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Watabe Guam, Inc.}{ \fs20\insrsid3571334\charrsid16135635 , Opinion\tab Page }{\field{\*\fldinst {\cs24\fs20\insrsid3571334\charrsid16135635 PAGE }}{\fldrslt {\cs24\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12600036 1}}}\sectd \linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj { \cs24\fs20\insrsid3571334\charrsid16135635 of }{\field{\*\fldinst {\cs24\fs20\insrsid3571334\charrsid16135635 NUMPAGES }}{\fldrslt {\cs24\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid3571334 31}}}\sectd \linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj { \cs24\fs20\insrsid3571334\charrsid16135635 \par }\pard \s22\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\brdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp20 \tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7280195 {\cs24\fs20\insrsid3571334\charrsid16135635 \par }\pard \s22\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16135635 {\fs20\insrsid3571334\charrsid16135635 \par }}{\footerf \pard\plain \s23\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid3571334 \par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUA}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7217184 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 JOSHUA W. FENWICK and ERLINE C. FENWICK}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7217184\charrsid3571334 ,}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Plaintiffs-Appellants,}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 V}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 WATABE GUAM, INC., OCEANIC RESOURCES, INC., \par AMERICAN HOME ASSURANCE COMPANY, \par FRANK J. MARTIN AIA }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 and}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 MCL/MARTIN \par CRISTOBAL AND LAGUANA, \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Defendants-Appellees, \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Supreme Court Case No.: CVA05-020 \par Superior Court Case No.: CV0426-01 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 OPINION}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12978773\charrsid3571334 Filed:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12978773\charrsid3571334 January 21, 2009 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Cite as:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 200}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7217184\charrsid3571334 9}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Guam }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12978773\charrsid3571334 1}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7217184\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam \par Argued and Submitted on February 22, 2007 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4879969\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7217184\charrsid3571334 \par }\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts25\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt \clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4548\clshdrawnil \cellx4440\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5028\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid11415339\yts25 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7217184\charrsid3571334 For Plaintiffs-Appellants}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7217184\charrsid3571334 \par Wayson W.S. Wong, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7217184\charrsid3571334 Esq}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7217184\charrsid3571334 . \par Law Offices of Wayson Wong \par A Professional Corporation \par 142 Seaton Blvd., Ste. 101 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910\cell }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7217184\charrsid3571334 For Defendant-Appellee}{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9992451\charrsid3571334 }{ \ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7217184\charrsid3571334 Oceanic Resources, Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7217184\charrsid3571334 \par John D. Osborn, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7217184\charrsid3571334 Esq}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7217184\charrsid3571334 . \par Elyze J. McDonald, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7217184\charrsid3571334 Esq}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7217184\charrsid3571334 . \par Carlsmith Ball LLP \par Bank of Hawaii Bldg., Ste. 401 \par 134 W. Soledad Ave., \par P.O. Box BF \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96932-5027\cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7217184\charrsid3571334 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts25\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt \clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4548\clshdrawnil \cellx4440\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5028\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 BEFORE:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 ROBERT J. TORRES, Chief Justice; RICHARD H. BENSON, Justice }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Pro Tempore}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 ; JOHN A. MANGLONA, Justice }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Pro Tempore}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 . \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9661985\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 BENSON, J.: \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9661985\charrsid3571334 [1]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9661985\charrsid3571334 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Plaintiff}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487198\charrsid3571334 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 -Appellants, Joshua W. Fenwick and Erline C. Fenwick }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4879969\charrsid3571334 (the \'93Fenwicks}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 \'94) appeal the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10184061\charrsid3571334 trial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 court}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 s denial of their motion for a new trial and the judgment entered after a jury trial in favor of Defendant}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487198\charrsid3571334 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 -Appellee}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487198\charrsid3571334 s}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 , Oceanic Resources, Inc. (ORI) and American Home Assurance Company.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Specifically, the Fenwicks argue that the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10184061\charrsid3571334 trial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 court erred in: (1) denying their motion for a new trial; (2) providing }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 both }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 a proximate cause jury instruction}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 and a legal cause jury instruction}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 ; and (3) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12534800\charrsid3571334 excluding }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13448847\charrsid3571334 a companion photo }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 from exhibit G-13}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12534800\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 The }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10184061\charrsid3571334 trial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 court did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion for a new trial.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 Further}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8079440\charrsid3571334 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 while both a proxima}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1448426\charrsid3571334 t}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 e cause jury instruction and a legal cause jury instruction should not have been given, this error was not prejudicial.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10184061\charrsid3571334 Finally, t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 he }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10184061\charrsid3571334 trial}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 court did not err in excluding the photo.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 Accordingly }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487198\charrsid3571334 we }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 affirm}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487198\charrsid3571334 the Judgment.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12600036 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 II.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 F}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4215775\charrsid3571334 ACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2755074\charrsid3571334 [2]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2755074\charrsid3571334 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 This is a negligence action to recover damages for }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10238834\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4860258\charrsid3571334 personal injuries}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487198\charrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 sustained by Mr. Fenwick while at the underground parking area of the Pacific Place}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13448847\charrsid3571334 Building}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 , owned by Defendant-Appellee Oceanic Resources, Inc. (\'93ORI\'94).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487198\charrsid3571334 I}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 n October 1999, Mr. Fenwick}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487198\charrsid3571334 was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 employed }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5778973\charrsid3571334 for almost a month }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 as a driver for Watabe Weddings}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8079440\charrsid3571334 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487198\charrsid3571334 whose office is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 located at the Pacific Place }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487198\charrsid3571334 Building.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487198\charrsid3571334 On the day he sustained his injuries, Mr. Fenwick left work early.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 When}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487198\charrsid3571334 he exit}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12534800\charrsid3571334 ed}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487198\charrsid3571334 the building to his car}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12534800\charrsid3571334 parked }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 in the underground parking }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12534800\charrsid3571334 lot,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487198\charrsid3571334 Mr. Fenwick }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10238834\charrsid3571334 looked toward the walkway between parking stall }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9722171\charrsid3571334 number 1 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10238834\charrsid3571334 and the lattice concrete }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12534800\charrsid3571334 wall }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10238834\charrsid3571334 but could not pass because pallets were stacked against the wall.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2061464\charrsid3571334 Mr. Fenwick testified seeing four vans owned by Watabe p}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5778973\charrsid3571334 arked in }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2061464\charrsid3571334 each of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5778973\charrsid3571334 the handicap stalls}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2061464\charrsid3571334 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9722171\charrsid3571334 Mr. Fenwick }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2061464\charrsid3571334 also }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9722171\charrsid3571334 testified he could not pass between parking stalls 1 and 2 because the vans were parked so closely together the mirrors created a barrier for him to pass.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9722171\charrsid3571334 He }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12534800\charrsid3571334 then}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10238834\charrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9722171\charrsid3571334 chose to pass b}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10238834\charrsid3571334 etween }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9722171\charrsid3571334 handicap stalls 2 and 3 and a}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 s he headed toward the two vans, he }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9722171\charrsid3571334 came into contact with the handicap sign and fell }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 on his back and onto the concrete floor.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 The injuries from the incident caused Mr. Fenwick to have back surgery.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4916115\charrsid3571334 [3]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4916115\charrsid3571334 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 The original complaint }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 for injuries and loss of consortium named }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8079440\charrsid3571334 Watabe Guam, Inc.; }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Oceanic Resources, Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8079440\charrsid3571334 ;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13448847\charrsid3571334 Toki}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 o Marine & Fire Insurance Company, Ltd.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8079440\charrsid3571334 ;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 and American Home Assurance Company as defendants.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11826641\charrsid3571334 Excerpts of Record (\'93ER\'94), tab 1 (Comp}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8079440\charrsid3571334 l}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11826641\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8079440\charrsid3571334 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11826641\charrsid3571334 Mar. 6, 2001).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 A}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 n amended complaint was }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 later }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 filed }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9776253\charrsid3571334 to }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 include}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9776253\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Frank J. Martin, AIA and MCL/Martin Cristobal and Laguana as additional defendants.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11826641\charrsid3571334 ER, tab 4 (First Amended Comp}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8079440\charrsid3571334 l}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11826641\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8079440\charrsid3571334 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11826641\charrsid3571334 Dec. 20, 2001).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 A stipulation and order to dismiss was }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 entered}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 dismissing defendant Frank J. Martin, AIA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13448847\charrsid3571334 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 without prejudice.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Summary Judgment was also granted in favor of Watabe Guam, Inc. and its insurer, Tokio Marine & Fire Insurance Company, Ltd.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12350592\charrsid3571334 ER, tab 7 (Stip. & Order}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8079440\charrsid3571334 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12350592\charrsid3571334 Dec. 3, 2002).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 he }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9776253\charrsid3571334 remaining }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 defendants }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9776253\charrsid3571334 included}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Oceanic Resources, Inc.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8079440\charrsid3571334 ;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 its insurer American Home Assurance Company}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8079440\charrsid3571334 ; }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 and MCL/Martin Cristobal and Laguana (\'93MCL\'94).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 MCL made no appearance in the case and was not represented by }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12534800\charrsid3571334 counsel}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 at trial.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 During the trial the Fenwicks argued the placement and design of the handicapped signs failed to comply with Guam law}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8079440\charrsid3571334 b}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 ecause the signs were not placed in the center of the parking stall}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2061464\charrsid3571334 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13524852\charrsid3571334 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 had pointed sharp edges and were placed too low.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 The Fenwicks also complained that Mr. Fenwick was not able to adequately see the sign because of in}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2061464\charrsid3571334 adequate}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 lighting in the parking area.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4916115\charrsid3571334 [4]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4916115\charrsid3571334 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 Following }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 nine}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13448847\charrsid3571334 -}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 day }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 jury trial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 the jury determined }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid143767\charrsid3571334 after deliberating }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 only }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid143767\charrsid3571334 one hour }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12153799\charrsid3571334 both }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 ORI and MCL were negligent but did not find their negligence to be the proximate and legal cause of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12153799\charrsid3571334 Mr. Fenwick\rquote s injur }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 ies}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Judgment was entered in favor of ORI and its insurer.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 The Fenwicks moved for a new trial}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12153799\charrsid3571334 which }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9776253\charrsid3571334 the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10184061\charrsid3571334 trial}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9776253\charrsid3571334 court }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12534800\charrsid3571334 ultimately }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12153799\charrsid3571334 denied}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9776253\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12350592\charrsid3571334 ER, tab 16 (Mot. New Trial, Dec. 1, 2003).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12153799\charrsid3571334 T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 he Fenwicks timely appeal from the judgment and order denying the moti on for a new trial. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12600036 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 III.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 J}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4215775\charrsid3571334 URISDICTION}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4916115\charrsid3571334 [5]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4916115\charrsid3571334 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 This }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13448847\charrsid3571334 c}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 ourt has jurisdiction over this appeal from a final judgment pursuant to 48 U.S.C. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 \'a7}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 1424-1(a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14029304\charrsid3571334 ) (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 2) (Westlaw }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13524852\charrsid3571334 2008}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 ), and 7 GCA }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 \'a7\'a7}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 3107(b) and 3108(}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13524852\charrsid3571334 a}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 ) (2005).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12600036 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 IV.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 S}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4215775\charrsid3571334 TANDARD OF REVIEW}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 ADVANCE \\d4}}{\fldrslt }}\sectd \psz1\linex0\headery1440\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid16135635\sftnbj { \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2189834\charrsid3571334 [6]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9776253\charrsid3571334 Denial of a motion for a new trial by a trial court is reviewed }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 for an abuse of discretion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 B.M. Co. v. Avery}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 , 2002 Guam 19}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 \'b6 10.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 \'93 When reviewing the denial of a motion for a new trial, the inquiry is whether the verdict is either supported by substantial evidence or \lquote whether the jury\rquote s decision is against the clear weight of the evidence.\rquote \'94}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13524852\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13524852\charrsid3571334 ., (quoting}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13524852\charrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Leon Guerrero v. DLB Constr. Co.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 , 1999 Guam 9}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 \'b6 21.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 A} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9862017\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9776253\charrsid3571334 trial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 court}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 s rejection of a proposed jury instruction is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13524852\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13524852\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 An evidentiary ruling by the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9776253\charrsid3571334 trial }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 court is also reviewed for an abuse of discretion and is not reversed unless prejudice affecting the verdict is shown.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 J.J. Moving Servs}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13448847\charrsid3571334 .}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 , Inc. v. Sanko Bussan (Guam) Co.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 , }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Ltd.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13448847\charrsid3571334 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 1998 Guam 19 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 \'b6 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 31.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Finally, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13524852\charrsid3571334 conclusions}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 of law are reviewed de novo.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 C}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13524852\charrsid3571334 epeda v. Gov\rquote t of Guam}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 , 200}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13524852\charrsid3571334 5}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Guam 1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13524852\charrsid3571334 1 \'b6 10}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12600036 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 V.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 D}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4215775\charrsid3571334 ISCUSSION}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 A.\tab Denial of a Motion for a New Trial}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2189834\charrsid3571334 [7]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2189834\charrsid3571334 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 Review of a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9776253\charrsid3571334 trial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 court\rquote s denial of a motion for a new trial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 requires examination of}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 all the evidence presented to the jury in order to determine whether the evidence was sufficient to support the verdict.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 J.J. Moving Serv}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13524852\charrsid3571334 s}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 , 1998 Guam 19}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13524852\charrsid3571334 \'b6 28}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 \'93Such evidentiary issues will almost always require a careful examination of the en}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 tire trial transcript.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13524852\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13524852\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 B}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 efore disturbing a verdict, we must find that the jury\rquote s decision was against the clear weight, overwhelming weight, or great weight of the evidence.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 \'93This }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16527041\charrsid3571334 [}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 criteri}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16527041\charrsid3571334 on]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 suggests [that] a trial judge should not displace a verdict because he or she disagrees with the jury\rquote s conclusion. \'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Rather, the wrong must be extreme in order for a judge to invade the jury\rquote s function}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13524852\charrsid3571334 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 and we cautiously review a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10184061\charrsid3571334 trial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 court\rquote s decision denying a new trial.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 . }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2189834\charrsid3571334 [8]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9776253\charrsid3571334 The Fenwicks do not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support the verdict but instead allege two errors on appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9776253\charrsid3571334 First, }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13524852\charrsid3571334 they argue }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9776253\charrsid3571334 that the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10184061\charrsid3571334 trial}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9776253\charrsid3571334 court erred in providing a proximate cause jury instruction which confused the jury because }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13524852\charrsid3571334 the jury}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9776253\charrsid3571334 found that ORI and MCL were both negligent but that their negligence was not the proximate cause of the injury.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9776253\charrsid3571334 Second, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13524852\charrsid3571334 they argue }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9776253\charrsid3571334 that the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10184061\charrsid3571334 trial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9776253\charrsid3571334 court erred in excluding }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5120848\charrsid3571334 a companion}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9776253\charrsid3571334 photo to exhibit G-13 provided }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5120848\charrsid3571334 by ORI\rquote s counsel.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 he Fenwicks d}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12153799\charrsid3571334 id}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 not }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9776253\charrsid3571334 submit the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 entire trial transcripts and so our review is limited}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12153799\charrsid3571334 to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12534800\charrsid3571334 the transcripts provided on appeal}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13001099\charrsid3571334 T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 he transcripts provided}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13524852\charrsid3571334 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13001099\charrsid3571334 however}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12153799\charrsid3571334 , which are }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 relevant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 to the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13001099\charrsid3571334 issues presented }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 include }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12534800\charrsid3571334 the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 testimon}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 ies}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12534800\charrsid3571334 of }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Mr. Fenwick, Dr. Frank Perez, Dr. Rick Gill}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12153799\charrsid3571334 and excerpts of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13001099\charrsid3571334 discussions}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5120848\charrsid3571334 between counsel and the trial court judge}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13001099\charrsid3571334 on the jury instructions and evidentiary ruling }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9445529\charrsid3571334 of the photo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12153799\charrsid3571334 W}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 e }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 will therefore review the transcripts when }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 analyz}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 ing}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 the errors alleged to have been committed}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 by the trial court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 B.\tab Proximate Cause}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 and Legal Cause}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Instruction}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 s}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2189834\charrsid3571334 [9]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2189834\charrsid3571334 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 We first address whether the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10184061\charrsid3571334 trial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 court erred in instructing the jury }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 with both }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 a proximate cause instruction}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 and a legal cause instruction}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 A}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9445529\charrsid3571334 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12153799\charrsid3571334 stated earlier, a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10184061\charrsid3571334 trial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 court}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12153799\charrsid3571334 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 s denial of a proposed jury instruction is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 B.M. Co. v. Avery}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 , 2002 Guam 19}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12153799\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 \'b6}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 10.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 } {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 \'93}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5120848\charrsid3571334 A}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 trial court has wide discretion as to what instruction to give the jury in any case}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5120848\charrsid3571334 ,\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 . }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5120848\charrsid3571334 and }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 \'93}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5120848\charrsid3571334 [o]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 n review, the inquiry is whether the jury was likely misled by the instruction given and whether a different outcome would likely have resulted had the proposed instruction been given.\'94 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6840609\charrsid3571334 at}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13448847\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378814\charrsid3571334 \'b6 31.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7746113\charrsid3571334 [10]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14239832\charrsid3571334 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378814\charrsid3571334 Normally, to}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15929822\charrsid3571334 \'93preserve for {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b4806}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b4806}appeal a challenge to a {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b4811}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b4811}jury {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b4812}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b4812} instruction, the challenging party must have clearly stated to the {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b4822}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b4822}trial court the matter to which the party {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b4830}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b4830}objects and the grounds for that {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b4836}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b4836}objection.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7746113\charrsid3571334 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7746113\charrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11227586\charrsid3571334 at}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7746113\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378814\charrsid3571334 \'b6 27}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15929822\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 Our}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15929822\charrsid3571334 review of the record shows that the Fenwicks objected to the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10184061\charrsid3571334 trial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15929822\charrsid3571334 court giving the proximate ca}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14367917\charrsid3571334 u}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15929822\charrsid3571334 se instruction and while the Fenwicks did not specifically object to the giving of the legal cause instruction, the}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 y did argue }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15929822\charrsid3571334 that it was improper for the court to give both instructions.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 In our review t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15929822\charrsid3571334 his was sufficient to preserve for appeal the challenge to the legal cause instruction}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 so we will examine both instructions}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15929822\charrsid3571334 . }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7746113\charrsid3571334 [11]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7746113\charrsid3571334 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 The proximate cause instruction }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 given to the jury here }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 is identical to California\rquote s B}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378814\charrsid3571334 ar Approved Jury Instruction (B}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 AJI}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378814\charrsid3571334 ) (\'93proximate cause\'94) }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 3.75}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378814\charrsid3571334 (7th ed. 1986)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 .}{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10387395 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs15\super\insrsid3571334\charrsid14239832 \chftn }{\insrsid3571334 }{\fs20\insrsid3571334\charrsid14239832 The proximate cause instruction given by the }{\fs20\insrsid3571334 trial}{\fs20\insrsid3571334\charrsid14239832 court is from the Seventh Edition (1986) of BAJI. The proximate cause instruction provided by the }{\fs20\insrsid3571334 trial}{\fs20\insrsid3571334\charrsid14239832 court read:}{\fs20\insrsid3571334 \par }\pard \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3635803 {\fs20\insrsid3571334\charrsid14239832 JURY INSTRUCTION NO. 5C}{\fs20\insrsid3571334 \tab }{\fs20\insrsid3571334\charrsid14239832 PROXIMATE CAUSE - DEFINED \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid10387395 {\fs20\insrsid3571334\charrsid14239832 A proximate cause of injury, damage, loss or harm is a cause which, in natural and continuous sequence, produces the inquiry, damage, loss or harm and without which the injury, damage, loss or harm would not have occurred. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12341668 {\fs20\insrsid3571334\charrsid10387395 ER, tab 19 (Jury Inst., Nov. 27, 2006).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 The }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10184061\charrsid3571334 trial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 court also instructed the jury on legal cause}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 .}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14239832\charrsid3571334 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12341668 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid3571334\charrsid4092303 \chftn }{\insrsid3571334 }{\fs20\insrsid3571334\charrsid4092303 JURY INSTRUCTION NO. 5B }{\fs20\insrsid3571334 \tab }{ \fs20\insrsid3571334\charrsid4092303 LEGAL CAUSE \endash DEFINED \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid12341668 {\fs20\insrsid3571334\charrsid4092303 A legal cause of injury, damages, loss or harm is a cause which is a substant ial factor in bringing about the injury, damage, loss or harm. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12341668 {\fs20\insrsid3571334\charrsid4092303 Supplemental Excerpts of Record (\'93SER\'94) at 4 (Jury Inst., Jan. 12, 2007).}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 The trial transcript further show the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10184061\charrsid3571334 trial}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 court, following the proximate cause instruction, gave the jury a concurrent cause instruction}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 .}{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4092303\charrsid3571334 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12341668 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs15\super\insrsid3571334\charrsid4092303 \chftn }{\insrsid3571334 }{\fs20\insrsid3571334\charrsid4092303 Neither party provided on appeal a }{\fs20\insrsid3571334 written }{\fs20\insrsid3571334\charrsid4092303 copy of the concurrent cause instruction}{ \fs20\insrsid3571334 . H}{\fs20\insrsid3571334\charrsid4092303 owever, it can be inferred that such instruction was instruction no. 5D}{\fs20\insrsid3571334 included in the trial transcript,}{\fs20\insrsid3571334\charrsid4092303 which read:}{ \fs20\insrsid3571334 \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\sa120\keep\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid12341668 {\fs20\insrsid3571334\charrsid12341668 There may be more than one cause of an injury. When negligent conduct of two or more persons, or negligent or wrongful conduct and a defective condition contributes as a cause of an injury, the conduct of each is a cause of the injury regardless of the extent to which each contrib u tes to the injury. A cause is concurrent if it was operative at the moment of injury and acted with another cause to produce the injury. It is no defense that the negligent or wrongful conduct of a person who is not a party is also a cause of the injury. }{\fs20\insrsid3571334 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\sa120\keep\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid7698562 {\fs20\insrsid3571334\charrsid12341668 Transcript (\'93Tr.\'94), vol. V at 127 (Jury Trial, Sept. 15, 2003).}{\fs20\insrsid3571334 \par }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14763085\charrsid3571334 [12]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 The law is well settled that t}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 o succeed in a negligence action }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 plaintiff must prove: }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 {\*\bkmkstart sp_999_5}{\*\bkmkstart SDU_5} \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 (1) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378814\charrsid3571334 \'93}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 A duty, or obligation, recognized by law, requiring the person to conform to a certain standard of conduct, for the protection of others against unreasonable risks of harm}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378814\charrsid3571334 \'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 ; }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 (2) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378814\charrsid3571334 \'93}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 A breach of that duty, or failure to conform to the required standard}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378814\charrsid3571334 \'94}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 ;{\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b2392}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b2392} }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 (3) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378814\charrsid3571334 \'93}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Proximate {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b2393}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b2393}cause (a close and causal connection, also known as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378814\charrsid3571334 \lquote }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 legal cause}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378814\charrsid3571334 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 )}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378814\charrsid3571334 \'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 ; and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 (4) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378814\charrsid3571334 \'93}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Actual loss or damage resulting to the interests of another.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378814\charrsid3571334 \'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 \par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Merchant v. Nanyo Realty, Inc}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 .\~ 1998 Guam 26 \'b6 14}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378814\charrsid3571334 (quoting Keeton, et al., Prosser and Keeton on the Law of Torts \'a7 30 at 165-65 (5th ed. 1984)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378814\charrsid3571334 Although Prosser and Keeton equate proximate and legal cause, the discussion that follows will show that there is a subtle distinction between these two concepts.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237 {\*\bkmkend sp_999_5}{\*\bkmkend SDU_5} \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3635803\charrsid3571334 [13]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14957416\charrsid3571334 \'93}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378814\charrsid3571334 [}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378814\charrsid3571334 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 he }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14957416\charrsid3571334 \lquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 proximate cause\rquote element of a negligence action embraces, at the very least, a causation-in-fact test, that is, the defendant\rquote s negligence must be a cause-in-fact of the plaintiff\rquote s claimed injuries.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Stahl v. Metro}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378814\charrsid3571334 . }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Dade County}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 , 438 So.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16602140\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 2d 14}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378814\charrsid3571334 , 17}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 (Fla.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9378814\charrsid3571334 Ct. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 App. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1722443\charrsid3571334 1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 983).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 } {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 A defendant\rquote s conduct is not a cause}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14367917\charrsid3571334 -}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 in}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14367917\charrsid3571334 -}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 fact of an injury when the injury would have occurred even if the conduct had not taken place.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Waste M}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1722443\charrsid3571334 gmt.}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 , Inc. v. S}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1722443\charrsid3571334 .}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Cent}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1722443\charrsid3571334 .}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Bell Tel}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1722443\charrsid3571334 .}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Co}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1722443\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 , 15 S.W.3d 425}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1722443\charrsid3571334 , 430}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1722443\charrsid3571334 Tenn. Ct. App. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 1997).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5120848\charrsid3571334 When}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 determining cause}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14367917\charrsid3571334 -}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 in}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14367917\charrsid3571334 -}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 fact}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12999154\charrsid3571334 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 many courts traditionally appl}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12999154\charrsid3571334 y}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 the \'93but for\'94 test, that is, \'93 to constitute proximate cause there must be such a natural, direct, and continuous sequence between the negligen}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12999154\charrsid3571334 t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 act [or omission] and the [plaintiff\rquote s] injury that it can reasonably be said that }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 but for}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 the [negligent] act [or omission] the injury would not have occurred}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14957416\charrsid3571334 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12341668 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid3571334\charrsid10387395 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid3571334\charrsid10387395 The terms \'93but for\'94 and \'93without which\'94 have been used interchangeably when formulating the \'93but for\'94 test, and the meaning is the same, with \'93but for\'94 being the preferred terminology. }{\i\fs20\insrsid3571334\charrsid10387395 Stahl}{\fs20\insrsid3571334\charrsid10387395 , 438 So.}{\fs20\insrsid3571334 }{ \fs20\insrsid3571334\charrsid10387395 2d at 18 n.2.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 .\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Stahl}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 438 So.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16602140\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 2d at 17-18}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1722443\charrsid3571334 (quotation omitted, emphasis original)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16602140\charrsid3571334 [14]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2061464\charrsid3571334 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5120848\charrsid3571334 As explained by }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Prosser}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1722443\charrsid3571334 and Keeton}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 , the \'93but for\'94 test states that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1722443\charrsid3571334 \'93}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 [t]he defendant\rquote s conduct is a cause in fact of the event if the event would not have occurred but for that conduct; conversely the defendant\rquote s conduct is not a cause of the event, if the event would have occurred without it.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1722443\charrsid3571334 \'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2564349\charrsid3571334 Keeton \'a7 41, at 266.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2564349 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16602140\charrsid3571334 [15]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16602140\charrsid3571334 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5120848\charrsid3571334 Prosser }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1722443\charrsid3571334 and Keeton }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5120848\charrsid3571334 further point out the one type of case where the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16602140\charrsid3571334 \'93}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5120848\charrsid3571334 but for}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16602140\charrsid3571334 \'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5120848\charrsid3571334 test does not}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893428\charrsid3571334 apply stating:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Restricted to the question of causation alone, and regarded merely as a rule of exclusion, the \lquote but for\rquote rule serves to explain the greater number of cases; but there is one type of situation in which it fails. If two causes concur to bring about an event, and either one of them, operating alone, would have been sufficient to cause the identical result, some other test is needed. Two motorcycles simultaneously pass th e plaintiff}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16602140\charrsid3571334 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 s horse, which is frightened and runs away; either one alone would have caused the fright. A stabs C with a knife, and B fractures C}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16602140\charrsid3571334 \rquote }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 s skull with a rock; either wound would be fatal, and C dies from the effects of both. The defendant sets a fire , which merges with a fire from some other source; the combined fires burn the plaintiff}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16602140\charrsid3571334 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 s property, but either one would have done it alone. In such cases it is quite clear that each cause has in fact played so important a part in producing the result tha t responsibility should be imposed upon it; and it is equally clear that neither can be absolved from that responsibility upon the ground that the identical harm would have occurred without it, or ther}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1722443\charrsid3571334 e would be no liability at all.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237 \par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1722443\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1722443\charrsid3571334 . at 266-67.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16602140\charrsid3571334 [16]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16602140\charrsid3571334 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 I}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 n cases where two independent causes concur to produce an injury that either of them alone could have produced}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16602140\charrsid3571334 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 courts have employed the \'93substantial factor\'94 test}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 The }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 substantial factor test found in the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Restatement (Second) of Torts \'a7 431 states:}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 The actor\rquote s negligent conduct is a legal cause of harm to another if}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16602140\charrsid3571334 (a)\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 his conduct is a substantial factor in bringing about the harm, and}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16602140\charrsid3571334 (b)\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 there is no rule of law relieving the actor from liability because of the manner in which his negligence has resulted in harm.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14029304 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Restatement (Second) of Torts \'a7 431 (1965).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1265902\charrsid3571334 {\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK1}{\*\bkmkstart OLE_LINK2}[17]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1265902\charrsid3571334 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 The substantial factor test in section 431 does not replace the \'93but for\'94 test but instead retains the principle as an essential part of the causation}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14367917\charrsid3571334 -}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 in}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14367917\charrsid3571334 -}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 fact analysis.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1722443\charrsid3571334 Section 432(1) explains that:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6840609 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1722443\charrsid3571334 \'93}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Except as stated in Subsection (2), the actor\rquote s negligent conduct is not a substantial factor in bringing about harm to another if the harm would have been sustained even if the actor had not been negligent.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1722443\charrsid3571334 \'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1722443\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1722443\charrsid3571334 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1722443\charrsid3571334 \'93}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Thus, the \lquote substantial factor\rquote test, like the \lquote but for\rquote test, incorporates the concept that conduct cannot be a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14367917\charrsid3571334 [}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 cause}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14367917\charrsid3571334 -}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 in}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14367917\charrsid3571334 -}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 fact}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14367917\charrsid3571334 ]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 of an injury if the injury would still have occurred even if the conduct had never taken place.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Waste Mgmt., Inc.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 , 15 S.W.3d at 432.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1722443\charrsid3571334 An exception to this basic principle of causation occurs when \'93two forces are actively operating, one because of any misconduct on his part, and each of itself is sufficient to bring about harm to another . . . .\'94}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1722443\charrsid3571334 Restatement (Second) of Torts \'a7 432(2).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1722443\charrsid3571334 The \'93substantial factor\'94 test is broad enough to cover this exception as well.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1722443\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1722443\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13836432\charrsid3571334 {\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK1}{\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK2}[18]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13836432\charrsid3571334 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 he proximate cause instruction given by the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10184061\charrsid3571334 trial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 court }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 in this case }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893428\charrsid3571334 wa}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 s identical to California\rquote s BAJI 3.75}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893428\charrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2045748\charrsid3571334 (7th ed. 1986)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 The }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2045748\charrsid3571334 N}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 otes }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12999154\charrsid3571334 following}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 BAJI 3.75 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 explain}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12999154\charrsid3571334 that}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12999154\charrsid3571334 \'93}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 [w]here injury may have resulted from either of two causes operating alone, this Instruction 3.75 on proximate cause is improper and Instruction 3.76 on legal cause should be given.\'94}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13448847\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13448847\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 In order}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 to determine whether the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893428\charrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10184061\charrsid3571334 trial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 court erred in }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9445529\charrsid3571334 instructing the jury on proximate }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 cause we first }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 must ascertain whether}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 the facts of this case involve concurrent \'93independent\'94 causes }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 making}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 the \'93but for\'94 test inapplicable.}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Concurrent independent causes involve }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2045748\charrsid3571334 \'93}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 multiple forces operating at the same time and independently, each of which would have been sufficient by itself to bring about the harm}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2045748\charrsid3571334 .}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12341668 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\fs24\super\insrsid3571334\charrsid10387395 \chftn }{\insrsid3571334 A concurrent independent cause should not be confused with a concurrent cause which involves multiple forces operating at the same time. }{\i\insrsid3571334\charrsid9141177 Viner}{\insrsid3571334 , 70 P.3d at 1240 n.3. }}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2045748\charrsid3571334 \'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Viner}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 v. Sweet}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 , 70 P.3d 1046, 1051 (Cal. 2003).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6840609\charrsid3571334 [19]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6840609\charrsid3571334 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2045748\charrsid3571334 In a case involving multiple tortfeasors, t}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 he Supreme Court of Missouri in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Callahan v. Cardinal Glennon Hosp}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13448847\charrsid3571334 ital}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2045748\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 addressed the issue of when the \'93but for\'94 causation test}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5139603\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893428\charrsid3571334 is applicable}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2045748\charrsid3571334 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2045748\charrsid3571334 863 S.W.2d 852, 861 (Mo. 1993).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 The plaintiff in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 Callahan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 , filed a medical malpractice action against the hospital, the doctor, the doctor\rquote s employer, and the manufacturer of the vaccine}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2045748\charrsid3571334 .}{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12341668 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs15\fs24\super\insrsid3571334\charrsid10387395 \chftn }{\insrsid3571334 At trial however, the only defendants that remained were the hospital and the doctor\rquote s employer. }{\i\insrsid3571334\charrsid8277244 Callahan}{ \insrsid3571334\charrsid8277244 , 863}{\insrsid3571334 }{\insrsid3571334\charrsid8277244 S.W.2d at 857.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2045748\charrsid3571334 Id}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2045748\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15272939\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2045748\charrsid3571334 at 857.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 The plaintiff alleged at trial that the failure to properly treat the abscess after the infant received the live polio vaccine caused his immune system to suppress}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2045748\charrsid3571334 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2045748\charrsid3571334 which caused him to }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 contract paralytic polio.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 On appeal, plaintiff argued that because the \'93 injury resulted from multiple tortfeasors and more than one cause, the substantial factor causation test should be applied\'94 and not the \'93but for\'94 test.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 . at 860.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5139603\charrsid3571334 In explaining the confusion the court stated:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 One reason for the confusion as to when a \'93but for\'94 test is required is because the Restatement (Second) of Torts uses \'93substantial factor\'94 in a different way than }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Prosser.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Section 430 of the Restatement (Second) requires \'93legal cause\'94 for liability. Section 431 provides that legal cause is present if the defendant's conduct is a substantial factor in bringing about the harm. Section 432 provides that the conduct is not a substantial factor unless it meets the \'93but for\'94 test, which is always required except for the very narrow exception where there are two independent torts, either of which by itself would have caused the injury. \par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2045748\charrsid3571334 at 861.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11227586\charrsid3571334 [20]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5139603\charrsid3571334 To show when }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 not }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12258671\charrsid3571334 to apply }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5139603\charrsid3571334 the \'93but for\'94 test, the }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 Callahan }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5139603\charrsid3571334 court gave }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 a law school example of a multiple cause case involving two independent tortfeasors, i.e. the two fires case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Id}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 In the example, two independent tortfeasors set fires on opposite sides of } {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7223231\charrsid3571334 a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 mountain, the fires burn toward the cabin, and either}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5139603\charrsid3571334 fire was}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 sufficient to destroy the cabin.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Id}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 In this instance, the court said the \'93but for\'94 test does not \'93 accurately test for causation in fact because the absence of either fire }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7223231\charrsid3571334 [would]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 not save the cabin.\'94}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2045748 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11227586\charrsid3571334 [21]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11227586\charrsid3571334 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2045748\charrsid3571334 The court further explained that:}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2045748 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2045748\charrsid3571334 A}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 pplying the \lquote but for\rquote causation test to fire number one results in the conclusion that the cabin would have burned even if fire number one had not occurred because fire number two would have burned the cabin.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 For the same reason, applying the \lquote but for\rquote causation test to fire n umber two leads to the conclusion that the cabin would have burned even if fire number two had not occurred because fire number one would have burned the cabin. Nevertheless, it is obvious that both fires are causes in fact.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 This limited circumstance,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 called a \lquote two fires\rquote case, is the only situation where the Restatement (Second) would }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 not}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 require a \lquote but for\rquote test.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2045748\charrsid3571334 \par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9765401\charrsid3571334 [22]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 \tab The court ultimately held that the \'93but for\'94 test for causation applies in all cases except those involving two independent torts, either of which is sufficient in and of itself to cause the injury.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 . at 862-63.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 The \'93but for\'94 test applies in }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 other }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 case}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 involving multiple causes }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 because}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 the test \'93operates only to eliminate liability of a defendant who cannot meet }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2045748\charrsid3571334 [}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2045748\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9765401\charrsid3571334 \lquote }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 but for}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9765401\charrsid3571334 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 ] test because such defendant\rquote s conduct was not casual.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 at 862.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2045748\charrsid3571334 \'93}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 The fact that the conduct of a particular defendant either does or does not meet}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8340419\charrsid3571334 the}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2045748\charrsid3571334 \lquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 but for}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2045748\charrsid3571334 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 causation has no impact on the remaining defendants.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 The remaining defendants rise or fall on their own}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4083482\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2045748\charrsid3571334 \lquote }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 but for}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2045748\charrsid3571334 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 causation test.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7223231\charrsid3571334 \'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7358210\charrsid3571334 [23]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7223231\charrsid3571334 Application of the \'93but for\'94 test for causation where multiple causes are present was also addressed in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7223231\charrsid3571334 Stahl}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7223231\charrsid3571334 , 438 So.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7358210\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7223231\charrsid3571334 2d at 22.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7223231\charrsid3571334 Stahl}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7223231\charrsid3571334 was a case }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 involving the negligent maintenance of a bicycle path which caused the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 decedent}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 to veer onto a street and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11692203\charrsid3571334 be }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 struck by an oncoming car}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7223231\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2045748\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2045748\charrsid3571334 . at 16.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 The decedent in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Stahl }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 was riding his bicycle on a path built by the county.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 The path, made of asphalt was not regularly maintained and the lack of maintenance c}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4083482\charrsid3571334 au}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 sed some areas to be bumpy.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2045748\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2045748\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 As a result}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8340419\charrsid3571334 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 tree roots started growing from underneath the asphalt.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 While riding on the path, the decedent attempted to avoid an area that was poorly maintained and difficult to ride over}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878587\charrsid3571334 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8340419\charrsid3571334 causing the decedent to drive}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 off the path onto a grassy area and into the adjoining street where he was struck and killed by an oncoming car.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10249524\charrsid3571334 The personal representative of the decedent\rquote s estate filed a wrongful death action against the county}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878587\charrsid3571334 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10249524\charrsid3571334 arguing that the failure to maintain the bicycle path was a proximate cause of the decedent\rquote s death.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878587\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878587\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Applying the \'93but for\'94 test, the }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10249524\charrsid3571334 Stahl}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10249524\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 court}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10249524\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 concluded that it was not a concurring independent cause case where the \'93but for\'94 test fails.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 . at 22.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878587 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7358210\charrsid3571334 [24]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7358210\charrsid3571334 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7223231\charrsid3571334 Instead}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 , the court stated}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878587\charrsid3571334 :}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878587 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878587\charrsid3571334 T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 he negligent maintenance of the bicycle path, the act of the plaintiff\rquote s decedent in driving into the street, and the act of the oncoming car in striking the plaintiff\rquote s decedent could not, acting individually and independently of one another, have struck and killed the said plaintiff\rquote s decedent; all of these forces combined in sequence to lead to the decedent\rquote s death and all arguable are a cause-in-fact to the said death under the \lquote but for\rquote test\'94 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7223231\charrsid3571334 and t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8340419\charrsid3571334 herefore,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 the substantial factor exception did not apply.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878587\charrsid3571334 \par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7358210\charrsid3571334 [25]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7358210\charrsid3571334 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 This case involves multiple tortfeasors.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 At trial there was a factual dispute as to the cause of the accident.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 The Fenwicks argued that ORI was negligent in failing to maintain the parking area.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 Specifically, that ORI: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7358210 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 (1)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12341805\charrsid3571334 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 failed to provide adequate lighting in the exit way which would allow Mr. Fenwick to avoid the sign; }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7358210 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 (2)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12341805\charrsid3571334 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 failed to clear the walkway between the first stall and the lattice concrete wall where pallets were stacked that would have provided an alternate route for Mr. Fenwick to get to his car; }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7358210 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 (3)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12341805\charrsid3571334 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 allowed Watabe Wedding vans to illegally park in the handicap stalls and because the vans were parked so closely together, the mirrors created a barrier for Mr. Fenwick to pass; and }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7358210 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 (4)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12341805\charrsid3571334 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 failed to comply with Guam law because the handicap signs had sharp, pointed corners, were not placed in the center of the parking stalls as required, and were positioned too low and not}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 in compliance with the height requirements.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7358210 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 Trans}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7358210\charrsid3571334 cript (\'93Tr.\'94)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5900373\charrsid3571334 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7027504\charrsid3571334 v}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 ol. V}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13448847\charrsid3571334 at}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 16-20}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13448847\charrsid3571334 (Jury Trial}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7358210\charrsid3571334 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5051958\charrsid3571334 Sept. 15, 2003}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13448847\charrsid3571334 )}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 The Fenwicks further contended that MCL was negligent in not complying with Guam law with respect to the design and placement of the handicap signs.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 . at 15.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 The Fenwicks argued that both MCL and ORI\rquote s negligent acts were a substantial factor in bringing about the harm to Mr. Fenwick.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 In opposition, ORI maintained that Mr. Fenwick was contributory negligent for failing to see and avoid the sign.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5900373\charrsid3571334 [26]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5900373\charrsid3571334 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15929822\charrsid3571334 The Fenwicks do not argue }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 that instructing the jury on proximate cause was particularly inappropriate because }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8340419\charrsid3571334 there were }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 multiple }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8340419\charrsid3571334 causes }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 contributing to Mr. Fenwick\rquote s injuries. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8340419\charrsid3571334 Instead}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 , the}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15929822\charrsid3571334 y}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 argue that providing both a proximate cause and legal cause instruction confused the jury}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15929822\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15929822\charrsid3571334 The Fenwicks had }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 requested that the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10184061\charrsid3571334 trial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 court give }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8340419\charrsid3571334 either instruction }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 but preferred the legal cause }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7223231\charrsid3571334 instructio}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 n which employs the substantial factor test.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5900373\charrsid3571334 [27]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5900373\charrsid3571334 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 We conclude however, that, }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878587\charrsid3571334 Mr. Fenwick\rquote s injuries were not the result of concurrent independent causes.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 The record before the court does not show that each of the alleged negligent acts by ORI or MCL }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1448426\charrsid3571334 independently}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15929822\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 caused Mr. Fenwick\rquote s injuries.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 The theory of the case as presented by the Fenwicks was that ORI was negligent in its use, maintenance and management of the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8340419\charrsid3571334 parking area}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15929822\charrsid3571334 , MCL was negligent in its design and placement of the signs}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 and }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15929822\charrsid3571334 this negligence }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 and}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 failure to }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8340419\charrsid3571334 comply with }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Guam law }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8340419\charrsid3571334 in installing the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 handicap signs caused the accident.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15929822\charrsid3571334 T}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 he failure of ORI to}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878587\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 provide adequate lighting to the exit way, clear the walkway where pallets were stacked, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4083482\charrsid3571334 clear the vans from the handicap}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 stalls, and ORI and MCL\rquote s }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8340419\charrsid3571334 non-compliance with Guam law installing }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 the handicap signs, could not acting individually and independently of one another have caused Mr. Fenwick\rquote s injuries.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8340419\charrsid3571334 Rather, a}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 ll these }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15929822\charrsid3571334 concurrent causes }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 lead to the harm and are a cause-in-fact to his injuries under the \'93but for\'94 test.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8340419\charrsid3571334 Because}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 this case is not a case involving concurrent}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878587\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 independent causes}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5900373\charrsid3571334 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7223231\charrsid3571334 a proximate c ause instruction was appropriate.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878587 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5900373\charrsid3571334 [28]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5900373\charrsid3571334 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid276781\charrsid3571334 While the substantial factor instruction assists in resolving the problem of independent causes, it is also useful in resolving two other types of cases: (1) \'93 where a similar, but not identical result would have followed without the defendant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6628622\charrsid3571334 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid276781\charrsid3571334 s act\'94}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid137925\charrsid3571334 ;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid276781\charrsid3571334 and (2) \'93 where one defendant has made a clearly proved but quite insignificant contribution to the result, as where he throws a lighted match into a forest fire.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14556632\charrsid3571334 Mitchell v. Gonzales}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14556632\charrsid3571334 , 819 P.2d 872, 878-79 (Cal. 1991)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid276781\charrsid3571334 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid276781\charrsid3571334 Neither of these types of cases is applicable here.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid276781\charrsid3571334 For instance, applying the first type of case if the walkway between the first stall and the lattice wall }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6628622\charrsid3571334 had been}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid276781\charrsid3571334 clear, Mr. Fenwick would have passed that way, thereby avoiding striking the sign.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid276781 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5900373\charrsid3571334 [29]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5900373\charrsid3571334 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878587\charrsid3571334 We recognize, however, that t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 he California Supreme Court in }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Mitchell v. Gonzales}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 disapproved as misleading the use of the \'93proximate cause\'94 instruction in any negligence case conclud}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15929822\charrsid3571334 ing}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 that \'93the court erred when it refused to give [a legal cause instruct ion] and instead gave [a proximate cause instruction].}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14556632\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14556632\charrsid3571334 . at }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878587\charrsid3571334 879}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4083482\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 The court stated the term \'93proximate cause\'94 was \'93conceptually and grammatically deficient\'94 because it could mislead the jury into focusing on the cause that as to time and space was nearest to the injury.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878587\charrsid3571334 at 878.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878587 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5900373\charrsid3571334 [30]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5900373\charrsid3571334 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878587\charrsid3571334 However, }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878587\charrsid3571334 Mitchell}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878587\charrsid3571334 can be distinguished from the present case in that one defendant in }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878587\charrsid3571334 Mitchell}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878587\charrsid3571334 was much closer in time and space to the injury than the other defendants.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878587\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878587\charrsid3571334 . at 87}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13448847\charrsid3571334 4}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878587\charrsid3571334 -75.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878587\charrsid3571334 In fact, one defendant watched the decedent drown from a few feet away after other defendants on shore had failed to prevent the decedent from entering deeper water.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878587\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878587\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878587\charrsid3571334 In the present case, no single defendant was significantly closer in time and space to Mr. Fenwick\rquote s injuries, and there was little danger of the jury misconstruing the legal term \'93proximate cause.\'94}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878587 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5900373\charrsid3571334 [31]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5900373\charrsid3571334 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878587\charrsid3571334 Having determined that the trial court did not err in giving a proximate cause}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878587\charrsid3571334 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8277244 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\super\insrsid3571334\charrsid10387395 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid3571334\charrsid10387395 In }{ \i\fs20\insrsid3571334\charrsid10387395 Nissan Motor Corp. in Guam v. Sea Star Group Inc}{\fs20\insrsid3571334\charrsid10387395 . we stated \'93 [p]roximate cause includes a determination that the negligent conduct of an actor is the cause-in-fact of the injury suffered as well as a determination that the act produced the injury in a natural and continuous sequence unbroken by any new inde pendent cause which supersedes the negligent conduct of the original actor.\'94 2002 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Guam{\*\xmlclose} 5 \'b6 31 (quotation omitted).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878587\charrsid3571334 instruction since this case did not involve independent causes we next address whether it was proper for the trial court to also instruct the jury on legal cause.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14878587 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6965638\charrsid3571334 [32]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6965638\charrsid3571334 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7223231\charrsid3571334 T}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 he court }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid276781\charrsid3571334 in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid276781\charrsid3571334 Mitchell }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 reasoned that \'93BAJI Nos. 3.75 and 3.76 are alternative instructions that should not jointly be given in a single lawsuit.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid137925\charrsid3571334 at 876.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15929822\charrsid3571334 Moreover, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 the \'93but for\'94 test should not be employed when two \'93 causes concur to bring about an event and either one of them operating alone could have been sufficient to cause the result.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Id}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 . }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid137925\charrsid3571334 (quotation omitted)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 The proper rule in those instances is to apply the substantial factor instruction}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10314772\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15929822\charrsid3571334 which}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 subsumes the \'93but for\'94 test}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15929822\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid137925\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid137925\charrsid3571334 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 \'93}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15929822\charrsid3571334 I}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 f the conduct which is claimed to have caused the injury had nothing at all to do with the injuries, it could not be said that the conduct was a factor, let alone a substantial factor, in the production of the injuries.\'94}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 . at }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid137925\charrsid3571334 878} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 (quot}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid137925\charrsid3571334 ation omitted).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11342906 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6965638\charrsid3571334 [33]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6965638\charrsid3571334 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 We }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15860934\charrsid3571334 agree}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15860934\charrsid3571334 with}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14556632\charrsid3571334 the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Mitchell }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15860934\charrsid3571334 court}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15860934\charrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 that the proximate cause instruction and legal cause instruction are }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596836\charrsid3571334 mutually exclusive }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4274837\charrsid3571334 instructions }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596836\charrsid3571334 and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 should not jointly be given.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15860934\charrsid3571334 Therefore }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4274837\charrsid3571334 the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10184061\charrsid3571334 trial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4274837\charrsid3571334 court erred in }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 giving both }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15860934\charrsid3571334 instructions to the jury but in order to require reversal}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1262012\charrsid3571334 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15860934\charrsid3571334 this error must be prejudicial which we now address.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1262012\charrsid3571334 [34]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1262012\charrsid3571334 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Title 7 GCA }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13448847\charrsid3571334 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 ection 15802}{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2588135\charrsid3571334 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16527041 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs15\fs24\super\insrsid3571334\charrsid14763085 \chftn }{\insrsid3571334 }{\insrsid3571334\charrsid8277244 Title }{\insrsid3571334 7 }{\insrsid3571334\charrsid1262012 GCA \'a7 15802}{\insrsid3571334 provides in its entirety: \par }\pard\plain \qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12341668 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid3571334\charrsid2588135 Errors and Defects and Reversal of Judgment.}{ \fs20\insrsid3571334 \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16527041 {\fs20\insrsid3571334\charrsid2588135 The court must, in every stage of an action, disregard any error, improper ruling, instruction, or defect, in the pleadings or proceedings which, in the opinion of said court, does not affect the substantial rights of the parties. No judgment, decision or decree shall be reversed or affected by reason of any error, ruling, instruction, or defect, unless it shall appear from the record that such error, ruling, instruction, or defect was prejudicial, and also that by reason of such error, ruling, instruction , or defect, the said party complaining or appealing sustained and suffered substantial injury, and that a different result would have been probable if such error, ruling, instruction, or defect had not occurred or existed. }{ \i\fs20\insrsid3571334\charrsid2588135 There shall be no presumption that error is prejudicial, or that injury was done if error is shown}{\fs20\insrsid3571334 . (emphasis added). \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid14758327 {\fs20\insrsid3571334\charrsid14763085 7 GCA \'a7 15802 (2005).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 provides}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 \'93no judgment, decision or decree shall be reversed by reason of any error, ruling, instruction, or defect, unless it shall a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 ppear from the record that such }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 instruction was prejudicial.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 7 GCA \'a7 15802 (2005).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Section 15802 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4274837\charrsid3571334 is}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6947045\charrsid3571334 identical to}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 California Civil Procedure }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6628622\charrsid3571334 Code }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4274837\charrsid3571334 \'a7 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 475.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14556632\charrsid3571334 7 GCA \'a7 15802, SOURCE.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 In interpreting CCP 475, California courts have held that the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15860934\charrsid3571334 appellant has the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 burden to }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6947045\charrsid3571334 not only affirmatively }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 show }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6947045\charrsid3571334 error but that the error was sufficiently }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 prejudicial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6947045\charrsid3571334 to warrant reversal}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 San Diego Housing Com}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6628622\charrsid3571334 m}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2164036\charrsid3571334 \rquote }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 n v. Indus}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6628622\charrsid3571334 .}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Indem. Co.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 \~ 80 Cal.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6628622\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Rptr.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6628622\charrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 2d 393, 404\~(Ct. App. 1998) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6628622\charrsid3571334 \'93}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Under Code of Civil Procedure section 475, error is grounds for reversal where there was substantial injury from the error and a different result would have been probable absent the error.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Appellants have the burden of showing such prejudicial error.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6628622\charrsid3571334 \'94}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 ); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6628622\charrsid3571334 Red Mountain, LLC. v. Fallbrook Pub. Util. Dist.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6628622\charrsid3571334 , 48 Cal. Rptr. 3d 875, 887 (Ct. App. 2006).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 (\'93 [A]n appellant has the burden to show not only that the trial court erred but also that the error was prejudicial.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596836\charrsid3571334 {\*\bkmkstart citeas((Cite_as:_143_Cal.App.4th_333,_*3} {\*\bkmkend citeas((Cite_as:_143_Cal.App.4th_333,_*3}\'94)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4274837\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596836 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2164036\charrsid3571334 [35]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4274837\charrsid3571334 \tab The Fenwicks }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13448847\charrsid3571334 argue that the requirements of s}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4274837\charrsid3571334 ection 15802 are }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15860934\charrsid3571334 unconstitutional and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4274837\charrsid3571334 contrary to the decisions of the U}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6628622\charrsid3571334 nited States}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4274837\charrsid3571334 Supreme Court, the Ninth Circuit, and possibly our Organic Act, which applies the U}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6628622\charrsid3571334 nited }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4274837\charrsid3571334 S}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6628622\charrsid3571334 tates}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4274837\charrsid3571334 Constitution\rquote s Seventh Amendment right to trial by jury to Guam}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5846623\charrsid3571334 .}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12341668 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\fs24\super\insrsid3571334\charrsid14763085 \chftn }{\insrsid3571334 }{\i\insrsid3571334 See Guam Greyhound, Inc. v. }{\i\insrsid3571334\charrsid5846623 Brizill}{\insrsid3571334 , 2008 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Guam{\*\xmlclose} 13 \'b613.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4274837\charrsid3571334 The Fenwicks submit there should be a presumption of prejudic}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2588135\charrsid3571334 e}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4274837\charrsid3571334 or reversible error unless the party contending harmless error affirmatively shows otherwise.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491\charrsid3571334 To support their argument the Fenwicks cite}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15860934\charrsid3571334 to two United States Supreme Court cases,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491\charrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491\charrsid3571334 Filli}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13448847\charrsid3571334 p}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491\charrsid3571334 pon v. Albion Vein Slate Co.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491\charrsid3571334 , 250 U.S. 76, (1919) and }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491\charrsid3571334 McCandless v. U}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6628622\charrsid3571334 nited }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491\charrsid3571334 S}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6628622\charrsid3571334 tates}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6628622\charrsid3571334 , 298 U.S. 342 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491\charrsid3571334 (1936).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2164036\charrsid3571334 [36]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491\charrsid3571334 \tab In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491\charrsid3571334 Fillippon}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491\charrsid3571334 , the court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6628622\charrsid3571334 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491\charrsid3571334 citing no authority}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6628622\charrsid3571334 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15860934\charrsid3571334 stated}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491\charrsid3571334 : }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5051958\charrsid3571334 \'93}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491\charrsid3571334 And of course in jury trials erroneous rulings are presumptively }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1448426\charrsid3571334 injurious}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491\charrsid3571334 , especially those embodied in instructions to the jury; and they furnish ground for reversal unless it affirmatively appears that they were harmless.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5051958\charrsid3571334 \'94}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491\charrsid3571334 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6628622\charrsid3571334 250 U.S.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491\charrsid3571334 at 82. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10186254\charrsid3571334 [37]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491\charrsid3571334 \tab Congress that same year enacted an amendment to the federal code section codifying the har}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1331178\charrsid3571334 m}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491\charrsid3571334 less error doctrine, section 269 of the Judicial Code (28 U.S.C.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6628622\charrsid3571334 A.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491\charrsid3571334 \'a7 391)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6628622\charrsid3571334 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491\charrsid3571334 providing:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491\charrsid3571334 On the hearing of any appeal, certiorari, writ of er ror, or motion for a new trial, in any case, civil or criminal, the court shall give judgment after an examination of the entire record before the court, without regard to technical errors, defects, or exceptions which do not affect the substantial rights of the parties. \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10886312 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1470957\charrsid3571334 McCandless}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1470957\charrsid3571334 , 298 U.S. at 347 (quoting }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15860934\charrsid3571334 28 U.S.C.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6628622\charrsid3571334 A}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15860934\charrsid3571334 \'a7 391 (1919)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1470957\charrsid3571334 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15860934\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10186254\charrsid3571334 [38]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491\charrsid3571334 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15860934\charrsid3571334 Years l}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491\charrsid3571334 ater}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1331178\charrsid3571334 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491\charrsid3571334 the Supreme Court }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15860934\charrsid3571334 in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15860934\charrsid3571334 McCandless}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15860934\charrsid3571334 determined}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491\charrsid3571334 that the harmless error rule as stated in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491\charrsid3571334 Filli}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10186254\charrsid3571334 p}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491\charrsid3571334 pon}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491\charrsid3571334 was unaffected by the 1919 amendment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6628622\charrsid3571334 298 U.S. at 347}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491\charrsid3571334 The }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 C}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491\charrsid3571334 ourt found that the well-settled common-law rule was undisturbed, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15860934\charrsid3571334 and}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491\charrsid3571334 an erroneous ruling }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15860934\charrsid3571334 relating}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491\charrsid3571334 to the substantial rights of a party }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15860934\charrsid3571334 should be reversed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491\charrsid3571334 \'93unless it affirmatively appears from the whole record that it was not prejudicial.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15860934\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15860934\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6628622\charrsid3571334 at 347-48.}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491\charrsid3571334 This rule, however, is}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15860934\charrsid3571334 not based on the Seventh Amendment but instead is}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491\charrsid3571334 grounded in \'93the original common-law}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14907502\charrsid3571334 harmless-error rule [that] put the burden on the beneficiary of the error either to prove that there was no injury or to suffer a reversal of his erroneously obtained judgment}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6628622\charrsid3571334 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14907502\charrsid3571334 \'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14907502\charrsid3571334 Chapman v. California}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14907502\charrsid3571334 , 386 U.S.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15860934\charrsid3571334 18}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6628622\charrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15860934\charrsid3571334 (1967)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14907502\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15860934\charrsid3571334 Although t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14907502\charrsid3571334 he Fenwicks argue that a line of Ninth Circuit cases trace}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6628622\charrsid3571334 s}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14907502\charrsid3571334 back to this presumption of prejudicial error originating in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14907502\charrsid3571334 McCandless}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1331178\charrsid3571334 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15860934\charrsid3571334 none of these cases}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2588135\charrsid3571334 , }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15860934\charrsid3571334 McCandless}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15860934\charrsid3571334 included}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2588135\charrsid3571334 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15860934\charrsid3571334 are based on }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14907502\charrsid3571334 any Constitutional doctrine construing the right to a civil jury trial under the Seventh Amendment.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2588135\charrsid3571334 We must therefore be}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14907502\charrsid3571334 guided first and foremost by the plain language of our own statute, informed by California case law construing the statute from which section 15802 was derived and not by the federal courts\rquote construction of their federal judicial code.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3046536\charrsid3571334 These California cases make clear that appellants have the burden of showing not only error but that the error was prejudicial.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14907502 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886312\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10186254\charrsid3571334 [39]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14907502\charrsid3571334 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15860934\charrsid3571334 In }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14907502\charrsid3571334 consider}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15860934\charrsid3571334 ing}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14907502\charrsid3571334 whether an error was harmless}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15860934\charrsid3571334 the Ninth Circuit in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6628622\charrsid3571334 Haddad v. Lockhead California Co.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15860934\charrsid3571334 recognized \'93appellate courts have three possible standards of review: harmless beyond a reasonable doubt; high probability of harmlessness; and more probably than not harmless.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6628622\charrsid3571334 720 F.2d 1454, 1458 n.7 (9th Cir. 1983) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1331178\charrsid3571334 (citing R}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1530161\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1331178\charrsid3571334 T}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1530161\charrsid3571334 raynor}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1331178\charrsid3571334 , }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1530161\charrsid3571334 The Riddle of Harmless Error}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1331178\charrsid3571334 (1972)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1331178\charrsid3571334 The court stated that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1530161\charrsid3571334 an }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1331178\charrsid3571334 error }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1530161\charrsid3571334 instructing the jury in a civil case }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1331178\charrsid3571334 requires reversal unless the error is more probably than not harmless}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1530161\charrsid3571334 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14907502\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14907502 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886312\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10186254\charrsid3571334 [40]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1331178\charrsid3571334 \tab The Supreme Court in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1331178\charrsid3571334 O\rquote Neal v. Mc}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1530161\charrsid3571334 A}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1331178\charrsid3571334 ninch}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1331178\charrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3046536\charrsid3571334 relied on Chief Justice Roger Traynor\rquote s articles }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12723869\charrsid3571334 when explaining harmless error}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3046536\charrsid3571334 quoting}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12723869\charrsid3571334 :}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4484491 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886312\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12723869\charrsid3571334 The case before us does not involve a judge who shifts a }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1530161\charrsid3571334 \'93}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12723869\charrsid3571334 burden}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1530161\charrsid3571334 \'94}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12723869\charrsid3571334 to help control the presentation of evidence at a trial, but rather involves a judge who applies a legal standard (harmlessness) to a record that the presentation of evidence is no longer likely to affect.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12723869\charrsid3571334 In such a case, we think it conceptually clearer for the judge to ask directly, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1530161\charrsid3571334 \'93}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12723869\charrsid3571334 Do I, the judge, think that the error substantially influenced the jury\rquote s decision?}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1530161\charrsid3571334 \'94}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12723869\charrsid3571334 Than for the judge to try to put the same question in terms of proof burdens (}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12723869\charrsid3571334 e.g.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12723869\charrsid3571334 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1530161\charrsid3571334 \'93}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12723869\charrsid3571334 Do I believe the party has borne its burden of showing . . .?}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1530161\charrsid3571334 \'94}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12723869\charrsid3571334 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1530161\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12723869\charrsid3571334 As Chief Justice Traynor said: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10886312 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12723869\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2588135\charrsid3571334 [I]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12723869\charrsid3571334 t is still the responsibility of the . . . court, once it concludes there was error, to determine whether the error affected the judgment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12723869\charrsid3571334 It must do so without benefit of such aids as presumptions or allocated burdens of proof that expedite fact-finding at the trial.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10314772\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10886312 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10314772\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10886312 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1530161\charrsid3571334 513 U.S. 432, 436-37 (1995) (quoting Traynor, }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1530161\charrsid3571334 supra}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1530161\charrsid3571334 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1530161 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886312\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10186254\charrsid3571334 [41]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10314772\charrsid3571334 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12723869\charrsid3571334 The language of section 15802 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10314772\charrsid3571334 that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12723869\charrsid3571334 \'93[t]here shall be no presumption that error is prejudicial, or that injury was done if error is shown\'94 simply restates Justice Traynor\rquote s position requiring the court to make its determination based on the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8069237\charrsid3571334 entire }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12723869\charrsid3571334 record before it.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10186254\charrsid3571334 7 GCA \'a7 15802.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3046536\charrsid3571334 Just because the trial court committed error in giving both the proximate cause and legal cause instruction does not, as the Fenwicks argue, suggest the error is presumed to be prejudicial.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12723869\charrsid3571334 The Fenwicks}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1448426\charrsid3571334 \rquote }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12723869\charrsid3571334 argument that section 15802 is unconstitutional }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3046536\charrsid3571334 is rejected because they as appellants, must not only show error but prove the error is prejudicial.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3046536 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886312\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919992\charrsid3571334 [42]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3046536\charrsid3571334 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12723869\charrsid3571334 We now must proceed with determining the prejudicial effect of the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10184061\charrsid3571334 trial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12723869\charrsid3571334 court error in giving both the proximate cause and legal cause instructions.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10314772\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8069237\charrsid3571334 When an erroneous instruction }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16543764\charrsid3571334 is}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8069237\charrsid3571334 given, judgment will not be reversed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16543764\charrsid3571334 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8069237\charrsid3571334 unless it appears from the entire record that the instruction was prejudicial }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16543764\charrsid3571334 and resulted in }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8069237\charrsid3571334 substantial injury}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16543764\charrsid3571334 to the appellant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8069237\charrsid3571334 , and that a different }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16543764\charrsid3571334 outcome}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8069237\charrsid3571334 would have been probable if the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16543764\charrsid3571334 erroneous }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8069237\charrsid3571334 instruction }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16543764\charrsid3571334 was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12217243\charrsid3571334 not }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8069237\charrsid3571334 given.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16543764\charrsid3571334 Whitely v. Philip Morris Inc.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16543764\charrsid3571334 , 117 Cal. App. 4th 635 (Cal. App. 2004).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122500\charrsid3571334 \'93 Error is considered prejudicial when it appears probable that an improper instruction misled the jury and affected its verdict.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122500\charrsid3571334 Krouse v. Graham}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122500\charrsid3571334 , 56}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5846623\charrsid3571334 2}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122500\charrsid3571334 P.2d 1022, }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4945413\charrsid3571334 1028}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122500\charrsid3571334 (Cal. 1977).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10104245 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886312\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919992\charrsid3571334 [43]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10104245\charrsid3571334 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16649657\charrsid3571334 While there is no precise formula i}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid874612\charrsid3571334 n }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16649657\charrsid3571334 assessing prejudice from instructional error, the California Supreme Court in }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16649657\charrsid3571334 LeMons v. Regents of Univ. of Cal}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16649657\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16543764\charrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13258783\charrsid3571334 outlined five separate factors}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16649657\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13258783\charrsid3571334 to }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16649657\charrsid3571334 be considered}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596836\charrsid3571334 :}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1530161\charrsid3571334 \'93}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 (1) the degree of conflict in the evidence on critical issues, (2) whether respondent}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1530161\charrsid3571334 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 s argum ents to the jury may have contributed to the instructions misleading effect, (3) whether the jury requested a rereading of the erroneous instruction or of related evidence, (4) the closeness of the jury}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1530161\charrsid3571334 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 s verdict, and (5) the effect of other instructions in remedying the error.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1530161\charrsid3571334 \'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4009756\charrsid3571334 582 P.2d 946, 950 (Cal. 1978)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1530161\charrsid3571334 (internal citations omitted)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10104245\charrsid3571334 Whe}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10175453\charrsid3571334 n applying these factors however, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13258783\charrsid3571334 the California courts consider these factors }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10104245\charrsid3571334 as a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13258783\charrsid3571334 valid }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10104245\charrsid3571334 guide and not a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16649657\charrsid3571334 s providing an exclusive list of relevant factors or requiring that all five }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10175453\charrsid3571334 factors }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16649657\charrsid3571334 necessarily be}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15030567\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16649657\charrsid3571334 dispositively involved.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14638998\charrsid3571334 See }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14308898\charrsid3571334 Mitchell v. Gonzales}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14308898\charrsid3571334 , 819 P.2d 872}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14638998\charrsid3571334 at 880-81;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14308898\charrsid3571334 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14308898\charrsid3571334 Weiner v. Fleischman}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5273856\charrsid3571334 , 816 P.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14308898\charrsid3571334 2d 892}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14638998\charrsid3571334 , 899-901}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14308898\charrsid3571334 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14638998\charrsid3571334 Cal. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14308898\charrsid3571334 1991)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14638998\charrsid3571334 ;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14308898\charrsid3571334 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13258783\charrsid3571334 Mock v. Mich}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14638998\charrsid3571334 .}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13258783\charrsid3571334 Millers Mut}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14638998\charrsid3571334 .}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13258783\charrsid3571334 Ins. Co.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13258783\charrsid3571334 , 5 Cal. Rptr. 2d 594, 612}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14638998\charrsid3571334 -15}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13258783\charrsid3571334 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14308898\charrsid3571334 C}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14638998\charrsid3571334 t. App.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14308898\charrsid3571334 1992).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10104245\charrsid3571334 We are }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14638998\charrsid3571334 persuaded}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10104245\charrsid3571334 by these factors and will apply them to the facts in this case. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10104245 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886312\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13316073\charrsid3571334 [44]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10104245\charrsid3571334 \tab The }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 first }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10104245\charrsid3571334 factor we }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 consider }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10104245\charrsid3571334 is }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 the degree of conflict in the evidence on the critical issue}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14825963\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1473497\charrsid3571334 Conflict in the evidence describes \'93}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9520136\charrsid3571334 the closeness of the case, including the disparity in the parties\rquote factual presentations and the inferences to be drawn.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8919227\charrsid3571334 \'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9520136\charrsid3571334 Mock}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14308898\charrsid3571334 ,}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9520136\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9520136\charrsid3571334 5 Cal.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14638998\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9520136\charrsid3571334 Rptr.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14638998\charrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9520136\charrsid3571334 2d }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14308898\charrsid3571334 at 613.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9520136\charrsid3571334 In weighing the prejudicial impact of an instruction, we }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14707844\charrsid3571334 must}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9520136\charrsid3571334 view the evidence and inferences most favorable to the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14707844\charrsid3571334 losing party}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5904984\charrsid3571334 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14707844\charrsid3571334 and }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9520136\charrsid3571334 assume the jury might have believed the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8919227\charrsid3571334 losing party}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9520136\charrsid3571334 \rquote s evidence and, if properly instructed, might have decided in the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8919227\charrsid3571334 losing party}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9520136\charrsid3571334 \rquote s favor.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14638998\charrsid3571334 Henderson v. Harnischfeger Corp.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14638998\charrsid3571334 , 527 P}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5273856\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14638998\charrsid3571334 2d 353, 359-60 (Cal. 1974), }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9520136\charrsid3571334 Shell Oil Co. v. Winterthur Swiss Ins. Co. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9520136\charrsid3571334 15 Cal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8919227\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9520136\charrsid3571334 Rptr.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8919227\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5273856\charrsid3571334 2d 815, 852-5}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9520136\charrsid3571334 4\~(C}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14638998\charrsid3571334 t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9520136\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8919227\charrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9520136\charrsid3571334 App. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14638998\charrsid3571334 1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8919227\charrsid3571334 993).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9520136 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886312\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5273856\charrsid3571334 [45]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9520136\charrsid3571334 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10104245\charrsid3571334 The critical issue in this case was causation.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6959186\charrsid3571334 The evidence conflicted on the issue of whether }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12522135\charrsid3571334 Mr. Fenwick }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6959186\charrsid3571334 sustained the injuries as alleged.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12608303\charrsid3571334 T}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6959186\charrsid3571334 he Fenwicks\rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12608303\charrsid3571334 claimed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6959186\charrsid3571334 at trial that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4009756\charrsid3571334 Mr. Fenwick}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373945\charrsid3571334 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4009756\charrsid3571334 s injuries}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12608303\charrsid3571334 were caused by ORI\rquote s negligent}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9797602\charrsid3571334 use, maintenance and management of the parking area and MCL}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12608303\charrsid3571334 \rquote s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9797602\charrsid3571334 negligent design and placement of the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1473497\charrsid3571334 handicap }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9797602\charrsid3571334 signs}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9067628\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4210406\charrsid3571334 The evidence }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8919227\charrsid3571334 demonstrated }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4210406\charrsid3571334 that Mr. Fenwick }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6959186\charrsid3571334 exited the building to his car }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1473497\charrsid3571334 but could not pass between the lattice wall and stall number 1 because there were pallets stacked along the wall}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4210406\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3211954\charrsid3571334 Further, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4210406\charrsid3571334 two Watabe vans}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9520136\charrsid3571334 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12341668 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\fs24\super\insrsid3571334\charrsid14763085 \chftn }{\insrsid3571334 Mr. Fenwick testified a t trial that the vans parked in stalls 1, 2, and 3 were Nissan Quest vans. Tr., vol. III at 11 (Jury Trial, Sept. 11, 2003).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4210406\charrsid3571334 were parked in stalls 1 and 2}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14638998\charrsid3571334 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9520136\charrsid3571334 and Mr. Fenwick testified that the vans were parked so closely the mirrors touched}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14638998\charrsid3571334 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9520136\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12940663\charrsid3571334 preventing}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9520136\charrsid3571334 him from passing through the stalls.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3211954\charrsid3571334 The testimony of Mr. Fenwick on how the vans were parked }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1970173\charrsid3571334 on the date of the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3211954\charrsid3571334 accident}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1970173\charrsid3571334 however }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4936080\charrsid3571334 conflicted}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1970173\charrsid3571334 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1970173\charrsid3571334 Mr. Fenwick testified that the vans in stalls 2 and 3 were not parked within the lines of the stalls but at an earlie r deposition testified they were}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14638998\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14638998\charrsid3571334 He}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6303842\charrsid3571334 l}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1473497\charrsid3571334 ater}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6303842\charrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1970173\charrsid3571334 corrected his deposition to reflect that he did not recall whether the vans were in fact parked within the lines.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6303842\charrsid3571334 There was also evidence that the height and placement of the handicap signs }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3211954\charrsid3571334 were not in compliance with Guam law.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1970173 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886312\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3502408\charrsid3571334 [46]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3211954\charrsid3571334 \tab Mr. Fenwick testified that prior to the incident he worked as a part-time employee for Watabe Weddings for almost a month and was instructed to park the Watabe vans in the handicap stalls.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3211954\charrsid3571334 Tr., vol. I at 50 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3502408\charrsid3571334 Jury Trial, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3211954\charrsid3571334 Sept. 8, 2003).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12544102\charrsid3571334 H}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3211954\charrsid3571334 e admitted to parking the vans in the stalls}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4936080\charrsid3571334 on other occasions}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3211954\charrsid3571334 , in particular stalls 2 and 3 and would pass the signs when entering and exiting the building after parking the vans.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3211954\charrsid3571334 In fact, Mr. Fenwick stated he saw the sign at least a hundred times.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3211954\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3211954\charrsid3571334 . at 52-53.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3211954\charrsid3571334 Because he could not pass through the walkway between the lattice wall and stall number 1 and the walkway between stalls 1 and 2} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14638998\charrsid3571334 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3211954\charrsid3571334 he chose to pass through stalls 2 and 3}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14638998\charrsid3571334 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3211954\charrsid3571334 by stepping off the curb when his chest area hit the sign causing him to fall backwards.}{\cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15808314\charrsid3571334 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12341668 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs15\fs24\super\insrsid3571334\charrsid14763085 \chftn }{\insrsid3571334 }{\insrsid3571334\charrsid10382207 Here again, Mr. Fenwick\rquote s testimony about how he stepped off the sidewalk was inconsistent. During cross-examination, it was noted that Mr. Fenwick originally stated at his deposition that he attempted to step from the sidewalk to the parking }{ \insrsid3571334\charrsid7482235 stop}{\insrsid3571334\charrsid10382207 ,}{\insrsid3571334 }{\insrsid3571334\charrsid10382207 but later in correcting his deposition testimony stated he was stepping towards the parking curb. Tr.}{\insrsid3571334 ,}{ \insrsid3571334\charrsid10382207 vol. I at 54-55 (}{\insrsid3571334\charrsid7482235 Jury Trial,}{\insrsid3571334 }{\insrsid3571334\charrsid10382207 Sept. 8, 2003). Additionally, in Dr. Lombard\rquote s medical report from Mr. Fenwick, Mr. Fenwick stated first that he slipped backwards but also stated he may have tripped. At trial however, Mr. Fenwick testified he fell down when he ran into the sign. }{\i\insrsid3571334\charrsid7482235 Id.}{ \insrsid3571334 }{\insrsid3571334\charrsid10382207 at 24-26.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3211954\charrsid3571334 On cross-examination when asked whether he could have walked through the diagonal lane between stalls 3 and 4, Mr. Fenwick answered \'93yes, sir, I could have done that.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3211954\charrsid3571334 Tr., vol. III at 15 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5846623\charrsid3571334 Jury Trial, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3211954\charrsid3571334 Sept. 11, 2003).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3211954 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886312\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12457990\charrsid3571334 [47]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3211954\charrsid3571334 \tab The testimony of ORI\rquote s expert witness, Dr. Frank Perez}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073070\charrsid3571334 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3211954\charrsid3571334 contradicted Mr. Fenwick\rquote s testimony.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3211954\charrsid3571334 Dr. Perez testified that}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12457990\charrsid3571334 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3211954\charrsid3571334 \'93Based on [Mr. Fenwick\rquote s] allegation that the lower part of the sign struck him in the chest area, it was more likely that Mr. Fenwick had slipped and was in the process of falling before he allegedly hit the sign.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3211954\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3211954\charrsid3571334 . at 114}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16665975\charrsid3571334 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3211954\charrsid3571334 Dr. Perez further testified that it was his opinion that Mr. Fenwick, who was familiar with the parking area as an employee of Watabe Weddings }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14638998\charrsid3571334 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3211954\charrsid3571334 chose a poor path of travel in between the vans in stalls 2 and 3.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3211954\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3211954\charrsid3571334 . at 105.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3211954\charrsid3571334 Dr. Perez also testified that the better path to take would ha ve been either the handicap aisle which was twelve feet from the sign between stalls 1 and 2 or through the other handicap aisle further down between stalls 3 and 4}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14638998\charrsid3571334 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3211954\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15808314\charrsid3571334 almost}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3211954\charrsid3571334 eight feet from the handicap sign he }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15808314\charrsid3571334 struck}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3211954\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3211954\charrsid3571334 Id }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3211954\charrsid3571334 . at 108\endash 109.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3211954 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886312\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5118936\charrsid3571334 [48]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15808314\charrsid3571334 \tab The Fenwicks\rquote expert witness, Dr. Rick Gill, however disagreed with Dr. Perez\rquote }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10374373\charrsid3571334 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15808314\charrsid3571334 opinion on the path taken testifying instead that Mr. Fenwick chose a reasonable path because the path between stalls 2 and 3 was wider than what existed between stalls 1 and 2.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15808314\charrsid3571334 Tr., vol. II at 44-47 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5118936\charrsid3571334 Jury Trial, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15808314\charrsid3571334 Sept. 9, 2003).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15808314\charrsid3571334 Although Dr. Gill testified that Mr. Fenwick chose a reasonable path between stalls 2 and 3, he later testified on cross-examination that either path}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14638998\charrsid3571334 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15808314\charrsid3571334 between stalls 1 and 2 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14638998\charrsid3571334 or between stalls}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15808314\charrsid3571334 2 and 3}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14638998\charrsid3571334 , was}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15808314\charrsid3571334 an acceptable path.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15808314\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15808314\charrsid3571334 . at 84.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15808314\charrsid3571334 Even if the van parked in stall 1 was overlapping the walkway between stalls 1 and 2, Dr. Gill testified that such pathway would have been a proper pathway for Mr. Fenwick to have taken provided there was sufficient space for him to fit}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10374373\charrsid3571334 and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14638998\charrsid3571334 that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15808314\charrsid3571334 there was sufficient space so that one person could physically fit.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15808314\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15808314\charrsid3571334 . at 85-86.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3211954 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886312\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1119363\charrsid3571334 [49]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1970173\charrsid3571334 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15808314\charrsid3571334 To conclude, a}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3211954\charrsid3571334 lthough }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4210406\charrsid3571334 Mr. Fenwick }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1473497\charrsid3571334 stated}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4210406\charrsid3571334 he could not pass}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1970173\charrsid3571334 through stalls 1 and 2}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4210406\charrsid3571334 , }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3211954\charrsid3571334 the expert testimony }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12608303\charrsid3571334 of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4210406\charrsid3571334 Dr. Perez }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15808314\charrsid3571334 indicates that}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4210406\charrsid3571334 the space between stalls 1 and 2 was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15808314\charrsid3571334 an }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12608303\charrsid3571334 acceptable path for Mr. Fenwick.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12608303\charrsid3571334 Dr. Gill\rquote s testimony also confirmed this was a proper pathway.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12608303\charrsid3571334 Fenwick testified however that b}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4210406\charrsid3571334 ecause he could not pass through stalls 1 and 2, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12608303\charrsid3571334 he}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4210406\charrsid3571334 chose to walk through stalls 2 and 3}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14638998\charrsid3571334 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4210406\charrsid3571334 and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13589667\charrsid3571334 as he was stepping down off the sidewalk his right shoulder came }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12518161\charrsid3571334 into contact with the handicap sign}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11403531\charrsid3571334 causing him to fall backwards}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13589667\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1970173\charrsid3571334 A review of the record }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14429375\charrsid3571334 shows }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1970173\charrsid3571334 that the conflict }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12608303\charrsid3571334 in evidence }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1970173\charrsid3571334 was not great and the case }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15074319\charrsid3571334 as to causation was not close.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10374373\charrsid3571334 A}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5904984\charrsid3571334 ssuming the jury might have believed Mr. Fenwick\rquote s }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12608303\charrsid3571334 significant }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5904984\charrsid3571334 evidence that he could not pass between the lattice wall and stall 1 or between stalls 1 and 2 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10374373\charrsid3571334 we cannot say that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12608303\charrsid3571334 the jury }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10374373\charrsid3571334 if properly instructed }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12608303\charrsid3571334 would} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10374373\charrsid3571334 have decided in the Fenwicks\rquote favor because of Mr. Fenwick\rquote s conflicting testimony, his familiarity with the parking area and the fact that alternate acceptable routes were available.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3022243\charrsid3571334 We t}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5904984\charrsid3571334 herefore}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3022243\charrsid3571334 conclude in applying this}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12608303\charrsid3571334 first}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3022243\charrsid3571334 factor}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12608303\charrsid3571334 regarding the degree of conflict in the evidence on the critical issue}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3022243\charrsid3571334 that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5904984\charrsid3571334 the jury was not misled or confused by the erroneous instruction.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9797602 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886312\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8389860\charrsid3571334 [50]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12152465\charrsid3571334 \tab Second, we consider whether ORI\rquote s closing arguments to the jury contributed to the instruction\rquote s misleading effect.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12152465\charrsid3571334 The only reference to the proximate cause and legal cause instructions by ORI\rquote s counsel was the reading of both instructions to the jury in its argument.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7361155\charrsid3571334 ORI }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14429375\charrsid3571334 strongly argued to the jury that Mr. Fenwick\rquote s credibility was at issue because of his inconsistent statements in reporting how the accident occurred.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14429375\charrsid3571334 ORI }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7361155\charrsid3571334 denied causing Mr. Fenwick\rquote s injuries and instead argued that it was Mr. Fenwick\rquote s negligence that caused his injuries.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1473497\charrsid3571334 ORI\rquote s counsel did not emphasize the language in the legal cause instruction and t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9659246\charrsid3571334 herefore, t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8591881\charrsid3571334 he closing arguments regarding Mr. Fenwick\rquote s contributory negligence did not }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9659246\charrsid3571334 add}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8591881\charrsid3571334 to the instruction\rquote s misleading effect}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8351298\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16674758\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12152465 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886312\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15954554\charrsid3571334 [51]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12152465\charrsid3571334 \tab Third}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 , we consider whether the jury requested a rereading of the erroneous instruction or of related evidence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9659246\charrsid3571334 The jury had a copy of the instructions to use during deliberations and did not ask for any rereading}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13191139\charrsid3571334 or clarification on }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9659246\charrsid3571334 any instructions.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13191139\charrsid3571334 The absence of any request or clarification by the jury of either the proximate cause or legal cause instructions sugges ts that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15626694\charrsid3571334 the jury was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13191139\charrsid3571334 not }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15626694\charrsid3571334 misled }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13191139\charrsid3571334 or confused }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15626694\charrsid3571334 by }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8351298\charrsid3571334 giving }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1473497\charrsid3571334 both}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13191139\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15626694\charrsid3571334 instruction}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1473497\charrsid3571334 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15626694\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12152465 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886312\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15954554\charrsid3571334 [52]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12152465\charrsid3571334 \tab Fourth, we examine the closeness of the jury\rquote s verdict.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13191139\charrsid3571334 Trial in this case lasted }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11105504\charrsid3571334 nine days }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13191139\charrsid3571334 and after only }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11105504\charrsid3571334 an hour of deliberation, t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12152465\charrsid3571334 he jury }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13191139\charrsid3571334 returned a special verdict }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12152465\charrsid3571334 unanimously conclud}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13191139\charrsid3571334 ing}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12152465\charrsid3571334 that ORI and MCL were negligent }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1858549\charrsid3571334 but }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13191139\charrsid3571334 that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12152465\charrsid3571334 the actions of } {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10374373\charrsid3571334 neither }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12152465\charrsid3571334 ORI }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10374373\charrsid3571334 n}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12152465\charrsid3571334 or MCL were a proximate and legal cause of the accident.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2778259\charrsid3571334 After }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1473497\charrsid3571334 reading }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2778259\charrsid3571334 the verdict the jurors were polled an}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1473497\charrsid3571334 swering affirmatively to the verdict as read.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11150531\charrsid3571334 The short deliberation and unanimous verdict tends to show the verdict was not close and that the jury was not misled or confused }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3087918\charrsid3571334 in }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11150531\charrsid3571334 determining }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3087918\charrsid3571334 the cause }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11150531\charrsid3571334 of Mr. Fenwick\rquote s injuries.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12608303\charrsid3571334 T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1473497\charrsid3571334 he evidence showed that Mr. Fenwick had alternate routes he could have taken to his car to avoid the accident,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14638998\charrsid3571334 and}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1473497\charrsid3571334 the jurors were not confused about whether ORI and MCL were the proximate or legal cause of Mr. Fenwick\rquote s injuries.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2294274\charrsid3571334 The testimony from the expert witnesses indicated that the pathway between stalls 1 and 2}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14638998\charrsid3571334 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2294274\charrsid3571334 and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14638998\charrsid3571334 between stalls }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2294274\charrsid3571334 3 and 4 were acceptable paths}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14638998\charrsid3571334 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2294274\charrsid3571334 and Mr. Fenwick testified that nothing prevented him from walking further to the pathway between stalls 3 and 4.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2294274\charrsid3571334 If properly instructed, }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1473497\charrsid3571334 the jury could have found ORI and MCL negligent in its failure to properly maintain and manage the parking area or negligent in failing to comply with Guam law with respect to the placement of the handicap sign}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2294274\charrsid3571334 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1473497\charrsid3571334 but }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2294274\charrsid3571334 that such negligence was not the proximate cause of the injuries when it was apparent that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1473497\charrsid3571334 alternate route}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2294274\charrsid3571334 s existed. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1473497 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886312\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15954554\charrsid3571334 [53]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 \tab Finally, we consider the effect of}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5381739\charrsid3571334 the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 other instructions in remedying the error.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871088\charrsid3571334 The }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10184061\charrsid3571334 trial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871088\charrsid3571334 court first instructed the jury on the definitions of legal cause and proximate cause.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871088\charrsid3571334 The remaining and longer instructions relating to cause, used \'93cause\'94 without an adjective }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5381739\charrsid3571334 at least }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871088\charrsid3571334 six }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5381739\charrsid3571334 (6) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871088\charrsid3571334 times, including, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5381739\charrsid3571334 \'93}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871088\charrsid3571334 [t]here may be more than one cause of an injury.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871088\charrsid3571334 Tr., vol. V at 127}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15954554\charrsid3571334 (Jury Trial)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871088\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15563511\charrsid3571334 These instructions, without more, would have remedied the error of giving a legal cause instruction.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10374373\charrsid3571334 The court also instructed the jury with the following:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10374373 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886312\charrsid3571334 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10374373\charrsid3571334 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (1)\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10886312 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10374373\charrsid3571334 Whether some instructions apply will depend upon what you find to be the facts.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10374373\charrsid3571334 Disregard any instruction which applies to the facts determined by you not to exist.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10374373\charrsid3571334 Do not conclude that because an instruction has been given, that I am expressing an opinion as to the facts.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14775415\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14775415\charrsid3571334 . at 119.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10374373 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10886312 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886312\charrsid3571334 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10374373\charrsid3571334 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (2)\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10886312 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10374373\charrsid3571334 A risk of harm is unreasonable if the degree of the risk outweighs the usefulness of a person\rquote s conduct.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10374373\charrsid3571334 In balancing risk against usefulness, you must consider the extent to which a person\rquote s objectives can be adequately advanced or protected by another or less dangerous course.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10374373\charrsid3571334 A particular risk is unreasonable if a person reasonably can accomplish the same result by other conduct which involves less opportunity for harm to others.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10374373\charrsid3571334 In deter}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14775415\charrsid3571334 mining whether an act by a person constituted an unreasonable risk of harm, you should consider all other surrounding circumstances shown by the evidence.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14775415\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14775415\charrsid3571334 . at 127.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10374373 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10886312 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886312\charrsid3571334 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14775415\charrsid3571334 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (3)\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10886312 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14775415\charrsid3571334 A dangerous condition is a condition of property that created a substantial risk of injury when the property or adjacent property is used with due care, and in a manner in which it is reasonably foreseeable that it will be used.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14775415\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14775415\charrsid3571334 . }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14775415 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10886312 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886312\charrsid3571334 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14775415\charrsid3571334 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (4)\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10886312 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14775415\charrsid3571334 The owner of the premises is under a duty to exercise ordinary care in the use, maintenance or management of such premises in order to avoid exposing persons or other property to an unreasonable risk of harm. . . .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14775415\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14775415\charrsid3571334 . at 128.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14775415 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10886312 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886312\charrsid3571334 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14775415\charrsid3571334 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (5)\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10886312 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14775415\charrsid3571334 A pedestrian who is exercising ordinary care, and making normal use of a public sidewalk, has a right to assume it is in reasonably safe condition, unless he or she knows of a - - or reasonably should know it is not in that condition.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14775415\charrsid3571334 The exercise of o rdinary care does not require one to look fixedly at the walk in front, to be on constant lookout for danger; however, one is required to use ordinary care for one\rquote s own safety, and in that regard, reasonably to use eyesight and other faculties for one\rquote s own safety.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14775415\charrsid3571334 Id}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14775415\charrsid3571334 . at 129.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10374373 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10886312 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886312\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15818574\charrsid3571334 [54]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14775415\charrsid3571334 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3087918\charrsid3571334 A}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15563511\charrsid3571334 later jury instruction }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12608303\charrsid3571334 also}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3087918\charrsid3571334 asked }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15563511\charrsid3571334 the jurors to decide whether ORI was negligent and whether the negligence was the proximate and legal cause of the injury sustained by Mr. Fenwick.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14775415\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14775415\charrsid3571334 . at }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15754577\charrsid3571334 128.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9904863\charrsid3571334 T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15563511\charrsid3571334 h}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14638998\charrsid3571334 e jury \rquote s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9904863\charrsid3571334 decisions were made as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15563511\charrsid3571334 special verdict}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15754577\charrsid3571334 s}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15563511\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9904863\charrsid3571334 On t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15754577\charrsid3571334 he special verdict form provided to the jury}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9904863\charrsid3571334 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15754577\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871088\charrsid3571334 which was separate from the jury instructions}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15754577\charrsid3571334 , the jurors also had to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9904863\charrsid3571334 record}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15754577\charrsid3571334 whether ORI\rquote s negligence was the proximate and legal cause of the injury.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4393016\charrsid3571334 Th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3087918\charrsid3571334 e l}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15754577\charrsid3571334 ater jury instruction and the special verdict form}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3087918\charrsid3571334 did n}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871088\charrsid3571334 ot remedy the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4393016\charrsid3571334 error of providing a legal cause instruction}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12608303\charrsid3571334 but this is only one factor out of the five factors considered, which supports prejudice to the Fenwicks}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871088\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871088 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886312\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15818574\charrsid3571334 [55]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3871088\charrsid3571334 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12608303\charrsid3571334 W}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15563511\charrsid3571334 e }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12608303\charrsid3571334 therefore }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15563511\charrsid3571334 conclude that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8672747\charrsid3571334 it}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5790770\charrsid3571334 is not reasonabl}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12152465\charrsid3571334 y}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5790770\charrsid3571334 probabl}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12152465\charrsid3571334 e}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5790770\charrsid3571334 that a result more favorable to the Fenwicks would have resulted had }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid874612\charrsid3571334 both }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5790770\charrsid3571334 the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid874612\charrsid3571334 proximate cause and legal cause }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5790770\charrsid3571334 instruction}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid874612\charrsid3571334 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5790770\charrsid3571334 not been given.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15818574\charrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid874612\charrsid3571334 V}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12258671\charrsid3571334 iewing the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 instructions as a whole }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12258671\charrsid3571334 in the context of this case the instructions }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6388096\charrsid3571334 did not }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 mislead }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5904984\charrsid3571334 or confuse }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6388096\charrsid3571334 the jury or}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 prejudice the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12258671\charrsid3571334 Fenwicks}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid874612\charrsid3571334 While the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10184061\charrsid3571334 trial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid874612\charrsid3571334 court erred in providing both a proximate cause instruction and a legal cause instruction we find}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12608303\charrsid3571334 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid874612\charrsid3571334 as required under section 15802}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12608303\charrsid3571334 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid874612\charrsid3571334 that the Fenwicks have failed to show they were prejudiced by the error}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12608303\charrsid3571334 --}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid395694\charrsid3571334 t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid874612\charrsid3571334 hat is, that the error affected or would have affected the outcome.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid874612 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886312\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 C.\tab Admissibility of Companion Photo }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886312\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15818574\charrsid3571334 [56]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15818574\charrsid3571334 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid874612\charrsid3571334 T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 he Fenwicks }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 also argue on appeal}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886806\charrsid3571334 that the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10184061\charrsid3571334 trial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 court erred in excluding }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3148244\charrsid3571334 the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 companion}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3148244\charrsid3571334 /pivotal}{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3148244\charrsid3571334 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12341668 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs15\fs24\super\insrsid3571334\charrsid14763085 \chftn }{\insrsid3571334 When referring to the subject photo at issue here the Fenwicks use the terms companion or pivotal photo interchangeably in their opening and reply briefs.}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 photo to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3148244\charrsid3571334 e}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 xhibit G-13.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3148244\charrsid3571334 Counsel for t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 he Fenwicks }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 mistakenly }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3148244\charrsid3571334 believed }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 the companion photo was previously admitted during the testimony o}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3148244\charrsid3571334 f }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 ORI\rquote s expert witness, Dr. Frank Perez}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1530161\charrsid3571334 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3148244\charrsid3571334 and first learned it was not admitted when questioning their }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 own }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3148244\charrsid3571334 expert witness}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1530161\charrsid3571334 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3148244\charrsid3571334 Dr. Gil}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15818574\charrsid3571334 l}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3148244\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1327972\charrsid3571334 The }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Fenwicks contend that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3148244\charrsid3571334 exhibit G-13 provided by }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 ORI\rquote s c ounsel}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3148244\charrsid3571334 had}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 two photos on }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3148244\charrsid3571334 a single }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 sheet.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3148244\charrsid3571334 One photo was marked with an \'93x\'94 on the right side}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1530161\charrsid3571334 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3148244\charrsid3571334 and that photo, ORI contends}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916422\charrsid3571334 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3148244\charrsid3571334 was the photo }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1327972\charrsid3571334 identified and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3148244\charrsid3571334 admitted.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid874612\charrsid3571334 Dr. Perez}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916422\charrsid3571334 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3148244\charrsid3571334 however}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916422\charrsid3571334 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3148244\charrsid3571334 in identifying exhibit G-13}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916422\charrsid3571334 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3148244\charrsid3571334 was not presented with the second photo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9317025\charrsid3571334 given to Fenwicks\rquote counsel.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Fenwicks\rquote counsel }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9317025\charrsid3571334 then }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 attempted to introduce the companion photo under Rule 106 of the Guam Rules of Evidence }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid874612\charrsid3571334 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916422\charrsid3571334 \'93}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid874612\charrsid3571334 GRE}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916422\charrsid3571334 \'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid874612\charrsid3571334 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886312\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3677453\charrsid3571334 [57]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3677453\charrsid3571334 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid874612\charrsid3571334 GRE}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 106, identical to Federal Rule of Evidence 106}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916422\charrsid3571334 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 allows a party to require an adverse party introducing a portion of a }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 writing }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 or recorded statement to introduce }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916422\charrsid3571334 \'93}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 any other part or any other }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 writing}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 or recorded statement which ought in fairness to be considered contemporaneously with it.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13448847\charrsid3571334 Guam R. Evid. 1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 06}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9317025\charrsid3571334 (emphasis added)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 The rule }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14749203\charrsid3571334 s }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 eeks to avoid }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14749203\charrsid3571334 (1) \'93}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 the unfairness inherent in the misleading impression created by taking matters out of context}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14749203\charrsid3571334 \'94 and (2) inadequate remedy of requiring the adverse party to wait until a later point in the trial to repair his case.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 People v. Turner }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 , 1993 WL 444305 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916422\charrsid3571334 at * 3 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 (D.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916422\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Guam}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916422\charrsid3571334 App. Div.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916422\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 1993).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14749203\charrsid3571334 The rule requires contemporaneous introduction of the remainder of the statement to give the fact finder a clear understanding of the evidence.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid874612 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886312\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3677453\charrsid3571334 [58]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3677453\charrsid3571334 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14749203\charrsid3571334 To determine whether the photograph at issue here is admissible under Rule 106}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3677453\charrsid3571334 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14749203\charrsid3571334 we must decide}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 whether a \'93writing\'94 under Rule 106 includes photographs.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Rule 106 does not define \'93writing\'94 and the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9317025\charrsid3571334 Rules of Evidence do not }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 provide a general definition of a }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3677453\charrsid3571334 \'93}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 writing}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3677453\charrsid3571334 \'94}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916422\charrsid3571334 GRE 106.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916422 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886312\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid140287\charrsid3571334 [59]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid140287\charrsid3571334 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Writings are defined however under }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9317025\charrsid3571334 Rule 1001 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid874612\charrsid3571334 which }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 reads:}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886312 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886312\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10886312 {\insrsid5732237\charrsid10886312 For purposes of this article the following definitions are applicable:}{\insrsid3571334\charrsid10886312 }{ \insrsid5732237\charrsid10886312 (1) Writings and recordings.}{\insrsid3571334\charrsid10886312 }{\insrsid5732237\charrsid10886312 \lquote Writings\rquote and \lquote recordings\rquote consists of . . .}{\insrsid3571334\charrsid10886312 }{ \insrsid5732237\charrsid10886312 photostating, photographing, magnetic impulse, mechanical or electronic recording, or other form of data compilation.\'94}{\insrsid3571334\charrsid10886312 }{\insrsid3867249\charrsid10886312 \par }{\insrsid5732237\charrsid10886312 GRE 1001}{\insrsid3867249\charrsid10886312 (emphasis added)}{\insrsid5732237\charrsid10886312 .}{\insrsid14749203\charrsid10886312 \par }\pard\plain \s20\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886312\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid140287\charrsid3571334 [60]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14749203\charrsid3571334 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3867249\charrsid3571334 T}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 h}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16463434\charrsid3571334 e}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 definition}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16463434\charrsid3571334 s }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid874612\charrsid3571334 found in }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9317025\charrsid3571334 Rule 1001}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12652809\charrsid3571334 , however, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16463434\charrsid3571334 by }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12652809\charrsid3571334 its}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16463434\charrsid3571334 terms }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12652809\charrsid3571334 is}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16463434\charrsid3571334 limited }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9317025\charrsid3571334 to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Article X}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916422\charrsid3571334 .}{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9317025\charrsid3571334 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12341668 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs15\fs24\super\insrsid3571334\charrsid14763085 \chftn }{\insrsid3571334 \'93[T]his Article\'94 means Article X entitled \'93Contents of Writings, Recordings and Photographs.\'94 GRE 1001.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 At least one}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 jurisdiction}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16463434\charrsid3571334 has held that \'93}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 all modes of conveying information, including videotapes, constitute writings or recordings}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16463434\charrsid3571334 \'94}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 for purposes of Rule}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7043154\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 106, even if defined by Rule 1001 as \'93photographs}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16463434\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 \'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16463434\charrsid3571334 DesJardins v. State}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16463434\charrsid3571334 , 759 N.E.2d 1036, 1037 (Ind. 2001).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16463434\charrsid3571334 The Fenwicks cite }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 to }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 DesJardins }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16463434\charrsid3571334 for the proposition that the photograph at issue here is admissible under Rule 106 as a \'93writing.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 DesJardins}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 , the State introduced a four minute video tape showing defendant committing the offenses }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3867249\charrsid3571334 charged.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916422\charrsid3571334 Id}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916422\charrsid3571334 . at 1036.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3867249\charrsid3571334 The trial court }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 denied defendant\rquote s request under Rule 106 to admit }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916422\charrsid3571334 the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9726193\charrsid3571334 entire videotape of four hours.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Id}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 The }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3867249\charrsid3571334 c}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 ourt of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3867249\charrsid3571334 a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 ppeals}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9726193\charrsid3571334 in affirming the judgment }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 held that the videotape }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9726193\charrsid3571334 did not c onstitute a \'93}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 writing or recording within the meaning of Rule 106 because }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9726193\charrsid3571334 a videotape is}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 not included in the list of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9726193\charrsid3571334 \lquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13448847\charrsid3571334 [w]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 ritings and recordings}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9726193\charrsid3571334 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 set }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9726193\charrsid3571334 forth}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 in Rule 1001(1) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916422\charrsid3571334 \'93}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916422\charrsid3571334 r}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 easoned that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916422\charrsid3571334 \lquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 by definition, Rule 106 [did] not apply to the admission of videotapes.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916422\charrsid3571334 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 \'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916422\charrsid3571334 (quoting }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916422\charrsid3571334 DesJardins v. State}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916422\charrsid3571334 , 751 N.E. 2d 323, 326 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 The }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3867249\charrsid3571334 Indiana }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916422\charrsid3571334 S}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 upreme }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916422\charrsid3571334 C}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 ourt }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 reversed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13448847\charrsid3571334 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 holding}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 that the doctrine of com}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3867249\charrsid3571334 pleteness embodied in Rule 106 was}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 \'93wholly independent of the peculiarities of the technology by which any particular medium transmits information, and applies to any mode of conveying information, including those identified for purposes of Article X as \lquote photographs.\rquote \'94} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12652809 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886312\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid140287\charrsid3571334 [61]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid140287\charrsid3571334 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9644349\charrsid3571334 In this case}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12652809\charrsid3571334 , the Fenwicks attempted to introduce a photo which their counsel believed was admitted into evidence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12652809\charrsid3571334 The copy of exhibit G-13 that was provided to Fenwicks\rquote counsel by ORI\rquote s counsel showed two photos.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12652809\charrsid3571334 As alleged by ORI\rquote s counsel, the photo marked with an \'93x\'94 on that exhibit was the photo identified by Dr. Perez.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12652809\charrsid3571334 No testimony was given by Dr. Perez on the other photo and the jury was not shown the photo.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12652809\charrsid3571334 The companion photo was a separate photo and not part of the photos introduced and identified by Dr. Perez.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12652809 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886312\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li43\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin43\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid140287\charrsid3571334 [62]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12652809\charrsid3571334 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6304282\charrsid3571334 A photograph of a writing }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12652809\charrsid3571334 which may be admissible under GRE 106 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6304282\charrsid3571334 should }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12652809\charrsid3571334 be}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6304282\charrsid3571334 distinguished from other photographs.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10032997\charrsid3571334 A}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9317025\charrsid3571334 still photograph of an act }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12652809\charrsid3571334 also }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9317025\charrsid3571334 can be both expansive and limited}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6304282\charrsid3571334 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6304282\charrsid3571334 For instance, a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9317025\charrsid3571334 photo can capture a good deal that would be mis sed in a verbal description but at the same time fail to reveal what might have been seen if photographed from a different position or with a different film or camera setting.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6304282\charrsid3571334 In fact,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10032997\charrsid3571334 Fenwicks\rquote counsel when questioning Dr. Perez about adjusting the exposu re of a camera when taking pictures asked}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2711449\charrsid3571334 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10032997\charrsid3571334 \'93}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2711449\charrsid3571334 [}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10032997\charrsid3571334 i}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2711449\charrsid3571334 ]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10032997\charrsid3571334 f you just rely on the photographs, that may not show you the accurate picture of what was going on that particular day?\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10032997\charrsid3571334 Tr.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10966022\charrsid3571334 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10032997\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10966022\charrsid3571334 v}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10032997\charrsid3571334 ol. I}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10966022\charrsid3571334 at}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10032997\charrsid3571334 123 (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13448847\charrsid3571334 Jury Trial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10032997\charrsid3571334 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10032997\charrsid3571334 To which Dr. Perez answered: \'93Absolutely, yes.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10032997\charrsid3571334 Id}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10032997\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886312\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14436535\charrsid3571334 [63]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10567933\charrsid3571334 Even }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12652809\charrsid3571334 if we }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10567933\charrsid3571334 a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8262302\charrsid3571334 ssum}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12652809\charrsid3571334 e}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11495778\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3682613\charrsid3571334 a }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14436535\charrsid3571334 \'93}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3682613\charrsid3571334 writing}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14436535\charrsid3571334 \'94}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3682613\charrsid3571334 under }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10966022\charrsid3571334 GRE}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3682613\charrsid3571334 106 include}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8262302\charrsid3571334 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3682613\charrsid3571334 a photograph}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8262302\charrsid3571334 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3682613\charrsid3571334 the admission of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8262302\charrsid3571334 a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3682613\charrsid3571334 photo is proper \'93 to avoid the unfairness inherent in the misleading impression created by taking matters out of context.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3682613\charrsid3571334 Turner}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3682613\charrsid3571334 , 1993 WL 444305}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9644349\charrsid3571334 , at * 3}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3682613\charrsid3571334 (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9644349\charrsid3571334 App. Div.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3682613\charrsid3571334 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12652809\charrsid3571334 T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8262302\charrsid3571334 he testimony discussing the admission of exhibit G-13 reveals that Dr. Perez identified four }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13375272\charrsid3571334 individual}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8262302\charrsid3571334 photos which were exhibits G-11 to G-14 and taken in October 2002, three years after the accident.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8262302\charrsid3571334 The photos admitted were shown to the jury in the form of a composite photo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9644349\charrsid3571334 .}{ \cs15\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8262302\charrsid3571334 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12341668 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs15\fs24\super\insrsid3571334\charrsid14763085 \chftn }{\insrsid3571334 The record does not show that the composite photo was admitted into evidence.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8262302\charrsid3571334 Dr. Perez testified that the photos were taken to show the lighting of the scene and described that there were vans behind the handicap sign but did not testify that the same vans were in the same place on the date of the incident.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8262302\charrsid3571334 The photo }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6173985\charrsid3571334 on exhibit G-13 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8262302\charrsid3571334 was admitted to show the effect of the natural lighting conditions in the parking area.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8262302\charrsid3571334 The Fenwicks however intended to offer the companion photo to}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12059169\charrsid3571334 that exhibit } {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8262302\charrsid3571334 to show }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12059169\charrsid3571334 it was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8262302\charrsid3571334 difficult for Mr. Fenwick to see the sign he hit.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8262302\charrsid3571334 The companion photo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12059169\charrsid3571334 , }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8262302\charrsid3571334 a separate }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12059169\charrsid3571334 photo shows the handicap sign in stall 2}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2230477\charrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12059169\charrsid3571334 with a van behind it.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12059169\charrsid3571334 We are not convinced that excluding this photo would have the effect of misleading the jury by taking matters out of context which Rule 106 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8262302\charrsid3571334 is }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12059169\charrsid3571334 intended to prevent.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12059169\charrsid3571334 T}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3148244\charrsid3571334 he }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10184061\charrsid3571334 trial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3148244\charrsid3571334 court }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12059169\charrsid3571334 did not }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3148244\charrsid3571334 abuse its discretion in excluding the companion photo}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10966022\charrsid3571334 under}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12652809\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3148244\charrsid3571334 GRE 106.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886312\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2230477\charrsid3571334 [64]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2230477\charrsid3571334 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 The Fenwicks also argue that the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10184061\charrsid3571334 trial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 court erred in refusing to admit the photo under Rule 402 which provides: \'93All relevant evidence is admissible unless otherwise provided.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9644349\charrsid3571334 G}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2230477\charrsid3571334 uam R. Evid.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9644349\charrsid3571334 402}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 Relevant {\*\bkmkstart SR_3762}{\*\bkmkend SR_3762}evidence {\*\bkmkstart SR_3763}{\*\bkmkend SR_3763}is \'93evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.\'94}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15800866 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9644349\charrsid3571334 G}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2230477\charrsid3571334 uam }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9644349\charrsid3571334 R}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2230477\charrsid3571334 . }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9644349\charrsid3571334 E}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2230477\charrsid3571334 vid.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9644349\charrsid3571334 401}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15017095\charrsid3571334 \'93}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9644349\charrsid3571334 A trial judge has wide latitude in the admission or exclusion of evidence where the question is one of materiality or relevancy.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 {\*\bkmkstart SR_2542}{\*\bkmkend SR_2542} }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 Lies v. Farrell Lines, Inc.,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 641 F.2d 765, 773 (9th Cir.1981);}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13448847\charrsid3571334 s}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9644349\charrsid3571334 ee also}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 U}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9644349\charrsid3571334 nited }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 S}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9644349\charrsid3571334 tates}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 v. Brannon,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 616 F.2d 413, 418 (9th Cir.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9644349\charrsid3571334 1980}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9644349\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 The }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9644349\charrsid3571334 \'93}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 tendency is to leave rulings }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9644349\charrsid3571334 as to the illuminating relevance of testimony largely to the discretion of the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 {\*\bkmkstart SR_2582}{\*\bkmkend SR_2582}trial {\*\bkmkstart SR_2583}{\*\bkmkend SR_2583}court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9644349\charrsid3571334 that}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 hears the {\*\bkmkstart SR_2587}{\*\bkmkend SR_2587}evidence.\'94}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 Hamling v. U}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9644349\charrsid3571334 nited }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 S}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9644349\charrsid3571334 tates}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 418 U.S. 87, 125 (1974).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 Absent an abuse of discretion, the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10184061\charrsid3571334 trial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10184061\charrsid3571334 \rquote }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 s evidentiary rulings will not be disturbed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886312\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2230477\charrsid3571334 [65]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2230477\charrsid3571334 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 T}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 he}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10567933\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10184061\charrsid3571334 trial}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 court }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10567933\charrsid3571334 did }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 not abuse its discretion }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 under Rule 402 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 in excluding the photo.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 he photo identified in exhibit G-13 by Dr. Perez was admitted for the purpose of showing the natural lighting conditions in the underground parking area}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 and }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 not to re-create the scene on the date of the incident.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Although the companion photo showed that the sign was somehow obscured by the parked van}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10567933\charrsid3571334 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 in the stall}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10567933\charrsid3571334 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 , there was no testimony or evidence that the same van}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 s}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 w}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 ere}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 parked the same way and in the same stall}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 on the date of the incident.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 Rulings on relevancy are best left to the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10184061\charrsid3571334 trial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 court which hears the evidence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 The }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 trial}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 court did not believe the companion photo was relevant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 A}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 lthough the Fenwicks wanted to compare }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 the companion photo }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 to the photo in exhibit G-13 to show }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 they were}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 taken on the same day, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 the companion photo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 was not being introduce d as a photo showing what occurred on the date of the incident.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5900467\charrsid3571334 In addition, t}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10567933\charrsid3571334 he }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 trial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10567933\charrsid3571334 court in its Decision stated that even if relevant, the photo may have been excluded under Rule 403 because it was \'93potentially cumulative and certainly had [the] potential to mislead to }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 [}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10567933\charrsid3571334 sic}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 ]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10567933\charrsid3571334 the jury.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10966022\charrsid3571334 ER}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9862017\charrsid3571334 , tab 21 at 5 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10567933\charrsid3571334 Dec}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9862017\charrsid3571334 . &}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10567933\charrsid3571334 Order}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9862017\charrsid3571334 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 Dec. 6, 2005).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 he}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10567933\charrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 trial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 court is in a better position }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5900467\charrsid3571334 to determine the relevancy of the photographs }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 when hearing the evidence at trial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 and w}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5900467\charrsid3571334 e will not disturb the evidentiary ruling absent an abuse of discretion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5900467\charrsid3571334 We }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 cannot say}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12809681\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5900467\charrsid3571334 the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 judge }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5900467\charrsid3571334 abuse}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 d}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5900467\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 his}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5900467\charrsid3571334 discretion in }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482235\charrsid3571334 his}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5900467\charrsid3571334 ruling on }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5900467\charrsid3571334 relevancy under Rule 402. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid263645 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886312\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12809681\charrsid3571334 [66]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12809681\charrsid3571334 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9644349\charrsid3571334 The Fenwicks conceded at oral argument that the ruling on the admissibility of the photo alon e does not warrant reversal, but that the combination of the giving of both jury instructions and denying admissibility of the photo requires a reversal of the judgment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12727763\charrsid3571334 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12727763\charrsid3571334 Digital Recording at 2:22:18-2:22:40 (Oral Argument, Feb}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12809681\charrsid3571334 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12727763\charrsid3571334 22, 2007).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9644349\charrsid3571334 Because the trial court did not err in excluding the photo we do not need to decide whether there was a cumulative effect as contended by the Fenwicks. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14697987 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886312\charrsid3571334 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9644349\charrsid3571334 Moreover, even if it was error to exclude the photo, the Fenwicks have failed to show they were prejudiced by the exclusion of the photo.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7217184 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886312\charrsid3571334 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12600036 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 VI.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 C}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4215775\charrsid3571334 ONCLUSION}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7217184 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3571334 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886312\charrsid3571334 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1060295\charrsid3571334 [67]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5732237\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4215775\charrsid3571334 \tab }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 The}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4215775\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 trial}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4215775\charrsid3571334 court did not err in instructing the jury on proximate cause since this case did not involve concurrent \'93independent\'94 causes where the \'93but for\'94 test is not applicable.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 A}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4215775\charrsid3571334 lthough }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 trial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 court erred in }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4215775\charrsid3571334 provid}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 ing both }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4215775\charrsid3571334 a proximate cause instruction}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 and a legal cause instruction}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4215775\charrsid3571334 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 the Fenwicks did not show that the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4215775\charrsid3571334 error }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4215775\charrsid3571334 prejudicial and affect}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 ed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4215775\charrsid3571334 the outcome of the trial.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4215775\charrsid3571334 Finally, the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 trial }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1060295\charrsid3571334 court}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid993284\charrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4215775\charrsid3571334 did not err in excluding the companion photograph}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5387766\charrsid3571334 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3571334 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4215775\charrsid3571334 The}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12537716\charrsid3571334 judgment is therefore }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4215775\charrsid3571334 AFFIRM}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12537716\charrsid3571334 ED}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4215775\charrsid3571334 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12012734\charrsid3571334 \par }}