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{\title People v. Jesus, CRA08-001}{\subject criminal}{\author Supreme Court of Guam}{\operator freriks_k}{\creatim\yr2009\mo2\dy5\hr10\min22}{\revtim\yr2009\mo2\dy5\hr16\min36}{\printim\yr2009\mo1\dy30\hr11\min7}{\version13}{\edmins52}{\nofpages19}
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{\*\wgrffmtfilter 013f}{\*\ftnsep \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid4014854 \chftnsep 
\par }}{\*\ftnsepc \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid4014854 \chftnsepc 
\par }}{\*\aftnsep \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid4014854 \chftnsep 
\par }}{\*\aftnsepc \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid4014854 \chftnsepc 
\par }}\sectd \psz1\pgnrestart\pgnstarts2\linex0\headery1440\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid6694561\sftnbj\saftnnar {\headerr \pard\plain \s31\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar
\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5793390 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\i\fs20\insrsid4014854\charrsid6694561 People v. Jesus}{\fs20\insrsid4014854\charrsid6694561 
, Opinion\tab \tab Page }{\field{\*\fldinst {\cs30\fs20\insrsid4014854\charrsid6694561  PAGE }}{\fldrslt {\cs30\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1211879 20}}}\sectd \linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\cs30\fs20\insrsid4014854\charrsid6694561 
 of }{\field{\*\fldinst {\cs30\fs20\insrsid4014854\charrsid6694561  NUMPAGES }}{\fldrslt {\cs30\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4014854 29}}}\sectd \linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\cs30\fs20\insrsid4014854\charrsid6694561 
\par }\pard \s31\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\brdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp20 \tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5793390 {\cs30\fs20\insrsid4014854\charrsid6694561 
\par }\pard \s31\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid4014854 
\par }}{\footerr \pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\pvpara\phmrg\posxc\posy0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15011879 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs30\insrsid4014854 

\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15562049 {\insrsid4014854\charrsid16715605 
\par }}{\headerf \pard\plain \s31\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15562049 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\i\fs20\insrsid4014854\charrsid6694561 
People v. Jesus}{\fs20\insrsid4014854\charrsid6694561 , Opinion\tab \tab Page }{\field{\*\fldinst {\cs30\fs20\insrsid4014854\charrsid6694561  PAGE }}{\fldrslt {\cs30\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1211879 2}}}\sectd 
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\cs30\fs20\insrsid4014854\charrsid6694561  of }{\field{\*\fldinst {\cs30\fs20\insrsid4014854\charrsid6694561  NUMPAGES }}{\fldrslt {\cs30\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4014854 29}}}\sectd 
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\cs30\fs20\insrsid4014854\charrsid6694561 
\par }\pard \s31\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\brdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp20 \tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6694561 {\cs30\fs20\insrsid4014854\charrsid6694561 
\par }\pard \s31\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15562049 {\fs20\insrsid4014854\charrsid15562049 
\par }}{\footerf \pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid4014854 
\par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}
{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8
\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2101263 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201 THE PEOPLE OF GUAM,
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201 Plaintiff-Appellee,}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201\charrsid4092201 V}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9993655\charrsid4092201 JUNIOR SALAS JESUS}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201 ,
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201 Defendant-Appellant.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15562049\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15562049\charrsid4092201 Supreme Court Case No.: CRA08-001
\par Superior Court Case No.: CF0381-07
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201 OPINION
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4852009 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6770101\charrsid4092201 Filed:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6770101\charrsid4092201 February 4, 2009}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201 Cite as: 200}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15562049\charrsid4092201 9}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201  Guam }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13578508\charrsid4092201 2}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4679801 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam
\par Argued and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6694561\charrsid4092201 submitted on}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5645726\charrsid4092201 October}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5645726\charrsid4092201 28}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201 , 2008}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201 Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201 \tab \tab \tab \tab 
\par }\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid4092201 {\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201 Appearing for Plaintiff-Appellee:}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6899554\charrsid4092201 Basil O}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6899554\charrsid4092201 Mallan}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12414585\charrsid4092201 , }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12414585\charrsid4092201 Esq}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12414585\charrsid4092201 . (argued)
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201 Marianne Woleschuk, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201 Esq}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12414585\charrsid4092201  (briefed)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201 
\par Office of the Attorney General
\par Prosecution Division
\par 287 W O}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201 Brien Dr}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13635354\charrsid4092201 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201  
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910\cell }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201 Appearing for Defendant-Appellant:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5587646\charrsid4092201 Peter J.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5587646\charrsid4092201 Sablan, }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5587646\charrsid4092201 Esq}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7342485\charrsid4092201 .}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5587646\charrsid4092201 Public Defender Service Corporation
\par 110 W O}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5587646\charrsid4092201 Brien Dr}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13635354\charrsid4092201 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5587646\charrsid4092201 
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow 
\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15562049\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201 BE}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201 FORE:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201 ROBERT J. TORRES, Chief Justice; F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Associate Justice; ALEXANDER }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13635354\charrsid4092201 C. }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201 CASTRO, Ju}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2504421\charrsid4092201 stice}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201 Pro Tem}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2504421\charrsid4092201 pore}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201 .
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\dxfrtext90\dfrmtxtx90\dfrmtxty90\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4421162\charrsid4092201 TORRES, C}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701\charrsid4092201 .J.:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877701 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4014854\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6694561\charrsid4092201 [1]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6694561\charrsid4092201 \tab }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777136\charrsid4092201 Defendant-Appellant Junior Salas Jesus appeals from}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6170255\charrsid4092201  a conviction on two charges of}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777136\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378903\charrsid4092201 misdemeanour}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6170255\charrsid4092201  assault and one charge of}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777136\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378903\charrsid4092201 misdemeanour}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777136\charrsid4092201  family violence}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11280430\charrsid4092201  stemming from an auto-pedestrian collision involving his girlfriend}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6257430\charrsid4092201 , Julie Sandra Muna Gadia}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777136\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939113\charrsid4092201 Jesus}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777136\charrsid4092201 
 argues that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11143197\charrsid4092201 the trial court violated his Sixth Amendment Confrontation right on the theory that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777136\charrsid4092201 
if a witness testifies on the stand but claims lack of memory }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12852717\charrsid4092201 and is thus defined as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12852717\charrsid4092201 unavailable}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12852717\charrsid4092201  by Rule 804(a)(3) of the Guam Rules of Evidence}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13635354\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12545706\charrsid4092201 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12545706\charrsid4092201 GRE}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12545706\charrsid4092201 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12852717\charrsid4092201 , th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11143197\charrsid4092201 e}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12852717\charrsid4092201  witness/declarant is also }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12852717\charrsid4092201 unavailable}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12852717\charrsid4092201  for the purposes of the Confrontation Clause.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14177608\charrsid4092201 Jesus}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777136\charrsid4092201  further a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11563006\charrsid4092201 sserts}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777136\charrsid4092201  that the trial court erred in admitting out-of-court statements made by witness-victim Gadia as an }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5767212\charrsid4092201 excited utterance}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777136\charrsid4092201  exception under }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8651617\charrsid4092201 GRE}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13635354\charrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777136\charrsid4092201 803(2) where such statements were made in response to police officers}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777136\charrsid4092201  questions }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8651617\charrsid4092201 nearly a week }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12849999\charrsid4092201 after }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8651617\charrsid4092201 being}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12849999\charrsid4092201  ru}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777136\charrsid4092201 n over by a truck.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777136\charrsid4092201 Finally, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8069253\charrsid4092201 Jesus believes }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15426851\charrsid4092201 that the trial court erred in denying a motion for a judgment of acquittal because }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8069253\charrsid4092201 the }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777136\charrsid4092201 evidence }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10497150\charrsid4092201 wa}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8672638\charrsid4092201 s}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777136\charrsid4092201  insufficient to support a finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15426851\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15544071 

\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4014854\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5793390\charrsid4092201 [2]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8455168\charrsid4092201 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15544071\charrsid4092201 For the reasons}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4718950\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11234110\charrsid4092201 set forth}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4718950\charrsid4092201  below}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15544071\charrsid4092201 , we affirm the judgment of the Superior Court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777136\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10777136 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4014854\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10553246 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 I.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Factual and Procedural Background
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4854023\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5793390\charrsid4092201 [3]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5793390\charrsid4092201 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5399088\charrsid4092201 
On the night of August 3, 2007, Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs) and police officers found Gadia in critical condition after being run over by a 1997 Mazda pickup truck belonging to Gadia\rquote s boyfriend, Jesus.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5399088\charrsid4092201 Gadia experienced such a degree of physical 
trauma that she could not verbally respond to the EMTs and all she could do was move her eyes in response to light and groan in pain.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5399088\charrsid4092201 
She was transferred to the Naval Hospital where she underwent surgery.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6751382 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4014854\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5793390\charrsid4092201 [4]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5793390\charrsid4092201 \tab }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid533431\charrsid4092201 In furtherance of a criminal investigation, early the next morning }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Officer Jessica Meyenberg interview}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8461019\charrsid4092201 ed }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Jesus.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
During this interview, Jesus told Officer Meyenberg that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 throughout their two years [Jesus and Gadia] had a lot of problems}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
mainly because he would accuse her of having affairs}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  and that 
just prior to the auto-pedestrian collision, Jesus and Gadia were arguing about whether she was having an affair with one of her co-workers.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13977583\charrsid4092201 Transcript}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12389981\charrsid4092201 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13977583\charrsid4092201  (}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10223915\charrsid4092201 Tr.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13977583\charrsid4092201 )}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10223915\charrsid4092201  at 14-18, 47, 53. (Jury Trial, Nov. 19, 2007).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4014854\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5793390\charrsid4092201 [5]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5793390\charrsid4092201 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Gadia spent nearly a week recovering in the
 Intensive Care Unit of the Naval Hospital}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4533997\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4878512\charrsid4092201 O}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 n August 9, 2007, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2169944\charrsid4092201 at around 11:55 a.m.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7342485\charrsid4092201 ,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2169944\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Officer}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14889182\charrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4878512\charrsid4092201 Donald}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15028409\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14889182\charrsid4092201 Nakamura }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2169944\charrsid4092201 was informed }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10552624\charrsid4092201 that Gadia had awaken}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8206714\charrsid4092201 
 and said that Jesus ran her over twice}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Lt. Krejci }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537563\charrsid4092201 of the Naval Hospital }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 to}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13137990\charrsid4092201 ld}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  Officer Nakamura that Gadia would be more awake and responsive }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13137990\charrsid4092201 for an interview }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 in a few hours after the sedatives wore off.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4014854\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5793390\charrsid4092201 [6]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5793390\charrsid4092201 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 At around 2:00 p.m.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5192936\charrsid4092201  the same day}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 , Officer Nakamura }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15742284\charrsid4092201 was informed }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 that Gad}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5459770\charrsid4092201 ia was more responsive}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11620578\charrsid4092201 A}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 t 2:38 p.m., Officer Nakamura arrived at the Naval Hospital}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7690597\charrsid4092201  and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 met with Lt. Krejci who said that Gadia spoke softly because the ventilator tube was }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12727511\charrsid4092201 recently removed from her mouth.}{\cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12727511\charrsid4092201 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s20\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13635354 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs21\super\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 \chftn }{\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879  
 }{\cf1\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 Lt. Krejci was off-island during the trial and unavailable to testify as to Gadia condition and statements made on August 9, 2007.  Tr. at 73-74 (Jury Trial, Nov. 20, 2007). }}}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Officer Nakamura }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12727511\charrsid4092201 then }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 interviewed Gadia.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid488321\charrsid4092201 
After Gadia began coughing heavily and started to moan, Officer Nakamura ended the interview and informed Gadia that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2648854\charrsid4092201 he would return at a la}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11802241\charrsid4092201 ter time to interview her again. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16584845 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4014854\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5793390\charrsid4092201 [7]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5793390\charrsid4092201 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid488321\charrsid4092201 The following day}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13712131\charrsid4092201 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid488321\charrsid4092201  on August 10, 2007, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1648955\charrsid4092201 Officer Nakamura }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11470349\charrsid4092201 (along with Officer Meyenberg) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1648955\charrsid4092201 returned to the hospital }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14816323\charrsid4092201 
for a second}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1648955\charrsid4092201  interview}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10708690\charrsid4092201  with}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1648955\charrsid4092201  Gadia.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4404152\charrsid4092201 In the hospital room, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11470349\charrsid4092201 Gadia }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4404152\charrsid4092201 ended }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2379118\charrsid4092201 a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4404152\charrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12071331\charrsid4092201 telephone }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4404152\charrsid4092201 conversation with her family in order to speak to the officers and they proceeded with a second interview.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4014854\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5793390\charrsid4092201 [8]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5793390\charrsid4092201 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
Jesus was indicted for the following charges: 1) First Degree Felony Attempted Aggravated Murder; 2) Second Degree Felony Aggravated A
ssault with a special allegation of Use of a Deadly Weapon in the Commission of a Felony; 3) Third Degree Felony Aggravated Assault, with a special allegation of Possession and Use of a Deadly Weapon in the Commission of a Felony; and 4) Third Degree Felo
ny Family Violence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3627534\charrsid4092201 Appellant\rquote s }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Excerpts of Record (}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 ER}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6831304\charrsid4092201 ) at 1-2 (June}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  4, 2008).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4014854\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5793390\charrsid4092201 [9]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5793390\charrsid4092201 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14752319\charrsid4092201 At the trial, }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9189685\charrsid4092201 Gadia testified that she }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10831613\charrsid4092201 did not remember }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10050449\charrsid4092201 speaking to O}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7282707\charrsid4092201 fficer Nakamura}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15997784\charrsid4092201  on August 9, 2007}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11862775\charrsid4092201 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11862775\charrsid4092201 A}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10050449\charrsid4092201 lthough}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14106610\charrsid4092201 
 Gadia}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10050449\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1065324\charrsid4092201 testified that she }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10050449\charrsid4092201 remembered}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191933\charrsid4092201  that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10050449\charrsid4092201 two officers were asking her questions on August 10, 2007, she did not remember what was said}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4008982\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7282707\charrsid4092201 Gadia}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10831613\charrsid4092201 
 also }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3485472\charrsid4092201 testified}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10831613\charrsid4092201  that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7282707\charrsid4092201 she }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9189685\charrsid4092201 had been unconscious for a period of time}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10831613\charrsid4092201  and had memory loss}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9189685\charrsid4092201 
.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9189685 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4014854\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5793390\charrsid4092201 [10]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15863233\charrsid4092201 \tab }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12732658\charrsid4092201 The defense}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15629022\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
had the opportunity to elicit very favorable and detailed testimony from Gadia on cross-examination.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12732658\charrsid4092201 The defense}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15629022\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid553912\charrsid4092201 asked Gadia about her }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 past marriage}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9455397\charrsid4092201  to demonstrate that Gadia h}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3371992\charrsid4092201 as sought and would seek help from}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9455397\charrsid4092201 
 the police if a domestic dispute would occur}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8788201\charrsid4092201 Gadia}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  describ}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13388861\charrsid4092201 ed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  in detail her conversation and interactions with}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16062754\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12732658\charrsid4092201 Jesus}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13388861\charrsid4092201  just prior}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16062754\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 to the auto-pedestrian collision.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Gadia explained why she believed the chassis was broken on the truck and describe}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16543593\charrsid4092201 d}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  the inside of the truck in detail.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 In response to the defense}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 s questions}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6911204\charrsid4092201 ,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  Ga}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5774819\charrsid4092201 dia testified}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5774819\charrsid4092201 that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 she and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15562672\charrsid4092201 Jesus}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  never argued in public}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5774819\charrsid4092201  and}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid618691\charrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5774819\charrsid4092201 that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid419216\charrsid4092201 the auto-pedestrian collision was her fault}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid419216\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4014854\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5793390\charrsid4092201 [11]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5793390\charrsid4092201 \tab }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid873588\charrsid4092201 To help explain why Gadia asserted that the auto-pedestrian collision was her fault, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10573383\charrsid4092201 the }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8916179\charrsid4092201 prosecution}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid873588\charrsid4092201  called Dr. Mary Katherine Fegurgur, a qualified expert }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4148675\charrsid4092201 in}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14645772\charrsid4092201  the field of family violence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4148675\charrsid4092201 Dr. Fegurgur }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8743923\charrsid4092201 testified}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10256343\charrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2120106\charrsid4092201 that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid873588\charrsid4092201 victims of domestic abuse typically minimize the seri}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13646005\charrsid4092201 
ousness of the violent episodes,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid873588\charrsid4092201  are more likely }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid923469\charrsid4092201 to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13646005\charrsid4092201 
blame themselves,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid873588\charrsid4092201  have less social support separa}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13646005\charrsid4092201 te from the alleged perpetrator,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid873588\charrsid4092201  and are more likely to have a previous history of physical abuse.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid873588\charrsid4092201 
Dr. Fegurgur explained that over }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid748948\charrsid4092201 fifty-three}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid873588\charrsid4092201  percent}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13320147\charrsid4092201 
 of domestic abuse victims will }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid873588\charrsid4092201 remain with the perpet}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1578501\charrsid4092201 rator despite interventions and }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid873588\charrsid4092201 hospitalization.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid873588\charrsid4092201 
Dr. Fegurgur discussed in depth the role of jealousy in domestic violence and how it stems from a perpetrator}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid873588\charrsid4092201 
s need to control the victim.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112524\charrsid4092201 To further }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6634144\charrsid4092201 rebut}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112524\charrsid4092201  Gadia}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112524\charrsid4092201 s testimony during the trial, the }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8916179\charrsid4092201 prosecution}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16062754\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112524\charrsid4092201 impeached Gadia with}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6634144\charrsid4092201  her }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378903\charrsid4092201 initiated}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6634144\charrsid4092201  and signed}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112524\charrsid4092201  statement }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3749538\charrsid4092201 that}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14244849\charrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112524\charrsid4092201 she made to defense investigator Ricardo Taimanao.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112524 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4014854\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14575233\charrsid4092201 [12]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid873588\charrsid4092201 \tab }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6769734\charrsid4092201 T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8336575\charrsid4092201 o }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6769734\charrsid4092201 prove the element of}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4025237\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8336575\charrsid4092201 intent, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16062754\charrsid4092201 the}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2183326\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8916179\charrsid4092201 prosecution}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8336575\charrsid4092201  called Officer}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4287945\charrsid4092201 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8336575\charrsid4092201  Viera and Sanchez who testified that the incline of the road where the }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2299167\charrsid4092201 collision}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8336575\charrsid4092201  occurred was not steep enough for a vehicle to roll down by itself.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  
}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8336575\charrsid4092201 Officer Sanchez also testified that even if the truck had rolled }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7036018\charrsid4092201 down the}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8336575\charrsid4092201  gravel road with its 11.9 percent incline, an object in the road would have acted as a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8336575\charrsid4092201 chock or ramp that would [have] stop[ped] the pickup.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8336575\charrsid4092201 
Tr. at 22, 25 (Jury Trial, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6885096\charrsid4092201 Nov.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8336575\charrsid4092201  20, 2007).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8336575\charrsid4092201 Officer Sanchez concluded that in order for the truck to go over a human body or even a small object, the pickup needed to be accelerating, which meant someone had to be stepping on the gas.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8336575 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4014854\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14575233\charrsid4092201 [13]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8336575\charrsid4092201 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4287945\charrsid4092201 T}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 he }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12393393\charrsid4092201 trial }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 court }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4983641\charrsid4092201 admitted}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  into evidence excerpts from Officer Nakamura}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 s report }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14942366\charrsid4092201 which recorded }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
what Gadia said during two interviews on August 9th and 10th of 2007.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 The }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12393393\charrsid4092201 
trial }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 court found that since }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8158286\charrsid4092201 Jesus}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  would have }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7406158\charrsid4092201 the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 opportunity to cross-examine the declarant and test the reliability of Officer Nakamura, Jesus}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  confrontation rights would be satisfied}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12528709\charrsid4092201 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 On the stand, Officer Nakamura read aloud:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4014854\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 I inquired from . . . Gadia if it was an accident. }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid479583\charrsid4092201 [}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 G}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid479583\charrsid4092201 ]}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 adia informed me in a low, slurred tone of voice, that he did it on purpose.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
I inquired from her to whom was she referring to. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid479583\charrsid4092201 [}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 G}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid479583\charrsid4092201 ]}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 adia stated, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \lquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Junior, my boyfriend.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 . . . Gadia in a low tone of voice stated that it was over her }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378903\charrsid4092201 co-worker}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 . }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1583424\charrsid4092201 [}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 G}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1583424\charrsid4092201 ]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 adia started coughing heavily and started to moan.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 I then ceased the interview and told her that we will come back at a later time to interview her. }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3345877\charrsid4092201 [}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 G}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3345877\charrsid4092201 ]}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 adia informed me that she was afraid of Junior and does not want to see him, that she wanted him to go to jail in regards to what he did to her.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 
 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033635 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4014854 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4014854\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Tr. at 154 (Jury Trial, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6885096\charrsid4092201 Nov.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  19, 2007).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12412517\charrsid4092201 Then }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Officer Nakamura continued to read to the jury what Gadia said during }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7872991\charrsid4092201 the}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8219771\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 second interview on August 10, 2007.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 On the stand, Officer Nakamura read aloud:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4014854\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1444528\charrsid4092201 [}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 G}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1444528\charrsid4092201 ]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 adia started to cry and stated that she is scared that he might come after her.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 I assured her that it will not happen. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5519538\charrsid4092201 [}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 G}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5519538\charrsid4092201 ]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 adia continued to cry and called out her mother. }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11428033\charrsid4092201 [}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 G}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11428033\charrsid4092201 ]}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 adia was still crying and stated they were going down, he stopped and told her to get out of the car. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8461898\charrsid4092201 [}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 G}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8461898\charrsid4092201 ]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
adia, who by now was hysterical, stated that she was trying to move away from him. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7892398\charrsid4092201 [}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 G}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7892398\charrsid4092201 ]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 adia stated, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \lquote }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 He just ran me over like it was nothing.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 God help me not to die.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  She then stated that he tried to jack up the car and then tried to pick it up. }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4330560\charrsid4092201 [}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 G}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4330560\charrsid4092201 ]}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 adia stated that she pleaded for help from him and even told him that if he doesn}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 t, she will die.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13198146 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984546\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Tr. at 155-56 (Jury Trial, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6885096\charrsid4092201 Nov.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  19, 2007).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 After }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid413447\charrsid4092201 the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8916179\charrsid4092201 prosecution}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12412517\charrsid4092201  rested its}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  case, Jesus}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7556996\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608199\charrsid4092201 made two motions for a judgment of }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 acquittal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Jesus argued that there was}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid413447\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8916179\charrsid4092201 not}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13767527\charrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 sufficient evidence to send the matter to a jury or sustain a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2914616\charrsid4092201 guilty verdict}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 The trial court denied Jesus}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  motions for acquittal and found that the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8916179\charrsid4092201 prosecution}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid413447\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 had presented a prima facie case against Jesus.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033635\charrsid4092201 [14]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033635\charrsid4092201 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
Jesus was convicted and sentenced to one year imprisonment, one year parole, and fined one thousand dollars for the guilty verdicts }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16343092\charrsid4092201 of}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  two }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378903\charrsid4092201 misdemeanour}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  assaults and a }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378903\charrsid4092201 misdemeanour}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  for family violence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Judgment was entered and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2442749\charrsid4092201 Jesus filed a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13976763\charrsid4092201 timely }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 notice of appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10553246 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2831602\charrsid4092201 II. }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033635\charrsid4092201 
JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7367977\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033635\charrsid4092201 [15]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 \tab 
This court has jurisdiction over this appeal from a final judgment of conviction pursuant to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1538682\charrsid4092201 48 U.S.C.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712801\charrsid4092201 A.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1538682\charrsid4092201  \'a7 1424-1(a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378903\charrsid4092201 ) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1538682\charrsid4092201 2) (}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712801\charrsid4092201 West}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15014133\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1981765\charrsid4092201 Supp. 2008}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1538682\charrsid4092201 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1983164\charrsid4092201 ;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6046065\charrsid4092201  7 GCA \'a7\'a7 3107(b), 3108(a)}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16660703\charrsid4092201  (2005)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1983164\charrsid4092201 ;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1538682\charrsid4092201  and}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  8 GCA \'a7\'a7 130.10, 130.15(a) (2005).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033635\charrsid4092201 [16]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033635\charrsid4092201 \tab }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11149430\charrsid4092201 A}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3889330\charrsid4092201 lleged violations of the Sixth Amendment}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3889330\charrsid4092201 s Confrontation Clause are reviewed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2168251\charrsid4092201  de novo.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9334284\charrsid4092201 People v. Salas}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9334284\charrsid4092201 , 2000 Guam 2 \'b6 11; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16738796\charrsid4092201 s}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3889330\charrsid4092201 ee}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11149430\charrsid4092201  also}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3889330\charrsid4092201  Lilly v. Virginia}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3889330\charrsid4092201 , 527 U.S. 116, 136-37 (1999); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4261849\charrsid4092201 United States v. Ballesteros-Selinger}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4261849\charrsid4092201 , 454 F.3d 973, 974 n.2 (9th Cir. 2006); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4261849\charrsid4092201 United States v. Nielsen}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4261849\charrsid4092201 , 371 F.3d 574, 581 (9th Cir. 2004); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4261849\charrsid4092201 United States v. Murillo}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4261849\charrsid4092201 , 288 F.3d 1126, 1137 (9th Cir. 2002); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4261849\charrsid4092201 United States v. Ortega}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4261849\charrsid4092201 , 203 F.3d 675, 682 (9th Cir. 2000)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3889330\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3889330 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033635\charrsid4092201 [17]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033635\charrsid4092201 \tab }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15748538\charrsid4092201 U}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid663429\charrsid4092201 nder }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15748538\charrsid4092201 Rule }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid663429\charrsid4092201 104(a) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15748538\charrsid4092201 of the Guam Rules of Evidence, preliminary determinations of fact }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid663429\charrsid4092201 made by a trial court are reviewed under the clearly erroneous standard.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid663429\charrsid4092201 See}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid663429\charrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid663429\charrsid4092201 Bourjaily v. United States}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid663429\charrsid4092201 , 483 U.S. 171, 175, 181 (1987); }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid663429\charrsid4092201 Zahnen v. Limtiaco}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid663429\charrsid4092201 , 2008 Guam 5 \'b6 8}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15861317\charrsid4092201 
 (findings of fact will be set aside only if clearly erroneous)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid663429\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid663429 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033635\charrsid4092201 [18]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033635\charrsid4092201 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 The trial court}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 s decision to admit evidence under a hearsay exception is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14812932\charrsid4092201 People of Guam}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  v. Cepeda}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid815436\charrsid4092201 , 69 F.3d 369, 371 (9th }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Cir. 1995); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 see }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6964172\charrsid4092201 also }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Gen}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10031782\charrsid4092201 .}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  Elec}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10031782\charrsid4092201 .}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  Co. v. Joiner}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 , 522 U.S. 136, 141 (1997) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10821476\charrsid4092201 A}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 ll evidentiary decisions are reviewed under an abuse-of-discretion standard}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 ).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
A court abuses its discretion by basing its decision on an erroneous legal standard or clearly erroneous factual findings, or if, in applying the appropriate legal standards, the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5191548\charrsid4092201 [}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15097431\charrsid4092201 trial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5191548\charrsid4092201 ]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15097431\charrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 court misapprehended the law with respect to the underlying issues in the litigation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 " }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 San Miguel v. Dep}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 t of Pub}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3561969\charrsid4092201 .}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  Works}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10424609\charrsid4092201 , 2008 Guam 3 }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 \'b6}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3820756\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 18; }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 see}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6964172\charrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 also Rabkin v. Or}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1796717\charrsid4092201 .}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  Health Scis}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15035301\charrsid4092201 .}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  Univ.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 , 350 F.3d 967, 977 (9th Cir. 2003)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1594971\charrsid4092201 ; }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 SEC v. Coldicutt}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 , 258 F.3d 939, 941 (9th Cir. 2001).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033635\charrsid4092201 [19]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033635\charrsid4092201 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14815619\charrsid4092201 W}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4731485\charrsid4092201 e review }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid533322\charrsid4092201 de novo }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4731485\charrsid4092201 the }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4731485\charrsid4092201 legal question}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4731485\charrsid4092201  that was initially posed to the trial court }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3963981\charrsid4092201 
of}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4731485\charrsid4092201  whether }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15628426\charrsid4092201 the evidence was insufficient to support a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12089185\charrsid4092201 
jury }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15628426\charrsid4092201 finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14815619\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14815619\charrsid4092201 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14815619\charrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14815619\charrsid4092201 People v. Maysho}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14815619\charrsid4092201 , 2005 Guam 4 \'b6 6 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14815619\charrsid4092201 
If a defendant preserves the claim of sufficiency of the evidence by filing a motion for acquittal, the standard of review on appeal is }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14815619\charrsid4092201 de novo}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14815619\charrsid4092201 ); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14815619\charrsid4092201 see also}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14815619\charrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14815619\charrsid4092201 Kaplan v. California}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14815619\charrsid4092201 , 413 U.S. 115, 122 (1973) (}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14837760\charrsid4092201 [T]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14815619\charrsid4092201 he prosecution}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14815619\charrsid4092201 s evidence was sufficient, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14815619\charrsid4092201 
as a matter of federal constitutional law}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14815619\charrsid4092201 , to support petitioner}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14815619\charrsid4092201 s conviction.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4410771\charrsid4092201  (emphasis added)}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14815619\charrsid4092201 ); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14815619\charrsid4092201 Kotteakos v. United States}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14815619\charrsid4092201 , 328 U.S. 750,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12928966\charrsid4092201  763}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14815619\charrsid4092201 -64 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16474345\charrsid4092201 & }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14815619\charrsid4092201 n.18 (1946) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12736548\charrsid4092201 [I]}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14815619\charrsid4092201 t is not the appellate court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14815619\charrsid4092201 
s function to determine guilt or innocence. . . . Those judgments are exclusively for the jury, given always the necessary minimum evidence }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14815619\charrsid4092201 legally}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14815619\charrsid4092201  sufficient to sustain the conviction.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14815619\charrsid4092201 ) (}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11023204\charrsid4092201 emphasis added}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14815619\charrsid4092201 ); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14815619\charrsid4092201 United States v. Shipsey}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14815619\charrsid4092201 , 363 F.3d 962, 971 n.8 (9th Cir. 2004).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14815619\charrsid4092201 This court }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 reviews the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution to ascertain whether any ratio
nal trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357946\charrsid4092201 People v. Flores}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3089242\charrsid4092201 , 2004 Guam 18 \'b6 6}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14815619\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1983435\charrsid4092201 T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 his }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13654900\charrsid4092201 standard is highly deferential to the jury}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8550906\charrsid4092201 s verdict }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11678458\charrsid4092201 and not deferential to }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12866013\charrsid4092201 the trial court\rquote s decision to deny the motion for a judgment of acquittal}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid660605\charrsid4092201 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16081902\charrsid4092201 See Jackson v. Virginia}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16081902\charrsid4092201 , 443 U.S. 307, 319}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9062422\charrsid4092201  (1979)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid930741\charrsid4092201 ; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid930741\charrsid4092201 see also}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid930741\charrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid930741\charrsid4092201 Parker v. Gerrish}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid930741\charrsid4092201 , 547 F.3d 1, 8 (}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13303924\charrsid4092201 1st Cir. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid930741\charrsid4092201 2008)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482069\charrsid4092201  (sufficiency of the evidence }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9387424\charrsid4092201 review }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482069\charrsid4092201 is weighted toward preservation of the jury verdict . . . .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482069\charrsid4092201  (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482069\charrsid4092201 Rodowicz v. Mass. Mut. Life Ins. Co.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482069\charrsid4092201 , 279 F.3d 36, 42 (1st Cir.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9980880\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482069\charrsid4092201 2002))}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3948440\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10553246 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033635\charrsid4092201 III. DISCUSSION}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9270946\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033635\charrsid4092201 [20]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071919\charrsid4092201 \tab On appeal}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5913565\charrsid4092201 ,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071919\charrsid4092201  Jesus argues that the trial court erred in admitting the excerpts from Officer Nakamura}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071919\charrsid4092201 s report into evidence}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4786485\charrsid4092201 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071919\charrsid4092201  arguing that the excerpts denied }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10844743\charrsid4092201 him of}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071919\charrsid4092201  his constitutional right to confront the witness}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3295574\charrsid4092201 .}{
\cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071919\charrsid4092201 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13635354 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs21\super\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 \chftn }{\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879   }{\cf1\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 At trial Jesus argued that the statements could not be admitted under \'93
prior inconsistent statement\'94 because Gadia testifying that she does not remember making a statement does not make her testimony \'93inconsistent.\'94  Tr. at 136 (Jury Trial, Nov. 19, 2007).  }{\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 Neither Jesus nor the 
prosecution argues this issue on appeal.  The issue of whether lack of memory is an inconsistent statement for the purposes of impeachment under GRE 801(d}{\insrsid9378903\charrsid1211879 ) (}{\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 1) has not been decided
 by this court.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5841257\charrsid4092201 He }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071919\charrsid4092201 
further asserts that the statements recorded in Officer Nakamura}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071919\charrsid4092201 s report fall in neither the }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5767212\charrsid4092201 excited utterance}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071919\charrsid4092201  nor the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071919\charrsid4092201 present sense impression}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071919\charrsid4092201  exceptions to hearsay because Gadia}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071919\charrsid4092201 s statements came }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9142020\charrsid4092201 six and seven}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071919\charrsid4092201  days after the incident.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5787490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2831602\charrsid4092201 [21]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2831602\charrsid4092201 \tab Moreover, Jesus believes the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8916179\charrsid4092201 prosecution}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2831602\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8916179\charrsid4092201 did not lay}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2831602\charrsid4092201 
 an adequate foundation to show that Gadia was unconscious }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2955702\charrsid4092201 nor did it}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2831602\charrsid4092201  lay an adequate foundation as to when Gad}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16647382\charrsid4092201 ia allegedly became conscious}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1071919\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033635\charrsid4092201 [22]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid85983\charrsid4092201 \tab Finally, Jesus submits that the evidence introduced at trial was insufficient to support a jury verdict of guilty.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid85983\charrsid4092201 We now address each of these arguments.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid85983 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10372339 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 A.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3219248\charrsid4092201 T}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12000643\charrsid4092201 he Confrontation Clause}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033635\charrsid4092201 [23]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 \tab The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11086579\charrsid4092201 
of the United States Constitution }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 is applicable to Guam}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16538411\charrsid4092201  by virtue of the Guam Organic Act}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 .}{\cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13635354 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs21\super\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 \chftn }{\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879   In 
}{\i\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 Guam Soc. of Obstetricians & Gynecologists v. Ada}{\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 , the court explains that in 1968, the United States Congress amended the Organic Act of Guam to extend the 
US constitutional rights of the first through ninth amendments to Guam.  776 F.Supp. 1422, 1426-27 (D. Guam 1990), }{\i\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 aff\rquote d}{\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 , 962 F.2d 1366 (9th Cir. 1992).  See also }{
\i\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 Boumediene v. Bush}{\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 , 128 S.Ct. 2229, 2254 (2008) (\'93
[T]he Constitution applies in full in incorporated Territories surely destined for statehood but only in part in unincorporated Territories.\'94); }{\i\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 Balzac v. Porto Rico}{\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 , 258 U.S. 298, 
306-08, 312-13 (1922) (The organic act of a territory which contains a bill of rights extends those repeated portions Constitution\rquote s Bill of Rights to that territory.  Moreover, only the \'93fundamental\'94
 rights of the Constitution apply automatically in Guam as in other unincorporated territories).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2831602\charrsid4092201 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378903\charrsid4092201 1421b (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2831602\charrsid4092201 u) (West 2003).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Additionally, the Organic Act of Guam independently provides that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7750160\charrsid4092201 i}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 n all criminal prosecutions the accused shall have the right}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid996180\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
. . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid996180\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 to be confronted with the witnesses against him.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 " }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15542797\charrsid4092201 48 U}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14241540\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15542797\charrsid4092201 S}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14241540\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15542797\charrsid4092201 C}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14241540\charrsid4092201 .A.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  \'a7 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378903\charrsid4092201 1421b (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 g)}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14241540\charrsid4092201  (West }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5708101\charrsid4092201 2003}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14241540\charrsid4092201 ).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033635\charrsid4092201 [24]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13304738\charrsid4092201 Jesus}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  argues that where a witness/declarant is found to lack memory concerning the subject matter of the declarant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 s statement and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2367512\charrsid4092201 is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12016833\charrsid4092201 thus}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  defined as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 unavailable}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  by}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5654395\charrsid4092201  GRE}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2294134\charrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 804(a)(3), that witness}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2367512\charrsid4092201 /declarant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  is also }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 unavailable}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
 for the purposes of the Confrontation Clause.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Appellant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 s Br}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10042743\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 ,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11739142\charrsid4092201  at}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5602274\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 9-10, 16-19}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11739142\charrsid4092201  (June 4, 2008)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 On the premise that the witness is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 unavailable,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3091839\charrsid4092201 Jesus}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
 argues that the trial court violated }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4937698\charrsid4092201 his}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  Confrontation Clause rights based on a }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Crawford}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 /}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Davis}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  analysis of testimonial hearsay.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4598542\charrsid4092201 We disagree.}{
\cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13635354 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\cs21\super\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 \chftn }{\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879   Jesus erroneously relies on }{\i\cf1\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 Davis v. Washington}{\cf1\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 , 547 U.S. 813 (2006) and }{
\i\cf1\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 Crawford v. Washington}{\cf1\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 , 541 U.S. 36 (2004).  The facts and legal questions before this court can readily be distinguished from }{\i\cf1\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 Crawford }{
\cf1\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 and }{\i\cf1\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 Davis}{\cf1\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 .  In both cases, the declarants were not physically present to serve as witnesses during trial.  }{
\i\cf1\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 Crawford}{\cf1\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 , 541 U.S. at 40; }{\i\cf1\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 Davis}{\cf1\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 , 547 U.S. at 818-20.  
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1211879 {\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 Unlike the declarants in }{\i\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 Crawford}{\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 
 and }{\i\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 Davis}{\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 , the declarant in this present case was physically present at trial as a witness, sworn in and subject to cross-examination.  }{\i\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 Compare C
rawford}{\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 , 541 U.S. at 36, }{\i\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 and}{\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879  }{\i\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 Davis}{\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 , 547 U.S. at 818-20, }{
\i\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 with}{\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879  Tr. at 10-127 (Jury Trial, Nov. 15, 2007).  In fact, Jesus had the opportunity to cross-examine the declarant for the duration of over forty pages of the trial transcript.  Tr. at 72
-110, 122-127 (Jury Trial, Nov. 15, 2007).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033635\charrsid4092201 [25]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15217916\charrsid4092201 \tab In}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8201822\charrsid4092201 United States v.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  Owens}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 , the }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9833710\charrsid4092201 U.S. Supreme Court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  granted certiorari specifically }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 to resolve the conflict with other Circuits on the significance of a hearsay declarant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 s memory loss both with respect to the Confrontation Clause and with respect to Rule 802.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{
\cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13635354 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs21\super\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 \chftn }{\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879   }{\i\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 Owen}{\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 
 allows the possibility that memory loss of declarant testifying at trial can be so severe that admitting such testimony could violate the Confrontation Clause.  484 U.S. at 557-58 & n.2.  
The case before us cannot reach this question due to the defense attorney\rquote s trial strategy in choosing not to invoke GRE 806 to cross-examine Gadia specifically on the content of the hearsay statements after they had be
en admitted.  In mentioning Justice Harlan\rquote s concurrence, }{\i\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 Owen}{\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 
 hints that if the Court were to decide the issue, memory loss would not violate the Confrontation Clause as long as declarant willingly testify under oath and was subject to cross-examination.  }{\i\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 Id.}{
\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879  at 557-58 & n.2.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 {\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK1}{\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK4}484 U.S. 554{\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK1}
{\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK4}, 557 (1988)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16733461\charrsid4092201  (citations omitted)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 The }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15942297\charrsid4092201 Supreme }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
Court spoke directly on the issue of whether a declarant who is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 unavailable}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  for the purposes of the Federal Rules of Evidence (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 FRE}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 ) 804(a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378903\charrsid4092201 ) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
3), could be available to satisfy the Confrontation Clause of the Constitution}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8789956\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2310281\charrsid4092201 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2310281\charrsid4092201  at 563-64.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8789956\charrsid4092201 A}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 s the Court observes:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13198146 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13198146 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
Respondent argues that this reading is impermissible because it creates an internal inconsistency in the Rules, since the forgetful witness who is deemed }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 subject to cross-examination}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  under 801(d}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378903\charrsid4092201 ) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378903\charrsid4092201 ) (}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 C) is simultaneously deemed }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 unavailable}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  under 804(a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378903\charrsid4092201 ) (}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 3). . . . It seems to us, however, that this is not a substantive inconsistency, but only a semantic oddity resulting f
rom the fact that Rule 804(a) has for convenience of reference in Rule 804(b) chosen to describe the circumstances necessary in order to admit certain categories of hearsay testimony under the rubric }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Unavailability as a witness.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  . . . }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8610021\charrsid4092201 It would seem stran
ge, for example, to assert that a witness can avoid introduction of testimony from a prior proceeding that is inconsistent with his trial testimony, by simply asserting lack of memory of the facts to which the prior testimony related. But }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 that situation, like this one, presents the verbal curiosity that the witness is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 subject to cross-examination}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  under Rule 801 while at the same time }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 unavailable}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  under Rule 804(a}
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378903\charrsid4092201 ) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 3).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
Quite obviously, the two characterizations are made for two entirely different purposes and there is no requirement or expectation that they should coincide.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13198146 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13198146 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7612172\charrsid4092201 Owens}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7612172\charrsid4092201 , }
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 484 U.S.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2306071\charrsid4092201  at 563-64 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 citation}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8610021\charrsid4092201 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  omitted).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033635\charrsid4092201 [26]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 \tab In response to arguments that defendant did not have the opportunity to }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 effectively}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  cross-examine the declarant/witness, the Court explains that the Confrontation Clause does not guarantee }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 cross-examination that is effective in whatever way, and to whatever extent, the defense might wish.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15932248\charrsid4092201 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  at 559 (quoting }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Kentucky v. Stincer}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 , 482 U.S. 730, 739 (1987)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1196378\charrsid4092201 )}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Owens}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16204706\charrsid4092201 delineates}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid134110\charrsid4092201 that}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697999\charrsid4092201 :}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697999 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6102013\charrsid4092201 T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
he Confrontation Clause includes no guarantee that every witness called by the prosecution will refrain from giving testimony that is marred by forgetfulness, confusion, or evasion}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697999\charrsid4092201 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6179792\charrsid4092201 [T]he Confrontation Clause}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
 is generally satisfied when the defense is given a full and fair opportunity to probe and expose these infirmities through cross-examination, thereby calling to the attention of the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378903\charrsid4092201 
fact finder}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  the reasons for giving scant weight to th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13634406\charrsid4092201 e witness}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  testimony.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15999706\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9515504\charrsid4092201 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  at 558 (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Delaware v. Fensterer}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 , 474 U.S. 15, 21-22 (1985)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 The Court reiterates, }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2831602\charrsid4092201 i}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
t is sufficient that the defendant has the opportunity to bring out such matters as the witness}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
 bias, his lack of care and attentiveness, his poor eyesight, and even (what is often a prime objective of cross-examination,) the very fact that he has a bad memory.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 " }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9515504\charrsid4092201 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2306071\charrsid4092201  at 559 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 citations omitted).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Ordinarily, the guarantees of the Confrontation Clause are met when a witness is: p
laced on the stand, under oath, and responds willingly to questions.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7612172\charrsid4092201 Owens}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7612172\charrsid4092201 
, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 484 U.S. at 561-62.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
Cross-examining a witness with memory loss is not fatal to the defendant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 s confrontation rights, but }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 is often the very result sought to be produced by cross-examination, and can be effective in destroying the force of the prior statement.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2581320\charrsid4092201 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10374525\charrsid4092201  at 562.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033635\charrsid4092201 [27]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 \tab In this present case, Gadia (the declarant/witness) testified under oath and willingly responded to}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8353212\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16607625\charrsid4092201 the defense\rquote s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355958\charrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 questions on cross-examination.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
The jury was able to observe her demeanor and draw inferences regarding her credibility.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16607625\charrsid4092201 The defense}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355958\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 asked Gadia about her past marriage to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13400829\charrsid4092201 show}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  that Gadia previously has called 911 for domestic violence and that if someone hurts her she could and would turn to the police.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Gadia answered}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8267108\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16607625\charrsid4092201 the defense\rquote s}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355958\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 questions about what happen}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6373928\charrsid4092201 ed}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  the night }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4942293\charrsid4092201 of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
August 3, 2007 and provided details of her conversation and interactions with Jesus leading up to the auto-pedestrian collision.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
Gadia described why she believed the chassis was broken on the truck and described the inside of the truck in detail.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033635\charrsid4092201 [28]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 \tab In respon}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4928174\charrsid4092201 se to the}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3950550\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16607625\charrsid4092201 defense\rquote s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4928174\charrsid4092201  question, }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11091097\charrsid4092201 t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 here}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3950550\charrsid4092201  [are]}
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3216870\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 other people that say that you made different stories}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7695231\charrsid4092201 . . . . 
}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2831602\charrsid4092201 Which story should the jury believe}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378903\charrsid4092201 ?}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2831602\charrsid4092201  Gadia responded, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2831602\charrsid4092201 it was my fault. }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 I got out of the car, and I went to the front. . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6304489\charrsid4092201  .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  Because I}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 m here to tell the truth}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6304489\charrsid4092201 . . . . }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 He didn}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 t ran}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3950550\charrsid4092201  [sic]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3216870\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 me over twice.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 It was my fault.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 If I didn}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 t get out of the car that night}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943860\charrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 . . . it wouldn}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 t happen.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9714827\charrsid4092201 Tr. at 98-99 (Jury Trial, Nov. 15, 2007)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7874902\charrsid4092201 The defense}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  explored the extent of Gadia}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 s memory and lack thereof.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5383529\charrsid4092201 The defense }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 asked Gadia if she loved}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5383529\charrsid4092201  Jesus}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 , to which she repli}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid424185\charrsid4092201 ed, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid424185\charrsid4092201 Yeah, I love him so much. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 We}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 re supposed to get married,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939660\charrsid4092201  but this car accident happened. . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 " }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12527778\charrsid4092201 Tr. at }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 103}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12527778\charrsid4092201  (Jury Trial, }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6885096\charrsid4092201 Nov.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12527778\charrsid4092201  15, 2007)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2752964\charrsid4092201 The defense}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  asked Gadia if she would lie to protect }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2752964\charrsid4092201 Jesus}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14237521\charrsid4092201 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  to which she responded at length that she would not.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2581320\charrsid4092201 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  at 104.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Gadia }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9203179\charrsid4092201 was also questioned }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
about her previous statements to police while in the hospital and she explained, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Maybe I said it because I was mad or something}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8874504\charrsid4092201 said that she }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9639672\charrsid4092201 thanked}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11223327\charrsid4092201  the defendant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  for saving her life.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2581320\charrsid4092201 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1330177\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 at 104.
}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033635\charrsid4092201 [29]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 \tab In closing arguments,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12281709\charrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4095821\charrsid4092201 defense}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  used the information gathered from}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12281709\charrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4095821\charrsid4092201 its}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3216870\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3505022\charrsid4092201 cross-examination of }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Gadia to support}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12281709\charrsid4092201  his}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  case as follows:}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 [Gadia] came up on }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10764192\charrsid4092201 the stand and she told you Mr. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Jesus is innocent; she doesn}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 
\rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 t remember anything she said . . . when she was interviewed by police; she was mad, she was confused; she was under medication for her injuries.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 She told you that the first chance she got she went straight to the Attorney General}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 s Office and . . . they refused to listen to her.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Maybe if they did we wouldn}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 t be here.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 She is not afraid to call the police.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 She told you she called the police seven times on her ex-husband.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
She never called the police once in her two-and-a-h}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6703956\charrsid4092201 alf-year relationship with Mr. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Jesus.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 And that}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 s the testimony you know. . . . In the end you must ask yourself: can you really trust anything she says? She is the alleged victim.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Do you believe her story now or do you believe what she told Investigator Nakamura? }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13001665\charrsid4092201 . . . }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13196577\charrsid4092201 That}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13196577\charrsid4092201 s reasonable doubt . . . }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 her story to Officer Nakamura or her story to you, in front of the jury.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
Did she really know what happened?}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 You must ask yourself.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Doesn}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
t it seem like she just has a normal propensity to lie?}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Ask yourself if you can trust what she says.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Is she lying then or is she lying now?}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 That is reasonable doubt}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10369812\charrsid4092201  . . . }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 .
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13198146 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5326524\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5653941\charrsid4092201 Tr. at 47-48 (Jury Trial, }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6885096\charrsid4092201 Nov.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5653941\charrsid4092201  26, 2007).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8022785\charrsid4092201 Clearly }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Jesus}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  confron}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1857322\charrsid4092201 tation rights were not violated.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7874902\charrsid4092201 The defense}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1857322\charrsid4092201  had }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 extensive opportunity to cross-examine Gadia}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1857322\charrsid4092201  and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid424185\charrsid4092201 she}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  cooperated in answering}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid605639\charrsid4092201  his}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  questions}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1857322\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 
 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Gadia }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4796321\charrsid4092201 demonstrated}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  a significant degree of memory to answer}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid605639\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7874902\charrsid4092201 the defense\rquote s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
 questions in detail about the events leading up}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7672605\charrsid4092201  to}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  the auto-pedestrian collision}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid133393\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid133393\charrsid4092201 Moreover, Gadia }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 was able to explain the reason why she }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 may}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  have made the previo
}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5704842\charrsid4092201 us statements that she}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5704842\charrsid4092201 testified }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11084543\charrsid4092201 to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 not remember making.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033635\charrsid4092201 [30]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76563\charrsid4092201 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9793112\charrsid4092201 Jesus}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9793112\charrsid4092201  argument that admitting Gadia}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9793112\charrsid4092201 s statements contained in Nakamura}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9793112\charrsid4092201 s report v
iolated the Confrontation Clause because she could not remember making the statements is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8336077\charrsid4092201 untenable}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9793112\charrsid4092201 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9793112\charrsid4092201 We }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12281341\charrsid4092201 next}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9793112\charrsid4092201 
 examine whether these statements were admissible under the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9793112\charrsid4092201 exited utterance}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9793112\charrsid4092201  exception to the hearsay rule. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76563 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10372339 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 B.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9203179\charrsid4092201 E}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5767212\charrsid4092201 xcited }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9203179\charrsid4092201 U}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5767212\charrsid4092201 tterance}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  Analysis
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13198146 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10553246 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 1.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950791\charrsid4092201 F}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 ind}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1841325\charrsid4092201 ing}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1385425\charrsid4092201  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 that the witness was }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 unconscious}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  unti}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1841325\charrsid4092201 l August 9, 2007}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13198146 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033635\charrsid4092201 [31]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033635\charrsid4092201 \tab }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Before we can reach the issue of whether the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5767212\charrsid4092201 excited utterance}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
 hearsay exception was correctly applied, we must address the threshold issue of foundation pursuant to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid605639\charrsid4092201 GRE}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8145604\charrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14106219\charrsid4092201 104(a)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1915622\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 which states: }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
Preliminary questions concerning . . . the admissibility of evidence shall be determined by the court, subject to the provisions of subdivision (b).}{\cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s20\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13635354 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs21\super\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 \chftn }{\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879  
 GRE }{\cf1\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 104(b) states: \'93When the relevancy of evidence depends upon the fulfillment of a con
dition of fact, the court shall admit it upon, or subject to, the introduction of evidence sufficient to support a finding of the fulfillment of the condition.\'94  GRE 104(b).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
 In making its determination it is not bound by the rules of evidence except those with respect to privileges.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13198146 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15165313\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7409171\charrsid4092201 GRE 104(a).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Rule 104(a) covers admissibility once it has been found relevant under 104(b).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
Rule 104(b) is concerned with the relevancy of the evidence }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2716698\charrsid4092201 as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 defined by }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2294134\charrsid4092201 GRE}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8145604\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 401 as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13784540\charrsid4092201 e}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 vidence having }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 any}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15670293\charrsid4092201 GRE 401 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 (emphasis added).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Thus, the relevancy of the Gadia}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 s statement}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6558787\charrsid4092201 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  do not depend on the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378903\charrsid4092201 fulfilment}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  of the requirements of an }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5767212\charrsid4092201 excited utterance}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
 exception under Rule 803(2).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Rather, under 104(b), relevance of Gadia}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 
\rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 s statement}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6558787\charrsid4092201 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
 would depend on whether or not she actually made the statement}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6558787\charrsid4092201 s.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6558787\charrsid4092201 Th}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13117435\charrsid4092201 e }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8916179\charrsid4092201 prosecution does}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2294134\charrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 not argue th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3501160\charrsid4092201 is point}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 .}{
\cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13635354 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs21\super\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 \chftn }{\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879   In this instant case, the prosecution
 presented case-law from other state jurisdictions as persuasive support for the proposition that unconsciousness for a period of time satisfied the requirements for GRE 803(2) excited utterance
 exception to hearsay.  Jesus argues that before the trial court could admit the statements under Rule 803(2), the prosecution must prove that Gadia was indeed unconscio
us and became conscious on the morning of August 9, 2007.  Jesus asserts that the case-law (as well as Rule 803(2)) is not relevant if Gadia was not unconscious throughout the entire period until the morning of August 9, 2007.  }}}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Therefore, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11432044\charrsid4092201 the foundational issue of Gadia}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11432044\charrsid4092201 s unconsciousness and when she awoke }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
is a preliminary fact question that is governed by 104(a) rather than 104(b).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033635\charrsid4092201 [32]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2033635\charrsid4092201 \tab }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Generally, Rule 104(a) of the Federal Rules of Evidence (from where Guam derives }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11492499\charrsid4092201 GRE}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  104(a)), reflects the common law view that findings of preliminary fact necessary to an admissibility ruling are left to the discretion of a trial judge without close supervision.}{
\cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945574\charrsid4092201 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13635354 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs21\super\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 \chftn }{\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879   The Guam Rules of Evidence are essentially identical to its like-numbere
d counterparts in the Federal Rules of Evidence.  Therefore, interpretations of the Federal Rules of Evidence from other jurisdictions are persuasive authority.  }{\i\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 See}{\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879  }{
\i\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 People v. Farata}{\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 , 2007 Guam 8 \'b6 29 n.2; }{\i\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 People v. Diaz}{\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 , 2007 Guam 3 \'b6 14 n.4; }{
\i\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 Shorehaven Corp. v. Taitano}{\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 , 2001 Guam 16 \'b6 10 n.5; }{\i\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 People of Guam v. Cepeda}{\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 , 69 F.3d 369 (9th Cir. 1995).}}}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Steele v. Taylor}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 , 684 F.2d 1193, 1202 (6th Cir. 1982).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12464668\charrsid4092201 In making such preliminary determinations}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9915745\charrsid4092201 ,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12464668\charrsid4092201  t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 he trial judge }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12464668\charrsid4092201 can weigh credibility and }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 is not bound by the rules of evidence}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12464668\charrsid4092201 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4733501\charrsid4092201 GRE}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9469233\charrsid4092201  104(a)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14750506\charrsid4092201 
; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13918202\charrsid4092201 s}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14750506\charrsid4092201 ee also}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14750506\charrsid4092201  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14750506\charrsid4092201 Harris v. Toys }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14750506\charrsid4092201 R}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}
{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14750506\charrsid4092201  Us-Penn, Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14750506\charrsid4092201 , 880 A.2d 1270, 1278 (Pa. Super. Ct., 2005)}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9469233\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7829236\charrsid4092201 I}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16070616\charrsid4092201 
n criminal cases}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9203179\charrsid4092201 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14692831\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 cou}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2978467\charrsid4092201 rts }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15023621\charrsid4092201 have }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15023621\charrsid4092201 
imposed minimum rules}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3692716\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3692716\charrsid4092201 Steel}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2518902\charrsid4092201 e}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3692716\charrsid4092201 , 684 F.2d }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2518902\charrsid4092201 at}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3692716\charrsid4092201  1202.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3692716\charrsid4092201 T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 he }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3692716\charrsid4092201 proponent of the preliminary question of fact}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2978467\charrsid4092201 bear}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3692716\charrsid4092201 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  the burden of persuasion }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2978467\charrsid4092201 by}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9917680\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2831602\charrsid4092201 a preponderance}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3692716\charrsid4092201  and }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 adverse inferences may be drawn from the failure of the defense to offer credible evidence to the contrary.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5532539\charrsid4092201 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4467766\charrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2518902\charrsid4092201 at}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4467766\charrsid4092201  1202}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 ;}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4467766\charrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4467766\charrsid4092201 see also}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Bourjaily}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 , 483 U.S. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15485935\charrsid4092201 at }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 175}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15485935\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 We are therefore guided by our prior decisions regarding admissibility determinations that hinge on pre}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11942563\charrsid4092201 
liminary factual questions. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 We have traditionally required that these matters be established by a preponderance of proof.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 );}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid796228\charrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8201822\charrsid4092201 United States v.}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  Water}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 , 413 F.3d 812, 818 (8}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3163835\charrsid4092201 th}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  Cir. 2005) (prosecution}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15342934\charrsid4092201  seeking to admit statement bears the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
burden of proof).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404763\charrsid4092201 [33]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404763\charrsid4092201 \tab }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11816597\charrsid4092201 Since Gadia}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11816597\charrsid4092201 
s medical condition is a factual determination, this court w}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16588164\charrsid4092201 ill}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11816597\charrsid4092201  not reverse the trial court}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11816597\charrsid4092201 s preliminary factual conclusions unless they were clearly erroneous.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 
 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11816597\charrsid4092201 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11816597\charrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11816597\charrsid4092201 Zahnen}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11816597\charrsid4092201 , 2008 Guam 5 \'b6 8.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid802854\charrsid4092201 B}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 ased on the preponderance of the evidence}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16541733\charrsid4092201  presented both during trial an}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2376821\charrsid4092201 d}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16541733\charrsid4092201  in}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5713713\charrsid4092201 -}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16541733\charrsid4092201 camera}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8671655\charrsid4092201 the trial c}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 ourt }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid818328\charrsid4092201 did not }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 clearly err in }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid818328\charrsid4092201 determining }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 that Gadia was unconscious and awoke}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5713713\charrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 the morning of August 9, 2007.}{\cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s20\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13635354 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs21\super\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 \chftn }{\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879  
 The trial court never explicitly stated that it found Gadia unconscious until the morning of August 9, 2007.  The trial court stated that the prosecution had to \'93show that [Gadia] just regained consciousness, then it would be adm
issible, but [the prosecution would have] to lay that foundation first}{\cf2\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 .}{\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 \'94  }{\cf1\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 Tr. at 56 (Jury Trial, Nov. 15, 2007).  The court took \'93
notice that the medic testified that Ms. Gadia was unable to speak.\'94  Tr. at 144 (Jury Trial, Nov. 19, 2007).  The trial court stated that, 
\par }\pard \s20\qj \li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid13635354 {\cf1\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 [The prosecution
] made an offer of proof that there would be testimony that she did not regain consciousness until August 9th. That would provide a reasonable and excused tim
e lapse between the actual point of the event and the statements made to Officer Nakamura. For purposes of [Rule 803], paragraphs one and two, and that is supported by case law that when the time lapse is a result of known unconsciousness, then it still c
an be considered as made at the time of the event or under the influence of the event. 
\par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13635354 {\i\cf1\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 Id.}{\cf1\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 
 Although not explicitly stated, it is implied that the court found that Gadia was unconscious until the morning of August 9, 2007. }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11816597 

\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404763\charrsid4092201 [34]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404763\charrsid4092201 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8994217\charrsid4092201 T}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 he EMT testimony that Gadia could not verbally answer at the scene of the auto-pedestrian collision; Officer Nakamura}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 s report stating that Gadia}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
s ventilator tube was recently removed from her mouth; Officer Nakamura}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
s report stating that Lt. Krejci who was attending over Gadia contacted the police department when Gadia }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 woke up}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  as well as testimony regarding Gadia }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13455945\charrsid4092201 having underwent}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  surgery (thus under }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378903\charrsid4092201 anaesthesia}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
 inducing patient unconsciousness) all together support }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13455945\charrsid4092201 a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  finding }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13455945\charrsid4092201 that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Gadia was unconscious and awoke the morning of August 9, 2007.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10553246 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 2.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9203179\charrsid4092201 E}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5767212\charrsid4092201 xcited }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9203179\charrsid4092201 U}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5767212\charrsid4092201 tterance}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8664858 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404763\charrsid4092201 [35]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6969587\charrsid4092201 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14949666\charrsid4092201 Rule 803(2)}{
\cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14949666\charrsid4092201 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar
\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13635354 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs21\super\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 
\chftn }{\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879   Although the trial court found that the statements could be admitted under either Rule 803(1) or 803(2), only 803(2) really applies.  }{\cf1\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 Often, both \'93
present sense impressions\'94 and \'93excited utterances\'94 fall under the term \'93spontaneous declarations\'94 which are discussed by many courts as "}{\i\cf1\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 res gestae}{\cf1\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 " exceptions. 
 The committee notes to FRE Rule 803(1) and 803(2) state that the two rules overlap based on \'93somewhat different theories.\'94  }{\scaps\cf1\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 Fed R. Evid}{\cf1\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 
. 803(1), 803(2) advisory committee\rquote s note.  Although the two rules overlap, Rule 803(2) better encompasses the exception applied by the trial court on the argument that Gadia\rquote s medical condition \'93temporarily still
[ed] the capacity of reflection and produces utterance free from conscious fabrication.\'94  }{\i\cf1\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 See id.}{\cf1\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879   Moreover, the prosecution
 only argues Rule 803(2) in the Opposition Brief.  Therefore this analysis will continue with reference to 803(2).  }{\i\cf1\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 See e.g.}{\cf1\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 , }{\i\cf1\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 United
 States v. Jones}{\cf1\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 , 299 F.3d 103, 112 (}{\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 2d Cir. 2002) (\'93Unlike present sense impressions, \lquote 
[a]n excited utterance need not be contemporaneous with the startling event to be admissible.\rquote \'94).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14949666\charrsid4092201  of the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
Guam Rules of Evidence provides an }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5767212\charrsid4092201 excited utterance}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  hearsay exception for }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14763499\charrsid4092201 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
tatement[s] relating to a startling event or condition made while the declarant was under the stress of excitement caused by the event or condition.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 " }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623313\charrsid4092201 GRE }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 803(2).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
The exception stems from a belief that a statement made during a moment of excitement and without the opportunity to reflect on the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6448487\charrsid4092201 consequences of one}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6448487\charrsid4092201 s statement}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6448487\charrsid4092201 has }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 greater indicia of truth and reliability than a similar statement offered in the relative calm of the courtroom.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15555938\charrsid4092201 White v. Illinois}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15555938\charrsid4092201 , 502 U.S. 346, 356 (1992), }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15555938\charrsid4092201 abrogated on other grounds by}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15555938\charrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15555938\charrsid4092201 Crawford v. Washington}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15555938\charrsid4092201 , 541 U.S. 36 (2004); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15555938\charrsid4092201 s}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700205\charrsid4092201 ee}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15555938\charrsid4092201  also}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700205\charrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Idaho v. Wright}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 , 497 U.S. 805, 820 (1990)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16322643\charrsid4092201 , }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16390977\charrsid4092201 abrogated}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4160099\charrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16322643\charrsid4092201 on other ground}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7896636\charrsid4092201 s}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16322643\charrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4160099\charrsid4092201 by}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4160099\charrsid4092201  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14554371\charrsid4092201 Crawford}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9579136\charrsid4092201 , 541 U.S. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11618671\charrsid4092201 at }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14554371\charrsid4092201 36}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 ; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8201822\charrsid4092201 United States v.}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  Ledford}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 , 443 F.3d 702, 711 (10th Cir. 2005); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8201822\charrsid4092201 
United States v.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  Alexander}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 , 331 F.3d 116, 122 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11737206\charrsid4092201 D.C. Cir}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 . 2003)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4806610\charrsid4092201 ; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4806610\charrsid4092201 United States v. Brown}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4806610\charrsid4092201 , 254 F.3d 454, 458 (3d Cir. 2001)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11869218\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4806610\charrsid4092201 Accordingly, the Ninth Circuit }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12665850\charrsid4092201 observed that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 a stress of nervous excitement may be produced in a spectator which stills the reflective faculties and removes their control, so that the utte}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6430402\charrsid4092201 rance which then occurs is . . . }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 spontaneous and sincere}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11490821\charrsid4092201  . }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11490821\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11490821\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4806610\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12665850\charrsid4092201 
United States v. Alarcon-Simi}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12665850\charrsid4092201 , 300 F.3d 1172, 1175 (9th Cir. 2002) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7240808\charrsid4092201 (quoting }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3476166\charrsid4092201 6 Wigmore, Evidence \'a7 1745}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  at 193).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Testimony covered by a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 firmly rooted}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  exception to the hearsay rule provides the necessary guarantee of its trustworthiness.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Therefore, there is no need to independently inquire whether the statements, once found to be }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 excited utterances}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13199663\charrsid4092201 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  are trustworthy.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 See}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1070291\charrsid4092201 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  e.g.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10835549\charrsid4092201 ,}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  Wright}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 , 497 U.S. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7159625\charrsid4092201 at}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  815 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
Reliability can be inferred without more in a case where the evidence falls within a firmly rooted hearsay exception.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 ).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404763\charrsid4092201 [36]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 \tab For a statement to be admitted under an }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5767212\charrsid4092201 
excited utterance}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  exception to hearsay, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12530702\charrsid4092201 most courts have interpreted}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  FRE 803(2) to require: 1) an event or condition startling enough to cause nervous excitement; 2) the statement relates to the startling event; and 
3) the statement must be made while the declarant is under the stress of the excitement caused by the event before there is t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5120024\charrsid4092201 ime to contrive or misrepresent}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8201822\charrsid4092201 United States v.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  Arnold}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 , 486 F.3d 177, 184}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5776518\charrsid4092201  (6th Cir. 2007)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 ; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Ledford}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 , 443 F.3d }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3304064\charrsid4092201 at}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  710; }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Alexander}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 , 331 F.3d }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid463816\charrsid4092201 at}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  122; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Alarcon-Simi}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 , 300 F.3d }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4740812\charrsid4092201 at 1175}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 ; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16216888\charrsid4092201 Brown}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16216888\charrsid4092201 , 254 F.3d }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12600390\charrsid4092201 at}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16216888\charrsid4092201  458; }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8201822\charrsid4092201 United States v.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  Wesela}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 , 223 F.3d 656, 663 (7th Cir. 2000); 
}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Cepeda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 , 69 F.3d }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10968250\charrsid4092201 at}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  372.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 All three inquiries bear on }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \lquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6048940\charrsid4092201 e ultimate question}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6048940\charrsid4092201 :}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \lquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
[W]hether the statement was the result of reflective thought or whether it was a spontaneous reaction to the exciting event.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 " }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Arnold}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 , 486 F.3d }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid71596\charrsid4092201 at}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5784176\charrsid4092201  184}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Haggins v. Warden, Fort Pillow State Farm}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 , 715 F.2d 1050, 1058 (6th Cir.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid815436\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 1983)).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404763\charrsid4092201 [37]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4266926\charrsid4092201 
The first two requirements that the event or condition }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11490764\charrsid4092201 was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4266926\charrsid4092201 
startling enough to cause nervous excitement and that the statement}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11490764\charrsid4092201 s relate}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4266926\charrsid4092201  to the startling event are readily satisfied}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11490764\charrsid4092201  in this case}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4266926\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8598764\charrsid4092201 It wa}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid852963\charrsid4092201 s not an abuse of discretion }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8598764\charrsid4092201 for the trial court }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid852963\charrsid4092201 to find that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15032689\charrsid4092201 
Gadia being run over by a truck, experiencing life-threatening physical trauma, extensive surgery and intensive medical care was startling enough to cause nervous excitement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1070291\charrsid4092201 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1070291\charrsid4092201 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1070291\charrsid4092201  e.g.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1070291\charrsid4092201 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Wilcox}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 , 487 F.3d 1163, 1171 (8th Cir. 2007); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5659328\charrsid4092201 United States v. Clemmons}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5659328\charrsid4092201 , 461 F.3d 1057, 1061 (8th Cir. 2006) (finding that the trial court did not abuse its discretion }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13332505\charrsid4092201 in admitting hearsay, }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5659328\charrsid4092201 where declarant, having been shot five times, sounded calm during a phone call to the police as the ambulance w}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9310214\charrsid4092201 as}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5659328\charrsid4092201  on }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9310214\charrsid4092201 its}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5659328\charrsid4092201  way); }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid334435\charrsid4092201 Arnold}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid334435\charrsid4092201 , 486 F.3d }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5784176\charrsid4092201 at}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid334435\charrsid4092201  184}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5587485\charrsid4092201 -85}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid334435\charrsid4092201 ; }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8201822\charrsid4092201 United States v.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  Schreane}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
, 331 F.3d 548, 564 (6th Cir. 2003) (finding burglary }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
may constitute a startling event, but even if it did not, the subsequent verbal altercation}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11490821\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
. . . where [declarant was threatened with a gun] qualifies as a startling event.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 ); }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 United States v. Jones}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 , 299 F.3d 103, 113 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid815436\charrsid4092201 2d}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  Cir.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid815436\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
2002) (finding that a man exposing himself, masturbating, and making catcalls to a teen-age girl was sufficiently startling).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15032689\charrsid4092201 Gadia}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15032689\charrsid4092201 s }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 statements refer }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1603067\charrsid4092201 to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3551660\charrsid4092201 the circumstances surrounding }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1603067\charrsid4092201 being }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3551660\charrsid4092201 hit b}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1603067\charrsid4092201 y a truck and sufficiently relate to the startling event}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3551660\charrsid4092201 
, thus satisfying the second requirement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1603067\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404763\charrsid4092201 [38]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 \tab 
The third requirement that the statement must be made while the declarant is under the stress of the excitement caused by the event consumes the bulk of the contention and analysis in cases applying the }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5767212\charrsid4092201 excited utterance}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  exception.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1070291\charrsid4092201 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1070291\charrsid4092201 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1070291\charrsid4092201  e.g.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1070291\charrsid4092201 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid357850\charrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Ledford}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 , 443 F.3d }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3304064\charrsid4092201 at}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  710}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3944162\charrsid4092201 -11}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 ; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Alexander}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 , 331 F.3d }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid463816\charrsid4092201 at}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  122}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12261793\charrsid4092201 -24}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 ; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Alarcon-Simi}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 , 300 F.3d }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4740812\charrsid4092201 at 1175}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 ; }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid334435\charrsid4092201 Brown}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid334435\charrsid4092201 , 254 F.3d }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid196857\charrsid4092201 at}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid334435\charrsid4092201  458}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11434846\charrsid4092201 -62}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid334435\charrsid4092201 ; }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Wesela}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 , 223 F.3d }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7682237\charrsid4092201 at}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  663}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16080411\charrsid4092201 -64}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Courts look at various}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6187303\charrsid4092201  external factors as indicia of}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
 the declarant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 s state of mind at the time of the statements and no one factor is dispositive.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 See}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005980\charrsid4092201  e.g.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005980\charrsid4092201 ,
}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Wilcox}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4741861\charrsid4092201 , 487 F.3d at}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  1170; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Alexander}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 , 331 F.3d }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15357930\charrsid4092201 at 123}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 ; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Cepeda}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 , 69 F.3d }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10968250\charrsid4092201 at 372}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 ; }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 see also}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8201822\charrsid4092201 United States v.}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  Joy}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 , 192 F.3d 761, 766}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136294\charrsid4092201 -67}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  (7th Cir. 1999).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 In deciding whether the statement was the pr}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1658705\charrsid4092201 oduct of stress and excitement }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 r}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1658705\charrsid4092201 ather than}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  reflective thought, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15222591\charrsid4092201 courts have}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  consider}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15222591\charrsid4092201 ed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  various factors in totality which }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15949460\charrsid4092201 may }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 include but are not limited to: the lapse of time between the st}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5465597\charrsid4092201 artling event and the statement,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  whether the statement was}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5465597\charrsid4092201  made in response to an inquiry, age/maturity of the declarant,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  the physical and/or me}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5465597\charrsid4092201 ntal condition of the declarant, characteristics of the event,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  and the subject matter of the statements.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005980\charrsid4092201 E.g.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005980\charrsid4092201 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005980\charrsid4092201  Wilcox}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005980\charrsid4092201 , 487 F.3d at 1170; }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005980\charrsid4092201 Alexander}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005980\charrsid4092201 , 331 F.3d at 123; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005980\charrsid4092201 Cepeda}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005980\charrsid4092201 , 69 F.3d at 372; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005980\charrsid4092201 United States v. Joy}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5005980\charrsid4092201 
, 192 F.3d 761, 766-67 (7th Cir. 1999).}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9654336 
\par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404763\charrsid4092201 [39]}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9654336\charrsid4092201 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13717508\charrsid4092201 
Having identified the various factors courts examine as indicia for a declarant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13717508\charrsid4092201 s state of mind, w}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14353392\charrsid4092201 e }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9654336\charrsid4092201 will now evaluate the factors}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10779050\charrsid4092201  most relevant to this case}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9654336\charrsid4092201  to determine whether Gadia}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9654336\charrsid4092201 
s statements to Officer Nakamura on August 9}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4278317\charrsid4092201 th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9654336\charrsid4092201  and 10}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4278317\charrsid4092201 th}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5254776\charrsid4092201  were made while}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9654336\charrsid4092201  she was under the stress of the excitement caused by the }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12259840\charrsid4092201 collision}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14353392\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404763 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10553246 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2831602\charrsid4092201 a. }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4810592\charrsid4092201 t}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 he lapse of time between the startling event and the statement}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404763\charrsid4092201 [40]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 \tab 
The lapse of time is often a central inquiry to determine whether the declarant spoke under the stress of the excitement caused by the event, but this factor is not dispositive.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1070291\charrsid4092201 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1070291\charrsid4092201 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1070291\charrsid4092201  e.g.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1070291\charrsid4092201 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8455870\charrsid4092201 Ledford}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8455870\charrsid4092201 , 443 F.3d }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3304064\charrsid4092201 at 711}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8455870\charrsid4092201 ; }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Wesela}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 , 223 F.3d }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5250683\charrsid4092201 at}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  663.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 The inquiry focuses on }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \lquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 the }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 psychological impact}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  of the event itself}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
 and not upon the contemporaneity of the startling event.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Alexander}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16522516\charrsid4092201 , 331 F.3d }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13969808\charrsid4092201 at}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16522516\charrsid4092201  122}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid348509\charrsid4092201 n.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13969808\charrsid4092201 6}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13780641\charrsid4092201  (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13780641\charrsid4092201 Jones}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13780641\charrsid4092201 , 299 F.3d }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14498480\charrsid4092201 at 112 n.3}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13780641\charrsid4092201 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13763444\charrsid4092201 ; }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11685312\charrsid4092201 s}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1070291\charrsid4092201 ee}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10452825\charrsid4092201  id.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10452825\charrsid4092201 at }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 122 }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13763444\charrsid4092201 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7030860\charrsid4092201 A}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13763444\charrsid4092201 
n excited utterance need not be contemporaneous with the startling event to be admissible.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11671609\charrsid4092201 )}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16737049\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3675640\charrsid4092201 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11549974\charrsid4092201 quot}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8142617\charrsid4092201 ing }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8142617\charrsid4092201 United States v. Tocco}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8142617\charrsid4092201 , 135 F.3d 116, 127 (2d Cir. 1998)
}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5838411\charrsid4092201 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 ; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Wesela}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 , 223 F.3d }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5250683\charrsid4092201 at}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  663.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 As the Advisory Committee Notes to Rule 803(2) observe, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 How long can excitement prevail? Obviously there are no pat answers and the character of the transaction or event will largely determine the significance of th}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13320559\charrsid4092201 e time factor.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16278174\charrsid4092201 Fed. R. Evid. 803(2)}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16078498\charrsid4092201  advisory committee}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16078498\charrsid4092201 s note}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8219857\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13320559\charrsid4092201 (quoting M.C. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Slough, }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Spontaneous Statements and State of Mind}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10835549\charrsid4092201 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  46 Iowa L.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3618955\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Rev. 224, 243 (1961)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11351259\charrsid4092201 )}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 In sum, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 there is no precise amount of time between the event and the statement beyond which the statement cannot qualify as an excited utterance.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 " }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 Ledford}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 , 443 F.3d }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3304064\charrsid4092201 at}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  711.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404763\charrsid4092201 [41]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1640418\charrsid4092201 Based}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5536888\charrsid4092201  on the totality of the circumstances, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 statements }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5536888\charrsid4092201 made }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7998741\charrsid4092201 hours }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5536888\charrsid4092201 after }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7998741\charrsid4092201 the startling }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1644362\charrsid4092201 event }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7998741\charrsid4092201 may }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 still fall with}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid417365\charrsid4092201 in}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5767212\charrsid4092201 excited utterance}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  exception.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 In }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 United States v. Tocco}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 , the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit held that although an adult declarant}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 s statement was made }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12983515\charrsid4092201 nearly}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 three hours}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
 after the startling event, it was still admissible under the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5767212\charrsid4092201 excited utterance}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  exception.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 135 F.3d 116, 127-28}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3284913\charrsid4092201  (2d Cir. 1998)}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
United States v. Baggett}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 , the Sixth Circuit applied the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5767212\charrsid4092201 excited utterance}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  exception where declarant made statements }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 several hours}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
 after the last of many spousal beatings over a three-day period.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid348509\charrsid4092201 251 F.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6173924\charrsid4092201 
3d 1087, 1090 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16398992\charrsid4092201 & }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid348509\charrsid4092201 n.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 1 (6th Cir.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid815436\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 2001).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 In }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 United States v. Cruz}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 , the First Circuit found that statements made by declarant}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2169904\charrsid4092201  when she entered a battered women}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2169904\charrsid4092201 s shelter}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 four hours}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  after the traumatic event fell within the }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5767212\charrsid4092201 excited utterance}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  exception.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 156 F.3d 22, 30 (1st Cir.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid815436\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 1998).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8201822\charrsid4092201 United States v.}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  Scarpa}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 , the Second Circuit found that the declarant was still in an excited state }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5188223\charrsid4092201 five to six }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 hours}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 
 after being beaten by members of a criminal organization.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 913 F.2d 993, 1016-17}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14418704\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid815436\charrsid4092201 2d}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951\charrsid4092201  Cir. 1990).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12983515 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404763\charrsid4092201 [42]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12983515\charrsid4092201 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2847221\charrsid4092201 As discussed below, w}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12983515\charrsid4092201 hen the totality of circumstances includes e}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1188156\charrsid4092201 xtreme trauma to an adult}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14968897\charrsid4092201  declarant, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12983515\charrsid4092201 statements made days and weeks after the startling event may still fall within the excited utterance exception.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14968897\charrsid4092201 See}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14749891\charrsid4092201  e.g.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14749891\charrsid4092201 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14968897\charrsid4092201  United States v. Napier}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14968897\charrsid4092201 
, 518 F.2d 316, 317-18 (9th Cir. 1975)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14749891\charrsid4092201 ; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8792053\charrsid4092201 Apolinar v. State}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8792053\charrsid4092201 
, 155 S.W.3d 184, 189-90 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14968897\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid943951 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10553246 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16450024\charrsid4092201 b}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2831602\charrsid4092201 . }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16149725\charrsid4092201 w}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1068935\charrsid4092201 hether the statement was}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12990777\charrsid4092201  made in response to an inquiry}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1068935 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404763\charrsid4092201 [43]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6385978\charrsid4092201 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5507209\charrsid4092201 A}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14353392\charrsid4092201 lthough not determinative}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3027026\charrsid4092201 , a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7474077\charrsid4092201 
 statement made in response to an inquiry could bear on whether the statement was spontaneous or deliberative}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2576355\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2576355\charrsid4092201 However, a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7474077\charrsid4092201 victim}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7474077\charrsid4092201 s statement made in response to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11277226\charrsid4092201 an}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13576670\charrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7474077\charrsid4092201 inquiry does not}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2576355\charrsid4092201 , without more,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7474077\charrsid4092201  negate its spontaneity as an }
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7474077\charrsid4092201 excited utterance.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1070291\charrsid4092201 See}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1070291\charrsid4092201 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1070291\charrsid4092201  e.g.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1070291\charrsid4092201 ,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12413338\charrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid90550\charrsid4092201 Clemmons}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7477913\charrsid4092201 , 461 F.3d }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5784176\charrsid4092201 at}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7477913\charrsid4092201  10}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid90550\charrsid4092201 61;}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15816924\charrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8613158\charrsid4092201 Alexander}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8613158\charrsid4092201 , 331 F.3d }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13969808\charrsid4092201 at}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8613158\charrsid4092201  123 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid348509\charrsid4092201 n.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13969808\charrsid4092201 7}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5507209\charrsid4092201 ; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15816924\charrsid4092201 Joy}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15816924\charrsid4092201 , 192 F.3d }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10968250\charrsid4092201 at 767}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15816924\charrsid4092201 ; }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid408743\charrsid4092201 Cepeda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid408743\charrsid4092201 , 69 F.3d }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10968250\charrsid4092201 at}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid408743\charrsid4092201  372; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5507209\charrsid4092201 Webb }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13859847\charrsid4092201 v. }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5507209\charrsid4092201 Lane}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5507209\charrsid4092201 , 922 F.2d 390, 394 (7th }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14172357\charrsid4092201 Cir. }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5507209\charrsid4092201 1991)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8390738\charrsid4092201 ; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8201822\charrsid4092201 United States v.}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13859847\charrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8390738\charrsid4092201 Iron Shell}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8390738\charrsid4092201 , 633 F.2d 77, 85-86 (8th }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14172357\charrsid4092201 Cir. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8390738\charrsid4092201 1980)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9834784\charrsid4092201 ; }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9834784\charrsid4092201 State v. McHoney}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9834784\charrsid4092201 , 544 S.E.2d 30, 35 n.3 (S.C. 2001)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11665814\charrsid4092201 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7474077\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10553246 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10227833\charrsid4092201 c}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2831602\charrsid4092201 . }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1068935\charrsid4092201 the physical and/or mental condition of the declarant}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1068935 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404763\charrsid4092201 [44]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13041833\charrsid4092201 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9200084\charrsid4092201 O}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9262399\charrsid4092201 ften}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5915071\charrsid4092201 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9262399\charrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5915071\charrsid4092201 a witness\rquote  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6834773\charrsid4092201 description}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5915071\charrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8419431\charrsid4092201 of the declarant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6834773\charrsid4092201 s emotional state is}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8419431\charrsid4092201  sufficiently weighty }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11221371\charrsid4092201 in d}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8419431\charrsid4092201 etermin}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11221371\charrsid4092201 ing}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8419431\charrsid4092201  whether the declarant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8419431\charrsid4092201 s state of mind falls with the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5767212\charrsid4092201 excited utterance}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8419431\charrsid4092201  exception}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13859847\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1070291\charrsid4092201 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1070291\charrsid4092201 ,}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1070291\charrsid4092201  e.g.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1070291\charrsid4092201 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10498963\charrsid4092201  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10498963\charrsid4092201 Schreane}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10498963\charrsid4092201 , 331 F.3d }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid463816\charrsid4092201 at}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10498963\charrsid4092201  564-65 (testimony that declarant was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10498963\charrsid4092201 nervous,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10498963\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10498963\charrsid4092201 scared,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10498963\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10498963\charrsid4092201 excited,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10498963\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10498963\charrsid4092201 eager to }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \lquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10498963\charrsid4092201 get away from the vehicle,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10498963\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10498963\charrsid4092201 speaking in a }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \lquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10498963\charrsid4092201 high-pitched voice,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10498963\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10498963\charrsid4092201 in need of being }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \lquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10498963\charrsid4092201 slowed down}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10498963\charrsid4092201  and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11496600\charrsid4092201 had an }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10498963\charrsid4092201 excited physical demeanor}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9595114\charrsid4092201 );}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8419431\charrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15481687\charrsid4092201 Jones}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15481687\charrsid4092201 , 299 F.3d }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14498480\charrsid4092201 at}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15481687\charrsid4092201  113 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8548773\charrsid4092201 (t}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15481687\charrsid4092201 estimony that declarant was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15481687\charrsid4092201 scared}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1987490\charrsid4092201 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1987490\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15481687\charrsid4092201 
appeared to be agitated and calling to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15481687\charrsid4092201 come to the front, quick, quick, quick.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15481687\charrsid4092201 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13859847\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15097607\charrsid4092201 D}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9595114\charrsid4092201 escribing }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5051816\charrsid4092201 the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9595114\charrsid4092201 declarant}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9595114\charrsid4092201 s voice, appearance, demeanor, whether the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12729931\charrsid4092201  declarant}
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9595114\charrsid4092201  was crying or appeared frighten, is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15097607\charrsid4092201 often sufficient}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9595114\charrsid4092201 
 to demonstrate that the declarant was in an excited state}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13859847\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2581320\charrsid4092201 See }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11671609\charrsid4092201 e.g.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11671609\charrsid4092201 , }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11671609\charrsid4092201 Schreane}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11671609\charrsid4092201 , 331 F.3d at 564-65; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11671609\charrsid4092201 Jones}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11671609\charrsid4092201 , 299 F.3d at 113.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592013 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404763\charrsid4092201 [45]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13041833\charrsid4092201 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5844370\charrsid4092201 
In cases where a declarant has lost consciousness or the ability to speak after sustaining fatal or nearly fatal wounds, declarant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5844370\charrsid4092201 s accusatory }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15598386\charrsid4092201 statement}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5844370\charrsid4092201 
 made upon regaining consciousness or recovering the ability to speak is often admissible under an }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5767212\charrsid4092201 excited utterance}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5844370\charrsid4092201 
 exception to hearsay, despite the lapse of time}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13859847\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1070291\charrsid4092201 See}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1070291\charrsid4092201 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1070291\charrsid4092201  e.g.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1070291\charrsid4092201 ,}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11810520\charrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3633645\charrsid4092201 Apolinar}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3633645\charrsid4092201 , 155 S.W.3d }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10647107\charrsid4092201 at}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3633645\charrsid4092201  189-90 (finding admissible }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12848900\charrsid4092201 declarant}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12848900\charrsid4092201 s }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3633645\charrsid4092201 
statements made after a period of four days of unconsciousness, being under anesthesia and having under}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16329135\charrsid4092201 gone}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3633645\charrsid4092201  surgery as 
a result of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10506955\charrsid4092201 being attacked}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3633645\charrsid4092201 ); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3633645\charrsid4092201 People v. Watkins}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3633645\charrsid4092201 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2493963\charrsid4092201 230 N.W.2d 338}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3633645\charrsid4092201 , }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10621350\charrsid4092201 339-}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2493963\charrsid4092201 40}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3633645\charrsid4092201  (Mich. }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5444732\charrsid4092201 Ct. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3633645\charrsid4092201 App. 1975) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10506955\charrsid4092201 finding that t}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3633645\charrsid4092201 he }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10506955\charrsid4092201 declarant had lost a lot of blood, was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3633645\charrsid4092201 in pain and }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3633645\charrsid4092201 at times appeared unconscious and in a state of shock}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10506955\charrsid4092201  was sufficient to admit statements as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10506955\charrsid4092201 excited utterances}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10506955\charrsid4092201  despite }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12810338\charrsid4092201 fifteen to }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10506955\charrsid4092201 forty-five minute lapse in time}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3633645\charrsid4092201 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7286880\charrsid4092201 In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2895357\charrsid4092201 State v. Plummer}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2895357\charrsid4092201 , }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7286880\charrsid4092201 the New Ham}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7014757\charrsid4092201 pshire Supreme Court found the declarant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7014757\charrsid4092201 s statements were }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1573342\charrsid4092201 excited utterances}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1573342\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7014757\charrsid4092201 where the declarant }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2895357\charrsid4092201 lap}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7014757\charrsid4092201 sed in and out of consciousness}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13727558\charrsid4092201 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10187111\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7014757\charrsid4092201 . . . }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2895357\charrsid4092201 
was in a state of intoxication throughout this period, and due to the severity of the injuries was in}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7014757\charrsid4092201  considerable pain.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 " }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15602408\charrsid4092201 374 A.2d 431}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7286880\charrsid4092201 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15602408\charrsid4092201 434}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7286880\charrsid4092201  (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15602408\charrsid4092201 N.H. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7286880\charrsid4092201 1977).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7014757\charrsid4092201 In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7014757\charrsid4092201 State v. McHoney}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7014757\charrsid4092201 , the Supreme Court of South Carolina }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807449\charrsid4092201 found}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10223850\charrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2188920\charrsid4092201 that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807449\charrsid4092201 where the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2188920\charrsid4092201  declarant}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2188920\charrsid4092201 s throat had been cut and she was unable to speak, the declarant}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2188920\charrsid4092201 s delayed statements were still excited utterances.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid534913\charrsid4092201 544 S.E.2d }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10647107\charrsid4092201 at}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid534913\charrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6952685\charrsid4092201 3}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4925964\charrsid4092201 4}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6952685\charrsid4092201 -}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11958055\charrsid4092201 3}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10223850\charrsid4092201 5 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6952685\charrsid4092201 & }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10223850\charrsid4092201 n.3.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8812246 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404763\charrsid4092201 [46]}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267241\charrsid4092201 \tab United States v. Napier}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267241\charrsid4092201 
 illustrates one of the most extreme examples where the physical and mental condition of the declarant was a predominant factor in finding hearsay statements admissible under the excited utterance exception.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267241\charrsid4092201 518 F.2d }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2518902\charrsid4092201 at}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267241\charrsid4092201  317-18.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267241\charrsid4092201 In }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267241\charrsid4092201 Napier}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267241\charrsid4092201 , the declarant/victim suffered brain damage which lef
t her memory intact but could only communicate in isolated words and simple phrases.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267241\charrsid4092201 Id.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267241\charrsid4092201  at 317.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267241\charrsid4092201 
The statement was made nearly a week after returning home from the hospital after a family member showed declarant a newspaper article with defendant\rquote s picture.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267241\charrsid4092201 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267241\charrsid4092201  at 317-18.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267241\charrsid4092201 The declarant immediately }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267241\charrsid4092201 pointed to it and she said very clearly, \lquote 
He killed me, he killed me.\rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267241\charrsid4092201 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267241\charrsid4092201  at 317.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267241\charrsid4092201 The Ninth Circuit found}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4077788\charrsid4092201  that under these circumstances,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267241\charrsid4092201  the declarant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4077788\charrsid4092201 \rquote s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267241\charrsid4092201  unexpected confront}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4077788\charrsid4092201 ation}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267241\charrsid4092201  with the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10446565\charrsid4092201 photograph}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4077788\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267241\charrsid4092201 was a startling event sufficiently stemming from the initial attack and declarant\rquote s statement was admissible
{\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK2}{\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK3}.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267241\charrsid4092201 {\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK2}{\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK3}Id.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267241\charrsid4092201  at 317-18.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404763\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10553246 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3492962\charrsid4092201 3. }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13632650\charrsid4092201 The}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7086075\charrsid4092201  August 9}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12870507\charrsid4092201 th }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13632650\charrsid4092201 Statements}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7086075 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404763\charrsid4092201 [47]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10703199\charrsid4092201 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6310419\charrsid4092201 
Based on the totality of the circumstances, it is reasonable for the trial court to find}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9335770\charrsid4092201  a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5178557\charrsid4092201 six-}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9335770\charrsid4092201 day delay between getting ran over by a truck and speaking to}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7348812\charrsid4092201  Officer Nakamura}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9335770\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6310419\charrsid4092201 to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9335770\charrsid4092201 fall within the }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5767212\charrsid4092201 excited utterance}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9335770\charrsid4092201  hearsay exception}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13859847\charrsid4092201 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9335770\charrsid4092201 The last }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15997306\charrsid4092201 moment}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9335770\charrsid4092201  that Gadia remembered fr}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14514267\charrsid4092201 om August 3, 2007 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15997306\charrsid4092201 was}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14514267\charrsid4092201  that she was}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9335770\charrsid4092201  screaming and there }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2645694\charrsid4092201 was}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5273373\charrsid4092201  a truck on top of her}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13859847\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9335770\charrsid4092201 Gadia }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10039938\charrsid4092201 a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9335770\charrsid4092201 w}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10039938\charrsid4092201 oke}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9335770\charrsid4092201  to find herself in the intensive care unit of a hospital, with }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3997944\charrsid4092201 a ventilator tube in her throat;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9335770\charrsid4092201  a long scar from her chest to her abdomen}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3997944\charrsid4092201 ;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9335770\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3997944\charrsid4092201 and }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9335770\charrsid4092201 nurses frequently injecting her with }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10039938\charrsid4092201 sedatives and other }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9335770\charrsid4092201 
medication}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13859847\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11695564 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2831602\charrsid4092201 [48]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2831602\charrsid4092201 \tab 
Throughout those six days, Gadia was either semi-conscious or unconscious and was unable to speak due to her physical condition, medication (pain killers and sedatives), }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378903\charrsid4092201 aesthetic}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2831602\charrsid4092201  drugs and ventilator tube.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9335770\charrsid4092201 It is clear that until the morning of August 9}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14226716\charrsid4092201 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9335770\charrsid4092201  2007, Gadia}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9335770\charrsid4092201 s condition rendered her incapable of engaging in the type of deliberation that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10625228\charrsid4092201 would render her statements}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8519888\charrsid4092201  inadmissible}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13859847\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9335770 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404763\charrsid4092201 [49]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10232080\charrsid4092201 \tab An approximate}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15728812\charrsid4092201  two-}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9335770\charrsid4092201 hour and forty minute lapse in time between Gadia}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9335770\charrsid4092201 
s initial stat}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4129083\charrsid4092201 ement}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3997944\charrsid4092201  to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13859847\charrsid4092201 Lt. }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9335770\charrsid4092201 Krejci at around 11:55 a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16147942\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9335770\charrsid4092201 m}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10232080\charrsid4092201 . }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9335770\charrsid4092201 and her subsequent statements to Officer Nakamura at around 2:40 p.m}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10232080\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13859847\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9335770\charrsid4092201 
is also within a reasonable range for the trial court to find}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12726004\charrsid4092201  that Gadia was still under }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9335770\charrsid4092201 physical and psychological shock}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15728812\charrsid4092201  stemming from the auto-pedestrian collision}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13859847\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14812157\charrsid4092201 Given Gadia}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14812157\charrsid4092201 s }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7948395\charrsid4092201 continued apprehension }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14812157\charrsid4092201 that her boyfriend may come to hurt her in the hospital, }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4681704\charrsid4092201 she}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9335770\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14812157\charrsid4092201 made }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9335770\charrsid4092201 statements to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4681704\charrsid4092201 one of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9909022\charrsid4092201 the first individuals}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9335770\charrsid4092201  in a position that could help and protect her from further harm}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14812157\charrsid4092201 , Officer Nakamura}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9335770\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7948395\charrsid4092201 
Combined with the severity of physical trauma, being heavily sedated and recently having a ventilator tube removed, it is reasonable to find that Gadia was in a continued state of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13047756\charrsid4092201 
stress and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7948395\charrsid4092201 fear when she spoke to Officer Nakamura }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5395561\charrsid4092201 at around 2:40 p.m. on August 9}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7948395\charrsid4092201 , 2007.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9335770 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404763\charrsid4092201 [50]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11101767\charrsid4092201 \tab 
Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that Gadia was still under the stress of excitement }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4153753\charrsid4092201 when}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11101767\charrsid4092201  she made statements to Offi}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146 cer Nakamura on August 9, 2007.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404763 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10553246 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3492962\charrsid4092201 4. }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9591026\charrsid4092201 The }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3412737\charrsid4092201 August 10}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4278317\charrsid4092201 th}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9591026\charrsid4092201  Statements}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3412737\charrsid4092201  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9643561 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404763\charrsid4092201 [51]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9533773\charrsid4092201 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1066089\charrsid4092201 
Our analysis of the factors surrounding the August 10}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4278317\charrsid4092201 th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1066089\charrsid4092201  statements leads us to a different conclusion.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4529704\charrsid4092201 A day a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13919385\charrsid4092201 fter Gadia became conscious and was able to speak}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1530020\charrsid4092201 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3023288\charrsid4092201 she}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1196509\charrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195005\charrsid4092201 was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1196509\charrsid4092201 talking on the phone with }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195005\charrsid4092201 a }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1196509\charrsid4092201 family }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195005\charrsid4092201 member }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1196509\charrsid4092201 as Officer Nakamura walked in }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid670959\charrsid4092201 on August 10, 2007}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1530020\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1196509\charrsid4092201 Gadia was able to collect }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3869433\charrsid4092201 herself, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1196509\charrsid4092201 
think more clearly and had not been in a continued state of shock and excitement from the day prior}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13859847\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1196509\charrsid4092201 T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13117435\charrsid4092201 he }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8916179\charrsid4092201 prosecution}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1196509\charrsid4092201  asked, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1196509\charrsid4092201 Do y
ou remember when [the officers] walked into the room, you said when you were hanging up the phone}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16078509\charrsid4092201  . . . }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \lquote }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1196509\charrsid4092201 Okay}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13859847\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1196509\charrsid4092201 I}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1196509\charrsid4092201 ve got to go because}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11231432\charrsid4092201  the cops are here}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1196509\charrsid4092201 ?}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1196509\charrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13859847\charrsid4092201 Tr. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1196509\charrsid4092201 at 36 (Jury Trial, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6885096\charrsid4092201 Nov.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1196509\charrsid4092201  15, 2007)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242535\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1196509\charrsid4092201 
Gadia recognized that the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1196509\charrsid4092201 cops }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3869433\charrsid4092201 [were]}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1196509\charrsid4092201  here}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1196509\charrsid4092201  and had to end her conversation in preparation for an interview}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13859847\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3869433\charrsid4092201 
Although Gadia became emotional during the interview, the totality of the circumstances indicate that she had not been in a continued state of shock from the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6189836\charrsid4092201 time of the }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3869433\charrsid4092201 startling event }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6189836\charrsid4092201 until }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6979402\charrsid4092201 
the time of her statements to Officer Nakamura }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11823711\charrsid4092201 on }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3869433\charrsid4092201 August 10, 2007.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11350567 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404763\charrsid4092201 [52]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11350567\charrsid4092201 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13179041\charrsid4092201 
Therefore, we conclude that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting Gadia}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13179041\charrsid4092201 
s statements made on August 10, 2007.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9643561 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8000733\charrsid4092201 C}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13859847\charrsid4092201 . }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1665711\charrsid4092201 Effect of }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2253164\charrsid4092201 A}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4723332\charrsid4092201 dmitting }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2253164\charrsid4092201 the August 10}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4278317\charrsid4092201 th}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2253164\charrsid4092201  Statement}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1665711\charrsid4092201 s}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4723332\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4723332\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404763\charrsid4092201 [53]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484248\charrsid4092201 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3020462\charrsid4092201 
Having found error, we must next determine whether }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10190115\charrsid4092201 the admission of the August 10th statements as an exception to the hearsay rule }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3020462\charrsid4092201 was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1594186\charrsid4092201 sufficiently prejudicial to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6762569\charrsid4092201 Jesus and thus }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1594186\charrsid4092201 require reversal}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3020462\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2190963\charrsid4092201 Guam has codified the harmless error doctrine in }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13837047\charrsid4092201 Rule}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2190963\charrsid4092201  130.50}
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7698210\charrsid4092201 (a)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2190963\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1598506\charrsid4092201 of}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2190963\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404022\charrsid4092201 the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2190963\charrsid4092201 Guam }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1598506\charrsid4092201 Rules of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2190963\charrsid4092201 Criminal Procedure and in Rule 103}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7698210\charrsid4092201 (a)}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2190963\charrsid4092201  of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid462056\charrsid4092201 the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2190963\charrsid4092201 Guam Rules of Evidence.}{
\cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11423547\charrsid4092201 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13635354 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs21\super\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 \chftn }{\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879   Rule }{\cf1\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 130.50(a) of the 
Guam Rules of Criminal Procedure is substantively the same as }{\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 Rule 52(a) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure}{\cf1\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879  (8 GCA \'a7 130.50 uses the synonym \'93de minimus\'94 rather than 
\'93harmless\'94 in its subheading).  Rule 103(a) of Guam Rules of Evidence is exactly the same as Rule 103(a) of the Federal Rules of Evidence. }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13837047\charrsid4092201 8 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7561865\charrsid4092201 GCA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13837047\charrsid4092201  130.50}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7698210\charrsid4092201 (a)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15082807\charrsid4092201  (2005)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13837047\charrsid4092201 ; }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6491739\charrsid4092201 GRE}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13837047\charrsid4092201  103}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9464714\charrsid4092201 (a)}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13837047\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4542536\charrsid4092201 Rule 130.50 of the }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8083717\charrsid4092201 Guam Rules of Criminal Procedure }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13136671\charrsid4092201 states that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15881126\charrsid4092201 a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13136671\charrsid4092201 ny error, defect, irregularity or variance which does not affect substantial rights shall be disregarded.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15236715\charrsid4092201 8 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7561865\charrsid4092201 GCA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15236715\charrsid4092201 
 130.50}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7698210\charrsid4092201 (a)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1721024\charrsid4092201  (2005)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15236715\charrsid4092201 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13837047\charrsid4092201 Rule 103}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7698210\charrsid4092201 (a)}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13837047\charrsid4092201  of Guam Rules of Evidence reiterates the same}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15881126\charrsid4092201  harmless}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13837047\charrsid4092201 
 rule, stating that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9053981\charrsid4092201 e}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15236715\charrsid4092201 
rror may not be predicated upon a ruling which admits or excludes evidence unless a substantial right of the party is affected . . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7277377\charrsid4092201 GRE}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15236715\charrsid4092201  103}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9464714\charrsid4092201 (a)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1001704\charrsid4092201 .}{
\cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1001704\charrsid4092201 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13635354 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs21\super\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 \chftn }{\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879   }{\cf1\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 Rule 103(a) of Guam\rquote 
s Rules of Evidence serves an additional function of delineating the procedural requirements during trial in order for a party to preserve a harmless error claim on appeal.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4865352 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404763\charrsid4092201 [54]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4865352\charrsid4092201 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1649775\charrsid4092201 The harm}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16597378\charrsid4092201 less error rule }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10247539\charrsid4092201 recognizes}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16078509\charrsid4092201  . . . }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1649775\charrsid4092201 that the central purpose of a criminal trial is to decide the fa}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10247539\charrsid4092201 ctual question of the defendant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1649775\charrsid4092201 s guilt or innocence}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16078509\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1649775\charrsid4092201 
and promotes public respect for the criminal process by focusing on the underlying fairness of the trial rather than on the virtually inevitabl}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16597378\charrsid4092201 e presence of immaterial error.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14445225\charrsid4092201 Delaware v. Van Arsdall}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14445225\charrsid4092201 , 475 U.S. 673, 681 (1986)}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11999441\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1649775\charrsid4092201 (citations omitted}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11999441\charrsid4092201 );}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1649775\charrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1649775\charrsid4092201 a}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10910113\charrsid4092201 ccord}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11999441\charrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11999441\charrsid4092201 Coleman }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13859847\charrsid4092201 v. }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11999441\charrsid4092201 McCormick}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11999441\charrsid4092201 , 874 F.2d 1280, 1288-89 (9th }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14172357\charrsid4092201 Cir. }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11999441\charrsid4092201 1989) (}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11999441\charrsid4092201 en banc}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11999441\charrsid4092201 )}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13859847\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11999441\charrsid4092201 A non-constit}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13114116\charrsid4092201 utional error requires reversal unless }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11999441\charrsid4092201 it is more probable than not that the error did not }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13114116\charrsid4092201 materially affect the verdict}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13859847\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11999441\charrsid4092201 People }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13859847\charrsid4092201 v. }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11999441\charrsid4092201 Moses}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11999441\charrsid4092201 , 2007 Guam 5 \'b6 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1649775\charrsid4092201 18}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13859847\charrsid4092201 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1649775\charrsid4092201 This standard requires that the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1835909\charrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8916179\charrsid4092201 prosecution}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7605967\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1649775\charrsid4092201 show a }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1649775\charrsid4092201 fair assurance}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1649775\charrsid4092201 
 that the verdict was not substantially swayed by error}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13859847\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11999441\charrsid4092201 United States }
{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13859847\charrsid4092201 v. }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11999441\charrsid4092201 Seschillie}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11999441\charrsid4092201 , 310 }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2109159\charrsid4092201 F.3d 1208, 1214 (9th }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14172357\charrsid4092201 Cir. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2109159\charrsid4092201 2002)}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11999441\charrsid4092201 ; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11999441\charrsid4092201 United States }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13859847\charrsid4092201 v. }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11999441\charrsid4092201 Morales}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11999441\charrsid4092201 , 108 F.3d 1031, 1040 (9th }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14172357\charrsid4092201 Cir. }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11999441\charrsid4092201 1997) (}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11999441\charrsid4092201 en banc}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11999441\charrsid4092201 ); }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11999441\charrsid4092201 United States }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13859847\charrsid4092201 v. }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11999441\charrsid4092201 Crosby}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11999441\charrsid4092201 , 75 F.3d 1343, 1349 (9th }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14172357\charrsid4092201 Cir. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5861576\charrsid4092201 1996)}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11999441\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11999441 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404763\charrsid4092201 [55]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15951394\charrsid4092201 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3685698\charrsid4092201 We can say with }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3685698\charrsid4092201 fair assurance}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3685698\charrsid4092201  that }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7690222\charrsid4092201 admitting }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2388989\charrsid4092201 th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12669894\charrsid4092201 e additional hearsay statement}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7690222\charrsid4092201 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12669894\charrsid4092201  from August 10, 2}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7108373\charrsid4092201 007 }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7690222\charrsid4092201 into evidence}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7605967\charrsid4092201 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7690222\charrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7108373\charrsid4092201 was harmless.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7108373\charrsid4092201 The }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14749632\charrsid4092201 statement}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2965372\charrsid4092201 s of}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12669894\charrsid4092201  August 10th }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2257384\charrsid4092201 contain no additional information that was not already admitted into evidence and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7108373\charrsid4092201 w}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2257384\charrsid4092201 ere}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12669894\charrsid4092201  merely cumulative}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2257384\charrsid4092201 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15103172\charrsid4092201 See }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15103172\charrsid4092201 1 J. Weinstein & M. Berger, Weinstein}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15103172\charrsid4092201 s Federal Evidence \'a7103.41[5][g]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8014490\charrsid4092201  at}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15103172\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15077220\charrsid4092201 63}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13986933\charrsid4092201 -64}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15103172\charrsid4092201  (2007).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2896279\charrsid4092201 The}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8014490\charrsid4092201 
 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8916179\charrsid4092201 prosecution}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12148200\charrsid4092201  presented }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14185985\charrsid4092201 abundant}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12148200\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2896279\charrsid4092201 evidence }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12148200\charrsid4092201 to sup}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid553255\charrsid4092201 port a j}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12148200\charrsid4092201 ury}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12148200\charrsid4092201 s finding of guilty}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12669894\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4786888\charrsid4092201 See id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5906673\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4786888\charrsid4092201 at \'a7103.41[5][h]}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8014490\charrsid4092201  at}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4786888\charrsid4092201  64}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4268182\charrsid4092201 -65}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11281860\charrsid4092201 ; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11281860\charrsid4092201 see also}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11281860\charrsid4092201  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11281860\charrsid4092201 United States v. Jefferson}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11281860\charrsid4092201 , 925 F.2d 1242, 1255 (10th Cir. 1991) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11281860\charrsid4092201 Because there was an abundance of evidence}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5057919\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14574485\charrsid4092201 . . . }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11281860\charrsid4092201 from which the jury could have reached these conclusions without depending upon the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14574485\charrsid4092201 [erroneous hearsay]}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11281860\charrsid4092201 , we find that the admission of the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14574485\charrsid4092201 [erroneous hearsay]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11281860\charrsid4092201 
 into evidence was harmless.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14574485\charrsid4092201 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11281860\charrsid4092201 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12669894 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404763\charrsid4092201 [56]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10641302\charrsid4092201 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2449337\charrsid4092201 It was undisputed that }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2257384\charrsid4092201 Jesus}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2449337\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2257384\charrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3346567\charrsid4092201 truck ran over Gadia}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10237068\charrsid4092201  and it wa}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9773302\charrsid4092201 s undisputed that }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3346567\charrsid4092201 Jesus}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11677041\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11605739\charrsid4092201 was }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2041151\charrsid4092201 alone}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11677041\charrsid4092201  in the car with Gadia prior to her being }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10307492\charrsid4092201 run}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11677041\charrsid4092201  over}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13859847\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8916179\charrsid4092201 
Jesus admitted to Officer Meyenberg that he and Gadia had a lot of relationship problems mainly resulting from him accusing Gadia of having affairs.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15691925\charrsid4092201 Just p}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11677041\charrsid4092201 rior to the auto-pedestrian collision, Jesus and Gadia were arguing about whether she was having an a
ffair with one of her co-workers}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13859847\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13859847\charrsid4092201 Tr. }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11677041\charrsid4092201 at 14-18, 47, 53 (Jury Trial, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6885096\charrsid4092201 Nov.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11677041\charrsid4092201  19, 2007).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9397435 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404763\charrsid4092201 [57]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9397435\charrsid4092201 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4398207\charrsid4092201 T}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3735616\charrsid4092201 o support an inference that Jesus must have been in the truck accelerating at the t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7487091\charrsid4092201 ime of the collision (to rebut }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7874902\charrsid4092201 the defense\rquote s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3735616\charrsid4092201  theory that the car rolled on its own), th}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4398207\charrsid4092201 e }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8916179\charrsid4092201 prosecution}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4398207\charrsid4092201 
 introduced evidence regarding the slope of the hill and the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1007524\charrsid4092201 inability }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4398207\charrsid4092201 of }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4879619\charrsid4092201 the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4398207\charrsid4092201  truck to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10641302\charrsid4092201 create the injuries that Gadia incurred}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3735616\charrsid4092201  without a driver accelerating}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13859847\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid72115\charrsid4092201 The}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16415669\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8916179\charrsid4092201 prosecution}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid72115\charrsid4092201  presented }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10641302\charrsid4092201 testimony from }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8941247\charrsid4092201 an }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10641302\charrsid4092201 expert on family violence }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9773302\charrsid4092201 to explain why victims of domestic violence }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5470198\charrsid4092201 may chose}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9773302\charrsid4092201  to protect those who abuse them}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8467671\charrsid4092201  and the}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16415669\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8916179\charrsid4092201 prosecution}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8467671\charrsid4092201  impeached Gadia with }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8935627\charrsid4092201 her }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2122950\charrsid4092201 prior}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8935627\charrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8467671\charrsid4092201 inconsistent statements. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4723332 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404763\charrsid4092201 [58]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6310649\charrsid4092201 \tab The }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8916179\charrsid4092201 prosecution}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11293125\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8482610\charrsid4092201 presented}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6310649\charrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8467671\charrsid4092201 abundant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6310649\charrsid4092201  evidence to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16595740\charrsid4092201 support the}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6310649\charrsid4092201  jury}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16595740\charrsid4092201 s}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6310649\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7162863\charrsid4092201 find}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16595740\charrsid4092201 ing that}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7162863\charrsid4092201  Jesus }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16595740\charrsid4092201 was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7162863\charrsid4092201 guilty }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid217584\charrsid4092201 and the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7162863\charrsid4092201 erroneous }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid217584\charrsid4092201 admission of the August 10, 2007 statement }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7162863\charrsid4092201 did not affect }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2061021\charrsid4092201 the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7162863\charrsid4092201 jury}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7162863\charrsid4092201 s verdict}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4344323\charrsid4092201 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3831088\charrsid4092201 T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2061021\charrsid4092201 he substantial rights of Jesus in obtaining a }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4093041\charrsid4092201 fair trial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3831088\charrsid4092201  were not affected by admi}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid610619\charrsid4092201 tting}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3831088\charrsid4092201  the August 10th statement}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1054299\charrsid4092201  into evidence}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3831088\charrsid4092201 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6310649 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4723332\charrsid4092201 E}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13859847\charrsid4092201 . }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9915126\charrsid4092201 The E}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4723332\charrsid4092201 vidence }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9915126\charrsid4092201 was Sufficient to Support a Jury Finding of Guilty}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4723332\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5718443\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404763\charrsid4092201 [59]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid948508\charrsid4092201 \tab Although Jesus states the correct law for the sufficiency of the evidence standard,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8065987\charrsid4092201  he }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13270147\charrsid4092201 attempts to argue the evidence }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3867330\charrsid4092201 in a light}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13270147\charrsid4092201  most supportive to the defense.}{\cs21\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15622915\charrsid4092201 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13635354 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs21\super\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879 \chftn }{\insrsid4014854\charrsid1211879   Jesus argues that \'93a
ll the circumstantial evidence . . . points to the fact that the incident was in fact an accident.\'94  Appellant\rquote s Br. at 21.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2179549\charrsid4092201 
Jesus misconstrues the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11404747\charrsid4092201 standard }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5598489\charrsid4092201 by }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8129826\charrsid4092201 trying to re-a}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9590551\charrsid4092201 r}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8129826\charrsid4092201 gue that there is reasonable doubt}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3810149\charrsid4092201 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15214411\charrsid4092201 The U.S. Supreme Court has directly spoken on the matter reminding that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1788630\charrsid4092201 this inquiry does not require a court to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \lquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1788630\charrsid4092201 
ask itself whether }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1788630\charrsid4092201 it}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1788630\charrsid4092201  believes that the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15214411\charrsid4092201 Jackson}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15214411\charrsid4092201 , 443 U.S. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9579136\charrsid4092201 at}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15214411\charrsid4092201  318-19}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3154108\charrsid4092201  (quoting}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15214411\charrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5922305\charrsid4092201 Woodby v. INS}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5922305\charrsid4092201 , 385 U.S. 276, 282 (1966)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3154108\charrsid4092201 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1788630\charrsid4092201 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5728358\charrsid4092201 Instead }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11404747\charrsid4092201 
the relevant question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12598813\charrsid4092201  prosecution}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11404747\charrsid4092201 , }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11404747\charrsid4092201 any}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11404747\charrsid4092201  rational trier of fact }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11404747\charrsid4092201 could}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11404747\charrsid4092201  have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 " }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2581320\charrsid4092201 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15214411\charrsid4092201  at 319}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4526779\charrsid4092201  (}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10749704\charrsid4092201 second }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4526779\charrsid4092201 emphasis }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10749704\charrsid4092201 added}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4526779\charrsid4092201 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3810149\charrsid4092201 ; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3810149\charrsid4092201 see also Flores}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3810149\charrsid4092201 , 2004 Guam 18 \'b6 6.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14575390\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404763\charrsid4092201 [60]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14575390\charrsid4092201 \tab The purpose of this standard is to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14575390\charrsid4092201 give[] full play to the responsibility of the trier of fact fairly to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to wei
gh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16081902\charrsid4092201 Jackson}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16081902\charrsid4092201 , 443 U.S. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9579136\charrsid4092201 at}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16081902\charrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16518067\charrsid4092201 319}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13573126\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13573126\charrsid4092201 [T}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11298676\charrsid4092201 ]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14575390\charrsid4092201 he }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378903\charrsid4092201 fact finder's}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14575390\charrsid4092201  role as weigher of the evidence is preserved through a legal conclusion that upon judicial review }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14575390\charrsid4092201 all of the evidence}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14575390\charrsid4092201  is to be considered in the light most favorable to the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13830545\charrsid4092201 prosecution}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14575390\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 {\*\bkmkstart FN12}{\*\bkmkstart F013121979135171}{\*\bkmkend FN12}{\*\bkmkend F013121979135171}" }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13385368\charrsid4092201 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13385368\charrsid4092201 . at 319.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13385368\charrsid4092201 This highly deferential standard is in place to ensure that the sufficiency of the evidence review only invades the province of the jury }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14575390\charrsid4092201 to the extent necessary to guarantee the fundamental protection of due process of law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 " }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14575390\charrsid4092201 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14575390\charrsid4092201 . at 319}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1325650\charrsid4092201 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14575390 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404763\charrsid4092201 [61]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4932811\charrsid4092201 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7240298\charrsid4092201 
The appellate court cannot merely substitute its judgmen}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10040088\charrsid4092201 t for that of the jury.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10040088\charrsid4092201 E.g.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10040088\charrsid4092201 , }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10040088\charrsid4092201 Weiler v. United States}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10040088\charrsid4092201 , 323 U.S. 606, 611 (1945); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10040088\charrsid4092201 United States v. Lopez}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10040088\charrsid4092201 
, 477 F.3d 1110, 1114 (9th Cir. 2007); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10040088\charrsid4092201 Skinner v. Total Petroleum, Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10040088\charrsid4092201 , 859 F.2d 1439}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15407761\charrsid4092201 , 1443}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16739397\charrsid4092201  (10th Cir. 1988) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10040088\charrsid4092201 (}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10040088\charrsid4092201 [U]nder the Seventh Amendment, the court may not substitute its judgment of the facts for that of the jury . . . .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10040088\charrsid4092201 ); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10040088\charrsid4092201 see also}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10040088\charrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10040088\charrsid4092201 People v. Chargualaf}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13389978\charrsid4092201 , }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10040088\charrsid4092201 2001 Guam 1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13389978\charrsid4092201  \'b6 30 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10040088\charrsid4092201 Courts should accept the collective judgment of the jury and should refrain from delving into the jurors}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10040088\charrsid4092201  thought processes.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13389978\charrsid4092201 )}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10040088\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7240298\charrsid4092201 
While it is possible that a different finder of fact could have reached a different conclusion, sufficient evidence exist}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801559\charrsid4092201 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7240298\charrsid4092201 
 to support the jury}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7240298\charrsid4092201 s finding that Jesus was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7625693\charrsid4092201 Macris v. Swavely}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7625693\charrsid4092201 , 2008 Guam 18}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5591472\charrsid4092201  \'b6 12.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7240298 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404763\charrsid4092201 [62]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738503\charrsid4092201 \tab In a sufficiency of the evidence analysis, courts determine whether there is sufficient }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12861042\charrsid4092201 direct }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5535247\charrsid4092201 and/}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9315959\charrsid4092201 or}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12861042\charrsid4092201  circumstantial evidence from which reas}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12079199\charrsid4092201 o}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16466097\charrsid4092201 
nable inferences can be drawn}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738503\charrsid4092201  to support each element of the crime or crimes charged.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7366176\charrsid4092201 See }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2179549\charrsid4092201 Flores}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2179549\charrsid4092201 , 2004 Guam 18 \'b6 6}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13504876\charrsid4092201 ; }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13504876\charrsid4092201 see also United States v. Boskic}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13504876\charrsid4092201 ,}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13504876\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13504876\charrsid4092201 545 F.3d 69, 85 (1st Cir. 2008) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13504876\charrsid4092201 evidence sufficient to support a guilty verdict may be entirely circumstantial, and the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378903\charrsid4092201 fact finder}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13504876\charrsid4092201  is free to choose among reasonable interpretations of the evidence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13504876\charrsid4092201 
) (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13504876\charrsid4092201 United States v. Vazquez-Botet}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13504876\charrsid4092201 , 532 F.3d 37, 59 (1st Cir.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1666856\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13504876\charrsid4092201 2008))}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2179549\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738503\charrsid4092201 Although it is possible that there is insufficient evidence for every element of a crime, generally, appellants should argue what specific element }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3178274\charrsid4092201 or elements were not supported by}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738503\charrsid4092201  sufficient evidence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738503\charrsid4092201 See}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10224042\charrsid4092201 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738503\charrsid4092201  e.g.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738503\charrsid4092201 , }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5799025\charrsid4092201 United States v. Mejia}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5799025\charrsid4092201 , 545 F.3d 179}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8812004\charrsid4092201 , 202-04}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5799025\charrsid4092201  (2d Cir. 2008) (appellants specifically argued that evidence was insufficient to show that the }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5799025\charrsid4092201 MS-13}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5799025\charrsid4092201  gang was an }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5799025\charrsid4092201 enterprise engaged in racketeering activity}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5799025\charrsid4092201  and that the evidence was insufficient to prove the element of intent.); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738503\charrsid4092201 U}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1736150\charrsid4092201 nited }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738503\charrsid4092201 S}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1736150\charrsid4092201 tates}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738503\charrsid4092201  v. Castaldi}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738503\charrsid4092201 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5322944\charrsid4092201 547 F.3d 699, 705-06 }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738503\charrsid4092201 (7th Cir. 2008) (appellants }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13513239\charrsid4092201 specifically }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738503\charrsid4092201 
argued insufficient evidence on intent to defraud and to the element of criminal intent)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14036410\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5312100 

\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404763\charrsid4092201 [63]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5312100\charrsid4092201 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5065404\charrsid4092201 Although Jesus broadly argues that }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10108580\charrsid4092201 t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5065404\charrsid4092201 
he Government cannot point to any evidence at trial which would reasonably support a finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5065404\charrsid4092201 
 his arguments focus on whether the collision was an }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5065404\charrsid4092201 accident}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5065404\charrsid4092201  which goe}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9590515\charrsid4092201 s to the element of intent.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9590515\charrsid4092201 Appellant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9590515\charrsid4092201 s Br}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12480931\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9590515\charrsid4092201 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2183827\charrsid4092201  at}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9590515\charrsid4092201  21}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2183827\charrsid4092201  (June, 4, 2008)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9590515\charrsid4092201 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9590515\charrsid4092201 
Therefore, although our analysis will explain how the other elements were supported by sufficient evidence, our focus will be on the element of intent.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738503 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404763\charrsid4092201 [64]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7240298\charrsid4092201 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid948508\charrsid4092201 We have already explained }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16339901\charrsid4092201 in our harmless error }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5653041\charrsid4092201 analysis }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid948508\charrsid4092201 how the government presented }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2180419\charrsid4092201 abundant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7240298\charrsid4092201  evidence }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15669628\charrsid4092201 to prove Jesus}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15669628\charrsid4092201  guilt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15669628\charrsid4092201 The }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8916179\charrsid4092201 prosecution}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15669628\charrsid4092201 
 provided sufficient evidence to support every element of the cr}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16665168\charrsid4092201 imes that Jesus was convicted of}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15669628\charrsid4092201 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12794926\charrsid4092201 It is undisputed that Gadia was run over by her boyfriend, Jesus}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12794926\charrsid4092201  truck.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14951010\charrsid4092201 It is undisputed that shortly before the collision, }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14444033\charrsid4092201 Jesus }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14951010\charrsid4092201 argued with }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11287110\charrsid4092201 Gadia }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14951010\charrsid4092201 over whether she was having }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11287110\charrsid4092201 an affair with a co-worker}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12794926\charrsid4092201 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8287401\charrsid4092201 T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12794926\charrsid4092201 he}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9131812\charrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8916179\charrsid4092201 prosecution}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12794926\charrsid4092201  provided ample evidence for a jury to find intent: 1) evidence to show that Jesus was in the car and acceler
ated at the time of the collision; 2) testimony detailing the history of the relationship between Gadia and Jesus; 3) testimony of a fight rooted in jealousy just prior to the collision; 4) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5262205\charrsid4092201 
Gadia}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5262205\charrsid4092201 s August 9th statement that Jesus ran her over on purpose and that she was afraid of him; 5) }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12794926\charrsid4092201 and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5924142\charrsid4092201 family violence }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16189568\charrsid4092201 expert testimony }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5262205\charrsid4092201 to rebut the defense}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5262205\charrsid4092201 
s argument that the collision was an accident by explaining why a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12794926\charrsid4092201 victim of domestic abuse would defend his or her abuser}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9055749\charrsid4092201 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12790319\charrsid4092201 A reasonable jury could have disbelieved Gadia\rquote s in court testimony regarding Jesus\rquote  intent. }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid859691 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404763\charrsid4092201 [65]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6693331\charrsid4092201 \tab Under a standard which views the evidence in the light most favorable to the }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8916179\charrsid4092201 prosecution}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6693331\charrsid4092201 , based on the entire record presented, a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7824928\charrsid4092201 reasonab
le }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6693331\charrsid4092201 jury could conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that Jesus was guilty of two counts of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378903\charrsid4092201 misdemeanour}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6693331\charrsid4092201  assault and one count of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378903\charrsid4092201 misdemeanour}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6693331\charrsid4092201  family violence.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6693331 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10553246 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4001279\charrsid4092201 IV. CONCLUSION}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10960114 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4092201 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13198146\charrsid4092201 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404763\charrsid4092201 [66]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404763\charrsid4092201 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5398593\charrsid4092201 Jesus}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5398593\charrsid4092201  rights under the Confrontation Clause were not violated}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid204075\charrsid4092201  by admitting Gadia}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid204075\charrsid4092201 s sta}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4474420\charrsid4092201 tements to Officer Nakamura eve}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2314031\charrsid4092201 n}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid204075\charrsid4092201 
 though she could not remember making the statements}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5398593\charrsid4092201 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7158977\charrsid4092201 Moreover, u}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5398593\charrsid4092201 nder}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15927031\charrsid4092201  Rule}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5398593\charrsid4092201 
 104(a) of the Guam Rules of Evidence, the trial court did not clearly err in finding that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12330253\charrsid4092201 Gadia}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5398593\charrsid4092201  was }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5398593\charrsid4092201 unconscious}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5398593\charrsid4092201  until the 
morning of August 9th nor did the trial court abuse its discretion in finding the August 9th statements admissible under }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12722646\charrsid4092201 Rule 803(2) of the }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5398593\charrsid4092201 Guam Rules of Evidence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5398593\charrsid4092201 
Although the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the August 10th statements, such error was not sufficiently prejudicial to warrant reversal}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid881846\charrsid4092201 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid881846\charrsid4092201 T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5398593\charrsid4092201 he evidence }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid881846\charrsid4092201 
presented }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10705843\charrsid4092201 at the trial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid881846\charrsid4092201  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5398593\charrsid4092201 was sufficient to support }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid881846\charrsid4092201 the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13259323\charrsid4092201  j}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5398593\charrsid4092201 ury}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5398593\charrsid4092201 s finding of Jesus}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7288829\charrsid4092201 \rquote }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5398593\charrsid4092201  guilt.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10553246 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404763\charrsid4092201 [67]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5404763\charrsid4092201 \tab }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8597410\charrsid4092201 Accordingly, we }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7223715\charrsid4092201 AFFIRM}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11932474\charrsid4092201  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8597410\charrsid4092201 the judgment of the Superior Court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid859691\charrsid10553246 
\par }}