{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\deff0\stshfdbch0\stshfloch0\stshfhich0\stshfbi0\deflang1033\deflangfe1033{\fonttbl{\f0\froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};} {\f36\fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604030504040204}Tahoma;}{\f37\fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Verdana;}{\f38\froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Times;} {\f39\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f40\froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f42\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};} {\f43\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f44\froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f45\froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};} {\f46\froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f47\froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f399\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Tahoma CE;}{\f400\fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Tahoma Cyr;} {\f402\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Tahoma Greek;}{\f403\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Tahoma Tur;}{\f404\fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Tahoma (Hebrew);}{\f405\fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Tahoma (Arabic);}{\f406\fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Tahoma Baltic;} {\f407\fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Tahoma (Vietnamese);}{\f408\fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 Tahoma (Thai);}{\f409\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Verdana CE;}{\f410\fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Verdana Cyr;}{\f412\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Verdana Greek;} {\f413\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Verdana Tur;}{\f416\fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Verdana Baltic;}{\f417\fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Verdana (Vietnamese);}{\f419\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times CE;}{\f420\froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times Cyr;} {\f422\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times Greek;}{\f423\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times Tur;}{\f424\froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times (Hebrew);}{\f425\froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times (Arabic);}{\f426\froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times Baltic;} {\f427\froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times (Vietnamese);}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;\red255\green255\blue0;\red255\green255\blue255; \red0\green0\blue128;\red0\green128\blue128;\red0\green128\blue0;\red128\green0\blue128;\red128\green0\blue0;\red128\green128\blue0;\red128\green128\blue128;\red192\green192\blue192;}{\stylesheet{\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext0 Normal;}{\*\cs10 \additive \ssemihidden Default Paragraph Font;}{\* \ts11\tsrowd\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3\tscellwidthfts0\tsvertalt\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\cgrid\langnp1024\langfenp1024 \snext11 \ssemihidden Normal Table;}{\s15\ql \fi-360\li720\ri0\widctlpar \tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext15 Outline004_1;}{\s16\ql \fi-360\li1440\ri0\widctlpar \tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext16 Outline004_2;}{\s17\ql \fi-180\li2160\ri0\widctlpar \tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin2160\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext17 Outline004_3;}{\s18\ql \fi-360\li2880\ri0\widctlpar \tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin2880\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext18 Outline004_4;}{\s19\ql \fi-360\li3600\ri0\widctlpar \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin3600\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext19 Outline004_5;}{\s20\ql \fi-180\li4320\ri0\widctlpar \tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin4320\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext20 Outline004_6;}{\s21\ql \fi-360\li5040\ri0\widctlpar \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin5040\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext21 Outline004_7;}{\s22\ql \fi-360\li5760\ri0\widctlpar \tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin5760\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext22 Outline004_8;}{\s23\ql \li-1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin-1440\itap0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext23 Level 9;}{\s24\ql \fi-360\li720\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext24 Outline005_1;}{\s25\ql \fi-360\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext25 Outline005_2;}{\s26\ql \fi-180\li2160\ri0\widctlpar\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin2160\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext26 Outline005_3;}{\s27\ql \fi-360\li2880\ri0\widctlpar\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin2880\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext27 Outline005_4;}{\s28\ql \fi-360\li3600\ri0\widctlpar\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin3600\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext28 Outline005_5;}{\s29\ql \fi-180\li4320\ri0\widctlpar\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin4320\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext29 Outline005_6;}{\s30\ql \fi-360\li5040\ri0\widctlpar\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin5040\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext30 Outline005_7;}{\s31\ql \fi-360\li5760\ri0\widctlpar \tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin5760\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext31 Outline005_8;}{\s32\ql \fi-360\li720\ri0\widctlpar \tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext32 Outline003_1;}{\s33\ql \fi-360\li1440\ri0\widctlpar \tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext33 Outline003_2;}{\s34\ql \fi-180\li2160\ri0\widctlpar \tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin2160\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext34 Outline003_3;}{\s35\ql \fi-360\li2880\ri0\widctlpar \tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin2880\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext35 Outline003_4;}{\s36\ql \fi-360\li3600\ri0\widctlpar \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin3600\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext36 Outline003_5;}{\s37\ql \fi-180\li4320\ri0\widctlpar \tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin4320\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext37 Outline003_6;}{\s38\ql \fi-360\li5040\ri0\widctlpar \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin5040\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext38 Outline003_7;}{\s39\ql \fi-360\li5760\ri0\widctlpar \tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin5760\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext39 Outline003_8;}{\s40\ql \fi-360\li720\ri0\widctlpar \tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext40 Outline002_1;}{\s41\ql \fi-360\li1440\ri0\widctlpar \tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext41 Outline002_2;}{\s42\ql \fi-180\li2160\ri0\widctlpar \tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin2160\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext42 Outline002_3;}{\s43\ql \fi-360\li2880\ri0\widctlpar \tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin2880\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext43 Outline002_4;}{\s44\ql \fi-360\li3600\ri0\widctlpar \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin3600\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext44 Outline002_5;}{\s45\ql \fi-180\li4320\ri0\widctlpar \tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin4320\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext45 Outline002_6;}{\s46\ql \fi-360\li5040\ri0\widctlpar \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin5040\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext46 Outline002_7;}{\s47\ql \fi-360\li5760\ri0\widctlpar \tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin5760\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext47 Outline002_8;}{\s48\ql \fi-360\li2520\ri0\widctlpar \tx2520\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin2520\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext48 Outline001_1;}{\s49\ql \fi-360\li3240\ri0\widctlpar \tx3240\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin3240\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext49 Outline001_2;}{\s50\ql \fi-180\li3960\ri0\widctlpar \tx3960\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin3960\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext50 Outline001_3;}{\s51\ql \fi-360\li4680\ri0\widctlpar \tx4680\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin4680\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext51 Outline001_4;}{\s52\ql \fi-360\li5400\ri0\widctlpar \tx5400\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin5400\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext52 Outline001_5;}{\s53\ql \fi-180\li6120\ri0\widctlpar \tx6120\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin6120\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext53 Outline001_6;}{\s54\ql \fi-360\li6840\ri0\widctlpar\tx6840\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin6840\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext54 Outline001_7;}{\s55\ql \fi-360\li7560\ri0\widctlpar\tx7560\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin7560\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext55 Outline001_8;}{ \s56\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext56 Body Text;}{\*\cs57 \additive \fs20 documentbody;}{\*\cs58 \additive \fs20 documentbod1;}{\s59\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar \tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext59 footnote tex;}{\*\cs60 \additive \super footnote ref;}{\*\cs61 \additive information1;}{\s62\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f38\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext62 Body Text In;}{\*\cs63 \additive \f37\fs14 informationa;}{\s64\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext64 Body Text 2;}{\*\cs65 \additive groupheadin1;}{\*\cs66 \additive \b\f37\fs19 groupheading;}{\s67\qj \li1440\ri1440\widctlpar\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin1440\lin1440\itap0 \f38\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext67 Block Text;}{\s68\ql \fi-180\li8280\ri0\widctlpar\tx8280\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin8280\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext68 Outline001_9;}{ \s69\ql \fi-180\li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx0\tx720\tx1440\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext69 Outline002_9;}{\s70\ql \fi-180\li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx0\tx720\tx1440\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext70 Outline003_9;}{\s71\ql \fi-180\li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx0\tx720\tx1440\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext71 Outline004_9;}{ \s72\ql \fi-180\li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx0\tx720\tx1440\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext72 Outline005_9;}{\*\cs73 \additive \f37\fs19 \sbasedon10 documentbody1;}{\*\cs74 \additive \ul\cf2 \sbasedon10 Hyperlink;}{\*\cs75 \additive \b\f37\fs19 \sbasedon10 groupheading4;}{\*\cs76 \additive \f37\fs14 \sbasedon10 informationalsmall3;}{\s77\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext77 \slink81 \ssemihidden footnote text;}{\*\cs78 \additive \super \sbasedon10 \ssemihidden footnote reference;}{\*\cs79 \additive \b\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat7 \sbasedon10 searchterm3;}{\*\cs80 \additive \b\i\cf12 \sbasedon10 starpage1;}{\*\cs81 \additive \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon10 \slink77 Char Char;}{\s82\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f36\fs16\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext82 \ssemihidden Balloon Text;}{\*\cs83 \additive \fs16 \sbasedon10 \ssemihidden annotation reference;}{\s84\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext84 \ssemihidden annotation text;}{\s85\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon84 \snext84 \ssemihidden annotation subject;}{\*\ts86\tsrowd\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3\tscellwidthfts0\tsvertalt\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\cgrid\langnp1024\langfenp1024 \sbasedon11 \snext86 Table Grid;}{\s87\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext87 header;}{\s88\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext88 footer;}}{\*\listtable{\list\listtemplateid-832431518{\listlevel\levelnfc3\levelnfcn3 \leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat3\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0 {\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0 \levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel \levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold \levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08);}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 } {\listname ;}\listid198469287}{\list\listtemplateid-359254466{\listlevel\levelnfc1\levelnfcn1\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent720{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-720\li720\lin720 } {\listlevel\levelnfc3\levelnfcn3\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent720{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-720\li1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent720{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-720\li2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0 \levelindent720{\leveltext\'02\'03);}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-720\li2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent720{\leveltext\'03(\'04);}{\levelnumbers\'02;} \hres0\chhres0 \fi-720\li3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent720{\leveltext\'03(\'05);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-720\li4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel \levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent720{\leveltext\'03(\'06);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-720\li5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent720{\leveltext\'03(\'07);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-720\li5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent720 {\leveltext\'03(\'08);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-720\li6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid205262060}{\list\listtemplateid59915650\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc3\levelnfcn3\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat4\levelspace0\levelindent0 {\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698709\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid549341622}{\list\listtemplateid-336678082\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc3\levelnfcn3\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698709\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1 \lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative \levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0 {\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid802116284}{\list\listtemplateid-34325394\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1 \lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative \levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0 {\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid810292044}{\list\listtemplateid-353476386{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1 \levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;} \hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers \'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08);}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listname ;}\listid895623819} {\list\listtemplateid1361238752\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc3\levelnfcn3\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698709\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720 \jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440 \jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li2160 \jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880 \jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600 \jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li4320 \jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040 \jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760 \jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li6480 \jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid906647711}{\list\listtemplateid-353476386{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;} \hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers \'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2 \leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08);}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listname ;}\listid935793234}{\list\listtemplateid5272458\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc3\levelnfcn3\leveljc0 \leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat3\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-629233736\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\b\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li360\jclisttab\tx360\lin360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1080\jclisttab\tx1080\lin1080 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li1800\jclisttab\tx1800\lin1800 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1 \lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2520\jclisttab\tx2520\lin2520 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative \levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3240\jclisttab\tx3240\lin3240 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li3960\jclisttab\tx3960\lin3960 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0 {\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4680\jclisttab\tx4680\lin4680 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5400\jclisttab\tx5400\lin5400 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li6120\jclisttab\tx6120\lin6120 }{\listname ;}\listid981229913}{\list\listtemplateid-353476386{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1 \levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;} \hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers \'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08);}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listname ;}\listid1030570251} {\list\listtemplateid-353476386{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4 \leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0 {\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4 \levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08);}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listname ;}\listid1102335410}{\list\listtemplateid-353476386{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0 {\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2 \levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel \levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold \levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 } {\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08);}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listname ;}\listid1279029407}{\list\listtemplateid-353476386{\listlevel\levelnfc0 \levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel \levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold \levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 } {\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1 \levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08);}{\levelnumbers\'01;} \hres0\chhres0 }{\listname ;}\listid1341587871}{\list\listtemplateid1361238752{\listlevel\levelnfc3\levelnfcn3\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel \levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel \levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1529417528}{\list\listtemplateid-353476386{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0 \leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0 {\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0 \levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08);}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listname ;}\listid1815758326}{\list\listtemplateid-336678082{\listlevel\levelnfc3\levelnfcn3\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0 {\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;} \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li4320 \jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4 \levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1889218894}{\list\listtemplateid-353476386{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0 \leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0 {\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0 \levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelold\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08);}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\hres0\chhres0 }{\listname ;}\listid1918175024}}{\*\listoverridetable{\listoverride\listid1030570251\listoverridecount0\ls1}{\listoverride\listid1279029407\listoverridecount0\ls2}{\listoverride\listid1341587871\listoverridecount0\ls3}{\listoverride\listid1102335410 \listoverridecount0\ls4}{\listoverride\listid198469287\listoverridecount0\ls5}{\listoverride\listid895623819\listoverridecount0\ls6}{\listoverride\listid935793234\listoverridecount0\ls7}{\listoverride\listid1815758326\listoverridecount0\ls8} {\listoverride\listid1918175024\listoverridecount0\ls9}{\listoverride\listid205262060\listoverridecount0\ls10}{\listoverride\listid802116284\listoverridecount0\ls11}{\listoverride\listid549341622\listoverridecount0\ls12}{\listoverride\listid906647711 \listoverridecount0\ls13}{\listoverride\listid981229913\listoverridecount0\ls14}{\listoverride\listid810292044\listoverridecount0\ls15}{\listoverride\listid1529417528\listoverridecount0\ls16}{\listoverride\listid1889218894\listoverridecount0\ls17}} {\*\rsidtbl \rsid611969\rsid933810\rsid1186737\rsid1191006\rsid1912550\rsid2126378\rsid2629373\rsid2842591\rsid3302892\rsid4067516\rsid4077982\rsid4605333\rsid5270692\rsid6248963\rsid6820133\rsid7157974\rsid7408987\rsid7431026\rsid7735318\rsid8724578 \rsid9261757\rsid9388258\rsid9728510\rsid9900101\rsid10567298\rsid11678634\rsid11744678\rsid12746109\rsid12929638\rsid12940411\rsid13328805\rsid13900136\rsid14169493\rsid14296230\rsid14680489\rsid14895127\rsid15494160} {\*\generator Microsoft Word 10.0.6829;}{\info{\title In re Hemlani, CVA06-010}{\subject civil}{\author Supreme Court of Guam}{\operator freriks_k}{\creatim\yr2009\mo1\dy9\hr10\min57}{\revtim\yr2009\mo1\dy9\hr15\min44} {\printim\yr2008\mo12\dy30\hr13\min56}{\version9}{\edmins7}{\nofpages17}{\nofwords6196}{\nofchars35318}{\*\company Judiciary of Guam}{\nofcharsws41432}{\vern16393}{\*\password 00000000}}{\*\xmlnstbl } \paperw12240\paperh15840\margl1440\margr1440\margt1440\margb720\gutter0 \widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\grfdocevents0\noxlattoyen\expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\formshade\horzdoc\dgmargin\dghspace180\dgvspace180\dghorigin1440\dgvorigin1440\dghshow1 \dgvshow1\jexpand\viewkind4\viewscale100\pgbrdrhead\pgbrdrfoot\splytwnine\ftnlytwnine\htmautsp\nolnhtadjtbl\useltbaln\alntblind\lytcalctblwd\lyttblrtgr\lnbrkrule\nobrkwrptbl\snaptogridincell\allowfieldendsel\wrppunct\asianbrkrule\rsidroot409645 \fet0 {\*\wgrffmtfilter 013f}{\*\ftnsep \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12940411 \chftnsep \par }}{\*\ftnsepc \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12940411 \chftnsepc \par }}{\*\ftncn \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12940411 \par }}{\*\aftnsep \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12940411 \chftnsep \par }}{\*\aftnsepc \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12940411 \chftnsepc \par }}\sectd \psz1\linex0\headery1440\footery432\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid6248963\sftnbj {\headerr \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \i\insrsid12940411\charrsid1912550 In re Hemlani}{\insrsid12940411\charrsid1912550 , Opinion\tab Page \chpgn of }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid12940411\charrsid1912550 NUMPAGES \\* ARABIC }}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12940411 25}}} \sectd \linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\insrsid12940411\charrsid1912550 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid12940411\charrsid1912550 \par }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid3302892 {\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft0\shptop0\shpright0\shpbottom0\shpfhdr0\shpbxmargin\shpbxignore\shpbypara\shpbyignore\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz0\shplid2049 {\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 2}}{\sp{\sn lineWidth}{\sv 12192}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 1}} {\sp{\sn posrelh}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxmargin\dobypara\dodhgt8192\dpline\dpptx0\dppty0\dpptx0\dppty0\dpx0\dpy0\dpxsize0\dpysize0\dplinew19\dplinecor2\dplinecog0\dplinecob0}}} {\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft0\shptop1\shpright9360\shpbottom1\shpfhdr0\shpbxmargin\shpbxignore\shpbypara\shpbyignore\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz1\shplid2050{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}} {\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 2}}{\sp{\sn lineWidth}{\sv 12192}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn posrelh}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxmargin\dobypara\dodhgt8193\dpline\dpptx0\dppty0\dpptx9360\dppty0 \dpx0\dpy1\dpxsize9360\dpysize0\dplinew19\dplinecor2\dplinecog0\dplinecob0}}}}{\insrsid12940411\charrsid1912550 \par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10567298 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10567298 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10567298 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 IN THE MATTER OF THE ESTATE OF \par PURANCHAND DHALUMAL HEMLANI, \par AKA P.D. HEMLANI, }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10567298 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Deceased, \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10567298 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10567298 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 By \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10567298 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10567298 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 RADHI P. HEMLANI, \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Petitioner-Appellee,}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10567298 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10567298 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 JACK P. HEMLANI, \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Contestant-Appellant.}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10567298 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10567298 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Supreme Court Case No.:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 CVA06-010 \par Superior Court Case No.: PR0074-04 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10567298 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10567298 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 OPINION \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10567298 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3302892 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3302892\charrsid3302892 Filed: December 31, 2008 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10567298 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Cite as:}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 2008 Guam }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6820133\charrsid8724578 25}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10567298 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10567298 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam \par Argued and submitted on May 2, 2007 \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, Guam \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8724578 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \par }\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts86\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt \clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid8724578\yts86 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Appearing for Contestant-Appellant:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab \par }\pard \ql \fi-5760\li5760\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin5760\pararsid8724578\yts86 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Delia S. Lujan, }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Esq.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10567298 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\pararsid8724578\yts86 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Lujan Aguigui & Perez LLP\tab \par Suite 300, DNA Bldg. \par 238 Archbishop Flores Street\tab \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910\cell }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Appearing for Petitioner-Appellee:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \par Wilfred R. Mann, }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Esq}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 . \par Berman, O\rquote Connor & Mann \par Suite 503, Bank of Guam Bldg. \par 111 Chalan Santo Papa \par Hag\'e5t\'f1a, GU 96910\cell }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts86\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt \clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx4680\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4788\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard \ql \fi-5760\li5760\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin5760\itap0\pararsid8724578 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8724578 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 BEFORE:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Chief Justice; ROBERT J. TORRES, Associate Justice; and RAMONA V. MANGLONA, Justice }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Pro Tempore}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 .}{\cs78\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1191006 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs78\cf1\super\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 \chftn }{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 After oral argument in this matter, but prior to the issuance of this opinion, Justice Robert J. Torres was sworn in as Chief Justice and Justice F. Philip Carbullido assumed the role of Associate Justice.}}}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \par \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 TORRES, J.:}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10567298\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [1]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab Contestant-Appellant Jack Hemlani appeals from a Superior Court Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, which denied his will contest and ordered the admission to probate of the Last Will and Testament of his father, Puranchand Dhalumal Hemlani, aka P.D. Hemlani. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10567298\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [2]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab On appeal, Jack argues that the will, dated December 20, 2003, was not executed in compliance with the statutory formalities required for witnessed wills set forth in 15 GCA \'a7 201. More specifically, Jack argues that the will was not subscri bed or acknowledged in compliance with section 201(c) because P.D. did not declare to the attesting witnesses that the instrument was his will, and was not executed in compliance with section 201(d) because P.D. never requested that the witnesses sign the will in P.D.\rquote s presence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 He further argues that the probate court erred by applying a presumption of due execution which has not been recognized by Guam law. Jack also asserts the probate court erred by applying a test of substantial compliance when the Gu am statute should be construed to require strict compliance with statutory formalities for the execution of witnessed wills.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Finally, Jack contends that the probate court erroneously considered evidence of P.D.\rquote s execution of prior wills in determining whether the instant will was duly executed.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10567298\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [3]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab The probate court\rquote s findings involving the execution and attestation of P.D.\rquote s will are supported by substantial evidence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Consequently, we affirm.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10567298\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10567298 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8724578 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10567298\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [4]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab P.D. Hemlani died testate on March 12, 2004.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 In his Last Will and Testament, dated December 20, 2003, P.D. named his widow, Radhi Hemlani, as the sole beneficiary of his estate.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Jack was expressly disinherited under the will.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14895127\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [5]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab Radhi filed a petition to admit P.D.\rquote s will into probate, which Jack contested.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 In his contest, Jack alleged that at the time of the execution of P.D.\rquote s will, P.D. was not of sound and disposing mind.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Jack also alleged that P.D.\rquote s will was made in direct result of duress, menace, fraud, and undue influence.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 After a bench trial, the probate court issued its Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, which denied Jack\rquote s objections and ordered that the will be admitted to probate.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Jack timely filed a Notice of Appeal.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Appellant\rquote s Excerpts of Record (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ER}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ), tab 7 (Finds. Fact & Concl. L., Aug. 1, 2006).}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14895127\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14895127 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 II. JURISDICTION}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8724578 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14895127\charrsid8724578 \par }{\cs73\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [6]}{\cs73\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab This court has jurisdiction pursuant to Guam\rquote s Organic Act over an appeal of any cause in Guam decided by the Superior Court of Guam or other courts established under the laws of Guam.}{\cs73\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\cs73\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 48 U.S.C. \'a7 1424-1(a)(2) (Westlaw (2008)}{\cs73\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12746109\charrsid8724578 )}{\cs73\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 .}{\cs73\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \cs73\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Title 15 GCA \'a7 3433 establishes this court\rquote s jurisdiction over an appeal from an order admitting a will to probate.}{ \cs73\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\cs73\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 P.D.\rquote s will was ordered admitted to probate by a separate order filed on September 11, 2006.}{ \cs73\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\cs73\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Appellee\rquote s Supplemental Excerpts of Record (}{\cs73\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{ \cs73\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 SER}{\cs73\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{\cs73\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ), tab 3 at 1 (Order for Probate and Appointment of Executrix, Sept. 8, 2008)}{\cs73\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 .}{\cs73\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \cs73\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 However, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 rather than wai ting to appeal this order, Jack filed a Notice of Appeal on August 31, purporting to appeal Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law that had already been issued by the probate court. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14895127\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [7]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab Under the Guam Rules of Appellate Procedure, a notice of appeal }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 shall designate the judgment, order, or part thereof appealed from.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 " }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Guam R. App. P. (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 GRAP}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ) 3(c)(1)(B) (2007).}{\cs78\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s77\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9900101 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs78\cf1\super\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 \chftn }{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 The Guam Rules of Appellate Procedure were amended February 21, 2007, subsequent to Jack\rquote s filing of his notice of appeal. We apply the new ru les here, the relevant portions of which are substantially unchanged, because the new rules apply to all cases commenced prior to the effective date of the new rules and still pending, except to the extent that the application of the new rules to those pe nding cases would not be feasible, or would work injustice. }{\i\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 Re: Adoption of the Guam Rules of Appellate Procedure}{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 , PRM07-003 (Promulgation Order No. 07-003-01, Feb. 21, 2007). }}}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Although this rule does not expressly authorize appeal from Findings of Fact or Conclusions of Law, in this case, on the last page of the Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, the judge announced that }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 P.D. Hemlani\rquote s Will of December 20, 2003, is admitted to probate.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 " }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ER, tab ER7 at 17 (Finds. Fact & Concl. L., Aug. 1, 2006).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14895127\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [8]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab GRAP Rule 4(a)(2) {\*\bkmkstart sp_999_2}{\*\bkmkstart SDU_2} provides that this court shall treat a notice of appeal filed after the announcement of decision, sentence or order, but before entry of the judgment or order, as being filed after such entry and on the date thereof.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 {\*\bkmkend sp_999_2}{\*\bkmkend SDU_2} }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 We have stated in }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 dicta}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 that, by implication, a notice of appeal filed during the period between announcement of a decision and a final judgment must be read to refer to the judgment, following federal precedent involving a substantially similar rule of appellate procedure, Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure Rule 4(a)(2).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Sananap v. Cyfred, Ltd.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ,}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 2008 Guam 10 \'b6 8 (citing }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Firstier Mortgage Co. v. Investors Mortgage Ins. Co.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 , 498 U.S. 269, 275 (1991)).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 (Federal Rule 4(a)(2) }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 permits a premature notice of appeal from that bench ruling to relate forward to judgment and serve as an effective notice of appeal }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 from the final judgment}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 (emphasis in original)).}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14895127\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [9]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab We will permit Jack\rquote s premature notice of appeal from the Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law to relate forward to the order of September 8, 2006 that specifically admitted the will to probate.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Because Jack\rquote s notice of appeal of the Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law serves as an effective notice of appeal from the order admitting the will to probate, we assert jurisdiction pursuant to 15 GCA \'a7 3433.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14895127\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14895127 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 III. STANDARD OF REVIEW}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8724578 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14895127\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [10]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab Issues of statutory interpretation are afforded }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 de novo}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 review.\~ }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Carlson v. Guam Tel. Auth.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 , 2002 Guam 15 \'b6 16 (citing }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Ada v. Guam Tel. Auth.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 , 1999 Guam 10 \'b6 10).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Whether or not a will has been executed in accordance with the statutory requirements is a question of fact and the trial court\rquote s determination on that issue will not be reversed on appeal if there is any substantial evidence to sustain it.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 In re Fletcher\rquote s Estate}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 , 325 P.2d 103, 105 (Cal. 1958).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Substantial evidence is relevant evidence that a reasonable person may accept as sufficient to support a conclusion, even if inconsistent conclusions may be drawn from the evidence.}{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 " }{ \cs57\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 B.M. Co. v. Avery}{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 , 2002 Guam 19 \'b6 13 (citing }{ \cs57\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Leon Guerrero v. DLB Constr. Co.}{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 , 1999 Guam 9 \'b6 20)}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14895127\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14895127 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 IV. DISCUSSION}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8724578 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14895127\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [11]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab On appeal, Jack alleges several errors in the lower court\rquote s decision admitting the instant will to probate.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 We examine each of the issues in turn.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14895127\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 A.\tab Statutory Formalities of Guam Probate Code section 201}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14895127\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8724578 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [12]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab Title 15 GCA \'a7 201 prescribes the formalities necessary for the proper execution of a will.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 It provides that every will must be in writing and every will, other than a holographic will, must be executed and attested pursuant to formalities, listed in subsections (a) through (d).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Subsections (a) and (b) involve conditions on the subscription of the testator\rquote s name to the will, and are not disputed on appeal.}{ \cs78\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1191006 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs78\cf1\super\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 \chftn }{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 Subsections (a) and (b) of 15 GCA \'a7 201 provide: \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid1191006 {\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 (a) It must be subscribed at the end thereof by the testator hi mself, or it must be subscribed by some person in the testator\rquote s presence and by the testator\rquote s direction. A person who subscribes the testator\rquote s name, by the testator\rquote s direction, should write his own name as a witness to the will, but a failure to do so will not affect the validity of the will. \par }\pard\plain \s77\qj \li720\ri720\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid9900101 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 (b) The subscription must be made, or the testator must acknowledge it to have been made by the testator or by the testator\rquote s authority, in the presence of both of the attesting witnesses, present at the same time. \par }\pard \s77\qj \li0\ri360\sa240\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin360\lin0\itap0\pararsid9900101 {\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 15 GCA \'a7 201 (2005).}}}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Subsections (c) and (d) provide the following:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14895127\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8724578 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 (c) The testator, at the time of subscribing or acknowledging the instrument, must declare to the attesting witnesses that it is his will. \par (d) There must be at least two (2) attesting witnesses, each of whom must sign the instrument as a witness, at the end of the will, at the testator's request and in the testator's presence. The witnesses should give their places of residence, but a failure to do so will not affect the validity of the will. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14895127\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8724578 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 15 GCA \'a7 201 (2005). }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14895127\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [13]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab At trial, Jack argued that the formality required by subsection 201(c) (the }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 declaration requirement}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ) was not met because P.D. failed to declare to the three attesting witnesses that the document they witnessed him sign on December 20, 2003, was his will.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Jack also contended that the will was not duly executed under subsection 201(d) (the }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 request requirement}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ) because P.D. never requested that the witnesses sign the will, nor was such request made by a third party in P.D.\rquote s presence, and the attesting witnesses did not sign the instrument in P.D.\rquote s presence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14895127\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [14]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab The probate court found instead that, based on the total circumstances, testator\rquote s conduct, and the existence of the attestation clause, the witnesses and the testator knew that the document being signed was P.D.\rquote s will.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ER, tab ER7 at 12 (Finds. Fact & Concl. Law).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Further, the court found that, in P.D.\rquote s presence, a third party, Attorney Jacques Bronze, requested the witnesses to sign the will.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Id}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 .}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 at 6.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Thus, the court found that the will had been duly executed pursuant to section 201\rquote s declaration and request requirements.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Id}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 . at 12.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14895127\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [15]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab On appeal, Jac k argues the narrowest possible interpretation of the declaration and request requirements.}{\cs78\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar \tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1191006 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs78\cf1\super\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 \chftn }{ \cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 Jack argues: \'93The lower court\rquote s finding that Mr. Hemlani made no declaration to the attesting witnesses is supported by the uncontroverted testimonies of Mr. Serv ande and Ms. Abraham. Mr. Servande testified repeatedly that, at the time of the signing of the will, Mr. Hemlani did not say anything. ER4 at 22-24, 40. Ms. Abraham similarly testified that Mr. Hemlani did not speak to her at the time of the will \rquote s exe cution. ER5 at 60. Based on the testimony of these witnesses, it is clear that Mr. Hemlani at no time during the time of execution of the will declared to the attesting witnesses that the instrument was his will . . . . Thus, the will was not duly execu ted in strict compliance with 15 GCA 201(c), and should have been denied admission to probate on this basis.\'94 }{\strike\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 }{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 Reply Br. at 6 (Jan. 30, 2007).}}}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Jack essentially believes the statute requires that a testator must make an express oral declaration that the ins trument is his will and request the witnesses sign in the testator\rquote s presence in order to comply with the requirements}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14895127 of subsections 201(c) and (d).}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14895127\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [16]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Our duty is to interpret statutes in light of their terms and legislative intent.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 " }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 People v. Flores}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 , 2004 Guam 18 \'b6 8, quoting }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Carlson v. Guam Tel. Auth.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 , 2002 Guam 15 \'b6 46 n.7.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 In determining whether to literally construe the terms }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 declare }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 and }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 request}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 in section 201, we look to legislative intent.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 In this case, California law provided the basis for the substantive changes to Guam\rquote s probate code, including section 201, enacted by the Guam Legislature in 1981.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Guam Pub. L. 16-52 (Dec. 17, 1981).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Therefore, we consider California case law interpreting the California statute from which our law is derived.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 See}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 People v. Hall}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 , 2004 Guam 12 \'b6 18; }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 see also In re Estate of Borja}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 , No. CV96-00044A, 1997 WL 208982, at *2 n.2 (D. Guam App. Div. 1997) (relying on California case law as persuasive in the interpretation of the Guam Probate Code, 15 GCA \'a7 101 }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 et seq.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 , because California law provided the basis for the substantive changes in the enactment of Guam\rquote s new Probate Code in 1981). }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14895127\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [17]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab The requisites of a formal or witnessed will as set forth in former California Probate Code section 50, as in our current l aw, are: (1) writing; (2) subscription by testator; (3) declaration by the testator; and (4) attesting witnesses who sign at testator\rquote s request and in his presence.}{\cs78\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1191006 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs78\cf1\super\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 \chftn }{ \cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 California Probate Code section 50, which prescribed the requirements for execution and attestation of formal wills, read as follows: \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid1191006 {\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 Every will, other than a nuncupative will, must be in writing and every will, other than a holographic will and a nuncupative will, must be executed and attested as follows: \par }\pard \qj \li1440\ri1440\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin1440\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1191006 {\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 . . . . \par (3) Testator\rquote s declaration. The testator, at the time of subscribing or acknowledging the instrument, must declare to the attesting witnesses that it is his will. \par (4) Attesting witnesses. There must be at least two attesting witnesses, each of whom must sign the instrument as a witn ess, at the end of the will, at the testator's request and in his presence. The witnesses should give their places of residence, but a failure to do so will not affect the validity of the will. \par }\pard\plain \s77\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1191006 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\i\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b1080}{\*\bkmkstart SearchTerm} {\*\bkmkend SR\'3b1080}{\*\bkmkend SearchTerm}Estate of Mangieri, }{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 127 Cal. Rptr. 438, 439 (Ct. App. 1976).}}}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Two years after Guam\rquote s adoption of section 201, California amended its probate code, liberalizing some of the requisite statutory formalities for wills.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 See }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 14 Witkin, Summary of Cal. Law (9th ed. 1990) Wills and Probate, \'a7\'a7 4-5 at 39-41, quoting 16 Cal. Law Revision Com. Rep., at 2318-19.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Guam}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4067516\charrsid8724578 at the time of recodifying}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 this area of law never enacted California\rquote s amendments, retaining instead the earlier version, which has remained unamended to this day.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Thus, California cases interpreting California\rquote s former section 50 and probate law, prior to the 1983 amendments, are persuasive authority in interpreting section 201.}{ \cs78\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar \tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1191006 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs78\cf1\super\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 \chftn }{ \cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 When section 50 was first drafted by the California Code Commission and enacted by the California legislature in 1931, it was a codification and restatement of existing law. As expressed by the code\rquote s drafter, the Commission\rquote s \'93task was primarily the restatement of the law. Only such changes in the substance of the law have been incorporated in the Probate Code as were considered to be so plainly meritorious as to be practically non-controversial.\'94 Evans, \'93Comments on the Probate Code of California,\'94 19 Cal. L. Rev. 602, 603 (1931). Thus, case law prior to section 50\rquote s adoption was not displaced by the 1931 enactment, and remains relevant.}}}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14895127\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [18]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab This court acknowledges that under the California law of wills and trusts }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [t]he legislative mandates are supreme, and there is no right to make testam entary disposition except upon compliance with those mandates.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 " }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 In re Walker\rquote s Estate}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ,}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 }{\cs76\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 42 P. 815, 816}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 (Cal. 1895).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 However, California courts have not demanded literal compliance with the statutory formalities of publication and request in order to find compliance with the legislative mandates.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 As early as 1908, the Supreme Court of California considered, }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 inter alia}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 , whether the declaration requirement had been met absent an express declaration.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 In re Johnson\rquote s Estate}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 , 93 P. 1015 (Cal. 1908).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 In }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Johnson}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 , the court determined }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [t]here was no very satisfactory evidence that at the time of its execution the deceased made an express declaration to the subscribing witnesses that the document executed was her will, or expressly requested them to attest it.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 " }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Id.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 at}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 1016.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Nonetheless, the court found that:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14895127\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8724578 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 an express declaration and request are not absolutely necessary.\~ It is sufficient if, at the time, she did, by words or conduct, convey to them the information that the instrument was her will, and that she desired them to attest it as witnesses. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14895127 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8724578 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Id.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14895127\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [19]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab Seven years later, the Supreme Court of California again considered whether there was sufficient evidence to support a trial court\rquote s finding of due execution where it was argued that the statutory elements of declaration and request were lacking.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 The court found these requirements were met where, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 from the whole transaction as shown by the testimony,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 it was } {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 clear that all of [the wi tnesses and testator] understood that he was promulgating the document as his will, that he desired these persons to sign the same as witnesses, and that they were signing in compliance with his desire so manifested by his manner and actions.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 " }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 In re Silva\rquote s Estate}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 , 145 P. 1015, 1016 (Cal. 1915). }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Although }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Silva\rquote s Estate }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 was decided before the adoption of section 50 into the California probate code, this finding remained the law in later cases that directly construed section 50.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 See, e.g., In re La Mont\rquote s Estate}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 , 248 P.2d 1, 3 (Cal. 1952); }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 In re Gray\rquote s Estate}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ,}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 171 P.2d 113, 115 (Cal. Dist. Ct. App. 1946).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14895127\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8724578 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [20]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab Thus, California courts have found that the declaration and request formalities need not be accomplished through express words but rather compliance may be implied from the testator\rquote s words or conduct.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 In addition, the declaration and request requirements may be fulfilled by a third person, so long as the declaration that the instrument is a will is made in the presence and hearing of the testator and of the witnesses, so that the witnesses may know, of their own knowledge, that the testator assented to what was said or done by the third person on his behalf.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 See}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Hill v. Davis}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 , 167 P. 465, 466 (Okla. 1917), }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 overruled on other grounds by}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 In re Nitey\rquote s Estate}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 , 53 P.2d 215 (Okla. Dec. 20, 1935).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 As the court explained in }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 In re Norswing\rquote s Estate}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 , the essential questions are whether the testator manifested that he knew what he was }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728510\charrsid8724578 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 executing, and whether the attesting witnesses understood that the testator was promulgating the instrument as his will at the time of subscribing or acknowledging it.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 118 P.2d 858, 859}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14895127 -60 (Cal. Dist. Ct. App. 1941).}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14895127\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [21]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab The California Supreme Court, writing in 1915, expressly acknowledged that rejecting a literal interpretation of the Legislature\rquote s words is not the same as dispensing with the requirement of proof of any of the statutory requirements for the making of wills.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Instead, it stated:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14895127\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8724578 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [I]n determining what is required, regard should be had to the essential purpose of the various provisions, rather than to a strict and rigid reading of the words used by the Legislature.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 And so it has generally been held that, under statutes like ours, the declaration by the testator that the document is his will, and his request for it s attestation, need not be stated in exact terms, but may be implied from his conduct and the attendant circumstances. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8724578 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 In re Cullberg\rquote s Estate}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 , }{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 146 P. 888, 890 (Cal. 1915)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 (citations omitted).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14895127\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8724578 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [22]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab }{ \cs58\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Based on these authorities, it is apparent to us that the declaration and request statutory formalities of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 California\rquote s former section 50 were liberally interpreted by its courts nearly a century ago, long before California\rquote s 1983 revision of its probate code.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 After California codified its probate law in 1933 in section 50, courts still did not demand literal compliance with the requirements of declaration and request.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 See In re Norswing\rquote s Estate}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ,}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 118 P.2d at 859-60.\tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14895127\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13328805 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 B.}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Standard of Compliance}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8724578 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14895127\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [23]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab On app eal, Jack contends that that the probate court erred in applying a standard of substantial compliance.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Jack argued to the court that statutory requirements must be strictly followed in the execution of a will, while Radhi argued that substantial compliance should be favored over the technical, literal compliance with will formalities.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ER, tab ER7 at 10-11 (Finds. Fact & Concl. L.). The court agreed with Radhi, that substantial compliance with will formalities and the total circumstances should be considered in determining whether the requirements of 15 GCA \'a7 201 have been met.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ER, tab ER7 at 11-12 (Finds. Fact & Concl. L.).}{\cs78\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1191006 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs78\cf1\super\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 \chftn }{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 Radhi specifically contends that the trial court properly applied the standard of }{\i\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 substantial compliance}{ \cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 based on California cases dating from 1915, 1948, and 1929 illustrating that the courts have followed a nonliteral approach. Appellee\rquote s Br. at 7-9 (Jan. 16, 2007). }}}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14895127\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [24]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab Our review of the California probate cases that have examined the declaration and request statutory formalities reveals that the courts have only on rare occasion applied a standard of substantial compliance in determining the validity of witnessed wills. }{\cs78\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar \tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1191006 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs78\cf1\super\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 \chftn }{ \cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 Conversely, our examination of the cases cited by Jack in his brief to support the adoption of a strict compliance standard has revealed cases that primarily concern the subscription requirement (codified in Guam law as subsections 201 (a) and (b)). }{ \i\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 See }{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 10 (Dec. 18, 2006), citing:}{\i\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 In re Estate of Howell}{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 , 324 P.2d 578, 582 (Cal. 1958); }{\i\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 In re Estate of Edwardson}{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 , 8 Cal. Rptr. 889 (Dist. Ct. App. 1960); }{\i\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 In re Chase\rquote s Estate}{ \cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 ,}{\i\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 }{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 124 P.2d 895, 897 (Cal. Dist. Ct. App. 1942); }{\i\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 In re Seaman\rquote s Estate}{ \cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 , 80 P. 700 (Cal. 1905); }{\cs75\i\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 In re Moore\rquote s Estate}{\cs75\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 ,}{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 }{ \cs76\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 206 P.2d 413 (Cal. Dist. Ct. App. 1949) (stating \'93}{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 [t]he sole question presented is whether or not the typed name of the testator at the end of the document constitutes his signature, there being no evide nce that same was affixed by decedent himself, and no acknowledgment by him that the typed name was his signature.\'94). One case cited in this section of Appellant\rquote s Opening Brief, }{\i\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 In re Krause\rquote s Estate}{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 ,}{\i\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 }{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 117 P.2d 1 (Cal. 1941), found a failure to meet the r equired formalities and to satisfy the statutory requirements where a subscribing witness gave clear, uncontradicted testimony that showed the testatrix did not sign the purported will in the presence of the attesting witnesses, and that she neither decla red nor acknowledged to them that it was her will or that she had subscribed it.}}}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 See In re La Mont\rquote s Estate}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 , 248 P.2d at 2-3 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 The decisive question is whether there has been substantial compliance with the requirements of subsection (4) of section{\*\bkmkstart sp_661_3}{\*\bkmkstart SDU_3}{\*\bkmkend sp_661_3}{\*\bkmkend SDU_3} {\*\bkmkstart citeas((Cite_as:_39_Cal.2d_566,_*569,_24}{\*\bkmkend citeas((Cite_as:_39_Cal.2d_566,_*569,_24}50 of the Probate Code . . . .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Instead, California courts arguably achieved the same liberalizing effects by applying the presumption of due execution, discussed below.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 See also }{\cs73\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 14 Witkin, Summary 10th (2005) Wills, \'a7 136 }{ \cs73\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{\cs73\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Former Statute and Case Law,}{\cs73\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{ \cs73\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 at 201.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 We will consider the issue of whether this jurisdiction adopts a strict versus substantial compliance standard when a case more sharply presents this question.}{\cs78\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1191006 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs78\cf1\super\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 \chftn }{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 Substantial compliance has been described as a functional rule designed to cure the inequity caused by the \'93harsh and relentless formalism\'94 of the law of wills. }{\i\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 See }{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 Langbein, }{\i\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 Substantial Compliance with the Wills Act}{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 ,}{ \i\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 }{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 88 Harv. L. Rev. 489 (1975); Nelson & Starck, }{\i\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 Formalities and Formalism: A Critical Look at the Execution of Wills}{ \cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 , 6 Pepp. L. Rev. 331, 356 (1979). }{\cs73\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 The RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF PROP.: WILLS AND OTHER DONATIVE TRANSFERS \'a7 3.3, reporter\rquote s note (1999) has stated that \'93 in the absence of a legislative corrective . . . the court should apply a rule of substantial}{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 }{\cs73\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 compliance rule.\'94}{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 Others, including the Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, have advocated legislative adoption of a harmless error provision, permitting courts to excuse noncompliance with the Wills Act in the form of}{\cs73\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 innocent defects in compliance with the formalities.}}}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 It is unnecessary to make this determination in this case because, as discussed herein, we find each of the formalities has been strictly complied with, and thus do not need to consider whether and to what extent this jurisdiction will adopt either a strict or su}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14895127 bstantial compliance standard.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14895127\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [25]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab Following the precedent of California courts that have liberally interpreted California probate law, we, too, decline to demand literal compliance with the declaration and request formalities.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 We instead }{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 hold that, to comply with the formalities of declara tion and request, as established by statute in 15 GCA \'a7 201(c) and (d), it is not necessary that the testator expressly declare that the document is his will nor that the witnesses sign the will at the testator\rquote s express request and in his presence.}{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 It is sufficient for the declaration and request to be implied by testator\rquote s conduct and the attendant circumstances.}{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 In addition, we hold that these requirements are met in this case where there is a declaration and request by a third party who was entrusted with the preparation of testator\rquote s will and there is evidence that the testator has acquiesced to the third party\rquote s agency.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14895127\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [26]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab Here, the probate court did not err as a matter of law in declining Jack\rquote s invitation to demand literal compliance, instead interpreting the statutory requirements of section 201 as permitting compliance to be determined from the total circumstances. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14895127\charrsid8724578 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 C.\tab}}\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ls14\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13328805 { \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Due Execution of P.D.\rquote s Will}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14895127 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14895127\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8724578 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [27]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab Having determined that section 201 of Title 15 Guam Code Annotated does not demand literal compliance with the declaration and request formalities, we next consider whether P.D.\rquote s will was duly executed in compliance with these requirements.}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Guam law provides that the Superior Court shall try any issue of fact involving the due execution and atte station of the will, and any other issue substantially affecting the validity of the will.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 15 GCA \'a7 1603 (2005).}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Because the issue of due execution is one of fact, we apply a highly deferential standard of review: }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [T]he trial court\rquote s finding . . . will not be reversed on appeal if there is any substantial evidence to sustain it.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 " }{\cs58\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 In re Fletcher\rquote s Estate}{\cs58\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 , 325 P.2d 103, 105 (Cal. 1958)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14895127\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15494160 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 1. Compliance with the request formality}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8724578 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14895127\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [28]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab Title 15 GCA section 201( d) provides that there must be at least two attesting witnesses, each of whom must sign the instrument as a witness, at the end of the will, at the testator\rquote s request and in the testator\rquote s presence.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 15 GCA \'a7 201(d) (2005).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 A third person, such as the testator\rquote s attorney or legatee, may accomplish the statutory formality of requesting that the witnesses sign the will, provided this is done in the presence of the testator.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Hill v. Davis}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ,}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 167 P. at 467.}{\cs78\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar \tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1191006 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs78\cf1\super\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 \chftn }{ \cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 Other jurisdictions have also held that a request by a third party to witnesses that they sign the will is sufficient to show that the testator requested the witnesses to sign the will, where it appears from the facts that the third party was authorized by the testator or where the request occurs in the testa tor\rquote s presence. }{\i\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 See, e.g., Scott v. Leonard}{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 , }{\cs61\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 184 P.2d 138,}{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 140 (Colo. 1947); }{ \i\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 Dubach v. Jolly}{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 , 117 N.E. 77, 80 (}{\cs61\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 Ill. 1917); }{\i\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 In re Cummings\rquote Estate}{ \cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 , 11 P.2d 968, 971 (Mont. 1932); }{\i\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 In re Christenson\rquote s Estate}{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 , 150 N.W. 213, 216 (Minn. 1914). }}}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15494160\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [29]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab Jack argues that any request that the witnesses sign P.D.\rquote s will was made by a third person outside of P.D.\rquote s presence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Appellant\rquote s Reply Br. at 11 (Jan. 30, 2007).}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 The probate court found otherwise.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 It determined that the subscribing witnesses Manases Servande (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Servande}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ), Anterina Abraham (}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Abraham}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ), and Emelita Tubig (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Tubig}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ) signed the will after Attorney Bronze asked them to do so.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ER, tab ER7 at 6, (Finds. Fact & Concl. L).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 The court found that this request occurred when witnesses were motioned to a table in a room adjacent to P.D.\rquote s room, where they signed the document in an area which was within sight of P.D.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Id}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ..}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15494160\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [30]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab The probate court\rquote s finding that the request was made in P.D.\rquote s presence is supported by substantial evidence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Both P.D.\rquote s nephew, Ishwar Hemlani, aka Don, and P.D.\rquote s attorney Jacques Bronze testified that after P.D. signed his will, Attorney Bronze gave the will to the three witnesses and instructed them to witness the will by signing where their names were indicated.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 SER, tab 1 at 19 (Bench Trial Transcript (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Tr.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ), Jan. 13, 2006); SER, tab 2 at 26 (Tr., Jan. 5, 2006).}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Attorney Bronze also testified that after P.D. signed the will, Bronze took the will to a small table right next to [P.D.\rquote s] bed and told the witnesses that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [y]ou have to now sign the will.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 SER, tab 1 at 19 (Tr.).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Abraham also testified to this effect, though she stated it was Don, not Attorney Bronze, who instructed her at the table to sign the will.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ER, tab ER5 at 132 (Tr. (Oct. 19, 2005).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Don testified th at the witnesses then signed the will at a table }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [j]ust a few feet away from [P.D.].}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 " }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 SER, tab 2 at 30 (Tr.).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Abraham also testified that the witnesses signed the will at the table that was in the living room, which was still within view of P.D.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ER, tab ER5 at 110 (Tr.). }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15494160\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [31]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab Jack argues that there is conflicting evidence in the record that could support a finding that the request was not made in P.D.\rquote s presence.}{\cs78\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1191006 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs78\cf1\super\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 \chftn }{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 Jack mistakenly relies on }{\i\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 In re Krause\rquote s Estate}{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 , 117 P. 2d 1 (Cal. 1941), to support his argument. That case held that where the attitude of a subscribing witness is not adverse and the witness\rquote clear, uncontradicted}{\i\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 }{ \cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 testimony shows positively that the testator did not sign the purported will in the presence of the witnesses nor declared or ac knowledged that it was his will, it is error for the trial court to presume the will was properly executed. However, }{\i\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 Krause }{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 is inapposite here, because it involved }{ \i\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 uncontradicted}{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 testimony by a subscribing witness. Conversely, even if Servande\rquote s testimony could support a finding that the request was made outside of P.D.\rquote s presence, this testimony is contradicted by the testimony of the other subscribing witness, Abraham, as well as Attorney Bronze and Don. }}}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Despite the testimony of Don and Abraham, Servande testified that after P.D. signed his will, the witnesses signing the will at the table could not see P.D. from that location, because of a partition standing between P.D.\rquote s bed and the witnesses \rquote table.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ER, tab ER4 at 57 (Tr. at 32, Oct. 17, 2005).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Jack points to this possibly contradictory testimony in urging us on appeal to overturn the probate court\rquote s implicit factual finding that the request that the witnesses sign the will was made in P.D.\rquote s presence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 However, as the California Supreme Court has stated: }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [t]he law does not require that all the witnesses shall testify without conflict concerning the execution of the will, nor that at the time of the probate both of the subscribing witnesses shall testify to all the facts necessary to constitute a statutory execution thereof.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 " }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 In re Silva\rquote s Estate}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ,}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 }{\cs76\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 145 P. at 1016.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Our duty as an appellate court is not to independently weigh conflicting evidence but rather determine whether the court\rquote s findings were supported by substantial evidence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15494160\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [32]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab }{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{ \cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Substantial evidence is relevant evidence that a reasonable person may accept as sufficient to support a conclusion, even if inconsistent conclusions may be drawn from the evidence.} {\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 " }{\cs57\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 B.M. Co. v. Avery}{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 , 2002 Guam 19 \'b6 13}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Because the testimony of Abraham, Attorney Bronze, and Don is relevant evidence that a reasonable person may accept as sufficient to support the probate court\rquote s conclusion that the request was made in P.D.\rquote s presence, we decline to overturn the court\rquote s findings.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 It is for the probate court as fact-finder to weigh the credibility of witnesses and resolve conflicting testimony, not this court.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Although we acknowledge that conflicting testimony was presented, the existence of such testimony does not affect our determination that the judge\rquote s factual finding was supported by substantial evidence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15494160\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [33]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab Jack also attempts to assign error to the probate court\rquote s additional factual finding that the three subscribing witnesses were asked by Don, prior to entering the living room, to be witnesses to his uncle\rquote s will.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ER, tab ER7 at 12 (Finds. Fact & Concl. L.).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 This suggests that the probate court found compliance with the request requirement of subsection 201(d) from the evidence of Don\rquote s requests, made }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 outside}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 of P.D.\rquote s presence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Jack cites to }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Hill, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 167 P. 465,}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 for the proposition that any declaration made by Don, outside the hearing range of the testator, would be insufficient to fulfill the declaration requirement because t he cases show that when a declaration and request are made by a third person speaking on the testator\rquote s behalf, they must be made in the testator\rquote s and witnesses\rquote presence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Appellant\rquote s Br. at 14-15 (Dec. 18, 2006). }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15494160\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard\plain \s77\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8724578 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [34]}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab We agree that if the only substantial evidence supporting the probate court\rquote s finding of due execution in compliance with the section 201 formalities were the requests made by Don outside of P.D.\rquote s presence, the purported will would necessarily fail.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 However, because the probate court also made a factual finding that the request was made by Attorney Bronze in the presence of P.D., its finding of compliance with subsection 201(d) was not necessarily based on an erroneous interpretation of law, and any reliance on Don\rquote s requests was harmless error.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15494160\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8724578 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [35]}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab Based on the authorities discussed above, we find that there is substantial evidence here that P.D.\rquote s will had been witnessed at his request, and in his presence, through his attorney, Jacques Bronze.}{\cs78\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar \tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1191006 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs78\cf1\super\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 \chftn }{ \cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 Further, there is sufficient evidence in the record for the trial court to have inferred P.D.\rquote s acquiescence to having the will promulgated on his behalf, not from any positive conduct, but from the fact that nothing in P.D.\rquote s conduct indicated objection. As the Supreme Court of California indicated: \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid1191006 {\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 Indeed, it is settled that not even an act or motion indicating acquiescence by the testator in the request to the witnesses is necessary, where it is made in his presence, and he knows that the witnesses are signing in response to such request, and makes no objection. Under such circumstances, his silence is a sufficient indication that the request is by his authority. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1191006 {\i\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 In re Cullberg\rquote s Estate}{ \cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 , }{\cs57\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 146 P. 888, 890 (Cal. 1915)}{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 (quoting }{\i\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 In re Hull\rquote s Will}{ \cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 , 89 N.W. 979, 981 (Iowa 1902)).}}}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 We therefore affirm the probate court\rquote s finding of due execution in compliance with the statutory request formality.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15494160\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8724578 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 2. Compliance with the declaration formality}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15494160\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8724578 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [36]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab Subsection 201(c) establishes that the testator, at the time of subscribing or acknowledging the instrument, must declare to the attesting witnesses that it is his will.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 15 GCA \'a7 201(c) (2005).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 We have already held that a probate court may find compliance with the declaration requirement of subsection 201(c) from the total circumstances, including the testator\rquote s conduct and the presence of an attestation clause.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 In this case, the court found that although P.D. did not declare to the witnesses that they had just witnessed the signing of his will, based on the total circumstances, testator\rquote s co nduct, and the existence of an attestation clause, a presumption of due execution could be applied.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ER, tab ER7 at 12 (Finds. Fact & Concl. L).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15494160\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [37]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab As we have stated above, the question of due execution of a will is one of fact, and the trial court \rquote s finding thereon will not be reversed on appeal if there is any substantial evidence to sustain it.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 In re Fletcher \rquote s Estate}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 , 325 P.2d at 105.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 The court in its findings of fact found that P.D. did not personally inform the witnesses that they were witnessing his will.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ER, tab ER7 at 6 (Finds. Fact & Concl. L).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 The court made no additional express finding that, in P.D.\rquote s presence, a third person declared to the attesting witnesses that the document was P.D.\rquote s will.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Thus, the judge\rquote s articulated factual findings were arguably inadequate to support the conclusion that the declaration requirement had been complied with, absent application of a presumption of due execution.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15494160\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [38]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab Where the probate court makes findings of fact, but they are inadequate, the governing principles are much the same as when the court makes no findings at all.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 This court sitting in review can consider a failure to make adequate findings of fact a nonrever sible error if we can ascertain from the record that one party or the other was clearly entitled to judgment in its favor, but a remand is necessary where we cannot get a clear understanding of the basis of the probate court\rquote s judgment from its findings.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Our review is limited to determining whether there is any }{ \cs79\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b2536}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b2536}substantial}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 }{ \cs79\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b2537}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b2537}evidence}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 , contradicted or uncontradicted, which will support the ultimate factual finding of the court that the will was duly executed.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 See Bullis v. Sec. Pac. Nat\rquote l Bank}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ,}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 582 P.2d 109, 112}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 (Cal. 1978).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15494160\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [39]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab There was support in the transcript from three witnesses for a factual finding that, in P.D.\rquote s presence, a third person speaking on P.D.\rquote s behalf declared the document to be his will.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Attorney Bronze testif ied that before P.D. signed his will, Bronze told him, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 I\rquote m here for you to have\emdash to sign your will.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 " }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 SER, tab 1 at 19 (Tr.).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Witness Abraham testified that the lawyer said, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 This is the will.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 You have to . . . you have to sign it.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 " }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ER, tab ER5 at 120 (Tr.).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Don testified that before P.D. signed the will, Attorney Bronze stated to P.D., }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 This is the will . . . [g]o ahead and sign.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 " }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 SER, tab 2 at 29 (Tr.).}{\cs78\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1191006 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs78\cf1\super\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 \chftn }{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 The testimony of the fourth witness whose transcripts have been provided to the court, Servande, is less clear on this point, but is not directly contradictory. Bill Mann, Radhi\rquote s Attorney, asked Servande during direct exam: \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid6248963 {\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 Q. [ ] They gave the paper, no one said anything. \par A. No. He presented the --- just the paper for --- \par Q. Yeah, a paper. \par A. (Inaudible \endash indiscernible) \endash \par Q. And then . . . then \endash So P.D. got the paper? So when \endash Right. \endash Start signing it? Okay? And no one said anything, there was no conversation? No conversation. So after he signed the paper; right? \endash So he signed . . . so he signed the paper; right? He signed the paper; okay? Then what happened? \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid6248963 {\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 A. We were told to go out. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248963 {\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 ER, tab ER4 at 53-54 (Tr.). \par }\pard \qj \fi-288\li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ilvl12\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid6248963 {\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 Q. Okay. And then did \endash then no one said \endash and you said earlier that there was no talking in the room; right? \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ilvl12\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid6248963 {\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 A. There was no . . . no conversation. \par Q. Okay. And then you saw P.D. sign it \endash sign the document?... \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6248963 {\i\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 Id. }{ \cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 at }{\strike\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 24}{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 49. }}}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15494160\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [40]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab The probate court\rquote s finding of the will\rquote s due execution is a factual finding supported by substantial evidence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Thus, we would affirm the probate court\rquote s judgment regardless of its application of a presumption of due execution.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 However, because the parties dispute whether such a presumption was correctly applied by the court below, we will address this issue.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15494160\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 3. Presumption of due execution }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15494160\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [41]\tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 In her brief, Radhi contends that the will should be admitted to probate even absent substantial evidence supporting a finding of compliance with the statutory formalities, because the attestation clause found in the will properly raises the presumption of due execution.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 In his reply, Jack argues that the probate court erred when it applied a presumption of due execution not recognized by Guam law.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 In the alternative, he argues that the court erroneously applied the presumption given purportedly uncontroverted evidence from two witnesses that should have rebutted the presumption.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15494160\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8724578 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [42]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab }{ \cs58\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 The presumption of due execution is applied by numerous jurisdictions.}{\cs78\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1191006 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs78\cf1\super\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 \chftn }{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 }{\cs58\i\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 See}{\cs58\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 }{\i\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 In re Thurman \rquote s Estate}{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 , 369 P.2d 925, 927 (Utah 1962) (\'93 Where there is an attestation clause reciting observance of the statutory requirements for the execution of a will, and the genuineness of the signatures is proved, a presumption arises that the recitals contained therein are true and that the will was duly executed.\'94); }{\i\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 Walker v. Walker}{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 , 929 P.2d 316, 318 (Or. Ct. App. 1996) (\'93}{\cs58\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 An attestation clause that recites due execution of the instrument creates a strong presumption in favor of due execution, which can be overcome only by clear and convincing evidence.\'94); }{\cs58\i\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 In re Estate of Farr}{\cs58\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 , 49 P.3d 415, 420 (Kan. 2002) (\'93An attestation clause is presumptive evidence of the facts stated in it.\'94); }{\cs58\i\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 see also}{ \cs58\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 }{\cs58\i\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 In re Hurley\rquote s Estate}{\cs58\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 , 245 P. 711 (Colo. 1926) (\'93A full attestation clause, reci ting compliance with all formalities of execution, and signed by the witnesses, is prima facie evidence of the validity of the will.\'94).}}}{\cs58\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Upon demonstration of due execution, this presumption shifts the burden of proof from the proponents of a will to any contestants.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Unless the contestants advance disproof, the proponents need establish no more than due execution.}{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 The Supreme Court of California has applied the }{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 presumption}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 , finding that a prima facie case of due execution arises from the proof of the genuineness of the signatures in the attestation clause.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 In re Pitcairn\rquote s Estate}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 , 59 P.2d 90, 92 (Cal. 1936).} {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\cs58\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 This presumption arises whether or not the will contains an attestation clause, but certainly arises where . . . such a clause is contained in the will.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 " }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 In re Braue\rquote s Estate}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 , 114 P.2d 386, 387 (Cal. Dist. Ct. App. 1941).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 The court has described this presumption as:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15494160\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8724578 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [O]ne of the most be neficent and useful known to the law, and since the testamentary disposition of property is favored and protected . . ., it should be applied wherever it is reasonable to do so, in order that technical rules of law may not be allowed to defeat the express ed wishes of those who make wills.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8724578 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 In re Gray\rquote s Estate}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 , 171 P.2d 113, 116-17 (Cal. Dist. Ct. App. 1946) (internal citations omitted).}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\cs58\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15494160 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [43]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab We hold that Guam recognizes a presumption of due execution.}{ \cs78\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s77\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1191006 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs78\cf1\super\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 \chftn }{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 Our recognition of such a presumption is buttressed by but does not arise from 15 GCA \'a7 1605, which provides that, as evidence of a will\rquote s execution, the court may admit proof of the handwriting of the testator and of any of the subscribing witnesses if none of the subscribing witnesses can be produced by sworn testimony in open court. 15 GCA \'a7 1605 (2005). This provision, deriving from a similar provision in the former California probate code (}{\cs73\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 Former \'a7 372, enacted by Stats. 1931, c. 281, \'a7 372), applie s in the specific circumstances where none of the subscribing witnesses are available to testify, and }{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 provides that in the absence of any counter showing, proof of the handwriting of the testator and of the subscribing witnesses is sufficient evidence to prove the execution{\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b3362}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b3362} of the will. }{ \i\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 In re Gerst\rquote s Estate}{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 , 315 P.2d 49, 54 (Cal. Dist. Ct. App. 1957). Where subscribing witnesses are available to testify, }{\cs73\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 California courts have not derived their authority for application of the presumption of due execution from this statute, nor do we.}}}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1186737\charrsid8724578 Proof of the signatures }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 of the testator and the witnesses}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1186737\charrsid8724578 ,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 on its own, makes out a prima facie case of due execution.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 See In re Fletcher\rquote s Estate}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ,}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 325 P.2d at 104-05.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Once a prima facie case of }{ \cs79\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 due execution}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b27616}{\*\bkmkend SR\'3b27616} is made out, the burden shifts to the contestant to show lack of }{\cs79\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 due execution}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 {\*\bkmkstart SR\'3b27631} {\*\bkmkend SR\'3b27631}.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 In re Latour\rquote s Estate}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 , 74 P. 441, 442 (Cal. 1903).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15494160\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [44]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab In this case, the will presents on its face a regular and complete attestation clause signed by the three attesting witnesses, namely Tubig, Servande, and Abraham.}{\cs78\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1191006 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs78\cf1\super\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 \chftn }{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 Jack maintains that \'93the lower court received no evidence proving [Tubig\rquote s] alleged signature on the will to be genuine.\'94 Reply Br. at 12-13. } {\cs57\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 The foundation of the presumption is the proof of genuineness of the signatures, \'93for the instrument is then on its face a valid will.\'94 }{\i\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 In re Pitcairn\rquote s Estate}{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 , 59 P.2d at 92. The record indicates tha t parties stipulated to the fact that Tubig was in the Philippines at the time of trial, but does not indicate that the parties stipulated as to the authenticity of Tubig\rquote s signature. Accordingly, we will consider this case to have two attesting witnesses required by law, Servande and Abraham.}}}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 The attestation clause fully recites the formalities of the will\rquote s execution, providing:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15494160\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8724578 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [T]he undersigned, in the presence and hearing of the Testator, hereby at his request, sign as witnesses pursuant to the provisions of the Guam Code Annotated, Chapter 15, \'a7 201, understanding this instrument to be the Will of [Testator], and being present at the same time as [Testator] executed same and acknowledged to us his signature thereon and that the foregoing instrument is his Will.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15494160\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8724578 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ER, tab ER2 at 21 (Last Will and Testament, Dec. 20, 2003).}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15494160\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [45]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab Both Servande and Abraham testified to having signed the attestation clause.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ER, tab ER4 at 29 (Tr.); ER, tab ER5 at 74 (Tr.).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 The genuineness of P.D.\rquote s signature is uncontested.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 The attestation clause contained within P.D.\rquote s will, bearing the signatures of three witnesses, two of whom testified to their signature at trial, is sufficient evidence to invoke the presumption of due execution.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15494160\charrsid8724578 \par }{\cs57\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [46]}{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab }{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{ \cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [T]he court is not required to find according to the presumption when contrary evidence is clear.}{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 " }{ \cs57\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 In re Fletcher\rquote s Estate}{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ,}{ \cs57\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 }{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 325 P.2d at 105.}{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 However, the presumption authorizes a finding of due execution even if conflicting testimony is presented, unless the trial court chooses to believe the conflicting testimony.}{ \cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\cs57\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Id.}{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 A presumption of due execution is }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 independent evidence which may be weighed against positive testimony.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 " }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 In re Pitcairn\rquote s Estate}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 , 59 P.2d at 93.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 The}{ \cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 presumption of due execution can be overcome only by clear and convincing evidence to the contrary.}{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 In re Warren\rquote s Estate}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 , 4 P.2d 635, 637 (Or. 1931) (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{ \cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 The attestation clause reciting the due execution of the will creates a strong presumption in its favor which prevails unless overcome by clear and convincing evidence.}{ \cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ).}{\cs78\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1191006 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs78\cf1\super\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 \chftn }{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 Other jurisdictions have adopted a similar standard. }{\i\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 See, e.g., In re Rowlands\rquote Estate}{ \cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 , 18 N.W.2d 290, 292 (S.D. 1945); }{\i\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 In re Zych\rquote s Will}{\cf1\insrsid12940411\charrsid14296230 , 28 N.W.2d 316, 319 (Wis. 1947). \par }}}{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 }{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15494160\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard\plain \s77\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8724578 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [47]}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab Jack contends that the attestation clause fails as to witness Abraham because she was illiterate and no one read the clause aloud to her.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Reply Br. at 13.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 We reject this argument.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 The failure of a witness to read an attestation clause does not destroy the presumption.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 See In re Gray\rquote s Estate}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ,}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 }{\cs76\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 201 P.2d 392 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 at 396.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 As we noted above, the presumption arises from proof of genuineness of the signatures and is independent evidence which may be weighed against positive testimony.}{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Although Abraham testified that she could not read the attestation clause, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Abraham testified to the genuineness of her signature and to the fact that the witnesses signed the will at the table that was in the living room, which was still within view of P.D.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ER, tab ER5 at 110 (Tr.) (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 But t he table was right there where we can see the Mister.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Abraham as well as Servande testified to having witnessed the subscription of the will.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Her positive testimony confirms, rather than refutes, the recital in the attestation clause.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15494160\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8724578 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs57\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [48]}{ \cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab Jack has not presented clear evidence contradicting the presumption of due execution or the positive testimony of the witnesses.}{ \cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Jack asserts there was uncontroverted testimony from Servande and Abraham that P.D. neither actually himself declared nor himself actually requested attestation of his will, and that they both signed the in a room }{ \cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 separate from the room where Mr. Hemlani was.}{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 " }{ \cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Reply Br. at 12.}{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 However, as we have discussed above, the declaration and request formalities may be accomplished by a third party acting on P.D.\rquote s behalf and in his presence.}{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 The testimony that the witnesses were in a separate room does not necessarily demonstrate that the declaration and request occurred outside of P.D.\rquote s presence.}{ \cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 The court appears to have found that the signing occurred within sight of and in the presence of P.D., even if the room in which the witnesses signed the will was a separate room adjacent to P.D.\rquote s room.}{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7157974\charrsid8724578 \par }{\cs76\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [49]}{\cs76\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Thus, the attestation clause, signed by the three attesting witnesses, two of whom testified in trial to the genuineness of their signatures, made a prima facie case that the will was duly executed.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Jack failed to rebut this presumption with clear and convincing evidence. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7157974\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13328805 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 D.}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 P.D.\rquote s Previous Wills}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8724578 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7157974\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [50]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab Jack assigns error to the probate court for noting, while applying the presumption of due execution, that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 P.D. was familiar with how the signing of a will occurred[,] as he executed his will on at least three separate occasions during his lifetime.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 " }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ER, tab ER7 at 12 (Finds. Fact & Concl. L.). Jack, citing to a California case, }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 In re Howell\rquote s Estate}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ,}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 }{\cs76\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 324 P.2d 578 (Cal. 1958), }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 contends that a court may not rely on evidence of the testator\rquote s intention in determining whether }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5270692\charrsid8724578 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 the statutory probate requirements have been met, and further, that the court here erroneously considered evidence of P.D.\rquote s execution of previous wills for that purpose.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7157974\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [51]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 In re Howell\rquote s Estate }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 is inapposite here, because that case concerned the subscription requirement, specifically the requirement that wills be executed at the end thereof.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Id.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 In }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Howell}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ,}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 the court found that where there was no evidence that the three sheets of a purported will were attached together or constituted a single document at the time they were signed by t estatrix, where the first page was a printed form and the other two were typewritten, and where the purported will was not subscribed by testatrix and the attesting witnesses at the end as required by Section 50 of the probate code.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 In such circumstances, extrinsic evidence that the testator intended to validly create a will was irrelevant. }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7157974\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [52]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab }{\cs76\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 In contrast, compliance with the subscription formality was never disputed in this case.}{\cs76\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\cs76\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 The probate court did not consider evidence of P.D.\rquote s intent to subscribe a purported will that was not in fact validly subscribed.}{\cs76\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \cs76\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Instead, the court considered evidence of P.D\rquote s prior execution of wills as evidence supporting the court\rquote s application of the presumption of due execution.}{ \cs76\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 The court\rquote s consideration of the testimony regarding the prior wills served as evidence of the P.D.\rquote s familiarity with the execution of wills, not evidence of intent to validly subscribe a will.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 See}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ER, tab ER7 at 12 (Finds. Fact & Concl. L.).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 It is not error for a court to consider whether there is evidence showing that the testator was suffering from any mistake as to the contents of the document, evidence which might rebut the presumption of due execution that the court is applying.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 See }{\cs75\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 In re Johanson\rquote s Estate}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 ,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 }{\cs76\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 144 P.2d 72 , 79 (Cal. Dist. Ct. App. 1944).}{\cs76\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\cs76\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\cs76\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7157974\charrsid8724578 \par }{\cs76\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [53]}{\cs76\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Jack also attempts to assign error by arguing that any such earlier executions of wills were outside the knowledge of the attesting witnesses, so those executions could not indicate to the witnesses in any way Mr. Hemlani\rquote s acquiescence to events surrounding him.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Reply Br. at 14}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 .} {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 However, we see nothing in the probate court\rquote s conclusions of law to indicate that the evidence was being considered for that purpose.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\cs76\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7157974\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [54]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab Because J ack fails to direct this court to any persuasive authority to support his contention that the probate court\rquote s consideration of testimony of P.D.\rquote s prior execution of wills was in error, we reject Jack\rquote s argument.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Instead, the probate court\rquote s consideration of P.D.\rquote s execution of prior wills, as evidence buttressing its application of the presumption of due execution, was not error.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7157974\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7157974 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 V. CONCLUSION}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8724578 {\cs57\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7157974 \par }{\cs57\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [55]}{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab T}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 he probate court did not err as a matter of law when it determined compliance with the statutory formalities of 15 GCA \'a7 201(c) and (d) based on the total circumstances rather than construing the statute to demand literal compliance.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 We, however, decline a t this time to adopt a standard of substantial or strict compliance in interpreting these subsections, instead following the precedent of California courts who have liberally construed the provisions of a substantially similar statute, former section 50.} {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 It is }{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 unnecessary under subsection 201(c) that the testator expressly declare that the instrument is his will or under 201(d) that the testator expressly request that the witnesses sign the will.}{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 The request formality may be met where there is a request by a third party, who was entrusted with the preparation of the testator\rquote s will or has been otherwise authorized to make such a request, and where it can be inferred from the conduct of the testator that he has acquiesced to such a request.}{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Similarly, the declaration formality can be met when the testator\rquote s conduct and attendant circumstances demonstrate that the testator has acquiesced to the promulgation of the instrument as his will.}{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\cs57\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7157974\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [56]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab There is substantial evidence in the record to support the probate court\rquote s factual finding that the will was executed in compliance with the request formality, where P.D. acquiesced to the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5270692\charrsid8724578 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 requests for attestation made on his behalf and in his presence by his Attorney, Jacques Bronze.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Although the probate court may have f ailed to make a factual finding that the will was executed in compliance with the declaration formality, there was substantial evidence in the record that could have supported such a finding.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Moreover, we recognize a presumption of due execution which arises from proof of the genuineness of the signatures of the testator and the attesting witnesses.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 This presumption operates to establish a prima facie case of due execution where the presumption is raised.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Here, an attestation clause bearing the signatures o f three witnesses invoked the presumption of due execution which cured any inadequacy in the judge\rquote s findings of fact.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Although the presumption of due execution is not conclusive, Jack failed to rebut this presumption with clear and convincing evidence showing the will was not duly executed in compliance with the statutory formalities of section 201.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8724578 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 Finally, the probate court\rquote s consideration of P.D.\rquote s execution of prior wills, as evidence failing to contradict the presumption of due execution of the instant will, was not in error.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7157974\charrsid8724578 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 [57]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \tab Accordingly, the order of the probate court denying Jack\rquote s contest and admitting to probate P.D. \rquote s last will and testament dated December 20, 2003, is }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 AFFIRMED}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 .}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid8724578 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7157974 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7157974\charrsid7157974 ROBERT J. TORRES \par Chief Justice \par }\pard \ql \fi-5040\li5040\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin5040\itap0\pararsid9261757 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7157974\charrsid7157974 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7157974 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7157974\charrsid7157974 F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid7157974 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7157974\charrsid7157974 Associate Justice}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid7157974 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261757 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid7157974 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ilvl12\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7157974 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7157974\charrsid7157974 RAMONA V. MANGLONA}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid7157974 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7157974\charrsid7157974 Justice }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7157974\charrsid7157974 Pro Tempore}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191006\charrsid7157974 \par }}