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Camacho,}{\fs20\insrsid11609134 Opinion\tab \tab Page \chpgn of }{\field{\*\fldinst {\fs20\insrsid11609134 NUMPAGES \\* arabic \\* MERGEFORMAT }}{\fldrslt { \fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid11609134 18}}}\sectd \linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\fs20\insrsid11609134 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid11609134 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-2\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid11609134 \par }}{\headerr \pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1908314 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\i\fs20\insrsid11609134\charrsid10440499 Pangelinan v. 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PANGELINAN, AND JOSEPH C. WESLEY, \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Plaintiffs-Appellants, \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12847937 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12847937 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 vs. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12847937 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12847937 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3307380\charrsid12847937 FELIX P. CAMACHO, Governor; ALICIA G. LIMTIACO, Attorney General; }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3307380\charrsid12847937 LAWRENCE P. PEREZ, Director of the Department of Public Works; }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3307380\charrsid12847937 ANTHONY C. BLAZ, Acting Administrator of the Guam Economic Development and Commerce Authority; }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3307380\charrsid12847937 TEREZO R. MORTERA, Director of Land Management; }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3307380\charrsid12847937 Y\rquote ASELA A. PEREIRA, Treasurer of Guam; }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3307380\charrsid12847937 GOVERNMENT OF GUAM \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3307380\charrsid12847937 Defendants-Appellees, \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12847937 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3307380\charrsid12847937 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12847937 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3307380\charrsid12847937 and}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3307380\charrsid12847937 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12847937 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3307380\charrsid12847937 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12847937 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3307380\charrsid12847937 GUAM RESOURCE RECOVERY PARTNERS,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3307380\charrsid12847937 \par Intervening Defendant-Appellee. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12847937 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3307380\charrsid12847937 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12847937 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 Supreme Court Case No.: CVA06-017 \par Superior Court Case No.: SP0212-00 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12847937 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12847937 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3307380\charrsid12847937 OPINION}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3307380\charrsid12847937 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12847937 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3307380\charrsid12847937 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12847937 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3307380\charrsid12847937 Filed: March 4, 2008}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3307380\charrsid12847937 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3307380\charrsid12847937 Cite as: 2008 Guam 4}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3307380\charrsid12847937 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12847937 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3307380\charrsid12847937 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14120461 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam \par Argued and submitted on May 15, 2007 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12847937 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \par }\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts11\trgaph120\trleft0\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrart192 \trbrdrl\brdrart192 \trbrdrb\brdrart192 \trbrdrr\brdrart192 \trbrdrh\brdrart192 \trbrdrv\brdrart192 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind120\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clpadl120\clpadt120\clpadb58\clpadr120\clpadfl3\clpadft3\clpadfb3\clpadfr3\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clpadl120\clpadt120\clpadb58\clpadr120\clpadfl3\clpadft3\clpadfb3\clpadfr3\clshdrawnil \cellx9360\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12847937 { \ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Appearing for Intervening Defendant-Appellee:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \par Arthur B. Clark, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Esq.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \par Calvo & Clark, LLP \par 655 South Marine Corps Dr. Suite 202 \par Tamuning, Guam 96911\cell }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Appearing for Plaintiffs-Appellants:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \par Michael F. Phillips, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Esq.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \par Phillips & Bordallo, P.C. \par 410 West O\rquote Brien Dr., Suite 102 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam 96910 \par \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts11\trgaph120\trleft0\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrart192 \trbrdrl \brdrart192 \trbrdrb\brdrart192 \trbrdrr\brdrart192 \trbrdrh\brdrart192 \trbrdrv\brdrart192 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind120\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb \brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clpadl120\clpadt120\clpadb58\clpadr120\clpadfl3\clpadft3\clpadfb3\clpadfr3\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4680\clpadl120\clpadt120\clpadb58\clpadr120\clpadfl3\clpadft3\clpadfb3\clpadfr3\clshdrawnil \cellx9360\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12847937 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \par BEFORE: RICHARD H. BENSON, Presiding Justice }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pro Tempore}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 ; JOHN A. MANGLONA, Justice }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pro Tempore}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 ; J. BRADLEY KLEMM, Justice }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pro Tempore}{ \cs74\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s73\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10440499 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid11609134 \chftn }{\insrsid11609134 }{\fs20\insrsid11609134 Chief Justice F. Philip Carbullido and Associate Justice Robert J. Torres recused themselves from this matter. On April 26, 2007, pursuant to 7 GCA \'a7 6108(a) and the Rule of Necessity, Chief Justice Carbullido appointed the Honorable Richard H. Benson as Presiding Justice }{\i\fs20\insrsid11609134 Pro Tempore}{\fs20\insrsid11609134 in this matter. John A. Manglona, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Commonwealth of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Northern Mariana Islands{\*\xmlclose}, and J. Bradley Klemm sit as Justices }{\i\fs20\insrsid11609134 Pro Tempore} {\fs20\insrsid11609134 .}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 . \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 MANGLONA, Justice }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pro Tempore}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 :}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 [1]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \tab In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pangelinan v. Gutierrez}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 , 2004 Guam 16, we amended our earlier decision in the case from }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pangelinan v. Gutierrez}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 , 2003 Guam 13, and remanded the case to the Superior Court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 On remand, the Superior Court granted summary judgment for Intervening Defendant-Appellee Guam Resource Recovery Partners (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 GRRP}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 ), finding that an illegal contract provision was severable from the remainder of the contract.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 On appeal from the Superior Court\rquote s grant of summary judgment, we, for the following reasons, reverse and remand th is matter for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12847937 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 I.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12847937 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 [2]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \tab We have discussed fully the procedural and factual background of this case in }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pangelinan v. Gutierrez}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 , 2003 Guam 13 \'b6\'b6}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 2-10 (}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pangelinan I}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 ), and }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pangelinan v. Gutierrez}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 , 2004 Guam 16 \'b6 1 (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pangelinan II}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 ), and need not recite it completely here.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 This case involves a series of agreements between the Government of Guam and various parties regarding the building of a facility on Guam that would convert solid waste into electrical power.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pangelinan I}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 , we held that the entire Solid Waste Construction and Service Agreement entered into between GRRP and the Government of Guam in 1996 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 1996 Agreement}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 ) was null and}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 void because it violated 48 U.S.C. \'a7 1423j and 5 GCA \'a7 22401.}{\cs74\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s73\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16403178 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid11609134 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid11609134 Title 5 GCA \'a7 22401 states in relevant part that \'93[n]o officer or employee of the government of Guam, including the Governor of Guam, shall . . . [i]nvolve the government of Guam in any contract or other obligation, for the payment of money for any purpos e, in advance of the appropriation made for such purpose . . . .\'94 5 GCA \'a7 22401(a)(3) (2005). Title 5 GCA \'a7 22401 is {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Guam{\*\xmlclose}\rquote s Antideficiency Act. }{\i\fs20\insrsid11609134 See Pangelinan I}{\fs20\insrsid11609134 , 2003 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Guam{\*\xmlclose} 13 \'b6\'b6 16-17. }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pangelinan I }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 , 2003 Guam 13 \'b6}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 27.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 } {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pangelinan II}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 , we affirmed our holding in }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pangelinan I }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 that section 4.04 of the 1996 Agreement violated 48 U.S.C. \'a7 1423j and 5 GCA \'a7 22401 but amended our earlier decision and remanded the case for a determination on whether or not section 4.04 was severable from the 1996 Agreement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pangelinan II,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 2004 Guam 16 \'b6 1.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 On remand we instructed the lower court to apply a two-part analysis for severability that tests, one, whether the illegal provision is the central purpose of the agreement and, two, whether the illegal provision is integral to the agreement.}{ \cs74\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s73\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16403178 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid11609134 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid11609134 Specifically, we stated: \par }\pard\plain \qj \li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid1908314 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid11609134 On remand, upon examination of all the circumstances, the trial court must determine whether section 4.04 of the 1996 Agreement is the central purpose of the contract. If section 4.04 is the central purpose, then the trial court must find that the contract is unenforceable in its entirety. On the other hand, should the trial court determine that section 4.04 is collateral to the main purpose of the contract, it must then assess whether section 4.04 i s severable. This severability analysis requires the trial court to examine the language and subject-matter of the contract, and the intention of the parties, to determine whether section 4.04 is integral to the contract. }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst { \fs20\insrsid11609134 HYPERLINK http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&DB=660&FindType=Y&ReferencePositionType=S&SerialNum=1920183404&ReferencePosition=849}{\insrsid9184478 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b1a01000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0077006500730074006c00610077002e0063006f006d002f00460069006e0064002f00440065006600610075006c0074002e0077006c003f0072007300 3d0064006600610031002e0030002600760072003d0032002e0030002600440042003d003600360030002600460069006e00640054007900700065003d00590026005200650066006500720065006e006300650050006f0073006900740069006f006e0054007900700065003d0053002600530065007200690061006c004e 0075006d003d00310039003200300031003800330034003000340026005200650066006500720065006e006300650050006f0073006900740069006f006e003d0038003400390000000000}}}{\fldrslt }}\sectd \psz1\sbknone\linex0\headery1440\footery432\endnhere\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid16712740\sftnbj {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\fs20\insrsid11609134 HYPERLINK http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&DB=660&FindType=Y&ReferencePositionType=S&SerialNum=1920183404&ReferencePosition=849}{\insrsid9184478 {\*\datafield 00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b1a01000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0077006500730074006c00610077002e0063006f006d002f00460069006e0064002f00440065006600610075006c0074002e0077006c003f0072007300 3d0064006600610031002e0030002600760072003d0032002e0030002600440042003d003600360030002600460069006e00640054007900700065003d00590026005200650066006500720065006e006300650050006f0073006900740069006f006e0054007900700065003d0053002600530065007200690061006c004e 0075006d003d00310039003200300031003800330034003000340026005200650066006500720065006e006300650050006f0073006900740069006f006e003d0038003400390000000000}}}{\fldrslt }}\sectd \psz1\sbknone\linex0\headery1440\footery432\endnhere\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid16712740\sftnbj {\fs20\insrsid11609134 Should the court find that section 4.04 is an integral part of the contract, and therefore the illegal provision cannot be severed, the trial court must find that the contract in its entirety is invalid. Conversely, should the court find th at section 4.04 is not integral to the contract, and thus the illegal provision may be severed from the contract, the trial court must then find that the contract is valid. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1908314 {\i\fs20\insrsid11609134 Pangelinan II,}{\insrsid11609134 }{\fs20\insrsid11609134 2004 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Guam {\*\xmlclose} 16 \'b6 18 (citation omitted).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \'b6 18. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 [3]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \tab Applying the }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pangelinan II }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 test, the Superior Court determined that section 4.04 was not the central purpose of the 1996 Agreement and that section 4.04 was not integral to the 1996 Agreement.}{ \cs74\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s73\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1908314 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid11609134 \chftn }{\insrsid11609134 }{\fs20\insrsid11609134 On remand, the Superior Court analyzed only section 4.04(c) of the 1996 Agreement for severability. This limitation of the scope of the analysis by the Superior Court has no impact on our reversal, and, to remain consistent with our instructions from }{ \i\fs20\insrsid11609134 Pangelinan II}{\fs20\insrsid11609134 , we will generally refer to section 4.04 in its entirety. }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 The court therefore held that section 4.04 of the 1996 Agreement was severable from the 1996 Agreement and granted GRRP\rquote s motion for summary judgment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Severing section 4.04, the Superior Court }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 declare[d] the remaining portions of the 1996 Agreement to be valid and enforceable.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\cs74\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s73\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1908314 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid11609134 \chftn }{\insrsid11609134 }{\fs20\insrsid11609134 With this statement from the Judgment, the Superior Court painted with a bit too broad of a brush. Regarding severability, on remand the court confronted only whether section 4.04 invalidated the entire 1996 Agreement. Severing section 4.04 could not somehow validate every remaining provision of the voluminous 1996 Agreement. The remaining provisions could later be declared invalid for any of the myriad of r easons that invalidate provisions in agreements and contracts. However, because we determine that the entire 1996 Agreement fails, we need not rule on this statement by the Superior Court.}{\insrsid11609134 }}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Appellants\rquote Excerpts of Record (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 ER}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 ), tab 4 (Judgment at 1).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pangelinan timely filed his appeal of the Superior Court\rquote s summary judgment for GRRP.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12847937 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 II.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12847937 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 [4]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \tab Prior to discussing the merits of this case, we must discuss an issue raised }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 sua sponte}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 by the court \endash plaintiffs\rquote taxpayer standing to sue.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 We raised the issue of Pangelinan\rquote s taxpayer standing to sue due to the possibility of contradictory interpretations of what establishes standing under 5 GCA \'a7 7103.}{\cs74\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s73\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1908314 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid11609134 \chftn }{\insrsid11609134 }{\fs20\insrsid11609134 Title 5 GCA \'a7 7103 provides a resident {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Guam{\*\xmlclose} taxpayer with standing to sue the Government to enjoin the inappropriate expenditure of funds \'93and\'94 to obtain a personal judgment against a Government officer, employee or contractor, and states: \par }\pard\plain \qj \li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid10440499 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid11609134 \tab Any taxpayer who is a resident of Guam shall have standing to sue the government of Guam and any officer, agent, contr actor, or employee of the Executive Branch of the government of Guam for the purpose of enjoining any officer, agent, contractor, or employee of the Executive Branch of the government of Guam from expending money without proper appropriation, without prop er authority, illegally, or contrary to law,}{\i\fs20\insrsid11609134 and }{\fs20\insrsid11609134 to obtain a personal judgment in the courts of Guam against such officers, agents, contractors, or employees of the government of Guam and in favor of the Government of Guam for the return to the Government o f Guam of any money which has been expended without proper appropriation, without proper authority, illegally, or contrary to law. For purposes of this Chapter, the Governor and Lt. Governor of Guam are officers of the government of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname place}}Guam{\*\xmlclose}, and are included within the scope of this Chapter. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1908314 {\fs20\insrsid11609134 5 GCA \'a7 7103 (2005) (emphasis added).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Contradictory interpretations of 5 GCA \'a7 7103 are possible, because the statute permits a taxpayer to seek injunctive relief for expenditures without authorization }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 to obtain a personal judgment.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 5 GCA \'a7 7103 (2005) (emphasis added).}{\cs74\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s73\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1908314 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid11609134 \chftn }{\insrsid11609134 }{\fs20\insrsid11609134 Two cases obliquely implicate standing under Title 5 GCA Chapter 7. }{\i\fs20\insrsid11609134 See}{\fs20\insrsid11609134 }{\i\fs20\insrsid11609134 Gutierrez v. Pangelinan}{\fs20\insrsid11609134 , 276 F.3d 539, 543-47 (9th Cir. 2002); }{ \i\fs20\insrsid11609134 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}Ada{\*\xmlclose} v. Guam Tel. Auth.}{\fs20\insrsid11609134 , 1999 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Guam{\*\xmlclose} 10 \'b6\'b6 1-8. }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Section 7103 could be read in the conjunctive and not disjunctive sense, allowing injunctive relief only when accompanied by personal judgments.}{ \cs74\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s73\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1908314 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid11609134 \chftn }{\insrsid11609134 }{\fs20\insrsid11609134 Pangelinan demonstrated in his complaint that he was unsure of the interpretation of the \'93and\'94 in 5 GCA \'a7 710 3 when he stated that \'93Plaintiffs bring this petition against Defendants only in their professional capacities and not personally, except to the extent required by 5 [GCA] \'a7 7103 for the purpose of Plaintiffs\rquote standing.\'94 Intervening Appellee\rquote s Supplemental Excerpts of Record (\'93SER\'94) 3 (Compl. for Declaratory & Injunctive Relief at 3 \'b6 8).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 The parties provided supplemental briefs regarding the issue of standing under 5 GCA \'a7 7103.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 We decline at this time to address the issue of standing under 5 GCA \'a7 7103, however, because Pangelinan has a valid source of standing under the common law taxpayer standing recognized by }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Santos v. Calvo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 , Civ. No. 80-0223A, 1982 WL 30790 (D. Guam App. Div. Aug. 11, 1982).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 [5]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \tab In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Santos v. Calvo}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 , the Appellate Division of the District Court of Guam determined that a party had general common law taxpayer standing to sue to enjoin spending by a public official.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 at *2.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 The court stated that, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 we adopt the majority rule and hold that Santos had [taxpayer] standing to bring an injunctive action against a public official of Guam.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Id}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 We do not divert from precedents set by the Appellate Division of the District Court of Guam unless reason supports deviation,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 In re Camacho}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 , 2006 Guam 5 \'b6 51 n.10, and we see no reason to divert from the precedent set in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Santos v. Calvo}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 .}{\cs74\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s73\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1908314 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid11609134 \chftn }{\insrsid11609134 }{\fs20\insrsid11609134 Neither party cited to }{\i\fs20\insrsid11609134 Santos v. Calvo }{\fs20\insrsid11609134 in their supplemental briefs. An argument could be made that {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Guam{\*\xmlclose}\rquote s common law taxpayer standing provided in }{\i\fs20\insrsid11609134 Santos v. Calvo}{\fs20\insrsid11609134 was displaced when statutory taxpayer standing was established in 1985. }{\i\fs20\insrsid11609134 See}{\fs20\insrsid11609134 5 GCA {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}Ch.{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} 7. However, this argument would be unavailing because: \par }\pard\plain \qj \li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid1908314 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid11609134 The general rule is that statutes do not supplant the common law unless it appears that the Legislature intended to cover the entire subject or, in other words, to occupy the field. \'93 [G]eneral and comprehensive legislation, where course of conduct, parties, things affected, limitations and exceptions are minutely described, indicates a legislati ve intent that the statute should totally supersede and replace the common law dealing with the subject matter.\'94 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1908314 {\i\fs20\insrsid11609134 I.E. Assoc. v. Safeco Title Ins. Co.}{\fs20\insrsid11609134 , 702 P.2d 596, 598 ({\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname State}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Cal.{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} 1985) (citations and quotation marks omitted) (alteration in original) (quoting 2A Sutherland, }{\i\fs20\insrsid11609134 Statutory Construction }{\fs20\insrsid11609134 \'a7 50.05 at 440-41 (Sands 4th ed. 1984)). Title 5 GCA Chapter 7 does not speak with sufficient detail to evidence any legislative intent to displace the common law, and it does not explicitly state that it p reempts, modifies, supplants or displaces the common law. The Guam Code does contain a general provision covering the common law which explains that \'93 common law rules that statutes in derogation of the common law, and penal statutes shall be strictly construed shall not apply.\'94 1 GCA \'a7 700 (2005). However, this provision does not alter a determination that the common law in }{ \i\fs20\insrsid11609134 Santos v. Calvo }{\fs20\insrsid11609134 was not displaced by 5 GCA Chapter 7. \tab }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 We hold that Pangelinan has common law taxpayer standing in this case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 With standing established, we now turn to the merits of the case.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12847937 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 III.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12847937 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 [6]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \tab This court has jurisdiction to review a final judgment of the Superior Court.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 7 GCA \'a7\'a7 3107 and 3108(a) (2005).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 We review the grant of summary judgment by a Superior Court }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 de novo.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Guam Hous. & Urban Renewal Auth. v. Pac. Superior Enters. Corp.,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 2004 Guam 22 \'b6 14.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Summary judgment is proper }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no g enuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Guam R. Civ. P. Rule 56(c).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 In rendering a decision on a motion for summary judgment, the court must draw inferences and view the evidence in a l ight most favorable to the non-moving party.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Bank of Guam v. Flores}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 , 2004 Guam 25 \'b6 7.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 We review issues of contract interpretation }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 de novo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pac. Superior Enters. Corp.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 , 2004 Guam 22 \'b6 29.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12847937 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 IV.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12847937 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 [7]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \tab One of the main purposes for the remand in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pangelinan II}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 was to give the Superior Court an opportunity to determine if section 4.04 of the 1996 Agreement was severable from the Agreement.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pangelinan II,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 2004 Guam 16 \'b6 18.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 This court\rquote s severability instructions in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pangelinan II }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 were pivotal, because the }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pangelinan II }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 court affirmed that section 4.04 of the 1996 Agreement violated 48 U.S.C. \'a7 1423j and 5 GCA \'a7 22401, }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \'b6 1, and determined that the entire 1996 Agreement would be invalid if section 4.04 was not capable of severance.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Id. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \'b6 18.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 The severability test from }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pangelinan II }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 outlines a two-part analysis that tests: (1) whether the illegal provision was the central purpose of the 1996 Agreement; and (2) whether the illegal provision is integral to the 1996 Agreement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Id.}{\cs74\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s73\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1908314 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid11609134 \chftn }{\insrsid11609134 }{\fs20\insrsid11609134 \'93 The Legislature undisputedly has not appropriated funds for the 1996 Agreement.\'94 }{\i\fs20\insrsid11609134\charrsid7427650 P}{\i\fs20\insrsid11609134 angelinan I}{\fs20\insrsid11609134 , 2003 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Guam{\*\xmlclose} 13 \'b6 22}{\insrsid11609134 .}{\fs20\insrsid11609134 We question the application of the concept of severability to a provision in a government contract that violates {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Guam{\*\xmlclose}\rquote s antideficiency act by obligating funds in advance of appropriation.}{\i\fs20\insrsid11609134 See Leiter v. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}United States}{\fs20\insrsid11609134 {\*\xmlclose}, 271 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}U.S. {\*\xmlclose} 204, 206-08 (1926); }{\i\fs20\insrsid11609134 Cray Research, Inc. v. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}United }{\fs20\insrsid11609134 States{\*\xmlclose}, 44 Fed. Cl. 327, 332-33 (1999); }{\i\fs20\insrsid11609134 City of Los Angeles v. United States}{\fs20\insrsid11609134 , 107 Ct. Cl. 315, 68 F. Supp. 974, 975-76 (1946);}{\i\fs20\insrsid11609134 In re Propriety of Continuing Payments under Licensing Agreement}{\fs20\insrsid11609134 , 66 Comp. Gen. 556, 559, 1987 WL 96981 (July 6, 1987) (stating that \'93[s]ince the agreement was only valid for 1 year, the question about severability does not arise\'94). }{\i\fs20\insrsid11609134 See generally }{\fs20\insrsid11609134 2 General Accounting Office, Principles of Federal Appropriations Law 6-34 to 6-159 (3d ed. 2006) (explaining the Federal Antideficiency Act); Karen L. Manos, }{\i\fs20\insrsid11609134 The Antideficiency Act Without an M Account: Reasserting Constitutional Control}{\fs20\insrsid11609134 , 23 Pub. Cont. L.J. 337 (1994) (explaining the Federal Antideficiency Act); Gary L. Hopkins & Robert M. Nutt, }{ \i\fs20\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid11609134\charrsid277142 The Anti-Deficiency Act (Revised Statutes 3679): and Funding Federal Contracts: An Analysis}{\fs20\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid11609134\charrsid277142 , 80 Mil. L. Rev. 51 (1978) (explaining the Federal Antideficiency Act), }{\i\fs20\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid11609134\charrsid277142 available at }{\fs20\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid11609134\charrsid277142 https://www.jagcnet.army.mil/JAGCNETInternet/Homepages/AC/MilitaryLawReview.nsf/. However, we do not address}{\fs20\insrsid11609134 this question, because neither party challenged applying severability in this appeal and our remand required a severability analyses.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 [8]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \tab The Superior Court determined under the first part of our }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pangelinan II}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 analysis that section 4.04 of the 1996 Agreement is not the central purpose of the 1996 Agreement.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Due to our determination regarding the second part of the }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pangelinan II }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 severability analysis, we need not analyze the Superior Court\rquote s central purpose ruling.}{\cs74\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s73\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1908314 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid11609134 \chftn }{\insrsid11609134 }{ \fs20\insrsid11609134 We caution that the \'93central purpose\'94 test from }{\i\fs20\insrsid11609134 Pangelinan II }{\fs20\insrsid11609134 does not solely involve an analysis of whether the illegal or unenforceable part of the contract or agre ement is the central purpose of the contract or agreement. A fully formed \'93central purpose\'94 analysis examines whether the central purpose of the contract is tainted with illegality. \'93\lquote If the central purpose of the contract is tainted with illegality, then the contract as a whole cannot be enforced.\rquote \'94 }{\i\fs20\insrsid11609134 Pangelinan II,}{\fs20\insrsid11609134 2004 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Guam{\*\xmlclose} 16 \'b6 13 (quoting }{\i\fs20\insrsid11609134 Armendariz v. Found. Health Psychcare Servs., Inc., }{\fs20\insrsid11609134 6 P.3d 669, 696 ({\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Cal.{\*\xmlclose} 2000)). In }{\i\fs20\insrsid11609134 Armendariz}{ \fs20\insrsid11609134 , the court applied its illegal contract provision severability analysis to unconscionable provisions of an arbitration agreement. 6 P.3d at 695-96. The }{\i\fs20\insrsid11609134 Armendariz }{\fs20\insrsid11609134 court did not look solely to see if the central purpose of the employment arbitration agreement was illegal or unconscionable. The court noted that employment arbitrations may be valid if they meet certain requirements, }{\i\fs20\insrsid11609134 id.}{ \fs20\insrsid11609134 at 674, but invalidated the entire agreement due to the unlawful provisions\rquote inability to be severed. }{\i\fs20\insrsid11609134 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Id.}{\fs20\insrsid11609134 {\*\xmlclose} at 696-97. }}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 [9]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \tab Regarding the second part, we disagree with the Superior Court\rquote s determination that section 4.04 is not integral to the 1996 Agreement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Because section 4.04 is an essential part of the agreed exchange and, looking at the language of the 1996 Agreement, GRRP would not have entered into the 1996 Agreement without this provision, it is integral and not severable.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 We arrive at our severability determination by looking at the law underpinning the second part of our }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pangelinan II }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 severability analysis and then applying this law to section 4.04 and the 1996 Agreement. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 [10]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 The second part of our severability analysis from }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pangelinan II}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 involves determining }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 whether section 4.04 is integral to the contract.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pangelinan II}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 , 2004 Guam 16 \'b6 18.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Should the court find that section 4.04 is an integral part of the contract, and therefore the illegal provision cannot be severed, the trial court must find that the contract in its entirety is invalid.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 The term }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 integral}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 in the }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pangelinan II }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 analysis originated from }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 John R. Ray & Sons, Inc. v. Stroman}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 , 923 S.W.2d 80, 87 (Tex. App. 1996).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pangelinan II,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 2004 Guam 16 \'b6\'b6 17-18.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 John R. Ray & Sons}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 did not explicitly define }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 integral,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 but the case provided a test for severability when the court stated:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12847937 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Where each covenant is such an indispensable part of what both parties intended that the contract would not have been made without the covenant, they are mutual conditions and dependent, in the absence of clear indications to the contrary.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 The relevant inquiry is whether or not the parties would have entered into the agreement absent the unenforceable part. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12847937 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \par 923 S.W.2d at 86 (emphasis added) (citations omitted).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 [11]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \tab Furthermore, in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pangelinan II}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 we cited with approval to }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Panasonic Co. v. Zinn,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 903 F.2d 1039, 1041 (5th Cir. 1990), where that court stated, \lquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 In determining whether a particular provision is severable, the issue is whether the parties would have entered into the agreement absent the illegal parts.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \rquote }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pangelinan II,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 2004 Guam 16 \'b6 16 (quoting }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Panasonic Co.,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 903 F.2d at 1041 (internal quotation marks and brackets omitted)).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Inquiring whether the parties would have entered into the agreement absent the unenforceable or illegal part is a sound method of determining whether a provision is integral and comports with prudent policy regarding contracts.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 [12]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \tab The policy behind a court examining whether or not the parties would have entered into the agreement absent the illegal or unenforceable part when making a severability determination was cogently explained by the Alaska Supreme Court in}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Zerbetz v. Alaska}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Energy Center,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 708 P.2d 1270, 1282-83 (Alaska 1985).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 The court in }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Zerbetz}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 stated:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12847937 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 In general, courts try to give effect to agreements the parties have made, not to agreements the parties have not made but that the courts think would have been just.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 If parts of an agreement violate public policy, the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 agreement}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 which remains after those parts have been excised may or may not seem to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 result in some inequality.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Even if it does not, it is still not the agreement the parties made.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 If a provision that the court must excise is an }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 essential part of the agreed exchange,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 the court cannot be sure that in that provision's absence the parties would have agreed at all.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 In that case the court should not enforce what remains of the agreement. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12847937 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Contracts \'a7 184(1) cmt. a (1981)). \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 [13]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \tab We adopt the analysis from }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Panasonic, Zerbetz}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 , and }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 John R. Ray & Sons }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 as the measure of whether a provision is integral under the second part of our severability test from }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pangelinan II.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 I n order to determine whether or not section 4.04 of the 1996 Agreement is integral and, therefore, not severable, we must analyze whether the parties would have entered into the agreement absent the unenforceable or illegal part.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 If the unenforceable or illegal part is an essential part of the agreed exchange, then it is integral and not severable.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 [14]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \tab We conclude that section 4.04 is an essential part of the agreed exchange and that GRRP would not have entered into the 1996 Agreement without the illegal and unenforceable part.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 We come to this conclusion by looking solely at the terms of the 1996 Agreement.}{\cs74\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s73\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1908314 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid11609134 \chftn }{\insrsid11609134 }{\fs20\insrsid11609134 We express no opinion on whether or not an analysis of whether parties would have entered into the agreement absent the illegal or unenforceable par t involves looking outside of the four corners of an agreement or contract, because, in this case, looking outside the 1996 Agreement is unnecessary. {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Texas{\*\xmlclose} courts look only to the language of the agreement.}{\i\fs20\insrsid11609134 John R. Ray & Sons, }{\fs20\insrsid11609134 923 S.W.2d at 86. However, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Alaska{\*\xmlclose} courts may be allowed to look outside of the language of the agreement.}{\i\fs20\insrsid11609134 Zerbetz,}{\fs20\insrsid11609134 708 P.2d at 1283-84. The record before us contains no evidence regarding whether GRRP would have entered into the 1996 Agreement absent section 4.04, however, with this Agreement, no evidence outside of the terms of the Agreement is required. }}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Section 4.04(c) of the 1996 Agreement would provide GRRP with millions of dollars in payments.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 The section states:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12847937 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 If such failure [to satisfy any Conditions Precede nt set forth in sections 4.02 or 4.03] is the result of Government Fault, then (i) this Agreement shall terminate, (ii) the Government shall pay on or prior to the Termination Date to the Company its Phase I Development Costs, its Phase II Development Cos ts incurred through the Termination Date of this Agreement and the Defeasance Cost, if any, and the License Defeasance Cost, and (iii) the Company shall have no other claim against the Government arising from or relating to this Agreement. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12847937 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \par Appellants\rquote SER, tab 1 (Pls.\rquote Mem. in Supp. of Summ. J., Ex. A (1996 Agreement at 70)) (hereinafter }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 1996 Agreement}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 [15]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \tab The fact that GRRP would gain substantially under section 4.04(c) is not obvious, because the section is not a standalone provision.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 It is tied to many other sections of the 1996 Agreement, and one must look elsewhere in the 1996 Agreement to provide meaning to terms used in section 4.04(c).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Phase I Development Costs}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 are defined by the 1996 Agreement as }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 [o]ne million five hundred thousand dollars ($1,500,000), in respect of development services by the Company before January 1, 1993.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Phase I Development Costs }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 shall not be subject to Cost Substantiation}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 1996 Agreement at 43 (emphasis added).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Phase II Development Costs}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 are defined as:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12847937 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 One million three hundred thousand dollars ($1,300,000), which shall be paid to the Company in respect of costs and expenses of the Company for the period from and after January 1, 1993, in connection with the development of the Facility;}{ \ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 provided}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 , }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 however}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 , that the Phase II Development Costs shall be subject to adjustment (i) if, within ninety (90) days following the Contract Date, the Government has not delivered to the Company either evidence of Legislative Approval or an unqualified opinion of nationally recognized bond counsel for the Government to the effect that no Legislative Approval is required for the execution, delivery and performance by the Government of its obligations hereunder, or (ii) as provided in }{ \ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Sections 7.06}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 , }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 7.07}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 and }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 7.08}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Phase II Development Costs }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 shall not be subject to Cost Substantiation }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 and, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, shall not be subject to increase or reduction based upon actual costs incurred by the Company. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12847937 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \par 1996 Agreement at 43-44 (underlines in original, italic emphasis added).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 [16]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \tab GRRP would also receive }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Defeasance Cost}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 License Defeasance Cost}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 through section 4.04(c).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Defeasance Cost}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 is defined to mean:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12847937 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 [A]s of any calculation date, an amount sufficient to defease a nd discharge all outstanding Bonds in accordance with their terms, together with all related costs of defeasance and repayment, after giving effect to the release of any reserve funds or insurance proceeds which are made available for such purpose under t he Indenture in connection with such defeasance, }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 plus}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 an amount equal to all outstanding Equity and all return thereon provided for under this Agreement accrued but unpaid as of such calculation date. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12847937 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \par 1996 Agreement at 15-16.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 License Defeasance Cost}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 means }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 as of any calculation date (a) if such calculation date is prior to the Acceptance Date, the product of Three hundred thousand dollars ($300,000) times the number of years (including any partial year) prior to the year 2013, or (b) if such calculation d ate is on or after the Acceptance Date, the Fair Facility Value }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 less}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 the Defeasance Cost.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 1996 Agreement at 35. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 [17]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \tab Thus, GRRP stands to gain millions of dollars from section 4.04 regardless of whether they perform any work or incur any cost.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Due to th is substantial gain afforded by section 4.04, it is an essential part of the agreed exchange and integral to the entire contract.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Furthermore, the importance placed on section 4.04 by the parties is made clear by the fact that section 4.04 is specifically referred to in other provisions of the 1996 Agreement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Section 6.02 and section 6.04 allow GRRP to exercise its rights under section 4.04 if the parties cannot agree on a revised facility price or GEDA or another political subdivision of the Government of Guam fails to agree to issue bonds despite being able to issue the bonds.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 1996 Agreement at 96, 98.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Because the parties would not have entered into the 1996 Agreement without section 4.04, the presence of a severability clause in section 19.15 of the 1996 Agreement does not save the Agreement in this case.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \lquote [W]hen the severed portion is integral to the entire contract, a severability clause, standing alone, cannot save the contract. \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pangelinan II}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 , 2004 Guam 16 \'b6 17 (quoting }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 John R. Ray & Sons, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 923 S.W.2d at 87).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 [18]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \tab GRRP\rquote s arguments that section 4.04 is not integral are unavailing.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 GRRP argues that section 4.04 of the 1996 Agreement is not integral and is severable, because section 4.04 is a collateral damages provision. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 However, GRRP\rquote s argument is unpersuasive.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 GRRP cited two cases to support its proposition that courts have generally held that damages provisions of a contract are not essential or integral and are, therefore, severable: }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Tata Consultancy Services v. Systems International, Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 , 31 F.3d 416 (6th Cir. 1994), and }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Gannon v. Circuit City Stores, Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 , 262 F.3d 677 (8th Cir. 2001).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Neither case involves a government contract, and the provisions dealt with in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Tata}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 and }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Gannon}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 are not similar to section 4.04.}{ \cs74\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s73\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1908314 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid11609134 \chftn }{\insrsid11609134 }{\fs20\insrsid11609134 In }{\i\fs20\insrsid11609134 Tata, }{\fs20\insrsid11609134 the court, while reversing a lower court\rquote s summary judgment determination in a tortious interference with an employment contract case, only briefly mentioned that the possibly unenforceable liquidated damages provisions in the employment contracts were severable. 31 F.3d at 428-29. The }{ \i\fs20\insrsid11609134 Gannon }{\fs20\insrsid11609134 court dealt with a limitation on punitive damages in an employment dispute arbitration agreement when they reversed the lower court\rquote s invalidation of the entire arbitration agreement due to an offensive provision. 262 F.3d at 681-83. }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Further, GRRP calls section 4.04 a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 damages provision,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Intervening Defendant-Appellee\rquote s Brief p. 13 (Mar. 14, 2007), but this }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 damages provision}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 is not similar to a provision in any case cited.}{ \cs74\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s73\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1908314 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid11609134 \chftn }{\insrsid11609134 }{\fs20\insrsid11609134 GRRP does not explain its \'93damages provision\'94 moniker. Guam Law voids \'93damages provisions\'94 or other compensation provisions implicated upon breach, 18 GCA \'a7 88103 (2005), except that \'93 [t]he parties to a contract may agree therein on an amount which shall be presumed to be the amount of damage sustained by a breach thereof; when, from the nature of the case, it would be impracticable or extremely difficult to fix the actual damage.\'94 18 GCA \'a7 88104 (2005). Furthermore: \par }\pard\plain \qj \li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid1908314 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid11609134 \tab It is generally agreed that a liquidated damages provision does not violate public policy when, at the time the parties enter into the contract containing the clause, the circ umstances are such that the actual damages likely to flow from a subsequent breach would be difficult for the parties to estimate or for the nonbreaching party to prove, and the sum agreed upon is designed merely to compensate the nonbreacher for the othe r party's failure to perform. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1908314 {\fs20\insrsid11609134 24 Richard A. Lord, }{\i\fs20\insrsid11609134 Williston on Contracts }{\fs20\insrsid11609134 \'a7 65:1 (4th ed. 2007) (footnote omitted). Perhaps GRRP did not refer to section 4.04 as a penalty provision, because doing so would define the provision as violating public policy. }{\i\fs20\insrsid11609134 See id. }{\fs20\insrsid11609134 But, even referring to it as a \'93damages provision\'94 could render the provision void under 18 GCA \'a7 88103 (2005). However, it makes no difference what label is placed on section 4.04, because we find this illegal and unenforceable provision to be integral, thus rendering the entire 1996 Agreement unenforceable.}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 [19]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \tab GRRP further argues that they do not need section 4.04 to enforce the 1996 Agreement, because the Government Claims Act, 5 GCA Chapter 6, is available.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 However, GRRP\rquote s need for the provision to enforce its rights under the 1996 Agreement is not the question.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 The question is whether GRRP would have entered into the 1996 Agreement absent section 4.04.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 The generous terms and operation of section 4.04 and its inclusion in other provisions of the Agreement belie any argument by GRRP that the provision is not integral to the 1996 Agreement.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Because section 4.04 is an essential part of the agreed exchange and, looking at the language of the 1996 Agreement, GRRP would not have entered into the Agreement without this provision, it is integral and not severable.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Therefore, the entire 1996 Agreement is unenforceable, because an illegal provision is not severable.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Since we have determined that the 1996 Agreement is unenforceable due to section 4.04 being integral and not severable, we need not address the remaining issues raised on appeal regarding the 1996 Agreement.}{\cs74\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s73\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1908314 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid11609134 \chftn }{\insrsid11609134 }{\fs20\insrsid11609134 In the interest of a complete review, we ordered additional briefing regarding whether Guam Government Code \'a7 57172(b)(1) and 10 GCA \'a7 51103(b)(1) applied to any of the agreements in this case. Pangelinan raised this issue for the first time in his Reply Brief. \'93The general rule is that issues raised for the first time in a reply brief are deemed waived.\'94 }{ \i\fs20\insrsid11609134 In re Estate of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Concepcion}{\fs20\insrsid11609134 {\*\xmlclose}, 2003 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Guam{\*\xmlclose} 12 \'b6 10. This Court has the discretion to reject issues raised for the first time in a reply brief. }{\i\fs20\insrsid11609134 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Id.{\*\xmlclose} }{\fs20\insrsid11609134 \'b6 11. However, due to our holding regarding severability, we need not address this issue. }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12733835 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 V.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12847937 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 [20]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \tab Because section 4.04 of the 1996 Agreement is integral and not severable, we }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 HOLD}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 that the entire 1996 Agreement is}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 unenforceable.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 We, therefore, }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 REVERSE}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 the Superior Court\rquote s grant of summary judgment for GRRP and }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 REMAND }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 this matter for further proceedings consistent with this Opinion. \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12847937 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 J. BRADLEY KLEMM}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 \par Justice }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 Pro Tempore}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12847937 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12847937 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 JOHN A. MANGLONA \par Justice }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pro Tempore \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12847937 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 BENSON, Presiding Justice }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pro Tempore}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 , Concurring and Dissenting:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 [21]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \tab I concur that Pangelinan and Wesley have standing to sue and respectfully dissent on the issue of severability.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 For the reasons set forth below, I would affirm the trial court and uphold its finding that section 4.04 is severable from the rest of the contract. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 [22]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \tab The main issue in this case is the second prong of the }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pangelinan II}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 analysis, that is, whether section 4.04 is integral to the 1996 Agreement.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Although we instructed the lower court in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pangelinan II}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 to examine the language and subject-matter of the con tract, and the intention of the parties, to determine whether section 4.04 is integral to the contract,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 the record contains no evidence of intent other than the 1996 Agreement itself.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 2004 Guam 16 \'b6 18.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 The trial court found that there were no genuine issues of material fact, and no appeal was taken from this finding.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Thus the determination of severability is reached by an examination of the 1996 Agreement alone.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 [23]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \tab One proposed method of deciding whether section 4.04 is integral to the agreement is to determine }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \lquote whether the parties would have entered into the agreement absent the illegal parts.\rquote }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pangelinan II}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 , 2004 Guam 16 \'b6 16 (quoting }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Panasonic Co. v. Zinn}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 , 903 F.2d 1039, 1041 (5th Cir. 1990)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 However, a careful reading reveals that the court in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Panasonic}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 made no finding on the issue of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 whether the parties would have entered into the agreement absent the illegal parts.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 903 F.2d 1039.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 This }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 issue}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 does not require a finding, it is instead a way of examining whether the illegal provision is integral or collateral to the rest of the contract.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Other courts referred to in our earlier decisions and confronting the same issue also failed to make an explicit finding in that regard.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 John R. Ray & Sons, Inc. v. Stroman}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 , 923 S.W.2d 80 (Tex. App. 1996) (a case upon which the majority relies);}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Alston Studies, Inc. v. Lloyd V. Gress & Assocs}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 ., 492 F.2d 279 (4th Cir. 1974).}{ \cs74\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s73\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1908314 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\super\insrsid11609134 \chftn }{\insrsid11609134 }{\fs20\insrsid11609134 The one court that did make such a fi nding did so only because the party who stood to suffer from the unenforceability of the illegal provision proceeded to consummate the sale even after renouncing the offending provision. }{\i\fs20\insrsid11609134 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}} Rogers{\*\xmlclose} v. Wolfson}{\fs20\insrsid11609134 , 763 S.W.2d 922, 925 ({\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Tex.{\*\xmlclose} App. 1989).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Other than the assertion that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 the generous terms and operation of section 4.04 . . . belie any argument . . . that the provision is not integral to the 1996 Agreement,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 the majority opinion}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 is based on the single argument that the parties would not have e ntered into the contract absent the illegal provisions.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 I do not believe this approach is consistent with the case law cited above.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 [24]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \tab Moreover, the argument as to why the parties would not have agreed to the severed contract is not persuasive.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 The majority\rquote s calculation of the actual sum that might have been transferred to GRRP by operation of section 4.04 need not be repeated, but the final sum is subject to so many contingencies that it could only be approximated as }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 millions of dollars.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Furthermore, at the time of the signing of the contract, transfer of those }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 millions of dollars}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 to GRRP was contingent upon events that had not yet occurred.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 If the parties perceive a future contingency to be improbable at the time a contract is entered into, the value of the damages clause triggered by that contingency may be quite low.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 [25]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \tab At the time the parties entered into the 1996 Agreement, the Government had not yet failed in its promise to appropriate money and issue bonds.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Since there is no e vidence in the record indicating whether the parties believed this event to be either likely or improbable, I am not convinced that the majority has a sound basis upon which to assert that the terms and operation of section 4.04(c) were so }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 generous}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 as to }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 belie any argument . . . that the provision is not integral to the 1996 Agreement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 " }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 More importantly, if the majority\rquote s argument is that GRRP would not have entered into the agreement absent the generous provisions of section 4.04, I would have to disagr ee that this issue alone is dispositive of the case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 [26]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \tab The }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pangelinan II}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 test for severability also requires an examination of the references to 4.04 in the balance of the 1996 Agreement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 The object of this exercise is to determine whether }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 the central purpose of the contract is tainted with illegality.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Armendariz v. Found. Health Psychcare Servs., Inc.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 , 6 P.3d 669, 696 (Cal. 2000).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Stated another way, one must determine whether the valid provisions are }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 so interwoven with those illegal as to make divi sibility impossible.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Alston}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 , 492 F.2d at 285.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Here, the majority cites only two}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 provisions of the contract that trigger the operation of section 4.04.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 The first is section 6.02, Adjustment of Facility Price, subsection (c), which provides that if the parties are not able to agree on a revised facility price, the rights and obligations of each are subject to Section 4.04. 1996 Agreement at 95.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 The second is section 6.04, Financing of the Facility, subsection (b), which permits GRRP to exercise its rights un der section 4.04 in the event that the Government fails to issue bonds to cover the cost of the facility, despite having the ability to do so, because such failure }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 shall constitute Government Fault.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 1996 Agreement at 98.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 It is hard to see how the illegal text of section 4.04 is so interwoven with the rest of the contract }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 as to make divisibility impossible.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Alston}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 , 492 F.2d at 285. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 [27]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \tab The words }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 integral}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 collateral,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 dependent}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 independent,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 essential}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 ancillary}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 are not terms of art.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 That the several words are used interchangeably assists in reaching an understanding of whether section 4.04 is integral to the Agreement.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Panasonic}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Co. v. Zinn}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 , a case that appears in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pangelinan II}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 , has facts that are most similar to the present case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Zinn\rquote s waiver of his homestead exception benefitted only Panasonic, the supplier.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Examining the guarantee before the court, it determined that the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 waiver provision clearly is not an essential feature of the guarantee,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 but }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 ancillary a nd merely provides additional security.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 903 F.2d at 1041-42.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Panasonic}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 cites }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Rogers}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 , 763 S.W.2d 922.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 The }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Rogers}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 case is similar in that the illegal provision is solely for the benefit of one party.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 The case involved a sale of an optometry practice in which the contract included a provision dealing with }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 prearranged pricing schedules and arrangements for buying supplies.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 " }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 at 925.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 The court held that the provision was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 clearly ancillary to the main purpose of the agreement and inured solely to the benefit of the [sellers].}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Id}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 In the case before us, section 4.04 benefitted GRRP by providing sure relief in case the Government failed to fulfill the conditions precedent required of it.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 By analogy to the case law mentioned above, section 4.04 is for the sole benefit of GRRP and ancillary to the essential purpose of the 1996 Agreement.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 [28]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \tab The majority is too quick to dismiss the relevance of }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Gannon v. Circuit City Stores, Inc.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 , 262 F.3d 677 (8th Cir. 2001).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Gannon}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 , an invalid clause reducing the employee\rquote s maximum collectible punitive damages from $300,000 to $5,000 was found to be severable from the rest of the arbitration agreement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 at 683.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 The court reasoned that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 [t]he punitive-damages clause represents only one aspect of their agreement and can b e severed without disturbing the primary intent of the parties . . . .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Id.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 at 681.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 The court also determined that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 inclusion of the damages clause does not meet the public-policy exception prohibiting severance under Missouri contract law.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Id.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 at 681-82.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Missouri\rquote s public policy exception was described as a narrow one, and ordinarily an invalid term was severable from the rest of the agreement if possible.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Id. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 at 680-81.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Here, severing section 4.04 will only reduce the amount of damages GRRP will be able to collect, and neither party makes a convincing argument that severability is against public policy under the circumstances.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Gannon}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 suggests that section 4.04 should therefore be severable from the rest of the 1996 Agreement. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937\charrsid12847937 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 [29]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \tab This dispute involves sophisticated parties negotiating a very complex agreement with the full assistance of their respective legal counsel.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Given these circumstances, I am not prepared to simply dismiss as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 boilerplate}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 their express intention that any illegal portion of the contract be severable from the rest.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 See}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 1996 Agreement at 278 (Section 19.15. }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Severability}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 ); }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Gannon}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 , 262 F.3d at 680 (noting that the severability clause }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 express[es] an unambiguous intent by the parties to sever any terms determined to be invalid}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 ); }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 but}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 see Broadley v. Mashpee Neck Marina, Inc.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 , 471 F.3d 272, 276 (1st Cir. 2006) (dismissing severability clause as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 boilerplate}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 The Agreement under review contains 281 pages of text, plus over 100 additional pages containing 21 schedules and two exhibits.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 T he extraction of a single section from this monumental work does not, I believe, either obliterate its central purpose or substantially affect its overall integrity.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 To nullify a contract of this magnitude for a single offending section, and in doing so re nder invalid possibly thousands of man-hours of careful negotiation would be a remedy out of proportion to the fault at issue.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 I therefore conclude that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 nullifying the entire contract would be an extreme remedy unwarranted by the factual situation here.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 " }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Mathias v. Jacobs}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 , 167 F. Supp. 2d 606, 620 (S.D.N.Y. 2001).}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12847937 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully dissent on the issue of severability.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427650\charrsid12847937 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12847937 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 RICHARD H. BENSON \par Presiding Justice }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 Pro Tempore}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid333168\charrsid12847937 \par }}