never id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4281090\charrsid2763459 entified Perry in a lineup and that she had seen Perry\rquote s picture in newspapers and on the television.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4281090\charrsid2763459 at 122-23.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4281090\charrsid2763459 As mentioned above, she also testified to having}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 poor eyesight.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4281090\charrsid2763459 at 98.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12746325\charrsid2763459 Although the jury might have had any number of reasons to doubt the victim\rquote s identification of Perry, the People presented }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15825618\charrsid2763459 very }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12746325\charrsid2763459 strong physical and circumstantial evidence connecting Perry with the crime.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12746325\charrsid2763459 There is no reasonable probability that the unanimity instruction lead }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 the jury to}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12746325\charrsid2763459 identify Perry as the perpetrato r of the crime despite reasonable doubt as to that element.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7614201\charrsid2763459 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8978444\charrsid2763459 [46]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8858268\charrsid2763459 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14699089\charrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12746325\charrsid2763459 There is similarly overwhelming evidence that the victim suffered personal injury (an element of First Degree CSC) and serious bodily injury (an e}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14319394\charrsid2763459 lement of Aggravated Assault).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14319394\charrsid2763459 See}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14319394\charrsid2763459 9 GCA \'a7\'a7 19.20, 25.15.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 In addition to the victim\rquote s testimony describing her injuries,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105239\charrsid2763459 Tr., vol. VIII at 88-90, 97,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 there was strong corroboration}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105239\charrsid2763459 by other witnesses}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5375451\charrsid2763459 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14319394\charrsid2763459 Dr. Eusebio, the victim\rquote s admitting physician, testified that the victim spent over a week in the hospital recovering }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10710530\charrsid2763459 from a pelvic fracture, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14319394\charrsid2763459 bleeding in the pelvis}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10710530\charrsid2763459 , and multiple facial contusi}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105239\charrsid2763459 ons.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105239\charrsid2763459 Tr., v}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10710530\charrsid2763459 ol. V at 54-57}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4147441\charrsid2763459 (Trial, Aug. 4, 2006)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14319394\charrsid2763459 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105239\charrsid2763459 Dr. Eusebio also testified that the victim}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4411470\charrsid2763459 \rquote }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105239\charrsid2763459 s injuries were life threatening.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105239\charrsid2763459 Id. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105239\charrsid2763459 at 60.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105239\charrsid2763459 Special Agent Debbie Fasano from the Naval Criminal Investigative Service testified that the victim\rquote s face was swollen and bruised, that her eyes were swollen shut, and that blood was coming out of her eye.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105239\charrsid2763459 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105239\charrsid2763459 at 88.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13527710\charrsid2763459 In addition, photographs of the victim\rquote s injuries were admitted into evidence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13527710\charrsid2763459 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13527710\charrsid2763459 at 91; Tr., vol. VI at 20-23.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10710530\charrsid2763459 Again, there is no reasonable probability that the jury}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13527710\charrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10710530\charrsid2763459 harbored any reasonable doubt that the victim suffered very serious injuries. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8978444\charrsid2763459 [47]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10710530\charrsid2763459 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13527710\charrsid2763459 There is }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8415685\charrsid2763459 corroborating evidence that Perry had sex with the victim.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8415685\charrsid2763459 The condom }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10230697\charrsid2763459 recovered}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8415685\charrsid2763459 at the Mobil station contained DNA that almost certainly came from the victim.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8415685\charrsid2763459 The boxer shorts contained}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11432516\charrsid2763459 semen}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8415685\charrsid2763459 DNA that almost certainly came from Perry, and a mixed }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1211542\charrsid2763459 DNA }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8415685\charrsid2763459 sample that likely came from both Perry and the victim.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12997196\charrsid2763459 Dr. Ellen Bez from the Healing Hearts Rape Crisis Center performed a sexual assault exam on the victim in the hospital, but the exam was limited due to the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1211542\charrsid2763459 victim\rquote s}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12997196\charrsid2763459 pelvic fracture.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12997196\charrsid2763459 Tr., Vol. IX at 73-74}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4147441\charrsid2763459 (Trial, Aug. 22, 2006)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12997196\charrsid2763459 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12997196\charrsid2763459 Dr. Bez testified that the victim claimed she had experience}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13527710\charrsid2763459 d}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12997196\charrsid2763459 oral, vaginal, and anal penetration.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4147441\charrsid2763459 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12997196\charrsid2763459 at 78.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12997196\charrsid2763459 The only physical evidence of sexual penetration that Dr. Bez uncovered was some redness of the vagina.}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6773745\charrsid2763459 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8978444 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid13502567\charrsid2562086 \chftn }{\insrsid13502567\charrsid2562086 Dr. Bez also testified that the victim\rquote s teeth, mouth, vagina, abdomen, and anus were caked with sand. Tr., }{\insrsid13502567 v}{\insrsid13502567\charrsid2562086 ol. IX at 80.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4147441\charrsid2763459 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12997196\charrsid2763459 at 81.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6773745\charrsid2763459 However, Dr. Bez also testified on cross-examination that a professional prostitute might be less readily damaged by sex acts than the average person.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4147441\charrsid2763459 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6773745\charrsid2763459 at 91.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8978444\charrsid2763459 [48]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4287013\charrsid2763459 \tab The only direct evidence of particular acts of sexual penetration, particularly oral and anal penetration, comes from the victim\rquote s own testimony}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11432516\charrsid2763459 and her statement}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13527710\charrsid2763459 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11432516\charrsid2763459 to Dr. Bez}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4287013\charrsid2763459 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4287013\charrsid2763459 Similarly, the victim\rquote s testimony provides the only direct evidence of force and coercion (all three degrees of CSC), intent (all crimes charged except Aggravated Ass}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2522484\charrsid2763459 a}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4287013\charrsid2763459 ult),}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2522484\charrsid2763459 and recklessness (Aggravated Assault).}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10835641\charrsid2763459 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8978444 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid13502567\charrsid4147441 \chftn }{ \insrsid13502567\charrsid4147441 The extent of the victim\rquote s injuries, as described in the previous paragraph, also provides circumstantial evidence as to the defendant\rquote s }{\i\insrsid13502567\charrsid4147441 mens rea}{ \insrsid13502567\charrsid4147441 and the use of force and coercion.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2522484\charrsid2763459 In fact, the victim\rquote s testimony was the only direct evidence for }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2522484\charrsid2763459 all}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2522484\charrsid2763459 the elements of Terrorizing.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2522484\charrsid2763459 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2522484\charrsid2763459 9 GCA \'a7 19.16.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5265587\charrsid2763459 Nevertheless, t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2522484\charrsid2763459 he jury found Perry guilty on all counts.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5265587\charrsid2763459 From this, we conclude that the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2522484\charrsid2763459 jury found the victim\rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5265587\charrsid2763459 s }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13527710\charrsid2763459 recitation}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5265587\charrsid2763459 of what happened}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2522484\charrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1211542\charrsid2763459 at the crime scene }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2522484\charrsid2763459 to be}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11432516\charrsid2763459 wholly}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2522484\charrsid2763459 credible.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4287013\charrsid2763459 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8978444\charrsid2763459 [49]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3020941\charrsid2763459 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11102504\charrsid2763459 To meet his burden of showing that the unanimity-instruction error affected his substantial rights, Perry must give us some reason to doubt the victim\rquote s test}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1211542\charrsid2763459 imony regarding elements such as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11102504\charrsid2763459 intent}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1211542\charrsid2763459 or force and coercion}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11102504\charrsid2763459 , while at the same time }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8748902\charrsid2763459 demonstrating}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11102504\charrsid2763459 that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1211542\charrsid2763459 the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11102504\charrsid2763459 victim\rquote s testimony }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1211542\charrsid2763459 may have proven}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11102504\charrsid2763459 the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11102504\charrsid2763459 acts}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11102504\charrsid2763459 beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11102504\charrsid2763459 Our review of the victim\rquote s}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3346033\charrsid2763459 testimony indicates that she told a consistent story of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8748902\charrsid2763459 a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3346033\charrsid2763459 sexual assault that was violent}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1211542\charrsid2763459 , forceful,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3346033\charrsid2763459 and coerciv}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10835641\charrsid2763459 e from beginning to end.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10835641\charrsid2763459 Tr., v}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3346033\charrsid2763459 ol. VIII at 83-95, 106-09, 114-17.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3346033\charrsid2763459 Even }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1211542\charrsid2763459 if it were possible to judge}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3346033\charrsid2763459 a witness\rquote s credibility on appellate review, we see no reason to preferentially assign doubt to any particular aspect of }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1211542\charrsid2763459 the victim\rquote s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3346033\charrsid2763459 version of the attack.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1211542\charrsid2763459 More importantly, there is no reasonable probability that the jury would have doubted any particular element of the victim\rquote s story while at the same time finding her account of the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1211542\charrsid2763459 acts}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1211542\charrsid2763459 to be wholly credible. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4877761\charrsid2763459 As this }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13269782\charrsid2763459 c}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11102504\charrsid2763459 ourt has stated before, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11102504\charrsid2763459 where \lquote }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3020941\charrsid2763459 [u]pon review of the record, it would appear that the jury was free to judge for itself the weight of the evidence presented and the credibili}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11102504\charrsid2763459 ty of the testifying witnesses,\rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3020941\charrsid2763459 then there is no error affecting substantial rights.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11102504\charrsid2763459 People v. Moses}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11102504\charrsid2763459 , 2007 Guam 5 \'b6 21 (quoting}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3020941\charrsid2763459 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11102504\charrsid2763459 People v. }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3020941\charrsid2763459 Evaristo}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3020941\charrsid2763459 , 1999 Guam 22 \'b6 34}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10230697\charrsid2763459 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3020941\charrsid2763459 . \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13267310 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 IV.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid990251\charrsid2763459 CONCLUSION}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2763459 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267310 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8978444\charrsid2763459 [50]}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 The trial court committed clear error when it failed to properly instruct the jury that each and every element of the charges needed to be proved beyond a reasonable doubt}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15825618\charrsid2763459 and th en instructed that at least one act must be proven for each crime}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1009300\charrsid2763459 Because }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 the error was not preserved at trial, it }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8079695\charrsid2763459 is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 subject to a plain}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1009300\charrsid2763459 error analysis, and}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 Perry failed to meet his burden of showing that the error }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8858268\charrsid2763459 affected his substantial rights}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1009300\charrsid2763459 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1009300\charrsid2763459 T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 he verdict of the trial court must }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15495061\charrsid2763459 therefore }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 be }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 AFFIRMED}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12846939\charrsid2763459 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2763459 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11744505\charrsid2763459 This Amended Opinion supersedes our earlier opinion in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11744505\charrsid2763459 People v. Perry}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11744505\charrsid2763459 , 2008 Guam 24.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16527793\charrsid2763459 \par }}