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\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext33 _level1;}{\s34\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar
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\s35\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext35 
_level3;}{\s36\ql \fi-720\li2880\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2880\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext36 
_level4;}{\s37\ql \fi-720\li3600\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin3600\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext37 
_level5;}{\s38\ql \fi-720\li4320\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin4320\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext38 _level6;}{
\s39\ql \fi-720\li5040\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin5040\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext39 _level7;}{
\s40\ql \fi-720\li5760\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin5760\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext40 _level8;}{
\s41\ql \fi-720\li6480\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin6480\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext41 _level9;}{
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\sbasedon0 \snext42 _levsl1;}{\s43\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext43 _levsl2;}{\s44\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar
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\s48\ql \fi-720\li5040\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin5040\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext48 _levsl7;}{
\s49\ql \fi-720\li5760\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin5760\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext49 _levsl8;}{
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\sbasedon0 \snext51 _levnl1;}{\s52\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext52 _levnl2;}{\s53\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar
\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext53 _levnl3;}{
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\s55\ql \fi-720\li3600\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin3600\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext55 _levnl5;}{
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\s61\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext61 Definition T;}{\s62\ql \li360\ri0\nowidctlpar
\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext62 Definition L;}{\*\cs63 
\additive \i \sbasedon10 Definition;}{\s64\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs48\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext64 H1;}{
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\s66\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext66 H3;}{
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\par }}\sectd \psz1\sbknone\linex0\headery1440\footery432\endnhere\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid14509479\sftnbj {\headerl \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\i\fs20\insrsid3416216 Macris v. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Guam{\*\xmlclose} Mem\rquote l Hosp. Auth.}{\fs20\insrsid3416216 , Opinion\tab Page \chpgn  of }{\field{\*\fldinst {
\fs20\insrsid3416216  NUMPAGES \\* arabic \\* MERGEFORMAT }}{\fldrslt {\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid3416216 1}}}\sectd \linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\insrsid3416216 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid3416216 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-14\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid3416216 
\par }}{\headerr \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14509479 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\i\fs20\insrsid3416216\charrsid14509479 Macris v. 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Guam{\*\xmlclose} Mem\rquote l Hosp. Auth.}{\fs20\insrsid3416216\charrsid14509479 , Opinion\tab Page \chpgn  of }{\field{\*\fldinst {\fs20\insrsid3416216\charrsid14509479  NUMPAGES \\* arabic \\* MERGEFORMAT }
}{\fldrslt {\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9976959 14}}}\sectd \linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\fs20\insrsid3416216\charrsid14509479 
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\brdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp20 \tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14509479 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\fs20\insrsid3416216\charrsid14509479 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid3416216 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-14\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid3416216 
\par }}{\footerl \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid3416216 
\par }}{\footerr \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid3416216 
\par }}{\headerf \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14509479 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\i\fs20\insrsid3416216\charrsid14509479 Macris v. 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Guam{\*\xmlclose} Mem\rquote l Hosp. Auth.}{\fs20\insrsid3416216\charrsid14509479 , Opinion\tab Page \chpgn  of }{\field{\*\fldinst {\fs20\insrsid3416216\charrsid14509479  NUMPAGES \\* arabic \\* MERGEFORMAT }
}{\fldrslt {\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid14946771 14}}}\sectd \linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\fs20\insrsid3416216\charrsid14509479 
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\brdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp20 \tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14509479 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\fs20\insrsid3416216\charrsid14509479 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid3416216\charrsid14509479 
\par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}
{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8
\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14946771 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14946771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14946771 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 GEORGE P. MACRIS, M.D.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
\par Plaintiff-Appellee,
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14946771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14946771 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 v.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14946771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14946771 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 GUAM MEMORIAL HOSPITAL AUTHORITY,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 an autonomous agency of the government of Guam, and
\par PETER}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15491070  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 JOHN D. CAMACHO}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
\par Defendants-Appellants
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14946771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14946771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Supreme Court Case No.: CVA07-011
\par Superior Court Case No.:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 CV0117-07
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14946771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14946771 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 OPINION
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14946771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14946771 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14509479\charrsid14946771 Filed:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14509479\charrsid14946771 April 11, 2008
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Cite as:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 2008 Guam 6}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14946771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14946771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam
\par Argued and submitted on February 13, 2008
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14946771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
\par }\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts11\trgaph120\trleft0\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrart192 \trbrdrl\brdrart192 \trbrdrb\brdrart192 \trbrdrr\brdrart192 \trbrdrh\brdrart192 \trbrdrv\brdrart192 
\trftsWidth1\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind120\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clpadl120\clpadt120\clpadb58\clpadr120\clpadfl3\clpadft3\clpadfb3\clpadfr3\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clpadl120\clpadt120\clpadb58\clpadr120\clpadfl3\clpadft3\clpadfb3\clpadfr3\clshdrawnil \cellx9360\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid14946771 {
\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 For Defendants-Appellants:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \tab 
\par R. Todd Thompson, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Esq.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
\par Mair, Mair, Spade & Thompson, P.C.
\par }\pard \ql \fi-2280\li2280\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2280\pararsid14946771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Suite 801 DNA Bldg.\tab 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid14946771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 238 Archbishop Flores St.
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910\cell }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 For Plaintiff-Appellee:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
\par Seaton M. Woodley, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Esq.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
\par Suite 102 Tanaka Bldg.
\par Route 4
\par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910
\par \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts11\trgaph120\trleft0\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrart192 \trbrdrl
\brdrart192 \trbrdrb\brdrart192 \trbrdrr\brdrart192 \trbrdrh\brdrart192 \trbrdrv\brdrart192 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind120\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clpadl120\clpadt120\clpadb58\clpadr120\clpadfl3\clpadft3\clpadfb3\clpadfr3\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clpadl120\clpadt120\clpadb58\clpadr120\clpadfl3\clpadft3\clpadfb3\clpadfr3\clshdrawnil \cellx9360\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14946771 {
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14509479\charrsid14946771 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 BEFORE:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 ROBERT J. TORRES, JR., Chief Justice; F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Associ
ate Justice; J. BRADLEY KLEMM, Justice }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Pro Tempore}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 .
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 CARBULLIDO, J.:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771\charrsid14946771 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [1]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \tab 
Defendant-Appellant Guam Memorial Hospital Authority refused to release certain audio tapes that Plaintiff-Appellee Dr. George Macris (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
Macris}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 ) requested pursuant to the Sunshine Reform Act of 1999.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Macris filed a complaint seeking an order to produce the audio tapes and the imposition of a statutory fine against Defendant-Appellant Peter John Camacho (}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Camacho}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
), the director of the agency. Guam Memorial Hospital Authority and Camacho filed a motion to dismiss the complaint claiming that Macris did not have standing.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 The Superior Court denied the motion to dismiss, ordered Guam Memorial Hospital Authority to release the audio tapes and imposed the fine against Camacho.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Guam Memorial Hospital Authority and Camacho appealed the order and judgment, again challenging Macris\rquote  standing.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
We hold that Macris did not have standing because an undisclosed principal who makes a request for information through an agent does not have standing under the Sunshine Reform Act of 1999 to challenge the denial of access to the requested information.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 We therefore reverse and vacate the lower court\rquote 
s order and judgment requiring Guam Memorial Hospital Authority to release the audio tapes and imposing the fine against Camacho.
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14946771 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 I.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14946771 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [2]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \tab Attorney Seaton Woodley sent a written request to Guam Memorial Hospital Authority (}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 GMHA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
) for the written minutes and audio tape recordings of its October 26, 2006 board of trustees meeting, pursuant to the Sunshine Reform Act of 1999 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Sunshine Act}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Camacho sent a letter to Woodley indicating that only the written minutes would be provided, and enclosed the written minutes with the letter.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 
 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Woodley replied with a letter }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 renewing}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  the request for the audio tapes. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771\charrsid14946771 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [3]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \tab The }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 renewed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  request for the audio tapes was denied by GMHA because the }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [t]apes are audio media not \lquote writings\rquote  as defined under the Sunshine Act}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  pursuant to 5 GCA \'a7 10102(d).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Appellant\rquote s Excerpts of Record (}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 ER}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
), p. 11 (Complaint, Ex. E, Jan. 18, 2007 Letter from Concepcion to Woodley); ER, p. 2 (Complaint, Jan. 27, 2007).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771\charrsid14946771 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [4]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \tab Macris filed a complaint against GMHA and Camacho, stating that he }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 caused to be delivered}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
 a Sunshine Act request for information through a letter written by }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 plaintiff\rquote s counsel,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  and seeking an order to produce the audio tapes and payment of attorney fees, costs and a statutory fine.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 ER, pp. 1-4 (Complaint).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
Woodley\rquote s letters to GMHA did not indicate that the requests for information were made on behalf of Macris.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
GMHA filed a motion to dismiss, claiming that Macris lacked standing to proceed with his complaint.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771\charrsid14946771 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [5]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \tab Macris filed his opposition to GMHA\rquote s motion to dismiss, and an affidavit wherein he stated that he }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 retained the services of Attorney SEATON M. WOODLEY, III, concerning making a SUNSHINE ACT REQUEST from the hospital.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  ER, p. 36 (Affidavit June 5, 2007).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 The Superior Court issued an order denying GMHA\rquote s motion to dismiss and a judgment requiring GMHA to release the audio tapes, and imposing a fine of $100 against Camacho.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771\charrsid14946771 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [6]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \tab GMHA timely filed its notice of appeal. Guam R. App. P. 4(a)(1) (2007).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Macris did not file an appellate brief and thus waived oral argument.}{\cs32\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
\chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s31\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14946771 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid3416216\charrsid14946771 \chftn }{
\insrsid3416216\charrsid14946771  Attorney Woodley did not withdraw as counsel of record for Macris and his failure to file an appellate brief in the present case and corresponding waiver of oral argument constitute a disservice to Macris on appeal.  }{
\i\insrsid3416216\charrsid14946771 See }{\insrsid3416216\charrsid14946771  GRAP 17(e)(2); Guam R. of Prof\rquote l Conduct 1.3, 1.16(a)(1) (2003).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15925802 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 II.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14946771 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [7]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \tab This court has jurisdiction over an appeal from a final judgment and order of the Superior Court.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 48 U.S.C.A. \'a7 1424-1(a)(2) (West through Pub. L. 110-180 (2008)); 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 3107(b), 3108(a) (2005).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15925802\charrsid14946771 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15925802 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 III.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14946771 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15925802\charrsid14946771 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [8]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 A trial court\rquote s decision on whether a party has standing is reviewed }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 de novo}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  Benavente v. Taitano}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 , 2006 Guam 15 \'b6 10 (citing }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Taitano v. Lujan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 , 2005 Guam
 26 \'b6 15).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Issues of statutory interpretation are reviewed }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 de novo}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
Ada v. Guam Tel. Auth.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 , 1999 Guam 10 \'b6 10.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15925802\charrsid14946771 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15925802 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 IV.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14946771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15925802\charrsid14946771 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [9]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \tab This court must first address the issue of whether Macris had standing to proceed with his complaint on GMHA
\rquote s refusal to accommodate Woodley\rquote s request for audio tapes.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15925802\charrsid14946771 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [10]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \tab GMHA argues that Macris\rquote  claim of standing based on Woodley\rquote s request was }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 simply not tenable}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
 under section 10111 of the Sunshine Act because Macris was not a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 person making a request}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 
"}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  and was not bringing suit }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 to enforce that person\rquote s right}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  under the terms of the provision.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Appellants\rquote  Opening Brief, p. 12 (Oct. 15, 2007).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
It further asserts that Macris lacks standing based on the common law standing principles of Article III of the United States Constitution because }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [h]aving filed no such request, he suffered no \lquote injury-in-fact\rquote  as to any legally-protected interest.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 . at 14.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 GMHA also contends that the lower court misapplied agency principles by relying on another lower court decision.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 It additionally maintains that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [s]ince there
 is no material difference between the [federal Freedom of Information Act] and the Sunshine Act, there is every reason for this Court to follow the compelling weight of authority interpreting the FOIA to prohibit an undisclosed client from bringing an ac
tion to enforce a Sunshine-Act request initiated by his attorney.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Id}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 . at 22.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 GMHA also argues that }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 a clear majority of state courts addressing the matter have also held that undisclosed clients lack standing to bring information-act suits.}
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 . at}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 27.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
It further asserts that the Legislature did not intend to protect anonymity and that the Sunshine Act should not be interpreted to allow persons requesting information to remain anonymous.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 GMHA lastly contends that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 absent the restric
tion that the plaintiff be the same person who made the Sunshine Act request, such a view would presumably permit multiple persons to bring actions to enforce the same right,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  which would be an }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 absurd result.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
. at 30-31.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15925802\charrsid14946771 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [11]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Standing is a threshold jurisdictional matter.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Benavente}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 , 2006 Guam 15 \'b6 14 (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
Guam Imaging Consultants, Inc. v. Guam Mem\rquote l Hosp. Auth., }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 2004 Guam 15 \'b6 17).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Thus, we have held that a court has no subject matter jurisdiction to hear a claim when a party lacks standing.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 .; }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 see}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 also}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Taitano v. Lujan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 , 2005 Guam 26 \'b6 15.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15925802\charrsid14946771 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [12]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \tab This court has previously held that:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15925802\charrsid14946771 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14946771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
[S]tanding may be predicated upon the statutory grant of such standing by the legislature or the common-law standing principles of Article I
II. Therefore, where standing is statutorily conferred, we look first to the language of the relevant statute to determine whether a party has statutory standing. Where standing is not conferred by statute, we turn to the common law principles of Article 
III to determine whether a litigant satisfies such standing requirements. . . . 
\par 
\par Thus, in determining whether Petitioners have standing, our analysis begins by examining if any statutory authority exists for the claims asserted.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14946771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
\par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Benavente}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 , 2006 Guam 15 \'b6\'b6 20-21.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15925802\charrsid14946771 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [13]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \tab The lower court in its order }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 concur[red]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  with }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Macris v. Guam Mem\rquote l Hosp. Auth.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 , CV1799-01 (Super. Ct. Guam Feb. 5, 2002) (}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Macris I}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 ), which }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 deals, among other things, with the issue of the attorney making the request being the agent 
of an undisclosed principal, who instituted the proceedings.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 ER, p. 46 (Order July 10, 2007).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 The court concluded that Macris }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 does have standing and adopts the reasoning of Judge UNPINGCO in the earlier decision,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  stating that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [c]learly if anyone woul
d have a right to bring this action, it would be the principal rather than the agent.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 ER, p. 46 (Order).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15925802\charrsid14946771 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [14]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \tab The }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Macris I }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 court held that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
Macris was authorized to institute proceedings pursuant to 5 [GCA] \'a7 10111 as the principal who requested the information via his agent,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
 finding that he }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 exhausted his administrative remedies by making a Sunshine Act request through his attorney. . . .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 ER, p. 33 (Opposition, Ex. A, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Macris I}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 It determined that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [b]ased on the very broad and general terms containe
d in the statute, the Court finds that the actual identity of a person making a Sunshine Act request bears little importance in the scheme of the statute\rquote s purpose,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  stating that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
just as the purpose of a Sunshine Act request is irrelevant as stated in \'a7 1
0110, it follows that the identity of the requester is also unimportant since the Government agency would be required to comply regardless of the purpose or identity of the requester.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  ER, p. 34 (Opposition, Ex. A, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Macris I}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 ).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 The }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Macris I }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 court concluded that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
Macris did make a Sunshine Act request, albeit anonymously through his attorney, and therefore has standing to institute proceedings after the Defendants allegedly failed to respond.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  ER, p. 34 (Opposition, Ex. A, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Macris I}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 ).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15925802\charrsid14946771 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [15]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \tab GMHA challenges Macris\rquote  standing under the Sunshine Act to institute proceedings on Woodley\rquote 
s request for the audio tapes.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
Thus, we look to this statute to determine upon whom the Legislature conferred standing and whether the claimant in question falls in that category.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Benavente}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 , 2006 Guam 15 \'b6 21.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15925802\charrsid14946771 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [16]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \tab Title 5 GCA \'a7 10111(b) states that: \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15925802\charrsid14946771 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14946771 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Any person }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 may institute proceedings for injunctive or declarative relief or writ of mandate in the Superior Court of Guam to enforce }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
that person\rquote s right }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 to inspect or to receive a copy of any public record or class of public records under this Chapter. 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14946771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
\par 5 GCA \'a7 10111(b) (2005) (emphasis added).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15925802\charrsid14946771 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [17]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \tab Section 10111(b) authorizes }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 any person}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  to institute proceedings to enforce }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 that person\rquote s right.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  Macris asserted below that he properly instituted proceedings to enforce his right pursuant to section 10111(b).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 GMHA essentially contends that Macris was without rights to enforce under the provision because Woodley requested the audio tapes, not Macris.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 
 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 This court must determine whether Woodley\rquote s request gave rise to rights under the Sunshine Act that Macris could enforce pursuant to section 10111(b).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15925802\charrsid14946771 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14946771 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 A.\tab Context}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909 

\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15925802\charrsid14946771 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14946771 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [18]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \tab 
Section 10111(b) does not expressly preclude a person who requests information through an agent from instituting proceedings.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
Our review is not limited to this provision. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15925802\charrsid14946771 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [19]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [T]he language of the statute cannot be read in isolation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
Aguon v. Gutierrez}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 , 2002 Guam 14 \'b6 9.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
[W]ords and people are known by their companions.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Gutierrez v. Ada}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 , 528 U.S. 250, 255 (2000).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Statutory language }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 must be examined within its }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 context}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  which }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 includes looking at other provisions of the same statute and other related statutes.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Aguon}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 , 2002 Guam 14 \'b6 9 (emphasis added).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15925802\charrsid14946771 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [20]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \tab Section 10103(b) of Title 5 Guam Code Annotated states that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [a]ny segregable portion of a record shall be available for inspection by }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 any person requesting}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  the record after deletion of the portions that are exempted by law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  5 GCA 
\'a7 10103(b) (2005) (emphasis added).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
The pertinent words of . . . (a statute) must control so far as they are plain and unambiguous and convey a clear and definite meaning.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Jones v. Ingling}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 , 191 F. Supp. 559, 562 (D.C. Guam 1961) (quoting }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Guam Bowling Ctr., Inc. v. Ingling}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 , 188 F. Supp. 104, 105 (D.C. Guam 1960)) (internal quotation marks omitted); }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 accord Sumitomo Const., Co., v. Gov\rquote t of Guam}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 , 2001 Guam 23 \'b6 17; }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 People v. Angoco}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 , 1998 Guam 10 \'b6 5.}{\cs32\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \chftn 
{\footnote \pard\plain \s31\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14946771 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid3416216\charrsid14946771 \chftn }{
\insrsid3416216\charrsid14946771  \'93It is a cardinal rule of statutory construction that courts must look first to the language of the statute itself.\'94}{\i\insrsid3416216\charrsid14946771  Sumitomo Const., Co., Ltd. v. Gov\rquote t of Guam}{
\insrsid3416216\charrsid14946771 , 2001 Guam 23 \'b6 17.  \'93The plain meaning rule for statutory interpretation provides that \lquote if the language of a statute is clear and there is no ambiguity, then there is no need to \lquote interpret\rquote 
 the language by resorting to the legislative history or other extrinsic aids.\rquote \'94 }{\i\insrsid3416216\charrsid14946771 People v. Angoco}{\insrsid3416216\charrsid14946771 , 1998 Guam 10 \'b6 5 (quoting }{\i\insrsid3416216\charrsid14946771 
Church of Scientology of Cal. v. U.S. Dep\rquote t. of Justice}{\insrsid3416216\charrsid14946771 , 612 F.2d 417, 421 (9th Cir. 1979)). }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
Section 10103(b) seems to mean that the right to inspect the portions of the requested information subject to disclosure is possessed by }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
any person requesting}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  the information. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15925802\charrsid14946771 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [21]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \tab Section 10103(d) provides that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 i}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 ]}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 f}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  the records in whole contain information }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 not}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  disclosable by this Chapter or another law, and contain no information that can be released, the agency shall notify the }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
person requesting}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  the records . . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  5 GCA \'a7
 10103(d) (2005) (third emphasis added).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 This provi
sion states that the right to receive notification that the requested information cannot be disclosed is possessed by the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 person requesting
}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  the information.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15925802\charrsid14946771 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [22]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \tab Section 10111(a) states that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 ]}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 ny}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 person making a request}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  in any agency for public records pursuant to \'a7 10103 shall be deemed to have exhausted his administrative remedies with respect to }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 such request}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  if the agency fails to comply with the applicable time limit provisions of that section.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  5 GCA \'a7 10111(a) (2005) (emphasis added).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 This provision notes that the right to have one\rquote s request qualify as an automatic exhaustion of remedies is possessed by }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 any person making a request.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \tab }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15925802\charrsid14946771 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [23]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \tab These companion provisions indicate that the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 person requesting}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  the information possesses rights under the Sunshine Act.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Therefore, the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
person making the request}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
 has standing to institute proceedings because the Sunshine Act expressly bestows rights on that specific person that he or she can enforce pursuant to section 10111(b).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 The context of section 10111(b) thus demonstrates that Macris did not attain rights under the Sunshine Act through Woodley\rquote s request because Woodley was the }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 person making the request,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  not Macris.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15925802\charrsid14946771 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14946771 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 B.\tab FOIA}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909 

\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15925802\charrsid14946771 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14946771 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [24]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \tab 
GMHA concedes that the Sunshine Act does not preclude Macris from requesting information through an agent.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
It asserts that proceedings may be instituted by a disclosed principal, but not an undisclosed principal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
GMHA contends that Macris could not institute proceedings because the agency relationship between Macris and Woodley was not disclosed to GMHA.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 It maintains that cases interpreting the federal Freedom of Information Act (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 FOIA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 ) support this contention.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15925802\charrsid14946771 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [25]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \tab FOIA does not contain a provision that is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 nearly identical}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  to section 10111(b) of the Sunshine Act.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 See Guam Radio Servs., Inc. v. Guam Econ. Dev. Auth.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 , 2000 Guam 23 \'b6
 7 (relying on FOIA cases in interpreting the Sunshine Act because of the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 nearly identical}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  language of 5 GCA \'a7 10107(d) and 5 U.S.C.A. \'a7 552(a)(4)(E)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 However, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
[q]uestions of statutory interpretation may be aided by reference to the prevailing interpretation of other statutes that share the same language and either have the same general purpose or deal with the same general subject as the statute unde
r consideration.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Aguon}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 , 2002 Guam 14 \'b6 11 (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 de los Santos v. INS}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
, 525 F. Supp. 655, 666 (S.D.N.Y. 1981)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Certain language in the Sunshine Act is mirrored in FOIA.}{
\cs32\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s31\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14946771 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid3416216\charrsid14946771 \chftn }{\insrsid3416216\charrsid14946771  The identical terms \'93any person,\'94 \'93person requesting,\'94 and \'93person making a request\'94
 appear in 5 U.S.C.A. \'a7\'a7 552(a)(2)(D), (a)(3)(A), (a)(4)(A)(ii), (a)(6)(C)(I), (a)(6)(D)(ii), (a)(6)(E)(i)(I), (a)(6)(E)(vi) and (b) (2007).  The nearly identical terms \'93person making }{\i\insrsid3416216\charrsid14946771 such }{
\insrsid3416216\charrsid14946771 request\'94 and \'93person making }{\i\insrsid3416216\charrsid14946771 the }{\insrsid3416216\charrsid14946771 request\'94 appear in 5 U.S.C.A. \'a7\'a7
 552(a)(6)(A)(i), (a)(6)(A)(ii), (a)(6)(B)(i), (a)(6)(B)(ii), (a)(6)(C)(i), (a)(6)(E)(ii)(I) and (a)(6)(F) (2007).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
The Sunshine Act and FOIA are alike in purpose and subject matter.}{\cs32\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s31\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14946771 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid3416216\charrsid14946771 \chftn }{\insrsid3416216\charrsid14946771 
 The Sunshine Act and FOIA authorize public access to certain government agency records and information.  5 GCA \'a7 10103(a) (2005); 5 U.S.C.A. \'a7 552(a).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 The similarities between the Sunshine Act and FOIA are sufficient to warrant consideration of cases that have interpreted FOIA.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15925802\charrsid14946771 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [26]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [O]ther courts have found that an attorney must adequately identify that he is making the FOIA request for his client in order for the client to have standing to pursue a FOIA action.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
Three Forks Ranch Corp. v. Bureau of Land Mgmt., Little Snake Field Office}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 , 358 F. Supp. 2d 1, 3 (D.D.C. 2005) (citing }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
McDonnell v. United States}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 , 4 F.3d 1227, 1238 n.6 (3d. Cir. 1993)); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 see also}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Mahtesian v. U.S. Office of Pers. Mamt}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
, 388 F. Supp. 2d 1047, 1048 (N.D. Cal. 2005) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [A]n attorney can submit a FOIA request on the express behalf of a }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 clearly identified}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  client. . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 If a person\rquote 
s name does not appear on a FOIA request, that person has not made a formal request within the meaning of the statute and \lquote may not sue in district court when the agency refuses to release request
ed documents because he has not administratively asserted a right to receive them in the first place.\rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Unigard Ins. Co. v. Dep\rquote t of Treasury}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 , 997 F. Supp. 1339, 1342 (S.D. Cal. 1997) (quoting }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 McDonnell}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 , 4 F.3d at 1237).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Consistent with this law, several courts have dismissed FOIA claims for lack of standing where plaintiff\rquote 
s counsel submitted a request for documents to an agency without including the plaintiff\rquote s name on the request or stating that the request was being filed on behalf of the plaintiff.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Brown v. U.S. Envtl. Prot. Agency}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
, 384 F. Supp. 2d 271, 276 (D.D.C. 2005) (citing }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Three Forks Ranch Corp.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 , 358 F. Supp. 2d at 2-3; }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 MAXXAM, Inc. v. FDIC}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 , No. 98-0989, 1999 WL 33912624, at *5 (D.D.C. Jan. 29, 1999) (unreported); }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Unigard}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 , 997 F. Supp. at 1343).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15925802\charrsid14946771 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [27]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \tab GMHA\rquote 
s contention that Macris could not institute proceedings because he was an undisclosed principal is indeed supported by case law interpreting FOIA.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 These cases are sound and compelling.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 We therefore hold that an undisclos
ed principal who makes a request for information through an agent does not have standing under section 10111(b) to challenge the denial of the requested information.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Under the Sunshine Act, the agent must identify the principal in making the information request, for the principal to have standing to institute proceedings pursuant to section 10111(b).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 We further hold that a plaintiff\rquote s complaint filed pursuant to section 10111(b) will be dismissed for lack of standing where plaintiff
\rquote s counsel previously submitted a request for information without including the plaintiff\rquote s name on the request or stating that the request was being filed on behalf of the plaintiff. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15925802\charrsid14946771 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14946771 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 C.\tab Authorities}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15925802\charrsid14946771 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14946771 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [28]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \tab 
The lower court based its decision to grant standing on the reasoning of }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Macris I}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Macris I}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
 relied on cases and statutes that are inapposite because the authorities do not address the grant or denial of standing to undisclosed principals under the Sunshine Act or FOIA.}{\cs32\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \chftn 
{\footnote \pard\plain \s31\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14946771 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid3416216\charrsid14946771 \chftn }{
\insrsid3416216\charrsid14946771  }{\i\insrsid3416216\charrsid14946771 Macris I}{\insrsid3416216\charrsid14946771  cited }{\i\insrsid3416216\charrsid14946771 Link v. Wabash R.R. Co.}{\insrsid3416216\charrsid14946771 , 370 U.S. 626, 633 (1962); }{
\i\insrsid3416216\charrsid14946771 Clinton v. Miller}{\insrsid3416216\charrsid14946771 , 226 P.2d 487, 493 (Mont. 1951); 18 GCA \'a7\'a7 20301, 20305 (2005); and 5 GCA \'a7\'a7 10102(c), 10110, 10111 (2005).}}}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15925802\charrsid14946771 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [29]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \tab GMHA references }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Kleven v. City of Des Moines}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  and }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Citizens Against Taxpayer Abuse, Inc. v. City of Oklahoma City}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 , wherein standing was extended to undisclosed principals, but asserts that the cases are distinguishable.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 The Washington appellate court in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Kleven v. City of Des Moines}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  stated that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [o]ur cour
ts have repeatedly refused to apply FOIA cases when interpreting provisions in the PDA [Public Disclosure Act] that differ significantly from the parallel provisions in the federal act.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Kleven v. City of Des Moines}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
, 44 P.3d 887, 890 (Wash. Ct. App. 2002).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 It then determined that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [b]ecause }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Unigard}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  and }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 McDonnell }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 were decided under significantly different statutory provisions and regulations, they are not helpful.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
 at 891.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 This court, in contrast, has determined that the Sunshine Act
 and FOIA are sufficiently similar to warrant consideration of cases interpreting FOIA.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
Citizens Against Taxpayer Abuse, Inc. v. City of Oklahoma City}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  involved two attorneys who submitted a request for information on behalf of a corporation.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Citizens Against Taxpayer Abuse, Inc. v. City of Oklahoma City}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
, 2003 OK 65, \'b6 8, 73 P.3d 871, 874.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 The corporation\rquote 
s certificate of incorporation indicated that the two attorneys were also incorporators of the corporation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Id}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 The Oklahoma district court held that there was a }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 sufficient connection between [the law firm] and [the corporation] as it relates to the Open Records request to support [the corporation
\rquote s] standing to pursue this appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Id}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 ., \'b6 9, 73 P.3d at 874.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 This distinc
tive fact undermines the applicability of the reasoning in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Citizens Against Taxpayer Abuse}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  to the present case.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 We therefore agree with GMHA that }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Kleven}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  and }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Citizens Against Taxpayer Abuse}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
 are distinguishable and do not support the grant of standing to undisclosed principals.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15925802\charrsid14946771 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [30]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \tab 
The lower court and Macris, in the proceedings below, did not direct this court to authority supporting the extension of standing to undisclosed principals under the Sunshine Act. This court has not found any authority under FOIA
 or other statutes enacted with similar purposes or subject matter which extends standing to undisclosed principals.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
The cases interpreting FOIA provide this court with sound and compelling guidance.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Accordingly, this court holds that Macris could not in
stitute proceedings pursuant to section 10111(b) of the Sunshine Act because he was an undisclosed principal who requested information through an agent.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 The lower court\rquote s decision to grant standing to Macris is therefore reversed. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15925802\charrsid14946771 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [31]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \tab Furthermore, becau
se this court finds that standing was improperly granted to Macris, we need not consider the propriety of the fine imposed against Camacho pursuant to section 10112(a) of the Sunshine Act.}{
\cs32\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s31\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14946771 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid3416216\charrsid14946771 \chftn }{\insrsid3416216\charrsid14946771  The lower court imposed the fine against Camacho apparently because it found that the audio tapes were a \'93}{
\b\insrsid3416216\charrsid14946771 public record}{\insrsid3416216\charrsid14946771  under 5 GCA 10102(d). . . . even though the audio tapes are not a writing.\'94
 ER, p. 48 (Judgment July 10, 2007).  Because we have determined that the lower court was without jurisdiction to impose the f
ine against Camacho, we additionally need not consider the issue of whether the requested audio tapes qualified as public records pursuant to section 10102(d).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Therefore, the lower court\rquote s decision to impose the fine is also reversed and vacated.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15925802\charrsid14946771 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15925802 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 V.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15925802 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15925802\charrsid14946771 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14946771 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [32]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \tab 
Though section 10111(b) of the Sunshine Reform Act of 1999 does not expressly preclude a person requesting information through an agent from instituting proceedings, its companion provisions indicate that the }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 person requesting}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
 the information possesses rights under the Sunshine Act.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 We therefore hold that the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 person making the request}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
 has standing to institute proceedings because the Sunshine Act expressly bestows rights on that specific person that he or she can enforce pursuant to section 10111(b). }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15925802\charrsid14946771 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [33]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \tab 
Because the Sunshine Act and FOIA are alike in language, purpose and subject matter, cases interpreting FOIA provide this court with sound and compelling guidance on interpreting the Sunshine Act.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Accordingly, this court holds that an undisclosed principal who makes a request for information through an agent does not have standing to challenge the denial of access to t
he requested information under the Sunshine Act because the agent must adequately identify that the agent is making a Sunshine Act request on behalf of the principal for the principal to have standing to institute proceedings pursuant to section 10111(b).
}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 We further hold that a plaintiff\rquote 
s complaint filed pursuant to section 10111(b) will be dismissed for lack of standing where plaintiff\rquote s counsel previously submitted a request for information without including the plaintiff\rquote 
s name on the request or stating that the request was being filed on behalf of the plaintiff.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 
The lower court and Macris fail to direct this court to authority supporting the extension of standing to undisclosed principals under the Sunshine Act and this court has not found authority so extending standing.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15925802\charrsid14946771 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 [34]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 \tab Ther
efore, we hold that Macris did not have standing to institute proceedings pursuant to section 10111(b) of the Sunshine Act because he was an undisclosed principal who made a request for information through an agent. Furthermore, we hold that we need not c
onsider the propriety of the fine imposed against Camacho pursuant to section 10112(a) of the Sunshine Act because the lower court was without jurisdiction to hear the complaint filed by Macris.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14946771  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 Accordingly, the lower court\rquote s decision to grant standing to Macris and impose a fine against Camacho is }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 REVERSED}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771  and }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 VACATED}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919909\charrsid14946771 . 
\par }}